Comparative study of skull of camel, ox
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
SKULL OF CAMEL, OX
AND HORSE
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Skull
Part of Skeleton which enclose head is Skull
FUNCTIONS:
1. Protect brain
2. Support many of sense organs
3. Form passages for entry to respiratory and
digestive system
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Parts Of Skull
CRANIAL PART
Ethmoid
Occipital
Sphenoid
Frontal
Interparietal
Parietal
Pterygoid
Temporal
Vomer
FACIAL PART
Incisive
Lacrimal
Mandible
Maxilla
Palatine
Nasal
Turbinates (conchae)
Zygomatic
Hyoid apparatus
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Facial And Cranial Parts
Facial parts of skull
Enclose nasal and oral cavities
Facial region is divided into oral, nasal and
orbital regions
Cranial part of skull
Surrounds the brain
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Structure Of Cranium
Roof
Caudal aspect
Lateral wall
Floor
Rostral aspect
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Parietal Bone:
Form roof of cranium in camel.
In horse, its external surface is convex
forming external parietal crest.
In ox, parietal bone don’t enter in
formation of roof of cranium but form
temporal fossa.
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Facial Crest
In horses, the ridge
on lateral surface of
face
Facial crest is also
present in ox.
In camels it is
absent.
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Facial/ Maxillary Tuberosity
Ruminants:
process on the
lateral surface of
face.
Present in horse
Absent in camel
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Ethmoid Bone
In ox, Unpaired bone forming the rostral wall of
cranial cavity.
It is absent in horses.
In camel, it form foramen on dorsal surface.
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Lateral View
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Bony Orbit
Formed by lacrimal and frontal bones.
Complete in horses and ruminants.
Incomplete in carnivores but is completed by the
orbital ligament.
At the middle in camel.
Depression between orbit and nasal profile is
short and straight.
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Cornual Process
The process of the frontal bone of horned
ruminants that is enclosed by the horn
Absent in horse
Absent in camel
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Temporal Fossa
Depression formed by temporal and parietal
bones.
In ruminants, it has been pushed to the lateral
side of the skull by the frontal bone.
In camel, temporal fossae are extensive and
concave caudally
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Interparietal Bone
Bone found only in horse and cat, between the
two parietal bones, rostral to the occipital bone.
In other species it is present in fetus but fuses
with surrounding bones before birth.
In camel, interparietal bone is completely fused
to squamous part of occipital bone.
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Equine Skull (Dorsal View)
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Frontal Bone
Rostral part of the roof of the cranial cavity in
most domestic species.
In ox and pig it forms the entire roof.
In camel roof is formed by occipital, parietal
and temporal bones.
Frontal bones are small.
Parietal bone form roof of cranium.
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Nasal Bones
In camel, they end with a short median
processes and long lateral processes.
In horse, they form greater part of roof of nasal
cavity.
In ox, nasal bone is little more than half the
length of that of horse.
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Vomer
In ox, vomer forms a wider and deeper groove
than in horse.
In horse, vomer is median bone, assist in
forming ventral part of septum nasi. Form
groove which receive lower part of etmoid
bone and septal cartilage.
Vomer: Can be seen along the floor of the
osseous opening, in camel.
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Caudal Border Of Cranium
Nuchal crest is dome-
shaped and forms
prominent caudal border
In camel caudal surfaces
are slightly convex.
In ox, pentagonal in
outline in adult
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Foramen Magnum
Straight medial
border forms lateral
boundries of foramen
magnum in camel
In ox, caudal border
of occipital bone
form it
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Nasal Cavity
Incompletely divided by septum in ox
Longitudinal passage extend through upper part
of face and completely divided in horse.
In camel, Relatively short, they end with a short
median processes andlong lateral processes
Maxilla: constricted in nasal region to form
slender dorsolateral borders
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Maxilla
Very extensive and high in camel and ox
Concave rostrally and convex posteriorly
In horse, the infraorbital foramen was present in
the maxilla bone just above the level of 2nd
cheek tooth.
no maxillary tuberosity and facial crest in camel,
as these were present in ox and horse,
respectively.
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References
Sisson, S. and J. D. Grossman, 1985. The
Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. 5th Ed., W.B.
Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA.
Yahaya, Ahmed, James O. Olopade, Hyelduku
D. Kwari, and Ibrahim M. Wiam. ‘Osteometry of
the Skull of One-Humped Camels. Part I:
Immature Animals’. Italian Journal of Anatomy
and Embryology 117, no. 1 (2012): 23–33.
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Shahid, R. U., R. Kausar, and others.
‘Comparative Gross Anatomical Studies of the
Skull of One-Humped Camel (Camelus
Dromedarius)’. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 25,
no. 4 (2005): 205.
Pasquini, C., Spurgeon, T. and Pasquini, S.
Anatomy of Domestic Animals: 5th editSystemic
and Regional onApproach. Sudz Publishing,
1989.
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