CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

Language is a means to give or exchange information; news, idea or

opinions, through language people learn from one another the things they

want to know. Imagine if human beings could not communicate with one

another. If a person cannot communicate, he will not talk to other people,

and no other people will talk to him anything. So it would be impossible for

him to learn anything.

One of language is English. It is a compulsory subject in Indonesia that

must be learned by the Indonesian students from the Junior high school up to

University

English as a foreign language will arise some difficulties which are

faced by Indonesian people / students because in learning a new language

will arise some difficulties which are faced by Indonesian people/students

because in learning a new language the students tend to transfer their native

language habit to the new language.

According to the statement above, the writer tries to present a

comparative study of the two languages, Indonesian and English Especially

on the adverb to avoid mistransformation which is made by the Indonesian

students.

A. THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY

The general teaching-learning process of English in the classroom, the

teacher rare relates the materials with the native language of the students, in

this case, Indonesian language, as comparison. Whereas the teacher can

relate the materials of English teaching with the Indonesian language. By

seeing this fact, the writer tries to arise some problems, those are:

1. How many kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs?

2. Are the kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs the same or

not?

3. What are the rules of the process of the English and Indonesian

adverbs formation?

4. Are the rules of the process the same or not?

5. From what part of speech are they formed?

6. Is there similarity between English and Indonesian adverb

formation?

7. In what aspect are they similar?

8. Is there difference between English and Indonesian adverb

formation?

9. In what aspects are they different?

10. Where is the position of The English and Indonesian adverb in

sentences?

B. HYPOTHESIS

1. There are many kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs, for

examples: adverbs of manner, place, time, (kata keterangan

kualitatif, tempat, waktu).

2. In general kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs are the

same.

3. The rules of the process depend on the part of speech or their

formations.

4. The rules of the process may be different.

5. They are formed from base and affixations.

6. There are similarities between English and Indonesian adverb

formation.

7. They are similar in their process.

8. There are differences between the English and Indonesian adverb

formation.

9. They are different in their process.

10. The position of the English and Indonesian adverbs are before

subject, verb, or after verb.

C. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Because of the limited time, energy, facilities, knowledge and

opportunity, the writer wants to compare between English and Indonesian

adverb in the kinds, formation, and their position in the sentences.

E. THE AIM OF THE STUDY

1. To know some kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs.

2. To know the process of the English and Indonesian adverbs formation.

3. To know the rules of the process of the English and Indonesian adverb

formation.

4. To know the position of the English and Indonesian adverb in

sentences.

F. DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERM

To avoid misinterpretation and make this study clearly, the writer quotes

some definition from the experts as follows:

1. “Comparative study is comparison of the structures of two languages to determine the points where they differ. These differences are the chief source in learning a second language.” (Louse’s book foundation as quoted by Adib Darmawan).

2. “Analysis is separation into part possibly with comment judgment.”(Hornby, 1974: 29) Oxford University press.

3. “Adverb is a word that answers question with “how, when, where,” (Hornby, 1974: 14) Oxford University press.

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

In this chapter the writer will discuss the problems that are re3lated to the

title “A comparative study between English and Indonesian Adverbs”. From that

title the writer discusses the problem in detail. So the writer needs many kinds of

theories concepts and Ideas of experts. In order to make this study clearly, the

writer tries to give definition as follows:

A. ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE

1. “Language is an arbitrary system of articulated sound made use of by group of human as a means of carrying on the affairs of their society. (W. Nelson, Francies, 1958” 13).

2. Another features of human language is that it is productive or creative.

This refers to the ability of the native speaker to understand produce

any member of sentences. (Which have never been heard before) in

their mother tongue, as Gorys Keraf Stated:

“Bahasa adalah alat komunikasi antar anggota masyarakat, berupa lambing bunyi suara yang dikeluarkan oleh alat ucap manusia.” (Gorys Keraf Ende, Flores, 1969: 16).

B. COMPARATIVE STUDY

Comparative means comparison or comparing, measuring, by comparing.

Study devotion of time and thought to get knowledge, examining carefully.

1. “Comparative study is a comparison of the structures or the languages to determine the points where they differ. These differences are the chief source in learning a second language.” (Louse’s book foundations as quoted by Adib Darmawan).

2. “Ilmu bahasa comparatif memperbandingkan system bahasa yang lain.”(M. Ramlan, Yogyakarta, 1965: 2).

3. “Analysis is separations in to parts possibly with comment and

judgment.” (Hornby. 1974: 29) Oxford University press.

C. DEFINITION OF MORPHEME AND WORD

1. MORPHEME

George Yule defines that:

“Morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.” (1985: 60).

Let’s clarify this definition with some examples:

We would say that the word “REOPENED” in the sentence “The police

reopened the investigation “ consists of 3 morphemes. One minimal unit

of meaning is “Open” another minimal unit of meaning is “RE” (means

again) and a minimal unit of grammatical function is: “ed” (indicating

past tense). The word “patiently” consists of two morphemes. One

minimal unit of meaning is “patient”, another minimal unit of

grammatical function is “ly”(adverb of manner). Probably between

English and Indonesian are similar in term of morpheme.

M. Ramlan defines it in his book:

“ Morfem ialah satuan gramatik yang paling kecil satuan gramatik yang tidak mempunyai satuan lain sebagai unsurnya.” (Yogya, 1965: 28).

Dr. Gorys Keraf defines it in his book “Tata bahasa Indonesia as

follows:

“Morfem adalah kesatuan yang ikut serta dalam pembentukan kata dan dapat dibedakan artinya.“

For example, the word “seenaknya” is composed of two units. The first

is “se-nya” as afiks, and the second is “enak” as a stem (adjective).

2. MORPHEME TYPES

From these examples above, we can make abroad distinction

between two types of morphemes. These are: Free morpheme, that is

morpheme which can stand by it self as a single word. Example: Open,

patient, and enak. In English this typed can be stated as “base”/”stem”.

There are also bound morphemes that are those which cannot normally

stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form. Examples:

se-, ly, se-nya, a-, -ive. The set of affixes which fall in to the bound

category can also be divided into two types.

The first is derivational morphemes. These are used to makes new

words in the language and are of ten used to make new words of

different grammatical category from the stem. Those, the addition of

derivational suffixes “-ly” change the adjective to adverb ”patiently.”

The second, set of bound morpheme contains what are called

inflectional morphemes. These are not to produce new words in the

English language, but rather to indicate aspects of grammatical function

as words.

Example: “ed” to make “reopen” into the past tense form: “reopened.”

3. WORD

Learning a language is to convey ideas whether it is oral or written.

When the people produce utterances to convoy ideas, of course the use

sentences which contain many words as one of the most illusive of the

linguistic unit of the language. Word, according to the Nelson Frencies

(1958: 204) means a thing when we are talking about written language

and another when we are talking about speech. Even though there is a

considerable over lapping between the two, they are not identical. It has

known in some languages that written language (the first definition of

word) is derived from spoken; while it is merely an arbitrary sets of

symbols used in recording an approximation of what is said. In other

word it is called that written English is identical with people write while

oral language is identical with face-to-face part of communication.

“Kata adalah kesatuan-kesatuan yang terkecil, yang diperoleh sesudah sebuah kalimat dibagi atas bagian-bagiannya, dan mengandung satuan ide. “ (1984: 53).

4. PART OF SPEECH

In this sub-chapter, the writer does not discuss the part of speech in

detail explanation.

He just probably describes adverbs in details, because adverb is the

target discussion in this study.

Talking about part of speech between English and Indonesian

language have a little differences. The writer deals with the topic

clarified as follows:

4.1. English part of speech

The grammarians classify for traditional names of part of

speech. These are verbs, noun and adjective. The four types of

them have their own function and characteristics. It is described

as follows:

4.1.1. VERB

According to the Nelson Francis (1958) that there are five

criteria in recognizing verb:

4.1.1.1. Verbs are class of lexical words marked by their use of four

inflections, (-s), (-ed), (-ing); by their appearance in verb-

phrases with certain auxiliaries such as can, must, is, has,

please about/to by a small group of derivational affixes, such as

(en-) and (-ate); by certain position relative to clearly marked

noun; and usually by the superfix’.

4.1.1.2. Most auxiliary may build complex combination with other

auxiliaries, making possible a very number repertory of verb-

phrases.

4.1.1.3. Auxiliaries may seem as function verbs.

4.1.1.4. The verbs do in its various inflectional and phrasal form may

seem a change for an ordinary verb which has appeared in the

immediate linguistics contexts. “Do” is the only verb-

substitute.

4.1.1.5. Separable verbs, made up of a full verb followed an adverb like

form, may seem with their two parts together or separated by

intervening words.

4.1.2. ADJECTIVE

In dealing with Betty S. Azar state that adjective is

describing noun, describe means change a little or means modify

noun. It makes noun different from others if added or modified or

preceded by adjective. In the line with that, Nelson Francis

(1958) defines:

“Adjective are a class of lexical words identified by their ability to fill the position between noun-determiner and noun and the position after a linking verb and the qualifier such as very, rather and quite.”(Francis: 280).

Besides, adjective actually falls into one of two groups:

base adjective and derived adjective. Base adjective is not

formation, but it is usually happened to degrees of comparison

and mostly and mostly consists of one syllable, though some

have to even three. It usually forms its comparative and

superlative degrees by means of the inflectional suffixes (-er) and

(-est). While, derived adjective are created from bound stems,

and verbs by means of quite a large group of derivational

suffixes, such as (-ous), (-able), and in comparative and

superlative by means of the qualifier (more) and (most).

4.1.3. ADVERB (see sub-chapter; Adverb as a part of speech)

4.1.4. NOUN

Noun is a class of lexical words identified by their

determiners to fill the positions according to their function as

subject of verbs, or complements of the verb be, become, seem,

or objects of verbs, object of prepositions.

Noun determiners are: pronoun (the, an, a, my, your, etc).

Nouns can be formed by adding derivational suffixes to:

- Verbs (-age), (-ance), (-er), (-ment)

- Adjectives: (-ce), (-cy),(-ness), (-ity)

- Other nouns: (-er), (-cy), (-ian), (-ism),(-ist), (-ship),

(-ster)

- Bound stems (-er), (-ism), (-ist)

4.2. INDONESIAN PART OF SPEECH

The basic distinction between English and Indonesian part of

speech are on two different points.

The first, in English there is an adverbs while in Indonesian is

no. It is substituted by “kata tugas” (function word). The other

three are the same (kata kerja, kata benda, kata sifat). It is a new

classification of word in Indonesian by Gorys keraf). Thus, the

Indonesian classifications of words are:

4.2.1 kata benda (nomina)

Gorys Keraf defined it in his book; tata bahasa Indonesia:

“Kata benda adalah segala kata yang dapat diterangkan atau diperluas dengan yang + kata sifat.” (Gorys Keraf, Endi 1980: 86).

ADDITION:

Kata benda means every word that can be enlarged by the

phrase YANG + KATA SIFAT. For example, the word meja can

be enlarged by the phrase yang bersih. (-bersih is an adjective). etc.

4.2.2. KATA KERJA (VERBA)

Gorys Keraf defined:

“Segala macam kata yang dapat diperluas dengan kelompok kata dengan + kata sifat adalah kata kerja.” (Gorys Keraf, Ende 1980: 86).

It means that every word that is able be enlarged with the

part of speech DENGAN + KATA SIFAT. For example, the

word: menyanyi in the sentence:Gadis itu menyanyi dengan

nyaring, is a word that is enlarged by phrase; dengan nyaring.

Dengan nyaring is an adverbs with the description: dengan +

nyaring. (nyaring is an adjective).

4.2.3. KATA SIFAT (ADJECTIVA)

“Segala kata yang dapat mengambil bentuk se + reduplikasi + nya, serta dapat diperluas dengan paling, lebih, sekali adalah kata sifat.”

It means every word that can be enlarged by the phrase SE

+ REDUPLIKASI + NYA or with the words:

PALING, LEBIH, SEKALI, For example: The word Tinggi

is an adjective (kata sifat), because it can be enlarged into

SETINGGI-TINGGINYA, PALING tinggi, LEBIH TINGGI,

tinggi SEKALI.

4.2.4. KATA TUGAS (FUNCTION WORDS)

Kata tugas (Function words) is all words that are not

included of the three parts of speech above. It means that “kata

depan” (preposition and “kata sambung” (conjunction) are

classified as function words. The function of it is to change a

minimum sentence into transformational sentence. But in this

case, the function words are used as adverb. Addition: “Kalimat

minim (minimum sentence) is a meaningful word that can stand

itself as a sentence. Examples: Adik. Cepat. “Kalimat

transformasi (transformational sentence) is a minimum sentence

that have been enlargedby adding clauses that are started by

function words. Examples: Adik, Karena kamu sakit. Cepat,

Supaya tidak tertinggal kereta!

D. ADVERB AS A PART OF SPEECH

The primary function of an adverb is modifying a verb. But it can also

modify an adjective or another adverb.

Hornby defines adverb as follows:

“Adverb is a word that answers question with how, when, where, and modifies verb, adjective, and other adverb.”(Hornby, 1974:14) Oxford University Press.

CLASIFICATION OF ADVERB BY FUNTION

1. ADVERBS OF MANNER

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question “How”.

The words that indicates this adverb are:

Quickly, bravely, happily, hard, fast, well, etc.

2. ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question “where”.

The words that indicate this adverb are:

Here, there, in the cupboard, in America, etc.

3. ADVERBS OF TIME

Adverbs of time modify the verbs or predicate complements to answer the

question “When/what time”

The words that usually used:

After wards, eventually, now, tomorrow, yesterday, the day before yesterday,

soon, late etc.

4. ADVERBS ESPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

This type of adverb modifies the verb to express degrees of certainty of an

activity.

The words that indicate this adverb are:

a. Apparently, certainly, evidently, obviously

b. Definitely, clearly

c. Surely.

5. ADVERBS OF DURATION

This is used for those adverbials that answer the question (for) how long.

a.For a long time, for several minutes, etc.

b. From morning to evening, from May to August, etc.

c.Till tomorrow morning, till last week, etc.

6. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

These adverbs are used for those adverbials that answer the question “How

often”.

The words that express this adverb are:

a. Frequency, always, continually, often, once, etc.

b. Ever, never, rarely, seldom, hardly ever.

7. ADVERBS OF DEGREE

This adverb modifies adjectives or other adverbs.

The words that indicate this adverb are:

Almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, extremely, only, so, well, etc.

8. ADVERBS OF PARTICLES

Sometimes the particles are functioned as adverbs. The particles are up, down,

in, out, away, over, etc. Sometimes particles are followed the nouns to become

preposition.

ADVERB FORMATION

In English, adverbs can be formed by some rules as follows:

1. Adding the derivational suffix (-ly) to derived adjectives. Derived

adjectives are made from noun + suffix (-ful, -less, -ive, etc). The derived

adverbs can be formed are: healthily, remarkably, hopefully, etc.

2. Adding the derivational suffix (-ly) to base adjectives, examples: slowly,

strangely, falsely, usually, etc.

3. Adding the derivational prefix (a) to nouns, stems, adjectives, examples: a

head, a part, a slide, a long, a broad, etc.

4. Adding derivational suffix (-wise) to noun, example: lengthwise, actor

wise, etc.

5. Adding derivational suffix (-ward) to limited group of nouns, example:

backward, homeward, forward. The process number 1 – 5 is called

affixation process.

6. Combining the noun determiners (some, any, every, no) with a limited list

of nouns and function words, for example: someplace, somewhere,

anywhere, nobody, etc.

7. Use of certain function words (particles/preposition) as adverbs, examples:

up, down, out, over, etc.

THE POSITION OF ADVERBS

There are 3 possible positions of adverbs as follows:

1. Initial/front position. It means that adverb can be placed in the

beginning of a sentence. Example:

Tomorrow I am going to go to your office.

2. Mid position. It means that adverb can be placed at the mid of a

sentence, example:

We are usually happy to see you.

3. End/final position It means that adverb can be placed at the end of

a sentence, example:

You must do your homework carefully.

INDONESIANS ADVERB

Kata keterangan (adverb) in Indonesian based on the traditional structure is a

word or more that modify/ies adjectives, verbs, or all of the sentence.

As Gorys Keraf stated:

“Kata keterangan atau adverbia adalah kata-kata yang memberi keterangan tentang kata kerja, kata sifat, kata keterangan, kata bilangan, dan seluruh kalimat.” (Gorys Keraf, Ende, 1980:70)

“Kata keterangan” can be stated in a word or a group of words with the

description as follows:

a. IN A WORD: It means adverbs that are stated in word, and formed by:

1. Using base adverbs, example: sekarang, lusa, besok.

2. Using function words (conjunction) as adverb indicator, example: karena,

sebab, untuk, guna, etc.

3. Using affixation process:

3.1. STEM+AFIKS (derivational suffix),

Example:

Biasa+nya ; biasanya

Hendak+nya ; hendaknya

Rasa+nya ; rasanya, etc.

3.2. AFIKS SE – NYA + STEM,

Example:

Se – nya + lama ;selamanya

Se – nya + enak ;seenaknya

Se – nya + kira ;sekiranya, etc.

3.3. AFIKS SE – NYA + REDUPLICATION OF ADJECTIVE

Se-nya + reduplication; selama-lamanya, etc.

4. Reduplikation Of Verb

For example:

tiba ; tiba-tiba

diam ; diam-diam

sampai ; sampai-sampai

b. IN A GROUP OF WORDS

It means adverbs that are stated in two or more words that support a

meaning only. These groups of words are formed by combining:

1. Preposition (kata tugas) + noun/phrase,

Examples:

Dengan pisau

Dengan besi yang kuat

Di Amerika, di Indonesia, di Surabaya

Dari jendela, dari Cikini

Ke Jakarta, etc.

2. Preposition + personal pronoun,

Example:

Dengan bapak Sasmita

Dengan kakak dan Adik

Etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF KATA KETERANGAN:

1. KATA KETERANGAN/ADVERBIUM KUALITAIF

This adverb modifies the condition of an activity. It is stated by

preposition (kata tugas) DENGAN + KATA SIFAT (adjective). For

example:

Ia menyanyi dengan nyaring.

2. KATA KETERANGAN TEMPAT/ADVERBIUM LOKATIF

This adverb modifies a verb, where an activity is done. The words that

are used as kata keterangan tempat can be formed by combining prepositions

(kata tugas): di, ke, dari, di dalam, with noun/phrase, example: di dapur, di

halaman, ke rumahku yang baru, etc.

3. KATA KETERANGAN WAKTU (ADVERBIUM TEMPORAL)

This adverb modifies a verb, when an activity is done. The words

indicate these adverbs are sekarang, luas, besok, kemarin, tahun lalu,

sebelum ini, bulan depan, etc.

4. KATA KETERANGAN MODALITAS/KECARAAN

This adverb modifies how an activity is according to the speaker. The

list bellow is the kind of kata keterangan modalitas and the words that

indicate it:

a. Kepastian : memang, niscaya, pasti, tentu, bukan, etc.

b. Pengakuan : ya, betul, benar, malahan, sebenarnya.

c. Kesangsian : agaknya, barangkali, entah, mungkin,

rasanya, rupanya, etc.

d. Keinginan : moga-moga, mudah-mudahan.

e. Ajakan : baik, hendaknya, kiranya.

f. Larangan : Jangan.

g. Keheranan : masakan mustahil, mana boleh, mana ada.

h. Kondisional : kalau, jikalau, seandainya, sekiranya.

5. KATA KETERANGAN ASPEK

This adverb modifies a verb/an activity objectively based on the

degrees of the event. The kind of it and the words indicate it is as follows:

a. Inkoatif : pun-lah

b. Duratif : sedang, sementara.

c. Perfektif : sudah, telah.

d. Momental : tiba-tiba, begitu saja.

e. Repetitif : memukul-mukul, memijat-mijat, (reduplication of

adverb).

f. Frequentitatif : sering, jarang, kadang, kadang kala.

g. Habituatif : biasanya.

6. KATA KETERANGAN DERAJAD.

This adverb modifies the verb, how certain an activity is done. The

special words indicate this adverbs are: amat, hanya, hampir, cukup,etc.

7. KATA KETERANGAN ALAT/INSTRUMENTAL

This adverb modifies the verb to answer the question:” what is used to

do an activity.“ To form words indicate this adverbs we need a combination

of them will be shown on the following page. The researcher shows them

(the words that indicate this adverbs are: pattern: DENGAN +

NOUN/PHRASE, examples: dengan pisau, dengan tinta merah, etc.

8. KATA KETERANGAN KOMITATIF/KESERTAAN

This adverb modifies the participation of someone in an activity. The

pattern: Dengan/Bersama + PERSONAL PRONOUN, examples: dengan

ayahku, bersama adik, etc.

9. KATA KETERANGAN PERLAWANAN/KONSENSIF

This adverb opposes in activity the speaker tells. The function words

are use used as this adverb, they are: tapi, biarpun, kendatipun, namun.

10. KATA KETERANGAN KAUSAL/SEBAB

Kata keterangan sebab modifies the verbs to answer the question “why

the activity is done. “This adverb uses the function words: karena,sebab.

11. KATA KETERANGAN KONSEKUETIF/AKIBAT

This adverb modifies the result that happened because an activity. The

function words that are used: Sehingga, sampai-sampai.

12. KATA KETERANGAN FINAL/TUJUAN

This adverb modifies/describes the result of an activity that wants to be

achieved. The function words that are used as this adverb are: untuk, supaya,

agar.

13. KATA KETERANGAN KOMPERATIF/PERBANDINGAN

This adverb modifies an activity by comparing: a process to another

process, or a condition to another condition. The conjunctions that are used

are: bagai,seperti, seakan-akan.

14. KATA KETERANGAN PERWATASAN

This adverb describes exception about an activity. The word that used:

hanya,kecualy.

THE POSITION OF ADVERBS IN INDONESIAN

1. There are some numerous adverbs, which are placed at initial/front position

e.g. Tadi aku tak masuk sekolah.

2. Some of them are placed at the mid position (at the mid of sentence).

Example: Bagiku dia amat baik.

3. Sometimes those adverbs are placed at the end position that means at the end

of a sentence, example: Aku berjanji akan datang kerumahmu besok pagi.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In accordance with the aim of study, the approach is directed and outlined to

answer the research problem. The study in this case, involves two components of

languages; English and Indonesian language, especially on the kind, formation

and position of adverb. The study here is comparative study, which seeks and

analyzes the similarities and differences between English and Indonesian adverbs

kind, formation and position.

A. POPULATION AND SAMPLE

1. Population

The population of this study is all base and derived adverbs and new

forms. The population is taken from written language, for example:

novel from the two languages. The writer, here, does not take the oral

population of language, because it is very difficult to record and needs

a long time.

2. Sample

As sample, the writer chooses to novels that consist of best and derived

adverbs/new form. These are written by reputable authors. One is an

English novel and the other is an Indonesians novels. They are:

a. Entitled: “The big kill.” By Micky Spillane. The choice of this

novel is based on to main reasons: first, Micky Spillane is one of

the reputable contemporary English novelists and also well

known for his novels and plays. Second, as a reputable author,

Micky Spillane’s English is reliable both they use of the

language and the contain of this novel.

b. Entitled: “Sejuta pintu cintaku” by Motinggo Busie. The reason

for choosing Motinggo’s novel is also basic on two reasons.

First, he is one of the well-known authors for novel, short story

and plays. He also writes poetry. Second, as a reputable author,

the use of Indonesian language is reliable, too.

B. DATA COLLECTION

In collecting the data, as the writer stated before that the study is a

comparative analyzes story, which emphasizes on linguistics competent, so

he uses instrument.

Those are:

1. Literature

Here, reading some books, which has relationships with the study, is to

gain some theories on the adverb formations, gain and position and its

related discussion. It is used to support the view on the morphological

process for analyzing the data and presenting them according to the

aim of the research. The book taken the support the description of the

study are from many sources especially linguistics or morphology.

2. Documentation

In this instrument, the writer documented the data from the target

population of the two differences novels. Put it is, as a matter of fact,

used three main steps of documentation the data;

2.1. Identification

The first step is mainly done by reading the novels. While reading the

novels the writer identifies the base and derived adverb of new forms

by underlining or circling the target words.

2.2. Making Lists

After identifying the base and derived adverbs or new form of the two-

difference novel, the writer makes lists to both of them.

2.3. Classification

In this step, the writer classifies the lists made according to their

process of adverbs.

Example:

TABLE I

The resultant formation of adverb of manner that used in the novels:

“The Big Kill.” By Nicky Spilane (on the following page).

Root Suffix Part of Speech Resultant CombinationSlow –ly

Nice –ly

etc

Adjective

Adjective

Slowly

Nicely

TABLE II

The resultant formation of adverbial kualitatif based on the novel

“Sejuta Pintu Cintaku”

Preposition Root Reduplication Resultant CombinationDenganDengan

NyaringManis

--

DenganDengan

NyaringManis

Therefore the tables made are depending on the kind and the process of

adverb formation.

C. DATA ANALYSIS

Breaking down the to know the description of similarities and

differences between English and Indonesian adverb, the writer does the

following steps:

1. Component (based or derived adverb or new forms)

2. Finding the relation among the components.

3. Knowing the process of formation.

Example for number 1, 2, 3.

The derived adverb A LOUD

The word “A LOUD” is created from A + LOUD:

1. A is a derivational prefix

2. LOUD (adjective as a stem)

A is derivational prefix that changes the part of a speech; adjective to

adverb.

Consequently, after it is done, either base or derived adverbs of English

and Indonesian languages to be analyzed, finally the writer does the last

step.

4. Analyzing the similarities and differences between English and

Indonesian adverb formation, kind, or position by writing parallel, for

example:

The similarities on classification based on the function:

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1. Adverbials ofmanner 1. Adverbium kualitatif2. Adverbials of time, etc. 2. Adverbium temporal

CHAPTER IV

DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS

Based on the research done by the researcher on the English and Indonesian

adverbs classification and formation that used two novels as subject, the gathered

data or the resultant classification is going to be presented and analyzed in this

chapter to obtain the answer of the research problem.

A. ENGLISH ADVERBS

CLASIFICATION ANALYSIS

This analysis is employed to know how many types of adverbs used in

this novel (The Big Kill) by Mickey Spillane. The Classification by the

function is as follows:

A.1. ADVERBS OF MANNER

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question “how”.

b. Formation:

The resultant classification of adverbs of Manner and the formation:

PAGE/LINEAFFIXTION PROCESS

PPAGE/ LINE

ANOTHER PROCESS

7/22 Seductively 8/28 Better12/27 Strictly 8/30 Well10/28 Carefully 53/6 Somehow53/218 Protectively17/39 Apart

Based on the samples above, the analysis below will show of how the

words are created:

a. AFFIXATION PROCEESS

1. SEDUCTIVELY and STRICTLY are created from

adjective (seductive and strict) + derivational suffix –ly. This

affixation changes the part of speech; adjectives to adverb. The

words that have the same process are:

(10/43) purpose + ly; purposely

(11/3) patient + ly; patiently

(12/19) close + ly; closely

* (14/4) sarcastic + ly; sarcastically

** (15/33) steady + ly; steadily, etc.

* According to the spelling rules to add –ly to adjectives, ending –ic

must be added –al before ly.

**Final y preceded by a consonant is changed to i.

2. “CAREFULLY” is created from CARE + FUL + LY, with

the component:

a. CARE is noun

b. FUL is derivational suffix, changes the noun to

derived adjective.

c. –LY is a derivational suffix, changes the derived

adjective to adverb.

The words that have the same process as CAREFULLY are:

(53/18) protect + ive + ly; protectively

(13/23) help + less + ly; helplessly

(53/25) grace + ful + ly; gracefully

(59/28) pain +ful + ly; painfully

3. APART is corrected from a + part with component:

a. a is a derivational prefix

b. part is noun

This affixation makes a new form; apart. This process changes

the part of speech; noun to adverb

4. “GOD” is an adjective. To make it become “WELL”. This

irregular process changes the part of speech; adjective to adverb.

5. There is a word expresses the comparative form of the

adverb WELL. It is better (8/28). This process does not change the

part of speech.

6. “SOMEHOW” is created from the words” some + how

with the component:

a. SOME is an adjective as a stem.

b. HOW is an adverb as a stem, too.

The combination of the two words (compound) changes the part

of speech; adjective-adverb to adverb.

c. Position:

1. Adverbs of manner are usually placed at the end of the

sentence/clause, example:

(19/17) Her breath caught in her throat sharply.

2. Sometimes it is placed at the mid position.

Example:

(30/29) You had better be properly sympathetic.

A.2. ADVERB OF PLACE AND DIRECTION

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question “Where”.

b. Formation:

The words that used as adverbs of place and direction are formed by the

ways below:

PAGE/LINE

AFFIXATION

PAGE/LINE

PREPOSITION ON USAGE

PAGE LINE/COMPOUND

7/2 10/128/229/33

aroundacrossalongforward

7/417/1915/132/6

in the dooron the tableunder the coatin Hollywood

2/3 somewhere

Based on the samples above, the analysis will show of how the words are

formed:

1. “AROUND” is created from A + ROUND with the

component:

a. A is a derivational prefix

b. ROUND is a noun as a stem

The combination of the two components makes a new form; A ROUND

(adverb). This process changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

The other words that are formed by this way are ACROSS, AHEAD,

ASIDE.

2. “ALONG” is created from A + LONG with the

component:

a. A is a derivational prefix

b. Long is an adjective as a stem

The combination (affixation) of the two components make a new

form; ALONG (adverb). This process changes the part of speech;

adjective to adverb.

3. “FORWARD” is created from FOR + WARD with the

component:

a. FOR is a preposition

b. WARD is a derivational suffix

This affixation makes a new form; FORWARD (adverb). These

two components form an adverb.

A.3. ADVERBS OF TIME

a. Function:

Adverb of time modify the verbs or predicate complements to answer the

question:” When or what time.”

b. Formation:

The resultant classification of formation of adverbs of time (table):

PAGE/LINE

IN A WORD PAGE/LINE

IN A GROUP OF

WORDS

PAGE/LINE AFIXATION

15/2118/1133/47

EverydayTonightSoon

11/712/9

In the morningLast week

13/6 Momentarily14/34 Suddenly

Based on the samples above, the researcher classifies the adverbs into 2

parts:

a. DEFINITE TIME:

The words that are used in the novel (The Big Kill) are:

a.1. (13/12) tomorrow (24/34) now

a.2. (15/21) everyday (18/11) tonight

(26/23) today

b. INDEFINITE TIME

b.1. Soon (33/47)

b.2. MOMENTARILY (13/6) and SUDDENLY (14/34)

The words in a.1 are base adverbs.

The words in a.2 are derived adverbs with the analysis:

a.2.1 EVERYDAY is created from EVERY + DAY with the component:

- EVERY is an adjective.

- DAY is a noun of speech adjective

The combination of the two components makes a new for;

EVERYDAY (adverb). This process changes the part noun to adverb.

a.2.2. “TONIGHT” and “TODAY” are created from TO (preposition) and

NIGHT/DAY (noun).

The compounding of the two words makes new forms: tonight and

today. This compound changes the part of speech; nouns to adverbs.

a.3.1 “IN THE MORNING” is created from IN + THE + MORNING with

the component:

a. The combination of the tree IN is preposition

b. THE is an definite article

c. MORNING is a noun

Components makes a new form; IN THE MORNING (adverb). This

process changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

a.3.2. “ LAST WEEK” is created from LAST (adjective) + WEEK (noun).

The adjective modifies the noun, so the pattern of this combination:

MODIFIER + HEAD (last + week).

This combination changes the part of speech’ adjective-noun to

adverb.

a.3.3 “A FEW MINUTES LATER” is created from a A FEW MINUTES +

LATER with the component :

a. A FEW MINUTES is a noun phrase with the component:

A is an indefinite article, FEW is an adjective modifies the noun.

MINUTES is a noun A few minutes IS A NOUN PHRASE.

LATER is an adjective modifies the noun phrase.

b. The combination of the components above changes the

part of speech; noun adjective to adverb.

The words in b.1 are base adverbs.

The words in b.2 are derived adverbs from ADJECTIVE +

DERIVATIONAL SUFFIX –LY. This process changes the part of

speech; adjective to adverb.

c. Position:

1. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of

the sentence, example:

The opt was here last night.

2. Sometimes it is placed at initial position.

Example: A long time ago he worked for Charlie F.

A.4. ADVERBS EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

a. Function:

This adverb modifies the verb.

b. Formation:

That word that is found by the researcher is SURELY (28/25). This

derived adverb created from SURE (noun) + LY (derivational suffix).

This affixation changes the part of speech: noun to adverb.

c. Position;

The word surely is placed at the mid of a sentence, example:

But surely you can’t be serious. (28/25)

A.5. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

a. Function

The term Adverbs of frequency is used for those adverbials that answer

the questions “How often”.

b. Formation:

1. Base adverbs: (13/15) always

(27/19) never

2. DERIVED ADVERBS:

2a. (7/21) USUALLY is created from USUAL +LY with the

component:

-USUAL is an adjective as a stem –LY is a derivational suffix

changes the adjective to adverb.

2.b. “SOMETIMES” is created from SOME + TIMES with the

component:

- SOME is an adjective as a stem

- TIMES is a noun as a stem, too

The compounding of the two stems changes the part of speech;

adjective to adverb.

2.c. ONCE A WEEK is created from ONCE + A WEEK with the

component:

- ONCE is an adverb modifies the noun

- A WEEK is a noun, A is an indefinite article,

WEEK is a noun.

The combination of the two components does not change the part

of speech because it contains adverb.

c. Position

Adverb of frequency are possible to be placed at initial, mid, or end

position with some examples:

- Initial position:

Sometimes you can’t do what you want to do.

- Mid position:

Don’t gentlemen usually buy ladies a drink?

- End position:

…

I might find Lou Grindle on 57th street in a place called the Hop

Scootch where a room was available for some heavy sugar card games

once a week.

A.6. ADVERBS OF DURATION

a. Function:

Adverb of duration is used for those adverbials that answer the

question “for how long.”

b. Formation:

(34/2) For + A LONG TIME is combination created from: FOR + A

LONG TIME with the component:

1. For is a preposition.

2. A LONG TIME is a noun phrase contains A (indefinite

article), LONG (adjective) modifies the noun, TIME is a noun.

The combination above changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

c. Position:

This word (for a long time) is placed in the mid position. e. g:

He was on the level for a long time, then, just like that, he went bed.

A.7. ADVERBS OF DEGREE

a.Function:

Adverbs of degree modify adjectives or other adverbs.

b. Formation:

The stems indicate adverbs of degree are (7/5) enough (27/1) only

(47/10) too (28/2) much

c.Position:

They are placed at the mid position. Before adverbs or adjectives,

exception: enough much.

A.8. ADVERBS OF PARTICLES

a. Function:

Adverbs of particles are used for groups of adverbs with characteristics

of their own. The particles are used with verbs to form combinations

with meanings that are sometimes regular/obvious.

b. Formation:

The particles are:

(7/1) down (7/12) back (8/45) off (12/46) up (7/7) over (8/1) out etc.

c. Position:

This adverb is placed in the mid position, example It was one of those

nights when the sky came down, and wrapped itself around the world.

B. INDONESIAN ADVERB

CLASSIFICATION ANALYSES

This analyses is employed to know how many types of Indonesian

adverbs that are used in the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” by Motinggo

Busye and how they are formed. This analysis is as follows:

B.1. KETERANGAN KUALITATIF (ADVERBIUM KUALITATIF)

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies a verb to answer the questions

“bagaimana/dengan cara apa”.

b. Formation:

The table below is the sample of the resultant formation of keterangan

kualitatif:

Based on the samples above, the analysis will show of how the words

are formed:

1. SE-NYA is afiks (according to“SEENAKNYA” is

created from SE-NYA + ENAK with the component:

a. M. Ramlan)

b. ENAK is adjective as a stem

This affixation changes the part of speech; adjective to adverb.

2. “DENGAN CEKATAN” is combination from DENGAN +

CEKATAN with the component:

a. DENGAN is preposition (kata tugas)

b. CEKATAN is an adjective

PAGE/LINE

AFIKS PREPOSITION

ROOT/PHRASE/REDUPLACATION

PART OF SPEECH/RESULTANTCOMBINATION

24/1 Se-nya - Enak Seenaknya (adj.)25/16 - Dengan Cekatan Dengan

cekatan (adj.)71/14 - Dengan Panggilan manja Dengan panggilan

manja (noun phrase)122/4 Se - Cara diam-diam Secara

diam-diam (adj.)130/1 - - Terkikih-terkikih Terkikih-kikih (adv.)

The new form made by this combination is DENGAN

CETAKAN (adverb). This process changes the part of speech;

adjective to adverb.

3. “DENGAN PANGGILAN MANJA” is combined from DENGAN +

PANGGILAN MANJA with the component:

a. DENGAN is a preposition (kata tugas)

b. PANGGILAN MANJA is a noun phrase contains head

(panggilan is a noun) and the modifier (manja is adjective).

The combination of the two component changes the part of

speech; noun to adverb.

4. “SECARA DIAM-DIAM “ is created from SE + CARA+DIAM-

DIAM with the component:

a. SE is affiks (derivational prefix)

b. CARA is a noun. The affixation of SE + CARA means the same

way.

c. Diam-Diam is reduplication from DIAM (verb)This combination

changes the part of speech; noun-verb to adverb.“TERKIKIH-

KIKIH” is a reduplication of the base : terkikih. (adverb).

TERKIKIH is a stem because it isn’t able to be described into

morphemes. As a prove of it, the researcher finds the word:

TERKIKIH in the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” on page; 51,

line19th.

c. Position:

The most usual position in this novel, keterangan kualitatif is

placed at the end (after verb/object.), for example:

Lewat lubang tembok batas teras aku lmelihat dia memetik bunga

anggrek seenaknya.

Sometimes it is placed at the beginning, example: dan dengan

cekatan pula aku menaiki tangga.

B.2 KETERANGAN TEMPAT (ADVERBIUM LOKATIF)

a. Function:

Adverbium Lokatif modifies the Verb to answer the question “DI

MANA/KEMANA/DARI MANA”. Example: Di dalam kemejamu ada

buku. Di mana ada buku?

b. Formation:

The words that are used as keterangan tempat can be formed by

combining a preposition with noun or noun phrase. The table shows of

the resultant formation of them:

PAGE/LINE

PREPOSITION+NOUN PAGE/LINE

PREPOSITION+NOUN

9/3 Di surat surat kabar 10/26 Di sini13/8 Di dalam meja 12/7 Dari

33/7 Ke Berkeley university 48/5 Di langit cerah

Based on the samples above, the analysis will show of how the words

happened:

1. “DI SURAT-SURAT KABAR” is created from DI + SURAT-SURAT

KABAR with the component:

a.DI is a preposition

b. SURAT-SURAT KABAR is the plural of SURATKABAR

(noun)

the combination of the two words makes a new form; DI

SURAT-SURAT KABAR (adverb; keterangan tempat). This

changes the part of speech; noun to adverb. This is the most usual

process in Indonesian

2. “DI SINI” is created from DI + SINI with the component:

a.DI is a preposition (kata tugas)

b. SINI is a demonstrative pronoun

The combination of the two components changes the part of

speech; kata tugas to adverb.

3. “DI DALAM KEMEJAMU” is created from DI + DALAM +

KEMAJAMU with the component:

a.DI is a preposition

b. DALAM is adverb.

The combination of DI + DALAM makes a new preposition; di

dalam.

c.KEMEJAMU is a noun with kemeja is a stem and MU as a

possessive pronoun.

This combination changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

4. “DI LANGIT CERAH” is created from DI + LANGIT CERAH with

the component:

a.DI is a preposition

b. LANGIT CERAH is a noun phrase with the component:

LANGIT is a noun as a head, and CERAH is an adjective

modifies the noun. So LANGIT CERAH is a noun phrase. The

combination of the three components change the part of speech;

noun to adverb.

c.From the description number 1-4, the resultant is: keterangan tempat

can be formed with the pattern:

Preposition + Noun, or

Preposition + Noun phrase, or

Preposition + Demonstrative pronoun, or

Preposition + Adverb (of place)

d. Position:

1. The most usual position is at the end of the

sentence(s). For example: (9/3) pastilah kau sering membaca Erna

Hadi pranata di surat-surat kabar.

2. Sometimes this adverb is placed at the beginning,

for example: (12/7)

Dari jendela saya teropong kamu.

3. If there are two main clause or other adverbs, it can

be placed at the mid position, for example:(10/12).

Tapi ketika dia menaruhkan setangkai bunga mawar di meja sudut

tempat tidurku, lalu dia ulurkan tangan, kudengar dia menyebut

namanya. Nagib.

B.3. KETERANGAN WAKTU (ADVERBIUM TEMPORAL)

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question KAPAN

(when)

Based on the novel ”Sejuta Pintu Cintaku”, the simple of the words that are

used in it is follows:

BASE ADVERBS

(PAGE/LINE)

DEVIDED ADVERBS (PAGE/LINE)AFFIXATION +REDUPLICATION

COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE COMPONENTS

Tadi (11/2) (11/8) Sebelum iniKini (15/21) (31/26) Beberapa menit

kemudianDulu (106/8) (33/1) Tahun lalu

Based on the samples above, the analysis below will show of how the words

happened:

1. “TADI”, KINI,”DULU” are stems as adverbs, so they don’t

need any change.

2. “SELAMA-LAMANYA” is created from SE + NYA + lama-

lamanya with the component:

a. SE-NYA is derivational “affiks” adverb maker.

b. LAMA-LAMA is a reduplication from the adjective LAMA.

The combination of the two components makes a new form”;

selama-lamanya (adverb). This process changes the part of

speech; adjective to adverb.

3. “SEBELUM INI” is created from SE + BELUM + INI, with

the component:

a. SE is derivational prefix (afiks)

b. Belum is KATA TUGAS (function word)

The affixation makes an adverb (sebelum)

c.INI is a demonstrative pronoun, modifies the adverb.

This process changes the part of speech; kata tugas to adverb.

4. “BEBERAPA MENIT KEMUDIAN” is a phrase, created

from BEBERAPA + MENIT + KEMUDIAN with the component:

a. BEBERAPA is an adjective modifies MENIT.

b. MENIT is a noun.

The combination of the two words forms a noun phrase

(beberapa menit).

c. KEMUDIAN is an adverb.

The new form is BEBERAPA MENIT KEMUDIAN (adverb).

KEMUDIAN modifies the noun phrase. So the pattern of this

process is: HEAD + MODIFIER.

b. Position

1. The most usual position is in initial position. e. g.: Hanya

beberapa menit kemudian ayahku pulang.(31/26)

2. Sometimes this adverb (keterangan waktu)is placed at the

end position.Example: (204/27) Tapi mana ada orang

menangis selama-lamanya?

B.4. KATA KETERANGAN MODALITAS/KECARAAN

a. Function:

Keterangan modalitas /kecaraan modifies the verb based on the

speaker’s respons to the event.

b. Formation:

This kind of adverb uses special words to indicate it. So the table

below will show of the words that used only, in several kinds of adverb

modalitas Sejuta Pintu Cintaku:

KINDS THE WORDS THAT CAN BE USED (PAGE/LINE)

PENGAKUAN Malahan (10/10) betul (12/26) ya (13/13) sebetulnya (96/19)

KEPASTIAN Tentu, pasti (9/1) memang (11/20)KESANGSIAN Rasanya (10/16) mungkin (14/1) barang kali (15/3)

rupanya (25/19)LARANGAN Jangan (118/27)KONDISIONAL SEKIRANYA (106/8) KALAU (118/27)KEHERANAN Jika (140/17) mana ada (205/27)

Based on the table above we have known that “kata keterangan

modalitas/kecaraan” is most usually indicated by base adverb. But there

are some of them need affixation process, such as: RUPANYA= RUPA

(stem) + -NYA (afiks) that changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

The other is SEKIRANYA from afiks SE –NYA + KIRA, that changes

the part of speech; verb to adverb.

c. Position:

1. The most usual position of “kata keterangan modalitas” based on

the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” is in initial/beginning position.

Example (25/19).

Rupanya dia masih punya rasa kasihan.

2. Other possible position is at the mid of the sentence. Example:

(78/7)

Ada baiknya kamu jangan berhubungan lagi dengan Nagib.

B.5. KATA KETERANGAN ASPEK

a. Functon:

Kata keterangan aspek modifies the verb objectively based on the

degrees of the event.

b. Formation:

Kata keterangan aspek is devided into 6 types (based on the novel

“Sejutam Pintu Cintaku”). They are:

1. INKOATIF: pun (20/7)

2. DURATIF: sewaktu (126/11)

ketika (10/12)

3. PERFEKTIF: sudah (15/22) (71/9)

4. MOMENTAL: tiba-tiba(9/2)

begitu saja (106/10)

5. FREKUENTATIF: sering (9/2) kadang (22/23) jarang

(11/26) kadang kala (16/2)

6. HABITUATIF: biasanya (10/3)

Based on the list above, the resultant a formation of keterangan

aspek is: that it can be formed by:

1. Using base adverb such as: number 1,2,3,4.

2. Reduplicating a verb: tiba-tiba. This process changes the part

of speech; verb to adverb.

3. Adding suffix –NYA to an adjective:BIASA + NYA;

BIASANYA(adverb). This process changes the part of

speech; adjective to adverb.

4. Combining two words as adverbs: begitu saja, kadang kala.

This process does not change the part of speech.

c. Position:

This kind of adverb is usually placed:

1. In initial position, EXAMPLE: (104/20). Tiba-tiba saja aku

melihat bersama ibuku perubahan besar papa.

2. Sometimes it is placed at the mid position.

Example: (30/3) Goyangan kursi goyang berhenti ketika mama

melihatku duduk di sofa.

B.6. KATA KETERANGAN DERAJAT/KUANTITATIF

a. Function:

Keterangan derajat modifies the verb how certain/how often an activity

is done.

b. Formation:

Keterangan derajat is formed by using:

1. Base adverbs:hampir (9/5) hanya (9/10) amat(11/11)

2. Prefix + reduplication of noun:

Berkali-kali (47/7)

c. Position:

1. Keterangan derajat is usually placed at the mid position;

Example: (11/11).

Kesanku dia amat, amat, amat baik.

2. Sometimes it is placed at the beginning. E.g. (47/7);

Berkali-kali aku menghela nafas dalam-dalam.

B.7. KATA KETARANGAN ALAT/INSTRUMENTAL

a. Function:

This type of adverb modifies the verb to answer the question “what is

used to do an activity”.

b. Formation:

The words that are used as keterangan instrumental is formed with the

pattern:

Preposition + noun/noun phrase.Dengan

The words that are used in the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” are:

(10/5) dengan bando biru putih merah dengan: preposition.

bando biru putih merah: noun phrasehead modifier

(49/6) dengan tinta cetak emas dengan : preposition

tinta cetak emas: noun phrasehead modifier

(138/10) dengan mobilnya.

Dengan : preposition

Mobilnya: noun

This process changes the part of speech: noun/phrase to adverb.

c. Position;

In this novel (Sejuta Pintu Cintaku) this adverb is always placed at the

end position.

Example: Jam 10 rumah kami sudah sepi, namun zain tidak langsung

pulang dengan mobilnya. (138/10)

B.8. KATA KETERANGAN KOMITATIF/KESERTAAN

a. Function:

Keterangan komitatif modifies the participation of someone in an

activity.

b. Formation:

The words as keterangan kesertaan /komitatif can be formed with the

pattern:

Preposition + personal pronounDengan/bersama

They are: (10/7) dengan Bjorn Borg

(24/2) dengan kamu

(104/20) bersama ibu, etc.

c. Position:

The most usual position of this adverb in the novel “Sejuta Pintu

Cintaku” is at the end .the sentence. Examplle(103/17). Malam itu juga

dia berkenalan dengan papa.

E.9. KATA KETERANGAN PERLAWANAN/KONSESIF.

a. Function:

Keterangan Konsesif is a type of adverb that express an activity the

speaker tells.

b. Formation

Keterangan perlawanan uses some conjunctions as adverbs. They are :

(10/12) tapi.

(32/10) biarpun

(78/7) kendatipun

(138/7) namun.

c. Position:

1. This adverb is usually placed at initial position. for example:

(10/12).

Tapi ketika dia menaruhkan setangkai bunga mawar di meja

sudut tempat tidurku, Lalu ia ulurkan tangan, kudengar dia

menyebut namanya, nagib.

2. Sometis it is placed at the mid position. Example: 978/7): Ada

baiknya kamu jangan berhubungan dengan Najib, kendatipun

kamu cinta padanya.

B.10.KATA KETERANGAN KASUAL /SEBAB

a. Function:

Keterangan kasual/sebab modifies the verb to answer the question

“why the activity is done”.

b. Formation:

This kind of adverb can be formed by using same conjunction as

adverb. They are: (71/9) karena

(122/3) sebab

c. Position:

Keterangan sebab sebab is usually placed at the mid position, after

object or another adverb.Example: (971/9).

“Gib!” aku berseru agak lantang dengan panggilan manja, karena mungkin dia sudah duduk dibawah. But sometimes it is placed in initial position, example: (78/7)

Sebab aku yakin sekali bahwa zain jatuh cinta padaku biarpun secara

diam-diam, tapi cintanya mungkin membara.

B.11.KATA KETERANGAN KONSEKUENTIF/AKIBAT

a. Function:

Keterangan Konsekuetif modifies the result that happened because of

anactivity.

b. Frmation:

There are two word used that used as keterangan konsekuentif in the

novel:Sejuta Pintu Cintaku. They are:

(22/6) sehingga (184/21) sampai.

SAMPAI is a verb that is functioned as adverb.

c. Position:

This type of adverb (keterangan akibat ) is placed at the mid position,

after object or main clause, Eample (22/6)

Dan mungkin ketika aku duduk disitulah aku diteropongnya, sehingga

dia tahu letyak tahi lalatku dileher.

B.12. KATA KETERANGAN FINAL/TUJUAN

a. Function:

This adverb descripts the result of an activity that wants to be

achieved.

b. Formation:

To form this type of adverb we use some conjunctions that function as

adverbs. In the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” the researcher find two

words:

(10/6) supaya and (12/24) untuk

c. Position:

In the novel the researcher had read, this type of adverb is placed at the

mid position, example: (10/60)

Bahkan ada yang memelihara kumis supaya mirip dengan Bjorn Borg.

(12/24) Tadi ketika, papa mau menjenguk orang sakit, papa memberi

uang untuk beli bunga.

B.13 KATA KETERANGAN KOMPARATIVE/PERBANDINGAN

a. Function:

Keterangan komparatif modifies an activity by comparing:

- a process to another process, or

- a condition to another condition.

b. Formation:

There are some definite words that express this adverb (keterangan

perbandingan). In the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku” there are two

words only, they are:

(15/21) seperti

(16/2) bagai

Both of them are stems,so there is not any change to use them as

adverb.

c. Position:

The position or this adverb in the novel “Sejuta pintu Cintaku” is at the

mid of the sentence. Example: (15/21)

Kini aku seperti berubah.

(16/2) Kadang kala Mas Bas memperlakukanku bagai anak kecil.

B.14. KATA KETERANGAN PERWATASAN

a. Function:

“Keterangan perwatasan” describes exception about an activity.

b. Formation:

There is one base adverb that in use in the novel “Sejuta Pintu Cintaku:

and expresses ‘Keterangan perwatasan”. It is 99/10) hanya.

c. Position:

In the novel “Sejuta pintu cintaku “ the word expressing this adverbs is

placed at the mid position.

(9/10) yang kudengar hanya jerit Yanie, lawanku, lalu aku tak

sadarkan diri lagi.

C. THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH

AND INDONESIAN ADVERB.

After doing the analysis, what is presented for the result or data

analysis on the similarities and differences? Some similarities and

differences aspects are on the kind, formation and position.

C.1. THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN

ADVERB

c.1.1. The similarities on the kind:

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1. Adverbs of Manner 1

.Adverbium Kualitatif

2. Adverbs of Time(Definite time)

2.

Adverbium Temporal

3. Adverbs of Place and Direction

3.

Keterangan Tempat

4. Adverbs of Expressing Degrees of Certainty

4.

Keterangan Modalitas(Kepastian dan Kesangsian)

5. Adverbs of Frequency 5.

Keterangan Aspek (frekuentatif & habituatif)

6. Adverbs Of degree 6

.

Keterangan Derajad

C.1.2. The similarities on formation

TABLE:…

ENGLISH (PAE/LINE) INDONESIAN (PAGE/LINE)1. Adverb of place and directionPREPOSITION+NOUN/PHRASE(7/4) in the door: in + the door(15/1) under the coat: under + the coat, etc.

2. Adverbs of TimeBASE ADVERBS(24/34) now(13/12) tomorrow(33/47) soonCOMBINATION(15/33) a. long minutes ago

1. KeteranganTempat/Adverbium LoktifPREPOSITION + NOUN/PHRASE(9/3) di+surat-surat kabar: disurat-surat kabar(33/7) ke + Berkeley University, etc.

2. Keterangan WaktuBaseADVERBS(15/21) kini(11/2) tadi(106/8) duluCOMBINATION(31/26)beberapa menit kemudianM H kemudianHead Modifier

M H ago Head Modifier

Similarities on formation

3.Adverbs of frequency(13/15) always(27/19) never

3. Keterangan Aspek (Frekuentative & Habituatif)BASE ADVERBS(22/23) kadang(11/26) jarang,etc

4. Adverbs of FrequencySTEM + DSUSUAL + ly; usuallyCOMBINATIONADVERB-NOUNOnce a week

5. Advebs expressing degrees of certaintyStem + dsSure + ly; surely

6. Adverbs of degreeBASE ADVERBSEnoughOnlyVeryEtc.

4.Keterangan Aspek (Frekuentatif & Habituatif)STEM + DSBiasa + nya COMBINATIONADVERB-NOUNKadang kala

5.Keterangan Modalitas (kepastian dan Kesangsian)STEM + DSrupa + nya; rupanyarasa + nya; rasanya

6.Kata Keterangan DerajatBase AdverbsHampirHanyaAmatEtc.

3. THE DEVERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH

AND INDONESIAN ADVERBS.

2.1 The differences on the kind:

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1. Adverbs of Time

(indefinite time)1 –

2. –---

-

3. Adverbs of Duration

4. Adverbs of particle4. –

-----

5.

–

6. –

7. –

8. –

9. –

10. –

11. –

12. –

3. Keterangan modalitas:- Pengakuan- Larangan- Kondisional- Keheranan.

4. –

4. –5. Kata

Keterangan Aspek:- Inkoatif- Duratif- Perfektif- Momental- Kondisional

6. Kata Keterangan Instrumental

7. Kata Keterangan Komitatif

8. Kata Keterangan Konsesif

9. Kata Keterangan Kausal

10. Kata Keterangan Akibat

11. Kata Keterangan Final

12. Kata Keterangan

Komperative

13. Kata KeteranganPerwatasan

3.2.2. The differences on the formation

ENGLISH INDONESIANI. ADVERBS OF MANNER I. KETERANGAN

KUALITATIF1. AFFIKS + STEEM

-1. AFIKS + STEM

Se-nya + enak; seenaknya2. ADJECTIVE + DS

Slow + ly; slowlyPurpose + ly; purposelyetc

2. ADJECTIVE + DS--

3. NOUN + D. SUFFIXESCare + ful + ly; carefullyHelp + less + ly; helplesslyProtecti + ve + ly; protectively

3. NOUN + D. SUFFIXES---

4. DP + NOUNA + part; apart

4. DP + NOUN-

5. IRREGULAR PROCESSgood; well

5. IRREGULAR PROCESS-

6. COMPARISON OF ADVERBWell; better

6. COMPARISON OF ADVERB-

7. PREPOSISI + ADJECTIVE--

7. PREPOSISI + ADJECTIVEdengan + cekatan; dengan cetakandengan + fasih; dengan fasih

8. PREPOSISI + NOUN PHRASE-

8. PREPOSISI + NOUN PHRASEdengan + panggilan manja; dengan panggilan manja

9. REDUPLICATION

-

9. REDUPLICATION

Terkikih-terkikihII. ADVERBS OF PLACE &

DIRECTIONII. KATA KETERANGAN

TEMPAT1. AFFIXATION PROCESS 1. AFFIXATION PROCESS1.

a.

DP + STEM

a + cross; acrossa + round; arounda + long; alongetc.

1

a.

DP + STEM

a + round; around-

1.b. STEM + DS 1.b. STEM + DS

For + ward; forwardBack+ ward; backward

--.

2. COMBINATIONPreposition + demonstrative

-

2. COMBINATIONPreposition + demonstratif pronoundi + sini; disini

3. COMPOUND

Some + where; somewhere

3. COMPOUND

-III ADVERBS OF TIME III KATA KETERANGAN

WAKTU1. STEM + DS

Momentary + ly; momentarilySudden + ly; suddenly

1. STEM + DS--

2. COMBINATIONModifier + HEADThis timeM H

2. COMBINATIONMODIFIER + HEAD-

3 AFIKS + REDUPLICATION-

3 AFIKS + REDUPLICATIONSe - nya + lama; selama-lamanya

IV ADVERBS EXPRESINGDEGREES OF CERTAINTY

IV KATA KETERANGANMODALITAS

1. BASE ADVERBS-

1. BASE ADVERBStentu/pasti/mungkin, etc

2. AFIKS + STEM

-

2. AFIKS + STEM

Se-nya + kira; sekiranyaV. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

REDUPLICATION

-

V. KATA KETERANGANASPEK REDUPLICATION

Tiba-tibaVI ADVERBS OF DURATION

PREPOSITION + NOUN PH.

For a long time

VI -

-VII. ADVERBS OF PARTICLES

downbackoff, etc.

VII. -

VIII - VIII KATA KETERANGAN ALAT DENGAN + NOUN PHRASE

dengan tinta cetak emas dengan bobilnya,etc.

IX. - IX. KATA KETERANGANKOMITATIF DENGAN +PERSONAL PRONOUN

dengan Bjorn Borgdengan kamu etc

X. - X. KATA KETERANGANPERLAWANAN CONJUNCTION/KATA TUGAS

tapinamunetc.

XI. - XI. KATA KETERANGAN SEBAB CONJUNCTION/KATA TUGAS

karenasebabetc.

XII. - XII. KATA KETERANGANKONSEKUETIF CONJUNCTION/KATA TUGAS

sehinggasampai,etc.

XIII - XIII KATA KETERANGANFINAL CONJUNCTION/KATA TUGAS

untukSupaya,etc.

XIV

.

- XIV

.

KATA KETERANGAN KOMPARATIF KONJUNCTION /KATA TUGAS:

sepertisebagai

XV. - XVI KATA KETERANGANPERWATASAN CONJUNCTION//KATA TUGAS:

hanyakecuali

3.2.3. The differences in the position.

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1 Adverbs of Manner

Mid position-

1. Kata Keterangan Kualitatif-Beginning/initial position

2 Adverbs of PlaceMid position-

2 Kata Keterangan Tempat-Beginning/initial position

3 --

3 Kata Keterangan Modalitas Initial position

Adverbs of Degree-

4. Kata keterangan derajad Initial position

5. Adverbs of DurationMid position

5. --

6. - 6. Kata Keterangan InstrumentalEnd/final position

7. - 7. Kata Keterangan KomitatifEnd position

8. - 8. Kata Keterangan KonsensifInitial positionMid position

9. - 9. Kata Keterangan KausalMid positionInitial position

10. - 10. Kata Keterangan KonsekuetifMid position

11. - 11. Kata Keterangan FinalMid position

12. - 12. Kata keterangan KomparatifMid position

13. - 13. Kata keterangan perwatasan

Mid position14. Adverbs of frequency 14. Kata keterangan aspek

End position -

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. CONCLUSION

After reading the data presentation and analysis of English and

Indonesian adverb in chapter IV, the researcher tries to draw conclusion as

follows:

1. There are 8 kinds of English Adverb and 14 kinds of Indonesian adverb

with the description as follows:

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1. Adverbs of manner 1. Kata keterangan kualitatif2. Adverbs of Place & Direction 2. Kata Keterangan Tempat

(Adverbium Lokatif)3. Adverbs of Time

(definite & indefinite)3. Kata Keterangan waktu

4. Adverbs expressing degrees of certainty

4. Kata keterangan modalitas :- pengakuan- kepastian- kesangsian- larangan- kondisional

- keheranan5. Adverbs of Frequency 5. Kata keterangan Aspek

- Inkoatif- Duratif- Perfective- Momental- Frekuentatif- Habituatif

6. Adverbs of Duration 6. -7. Adverbs of Degree 7. Kata Keterangan

Instrumental/alat

8. Adverbs of Particle 8. Kata Keterangan Komitatif

9. Kata keterangan Konsesif

10. Kata Keterangan Kausal11. Kata keterangan Akibat12. Kata keterangan Tujuan13. Kata Keterangan

Komparatif/Perbandingan14. Kata Keterangan Perwatasan

2. From the kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs above we know

that some types of the English adverbs are the same of Indonesian

adverbs, but some of them are different.

a. The similarities are:a.1 Adverbs of Manner = Kata Keterangan Kualitatifa.2 Adverbs of Place = Kata Keterangan Tempata.3 Adverbs of Time = Kata keterangan waktua.4 Adverbs expressing = Kata Keterangan Modalitas in Degrees

of Certainty(Kepastian dan Kesangsian)a.5 Adverbs of frequency = Kata keterangan Aspek(frekuentatif & habituatif)a.6 Adverbs of Degree = Kata keterangan Derajad

b. The differences of the kind between English and Indonesian Adverbs:

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1. Adverbs of time

(indefinite time)1. Kata keterangan kualitatif

2. Adverbs of Duration. 2. Kata Keterangan Tempat(Adverbium Lokatif)

3. Adverbs of Particles 3. Kata Keterangan waktu

4. -----

4. Kata keterangan modalitas:In:- pengakuan- larangan- kondisional- keheranan

5. -----

5. Kata keterangan Aspek- Inkoatif- Duratif- Perfektif- Momental

6. - 6. Kata keteranganinstrumental7. - 7. Kata Keterangan instrumental8. - 8. Kata Keterangan Konsesif9. - 9. Kata keterangan Kausal10. - 10. Kata Keterangan Konsesif11. - 11. Kata keterangan akibat12. - 12. Kata keterangan Komparatif13. - 13. Kata Keterangan perwatasan

3. The rules of the process of the English and Indonesian Adverbs

formation are as follows:

ENGLISH INDONESIANa. The use of base adverb

(13/12) tomorrow(24/34) now(13/15) always(27/19) never

a. The use of base adverbs(11/2) tadi(9/1) pasti(9/2) sering(15/21) kini

etc etc.b.

b.1

AFFIXATION PROCESS:STEM + DS

(7/22) seductive + ly:seductively(11/3) patient + ly;patiently(9/33) for + wards forward;

b.1 STEM + DS(AFIKS)(10/16) rasa + nya; rasanya

(25/19) rupa + nya; rupanya

(10/3) biasanya; biasanya

b.2 NOUN + SUFFIXES(10/28) care + ful + ly:carefully(13/23) help + less + ly;helplessly(53/18) protect + ive + ly; ProtecttivelyEtc.

ADD: (noun+DS) makes derived adjectives (derived adjective+DS) makes adverbs.DS: derivational suffix

b.2 NOUN + SUFFIXES-

-

-

b.3 DP + STEMENGLISH(17/39) a + part; apart(15/15) a +head; ahead(8/22) a + long; along

b.3 DP + STEMINDONESIAN-

b.4 - b.4 AFIKS SE-NYA + ROOT(29/1) se-nya + enak; seenaknya(11/1) se-nya + betul; sebetulnya

b.5 - b.5.

AFIKS SE-NYA + REDUPLICATION(11/2) se-nya + lama (red.);selama-lamanya

c. REDUPLICATION-

c. REDUPLICATION(122/4) diam-diam(130/1) tirkikih-kikih

d. COMPOUNDING(23/46) some + where; somewhere(18/11) to + night; tonight

d. COMBINATION

e. COMBINATION e. COMBINATIONe.1 Combination with

Prepositione.1. Combination with preposition

PATTERN: PREP + NOUN/ PHRASE

(7/4) in the door(10/8) in my moth(32/6) in HollywoodDp: Derivation Prefix

PATTERN: PREP +PERSONAL PRONOUNENGLISH

-

PATTERN: PREP+ NOUN/PHRASE

(9/3) di surat-surat kabar(138/10) dengan mobilnya(33/7) ke Berkeley University

PATTERN: PREP + PERSONAL PRONOUNINDENESIAN

(24/12) dengan kamu(104/20) bersama ibuku, etc

e.2 COMBINATION WITHOUT PREPOSITIONPATTERN:MODIFIER + HEAD

(8/4) this time M H(12/9) last week M H

PATTERN: HEAD+MODIFIER

(18/11) a few minutes ago Head Modifier

(38/1) a long time ago M H

COMBINATION WITH PREPOSITION

-

PATTERN:HEAD +MODIFIER

(31/26) beberapa menit kemudian Head modifier

(33/1) tahun lalu

f. Use particles as adverbs(7/1) down(7/12) back(7/7) over, etc.

f. Use of participle as adverbs--

g. Use of conjunctions as adverbs-

g. Use of conjunction (functions words) as adverbs(10/12) tapi(138/7) namun(71/9) karena, etc

h. IRREGULAR PROCESS(8/30) good; well

h. IRREGULAR PROCESS-

i. ADVERB IN COMPARISON(8/12) Well; better

i. ADVERB AND COMPARISON-

4. Based on the description of adverbs formation above in both of in two

languages, the researcher finds some similarities and differences of

English and Indonesian adverbs (on the formation), with the explanation:

a. They are similar on the uses of

ENGLISH INDONESIANa.1. Base Adverbs a.1. Base AdverbsIn this process there is no change of part of speech.a.2 AFFIXATION

PROCESSENGLISH

a.2. AFFIXATION PROCESSINDONESIA

a.2.1. STEM + DS a.2.1. STEM +DSThis process changes the part of speech; adjective to adverb, or noun to adverb.a.3 COMBINATION a.3 COMBINATIONa.3.1 COMBINATION WITH

PREPOSITION(ENGLISH)

Pattern: Prep + Noun/phrase

a.3.1 COMBINATION WITH PREPOSITION(INDOSIAN)

Pattern: Prep + Noun/phrase

a.3.2. COMBINATION WITHOUT PREPOSITION

Pattern: Head + Modifier

.a.3.2 COMBINATION WITHOUT PREPOSITION

Pattern: Head + Modifier

The combination in a. 3.1 changes the part of speech; noun to adverb. The

combination in a. 3. 2 changes the part of speech; noun – adjective/adverb to

adverb.

b. The process of English and Indonesian adverbs are different in the uses

of:

ENGLISH INDONESIANb.1 NOUN + SUFFIXES

e.g. care +ful + ly; carefully

(noun+the first suffix)

makes derived adjective(derived adjective+the second suffix makes adverb)

b.1. -

b.2 DP + STEM

e.g. a + part; aparta + long; along

This process changes the part of speech; noun or adjective to adverb.

b.2 -

b.3 - b.3 AFIKS SE-NYA + ROOT

e.g. se-nya+enak; seenaknya

This process changes the part of speech; adjective to adverb

b.4 -

ENGLISH

b.4 AFIKS SE-NYA + RED

e.g se-nya+lama+red; selama-lamanya

INDONESIANAffiks + reduplication of an adjective changes the part of speech; adjective to adverb.

The formation process in b.1 – b.4 is called affixation process.

b.5 COMPOUNDING (ENGLISH)

This process means combination of some words to become a word/group of words with a new meaning. This process changes the part of speech; noun to adverb;

B.5INDONESIAN

-

or adjective to adverb,. e.g.; sometimes(some is adjective, times is a noun).

ENGLISH INDONESIANb.6. -

ENGLISH

b.6 REDUPLICATION

It is a grammatical repetition process of word, fully or not. e.g diam: diam-diam.

This process changes the part of speech; verb to adverb.

INDONESIAN

b.7 COMBINATION WITHPREPOSITION

Pattern: -

b.7 COMBINATION WITHPREPOSITION

Pattern; dengan + personal pronoun

(24/12) dengan kamu(104/12) bersama ibuku

b.8 COMBINATION WITHOUT PREPOSITION

Pattern: MODIFIER + HEAD

(8/4) this time M H(12/9) last week M H

b.8 COMBINATION WITHOUT PREPOSITION

-

b.9 Use of conjunction as adverbs.-

b.9 Use the particles (preposition as adverb)

b.1

0

Use of conjunction as adverbs.

b.1

0

Use of conjunctions as adverbs:Sebab, karena, untuk, sehingga, etc

b.11

Use of irregular process: good; well

b.11

-

b.12

Use adverb in comparison:Well; better

b.12

-

ADD: The process in b.7 changes the part of speech; noun to adverb.

The process in b.8 changes the part of speech; adjective-noun to

adverb.

The process in b.9 changes the part of; particles to become adverb. The

process in b.11 changes the part of speech to; adjective to adverb.

The process in b.12 uses a comparative form of an adverb.

5. Some of the English and Indonesian adverbs can be placed in three

categories of position: initial/ front, mid, and, the end/final position,

they are stated as follows:

5.1 Some adverbs that are placed at initial/front position:

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1 - 1. Kata keterangan waktu, e.g: Hanya

beberapa menit kemudian ayahku pulang.

2 - 2. Kata keterangan modlitas:(Rupanya dia masih punya perasaan)

3 - 3. Kata keterangan perlawanan:Tapi ketika dia menaruhkan setangkai bunga mawar di tempat tidurku, namanya, Nagib

5.2 The English And Indonesian adverbs that are placed at the mid position

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1. Adverbs expressing degrees of

certainty1. -

2. Adverbs of frequency 2. -3. Adverbs of degree 3. Kata keterangan derajat4. Adverbs of particles 4. -5. - 5. Kata keterangan kausal6. - 6. Kata keterangan akibat7. - 7. Kata keterangan final8. - 8. Kata keterangan

Komparatif

9. - 9. Kata keteranganperwatasan

10

.

Adverbs of duration 10. -

5.3 The English and Indonesian adverbs that are placed at the end /final

position:

ENGLISH INDONESIAN1. Adverbs Of manner 1. Kata keterangan kualitatif2. Adverbs Of time 2. -3. Adverbs Of place 3. Kata keterangan tempat4. Adverbs Of frequency 4. -5. - 5. Kata keterangan alat6. - 6. Kata keterangankomitatif

B. SUGGESTION

From the discussion and analyses in chapter Iv, the researcher finds

some similarities and differences between English and Indonesian adverb,

especially on the kind, formation and position. The similarities on the kind,

for example: Adverb of manner is the same kind as kata keterangan

kualitatif. In the formation, adverbs of place have the same process as

keterangan tempat in using the combination of preposition and noun phrase

(in the door; disebelah kamarku). On the position, adverb s of manner have

the same position as kata keterangan kualitatif in Indonesian (end).

The researcher also gives some examples about the differences, as

follows; on the kind, English has adverbs of particles but Indonesian

doesn’t. On the formation, Indonesia has reduplication process, but English

does not. On the position keterangan tempat has beginning/initial position

While adverbs of place does not.

Seeing this fact, the researcher assumes that the learners of English

subject as a foreign language will get some problem (difficulties) in to the

materials that have differences from mother tongue, but not in the similar

ones. So the researcher would like to suggest to the learning English writers

as follows:

1. The English teaching materials on the formation of adverbs made by

the teacher of English or the authors of English teaching materials

books should be based on the comparison of English and Indonesian

adverbs-formations;

2. The English teaching materials on the formations of adverb which

have the similarities with Indonesian for examples, the rules of

derivational process on pattern its changes, should be put in the first

order; While those which have the differences, for examples; the rules

of compounding and adverbs in comparison, should be put in the

second order and be given more attention and explanation than those

which have the similarities land

3. The English teaching materials on the formation of adverbs which

arranged based on the formation in comparison of English and

Indonesian adverbs-formations should be done correctly. So, the mis

interference of the two languages can be avoided.

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Press Canbridge Massachusetts.

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Lousiana State University.

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Yogyakarta, Cv. Karyomo.

8. Motinggo Busye, Sejuta Pintu Cintaku,

Gultom Agency, Jakarta.

9. Mickey Spillane, The Big Kill, Corgi Book,

Cash Sale Department, P.O. Box. 11, Falmouth, Cornwall.

10. Robert Khorm, English Sentence Structure,

1971, The University of Michigan.

11. Surana, Fx, Himpunan Matery Tata Bahasa,

1992, Tiga Serangkai.

Appendix …

THE LIST OF SENTENCES THAT CONTAIN SOME ENGLISH ADVERBS

BASED ON THE NOVEL “ THE BIG KILL” BY MICKEY

SPILLANE.

PAGE LINE SENTENCES WITH THE ADVERBS1 1 It was one of those nights when the sky came down and

wrapped itself around the world.2 The rain clawed at the windows of the bar like an angry cat

and tried to sneak in every time some drunk lunched in the

door.5 The placed rocked of stale beer and angry man with enough

cheap perfume thrown in.7 Two drunks with a nickel between them arguing over what to

play on the juke until a tomato in a dress that was tight a year

ago pushed the key that started off something.12 She saw me sitting there with my stool tipped back against the

cigarette machine and change of a fin on the bar.21 Don’t gentlemen usually buy ladies a drink?22 She tried to lower her eyelids seductively.

8 1 She finished her drink and was going to stick it out anyway.4 This time she scowled a little bit.22 A fight started down at the other end and spread along the bar.28 But biology got the better of common sense again.

8 30 But enough so that in about five minutes I damn well.41 He shuffled over to ones of the both and dropped the bundle

on the seat.8 45 He set the drink down and took off the bundle.9 12 When they came away he bent his heat.

33 It only took two of them and the guy slammed forward on his

face.34 Another shadow ran under the light.

10 8 I opened the cigarettes and stuck one in my mouth.12 A jagged streak of lighting cut across the sky to answer me.19 I pointed my butt at the thing on the sidewalk.26 He dipped his hand in my coat.28 He looked them both over carefully.43 The driver of the car ran over him, purposely.

11 3 The cop said patiently.7 So at one o’clock in the morning.

12 4 But one show had a whole in the bottom.11 We had to scrape him away from between the tires.9 You should a seen what we had last week.19 Pat was vague figure in a trench coat, watching me closely.27 What I knew him of him came strictly from the papers.

46 I want to know what the hell goes on. You got another wild

hair up your tail.13 6 The rain stopped momentarily.

12 How many people behind the walls and windows were alive

today who wouldn’t be alive tomorrow.13 15 He looked teed off like he always did when he came face to

face with a corpse.23 By that, time most of the customers were so helplessly drunk.

They could not remember anything anyway.14 4 I said sarcastically.

28 When it hit him it was too late hit him.34 Suddenly he grinned at me.

15 1 I knew his shoulders were bunching up under the coat so go a

head and rave.15 So go a head.17 I’ll tell you how sick I’m of what goes on in this town.21 Just take a look at the papers everyday.33 He look at me steadily a long minute.37 I’ll call you in the morning.

6 11 I stared at the door, swinging shut, my arms tight around the

kid, hearing his words come.11 Back slowly.31 I might find low Grindle on 57th street in a place called the

Hop Scatch were a room was a available for some heavy sugar

card games once a week.41 He turned around in his seat to make sure I wasn’t.22 I wrapped the coat around the kid and went out in the

doorway.17 19 He left the tray on the table.

39 His fingers were curled up like he wanted to take me apart at

the seams.17 44 It was as close as he could come to looking normally

surprised.48 I learned forward and leaned on the table.

18 1 A long time go he worked for Charly Fallon.

3I’m wondering whether or not he was winking for you tonight.

48 I said “Penn station”, to the driver, held the kid against to

soften the joys of the ride and paid of the driver a few minutes

later.19 17 Her breath caught in her throat sharply.

18 He smiled sleepily.23 3 On the floor downstairs was an elderly retired nurses

Hollywood.22 21 When I come in, he tossed them aside.23 9 Sometimes you can’t do what you want to do.

26 Now spell it back words.3 When they entered they found a woman sprawled on the floor30 He would have taken the dough along.46 That’s on top of a garbage pail somewhere.

25 24 A four-story brownstone that seemed to tilt out towards.39 I stood balancing my self on my toes lightly.9 Both the priest and the super exchanged glances quickly.

135 Apparently they thought that when he came back to get his kit

he stashed the money.22 The cop was here last night.

25 23 Today?27 1 Me and the father here was the only ones around here that

knew he had a record. 19 Never had a drop all that time.

28 2 I liked the guy pretty much.25 But surely you can’t be serious.

29 20 I got playing all the angles against each other until all I could

see was Dackier’s face30 29 You had better be properly sympathetic, Mr. Hammer.32 6 Ten years ago she was an up-and-coming star in Hollywood.33 47 Two guys are dead already and there’ll be another on the way

soon.47 1 We aren’t drinking very fancy tonight, are we?

4 Oh, occasionally. I don’t go much for these places.51 4 Now, if you will stay put I will whip up a couple of

sandwiches.28 She looked painfully unhappy.

53 6 Some how I got my eyes open.51

54

18

24

Her arms tightened protectively around the kid.

The nurse was still eying suspiciously.155 13 It was an involuntarily spasm of hate suffusing her entire body

at once.157 38 Jerry was in a chair holding his broken arm to his chest.158 18 Unfortunately, you killed each other.

LIST : THE CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH ADVERBS BASED ON THE

NOVEL “THE BIG KILL “ BY Mickey Spillane.

I. TABLE : ADVEBS OF MANNER.

PAGE/LINE

AFFIXATION PROCESS PAGE/LINE

ANOTHER PROCESS

7/22 Seductively 34/41 awfully 8/28 Better10/28 Carefully 81/2 softly 8/30 Well10/43 Purposely 81/44 really 53/6 Somehow11/3 Patiently 53/25 Gracefully - -12/19 Closely 51/28 painfully - -12/27 Strictly 54/24 suspiciously - -13/23 Helplessly 53/18 protectively - -14/4 Sarcastically - -15/33 Steadily 155/13 Infortunately - -17/39 Apart - -17/44 Normally - -19/17 Sharply - -19/18 Sleepily - -25/39 Lightly - -26/12 Quickly - -30/29 Properly - -32/29 Promptly - -33/16 Curiously - -33/20 Directly - -34/16 Financially - -

II. TABLE : ADVEBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION

PAGE/LINE + PAGE/LINE + PAGE/LINE +

AFFIXATION PREPOSITON USAGE COMPOUND & OTHERS

7/2 Around 7/4 In the door 23/46 Somewhere10/12 Across 8/41 On the seat 32/48 there8/22 along 10/19 in my mouth -22/21 aside 10/19 On the side walk -22/21 aside 12/4 In the button -9/33Forward 17/19 On the table -23/26 Backward 10/26 In my coat -- 15/1 Under the coat -- 15/ 17 In this town -- 16/22 In the door way -- 23/23 On the floor -- 32/6 In Hollywood -- 35/1 In The building -- 38/1 At the corner -- 42/7 At home -- 157/38 In a chair -

III. TABLE : ADVEBS OF TIME

PAGE/LINE +IN A WORD

PAGE/LINE +IN A GROUP OF

WORDS

PAGE/LINEAFFIXATION

13/12 tomorrow 6/4 This time 13/6 Momentarily15/21 Every day 11/7 In the morning 14/34 Suddenly18/11 tonight 12/9 Last week -24/34 now 15/33 A long minutes ago -26/23 today 18/11 A few minutes later -33/46 already 18/1 A long time ago -23/26 Backward 26/22 Last night -- 32/5 Ten years ago -- 35/1 That afternoon -- 40/4 Ten minutes ago -- 41/43 Every week -

IV. ADVERBS EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

(28/25) Surely(derivative adverb).

V. ADVERBS OF DEGREES

BASE ADVERBS DERIVED ADVERBS(13/15) Always (7/21) Usually

(27/19) Never (23/9) Sometimes(26/31) Once a week(47/4) Occasionally.

VI. ADVERBS OF DURATION

(34/2) For a long time

VII. ADVERBS OF DEGREES

(7/5) Enough

(27/1) Only

(47/1) Very

(14/28) Too

(28/2) Much

VIII. ADVERBS OF PARTICLES

(7/1) Down (7/7) Over

(7/12) Back (8/1) Out

(8/45) Off (9/12) away

Appendix …

THE LIST OF SENTENCES THAT CONTAIN SOME INDONESIAN

ADVERB BASED ON THE NOVEL “SEJUTA PINTU CINTAKU”

BY MOTINGGO BUSYIE.

PAGE LINE SENTENCES WITH ADVERBS9 1 Kau tentu kenal siapa diriku.

2 Pastilah kau sering membaca nama Erna Hadi pranata di

surat-surat kabar.5 Di halaman pertama pada headline hampir semua Koran

tertera berita bahwa Erna tidak akan mungkin bermain tennis

lagi selama-lamanya.10 Yang terdengar hanya jerit Yanie, lawanku lalu aku tidak

sdarkan diri lagi.10 2 Dan teman-teman cewek sesekolahku yang kurasa ada hati

padaku biasanya memanjangkan rambutnya lalu mengikat

kepalanya dengan bande biruputihmerah atau merah putih

biru.6 Bahkan ada yang memelihara kumis supaya mirip dengan

Bjurie Borg.10 Kusangka dia malahan dia tamu yang kasar. 12. Tapi ketika menaruhkan setangkai bunga mawar di meja

sudut tempat tidurku, lalu dia ulur kan tangan, kudengar dia

menyebut namanya, Nagib.10 16 Nama itu rasanya pernah diucapkan oleh guru sejarah.

27. “Koq kamu disini?” tanyaku.11 1 Sebetulnya belum boleh

2 “Memang tadi suster melarng,” katanya.7. “Saya memang baru diIndonesia ini.”8 “Sebelum ini dimana?” tanyaku.11 Kesanku dia amat, amat, amat baik.16 Aku jarang menemukan cowok seusia Nagib …26 “Aku sih bukan tamu. Aku sudah kenal siapa kamu.

12 1 Rumahku Tak jauh dari rumah kamu.7 Dari jendela saya teropong kamu.22. Tadi, ketika saya bilang mau menjenguk orang sakit, papa

memberi uang untuk beli bunga.25 Uang pas betul.

13 8 Itu di dalam kemejamu ada buku.13 Ya. Rasanya aku jadi tokoh pria di buku ini.

14 2. Suatu saat ketika aku sudah kenyang penngalaman.15 3 Barang kali saja begitu.16 2. Kadangkala Mas Bas memperlakukanka bagai anak kecil.19 27 Tetapi Kerinduan untuk jumpa cowok yang namanya Nagib

Kurnia dewa itu rasanya seperti melonjak-lonjak.20 5 Di sebelah kamarku adalah kamar Kak Lili.47 7 Berkali-kali aku menghela nafas dalam-dalam.48 5 Bulan purnama bagai bersandar di langit cerah.49 6 …. dicetak dengan tinta cetak emas dengan warna dasar

kertas military color.51 21 … tampak dua tiga lembar uban di kepalanya. 64 2 Nagib Baladewa dengan begitu jujur menceritakan seluruh

hidupnya secara telanjang.71 9 “Gib!” aku berseru agak lantang dengan panggilan manja,

karena mungkin dia sudah duduk di bawah.78 7 Ada baiknya kamu jangan berhubungan lagi dengan Nagib,

kendatipun kamu cinta padanya.84 8 Tentu ada sesuatu yang amat penting yang mau kamu

katakana.103 17 Malam itu juga dia berkenalan dengan Papa.104 20 Tiba-tiba saja, aku meliahat bersama ibuku perubahan besar

papa.106 8 Sekiranya Bapak ini dulu mau memberi sebagian dari

hartanya saja, hartanya yang lebih besar mungkin tidak

dirampas begitu saja.107 1 Dengan fasih Pak Zein mengutip ayat itu.118 27 Nanti kalau kejadian beneran, kamu tunggu aku di rumah

dengan palang pintu.222 3 Sebab aku yakin sekali bahwa Zein jatuh cinta padaku

biarpun secara diam-diam, tapi cintanya mungkin membara,

ibarat api dalam sekam.125 24 Engkau seorang yang beribadat dengan taat.126 11 Kadangkala, sewaktu selesai sembahyang dalam keadaan

masih bersimpuh menghadap kiblat, aku seperti kena

hipnotis…130 20 Mendengar kisah-kisah sedih begini rasanya memberi

hikmah daripada mendengar orang ketawa terkikih-kikih

sebab kelewat gembira.135 19 Menggembleng jiwa papa kamu, sekalipun menyodorkan diri

dengan topeng agama agar dia diminta papa kamu untuk jadi

menantunya.138 9 …namun Zain tidak langsung pulang dengan mobilnya.140 16

17

Kataku dengan nada mantap, hampir menangis namun

kutahan jua.

Jika pertunangan itu soal pertunangan Erna sama Nagib,

boleh-boleh saja.164 16 Kini aku menginap di Nipa Ledge bersama suamiku.169 15 Dalam rahimku bayi ini sering bergerak kencang.179 2 Betapapun aku berdoa dengan sebaik-baik doa, akhirnya

setiap kenyataan harus kuhadapi secara nyata.194 5 Banyak orang malahan mendatangiku, memelukku,

menciumku dengan penuh simpati.205 27 Tapi mana ada orang harus menangis selama-lamnya.15 21 Kini aku seperti berubah.15 22 Mungkin hal ini timbul karena aku sekarang ini sudah merasa

mempunyai seseorang.31 26 Hanya beberapa menit kemudian ayahku pulang.33 1

6

Tahun lalu, kakak perempuanku yang kamarnya berada di

sebelah kamarku …

Dua tahun yang lalu, kakak lelakiku Edward melanjutkan

studi ke Berkeley University di Aemrika.86 6 Biasanya dia juga sarapan pagi di dapur, tapi pagi ini

langsung saja dia kutarik untuk mendatangi rumah tante

Ram.11 1 “Sebetulnya belum boleh”, kataku.14 1 “Kamu mungkin berbakat mengarang”, kataku.

22 23 Memang cinta pertama itu kadang mengalami nasib lagi apes.24 12 Keluarga kami memang mungkin beda dengan kamu.61 26 Seorang wanita Mesir yang konon cantik, pernah

berhubungan dengan seorang diplomat Indonesia di Mesir.96 14 Di ruang tunggu rumah sakit itu aku jumpa dengan Om dan

Tante Ram.181 28 “Marilah sembahyang bersama Mama”, kataku.184 21 Sungguh, ketika Rina mengaminkan doa yang kubaca sampai

terkantuk-kantuk.20 7 Dan malam itu entah malam apa akupun lupa.22 4

5

9

Aku memeng suka duduk di kursi tua….

Dan mungkin ketika aku duduk di situlah diteropongnya,

sehingga dia tahu letak tahi lalatku, di leher.

Itu cowok yang namanya Nagib baru datang dari luar negeri.23 18

21

…mungkin karena aku seorang gadis yang banyak berbeda

dengan teman-temanku yang sebaya.

Dan tiba-tiba saja muncul dia 25 16

19

28

Dengan nada mengemis aku berkata,…

Rupanya dia masih punya rasa kasihan,

Dan dengan cekatan pula aku menaiki tangga ke balkon dan

kemudian akupun sudah berada di kamarku.29 26 Dan akupun melangkah ke tangga balkon, lalu ke kamarku.30 3 Goyangan kursi goyang berhenti ketika Mama melihatku

duduk di sofa.31 25 Hanya beberapa menit kemudian ayahku pulang.32 10 Biarpun rumah kami bertingkat dua dan terdiri dari delapan

buah kamar dengan ruang tamu luas di atas dan di bawah,

kini malahan…

THE CLASSIFICATION OF INDONESIAN ADVERB BASED ON THE

NOVEL “SEJUTA PINTU CINTAKU” BY MOTINGGO BUSYE

I. TABLE : KETERANGAN KUALITATIF

PAGE/LINE

AFIKS PREPOSITION

ROOT/PHRASE/REDUPLI

CATION

PART OF

SPEECH

RESULTANT COMBINATI

ON24/1 Se-nya - Enak Adjective Seenaknya25/16 - Dengan Nada mengeluh Noun

phrase

Dengan nada

mengeluh64/2 - Dengan Begitu jujur Adjective Dengan begitu

jujur71/9 - - Agak lantang Adjective Agak lantang64/3 Se - Cara telanjang Noun

phrase

Secara

telanjang71/14 - Dengan Panggilan

manja

Noun

phrase

Dengan

panggilan

manja107/1 - Dengan Fasih Adjective Dengan fasih122/4 Se- - Cara diam-diam Verb Secara diam-

diam125/24 - Dengan Taat Adjective Dengan taat130/1 - - Terkikih-kikih Adverb Terkikih-kikih

II. TABLE: KETERANGAN TEMPAT (ADVERBIUM LOKTIF)

PAGE/LINE

PREPOSITION+NOUN PAGE/LINE

PREPOSITION+NOUN

9/3 Di surat-surat kabar 9/5 Di halaman pertama pada headline

10/8 Di kamar 10/26 Di sini10/13 Di meja sudut tempat tidurku 12/7 Dari jendela11/7 Di Indonesia 13/13 Di buku ini13/8 Di dalam kemejamu 22/4 Di kursi tua20/5 Di sebelah kamarku 22/7 Di leher22/5 Di situlah 30/4 Di sofa22/9 Dari luar negeri 32/12 Di bawah32/12 Di atas 48/5 Di langit cerah33/7 Ke Berkeley University di

Amerika

III. TABLE: KETERANGAN WAKTU (ADVERBIUM TEMPORAL)

BASE ADVERB (PAGE /LINE)

DERIVED ADVERB(PAGE /LINE)

AFFIXATION+REDUPLICATION COMBINATIONTadi (11/2) Selama-lamanya (9/7) Sebelum ini(11/8)Kini(15/21) - Suatu saat(14/1)

Sekarang(15/21) - Beberapa menit

kemudian(31/26)Kemudian(25/28) - Tahun lalu(33/1)

Dulu(106/8) - 2 tahun yang

lalu(33/6)

pagi ini(86/6)

malam itu(103/17)

IV. TABLE: KETERANGAN MODALITAS/KECARAAN

KINDS THE WORDS THAT CAN BE USED

(PAGE/LINE)

PENGAKUAN Malahan (10/10) Betul (12/26)Ya (13/13) Sebetulnya (96/19)

KEPASTIAN Tentu, pasti (9/1) Memang (11/2)KESANGSIAN Rasanya (10/16) Mungkin (14/1)

Rupanya (25/19) Barangkali (15/3)LARANGAN Jangan (78/7)

KONDISIONAL Sekiranya (106/8) Kalau (118/27)Jika (140/17)

KEHERANAN Mana ada (205/27)

V. TABLE: KETERANGAN ASPEK

KINDS THE WORDS THAT CAN BE USED (PAGE/LINE)INKOATIF Pun (20/7)DURATIF Sewaktu (126/11) ketika (10/12)

PERFEKTIF Sudah (15/22) (71/9)MOMENTAL Tiba-tiba (23/21) begitu saja (106/10)

FREKUENTATIF Sering (9/2) kadang (22/23)

Jarang (11/26) kadangkala (16/2)HABITUATIF Biasanya (10/3)

VI. KETERANGAN DERAJAD/KUANTITATIF

1. Base adverb: hampir (9/5), hanya (9/10), amat (11/11)

2. prefix + Reduplication of stem: berkali-kali (47/7)

VII. KETERANGAN INSTRUMENTAL

PATTERN: DENGAN + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE

(10/5) dengan bande biru putih merah

(49/6) dengan tinta cetak emas,dengan warna dasar kertas military color

(138/10) dengan mobilnya

VIII. KETERANGAN KOMITATIF/KESERTAAN

PATTERN: DENGAN + PERSONAL PRONOUN

BERSAMA

(10/7) dengan Bjorn Borg

(24/12) dengan kamu

(61/26) dengan seorang diplomat Indonesia

(96/14) dengan Om dan Tante Ram

(103/17) dengan papa

(104/20) bersama ibuku

(164/7) bersama suamiku

(181/28) bersam Mama

IX. KETERANGAN PERLAWANAN

CONJUNCTIONS:

(10/12) tapi

(32/10) biarpun

(78/7) kendatipun

(138/7) namun

X. KETERANGAN KAUSAL/SEBAB

CONJUNCTIONS:

(71/9) karena

(122/3) sebab

XI. KETERANGAN AKIBAT/KONSEKUTIF

CONJUNCTIONS:

(22/6) sehingga

(184/21) sampai

XII. KETERANGAN FINAL/tujuan

CONJUNCTIONS:

(10/6) supaya

(12/24) untuk

XIII. KETERANGAN KOMPARATIF/PERBANDINGAN

CONJUNTIONS:

(15/21) seperti

(16/2) bagai

XIV. KETERANGAN PERWATASAN

CONJUNCTIONS:

(9/10) hanya