Comparative Comparative AnatomyAnatomy

IntroductionIntroduction

Note Set 1Note Set 1

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Compiled by Dr. Stan Trauth Compiled by Dr. Stan Trauth and Leslie Knodand Leslie Knod

Comparative Anatomy Lecture ScheduleComparative Anatomy Lecture Schedule COURSE TITLE: Comparative Vertebrate AnatomyCOURSE TITLE: Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Fall, 2007Fall, 2007 ZOOL 3002ZOOL 3002 TEXT: TEXT: Vertebrates:Comparative Anatomy, Function, EvolutionVertebrates:Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, 4th ed., by Kenneth V. Kardong, 4th ed., by Kenneth V. Kardong INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Stan Trauth, Professor of Zoology INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Stan Trauth, Professor of Zoology OFFICE: LSW 146 (Electron Microscope Facility); office hours posted on door.OFFICE: LSW 146 (Electron Microscope Facility); office hours posted on door. OBJECTIVES OF COURSE: Survey of vertebrate anatomy with emphasis on evolutionary history and homology. Also, the functional significance ofOBJECTIVES OF COURSE: Survey of vertebrate anatomy with emphasis on evolutionary history and homology. Also, the functional significance of anatomical structures will be addressed.anatomical structures will be addressed. TENTATIVE LECTURE OUTLINE--SUBJECT MATERIAL AND CHAPTERS:TENTATIVE LECTURE OUTLINE--SUBJECT MATERIAL AND CHAPTERS: Aug. 21-30Aug. 21-30 -- Introduction; Vertebrate Body Plan (Chapters 1, 2 & 4)Introduction; Vertebrate Body Plan (Chapters 1, 2 & 4) Sept. 4-6Sept. 4-6 -- Vertebrate Classification (Chapter 3)Vertebrate Classification (Chapter 3) Sept. 11-13Sept. 11-13 -- Early Vertebrate Morphogenesis (Chapter 5)Early Vertebrate Morphogenesis (Chapter 5) Sept. 18Sept. 18 --1st1st EXAMEXAM Sept. 20-25Sept. 20-25 -- Integument (Chapter 6)Integument (Chapter 6) Sept. 27 Sept. 27 -Vertebrae (Chapter 8)-Vertebrae (Chapter 8) Oct. 2-8Oct. 2-8 --Mid-semester GradesMid-semester Grades)) Oct. 4-9Oct. 4-9 -Vertebrate Skull (Chapter 7)-Vertebrate Skull (Chapter 7) Oct. 11Oct. 11 -Appendicular Skeleton (Chapter 9)-Appendicular Skeleton (Chapter 9) Oct. 11-16Oct. 11-16 -- Muscles (Chapter 10)Muscles (Chapter 10) Oct. 16-18Oct. 16-18 -- Digestive System (Chapter 13)Digestive System (Chapter 13) Oct. 25Oct. 25 --2nd2nd EXAMEXAM Oct. 30Oct. 30 -Respiratory Systems (Chapter 11)-Respiratory Systems (Chapter 11) Nov.1-8Nov.1-8 -Circulatory System (Chapter 12)-Circulatory System (Chapter 12) Nov. 13-15Nov. 13-15 -- Urogenital System (Chapter 14); Nervous System (Chapter 16)Urogenital System (Chapter 14); Nervous System (Chapter 16) Nov. 15Nov. 15 -Nervous System (cont.); Sense Organs (Chapter-Nervous System (cont.); Sense Organs (Chapter 17)17) Nov. 19-24Nov. 19-24 -- Fall Break and Thanksgiving HolidayFall Break and Thanksgiving Holiday Nov. 27Nov. 27 --3rd Exam3rd Exam Nov. 29Nov. 29 -Sense Organs (cont.); Endocrine Organs (Chapter 15)-Sense Organs (cont.); Endocrine Organs (Chapter 15)

Dec. 11 (Tuesday)Dec. 11 (Tuesday) -- FINAL EXAMFINAL EXAM (8-10 AM) (8-10 AM)

Total Points:Total Points: 500 (300 pts.-- Lecture Exams; 200 pts.-- Comprehensive Final)500 (300 pts.-- Lecture Exams; 200 pts.-- Comprehensive Final) A - 450 pts.A - 450 pts. B - 400-449 B - 400-449 C - 350-399C - 350-399 D - 300-349D - 300-349 F < 299F < 299 Attendance is Attendance is MANDITORYMANDITORY. Make-up exams . Make-up exams MUSTMUST be taken no later than be taken no later than one lecture periodone lecture period following the original test date. following the original test date. Arkansas State University ACADEMIC INTEGRITY POLICYArkansas State University ACADEMIC INTEGRITY POLICY Arkansas State University enthusiastically promotes academic integrity and professional ethics among all members of the ASU academic Arkansas State University enthusiastically promotes academic integrity and professional ethics among all members of the ASU academic

community. community. Violations of this policy are considered as serious misconduct and may result in disciplinary action and severe penalties.Violations of this policy are considered as serious misconduct and may result in disciplinary action and severe penalties.

Comparative Anatomy Notes – Set 2Characteristics of Vertebrates - Chapters 1 & 3

Ontogeny - development and differentiation takes place during lifetime of organismGeneral Body Plan

Regions - head, trunk, tailhead - in vertebrates - concentration of sense organs = cephalization - protective cover in head region comprised of bone or cartilage

- increased brain size associated with sense organstrunk - see series of muscular masses beside notochord

somites - similar to one another- all the way down body = metameric somitesserial homology with respect to somites

- space between gut and body wall = coelom - true body cavity……………………….

Example of Comparative Anatomy Interactive Notes

Why Study Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy?

Figure 1.1: Aggregate of copperheads.

Before birds . . . there were carnivorous dinosaurs by which feathers evolved?

Figure 1.2

Evolutionary Evolutionary RelationshipsRelationships

One theory of feather origin is based on developmental stages that feathers exhibit today, which are related to different theropod dinosaur groups.

Figure 1.3

Teleology-Teleology- structure acquired because structure acquired because it “needs” it it “needs” it (i.e., intelligent design)(i.e., intelligent design)..

““Birds have wings; THEREFORE they Birds have wings; THEREFORE they CAN fly. They don’t spout wings CAN fly. They don’t spout wings because they NEED to fly” because they NEED to fly” (1)(1)..

Ontogeny-Ontogeny- individual organism individual organism develops develops (e.g., embryo to adult)(e.g., embryo to adult)..

In the In the evolutionary evolutionary process, is there process, is there a push a push backback to to juvenile stages?juvenile stages?

Figure 1.4

Newborn Chimpanzee Adult Chimpanzee

Figure 1.5

The The newborn chimpanzee is strikingly human-like (skull and hair); yet, these characteristics are lost as it matures (left to right).

Evolution by retaining juvenile characteristic stages.

Skull ComparisonsSkull Comparisons

Modern Modern HumanHuman

[135 mm][135 mm]

Neanderthal Neanderthal [152 mm][152 mm]

Chimpanzee (female) Chimpanzee (female) [95 mm][95 mm]

Figure 1.6

In In comparing functionally important genes, humans and chimpanzees are 99.4% similar.

Chimpanzees should be reclassified as Homo troglodytes according to some authors; currently, humans are the only species in the genus Homo (2).

Evolutionary MorphologyEvolutionary Morphology- study of from and function- study of from and function

HomologyHomology- two or more structures that share common ancestry- two or more structures that share common ancestry AnalogyAnalogy- structures have similar functions- structures have similar functions HomoplasticHomoplastic- structures look similar but distantly related- structures look similar but distantly relatedFigure 1.8: Wing morphology.

Birds: Loss of digits, some bones fusedBats: 5 digits, elongated metacarpals and phalanges

Pterosaurs: elongated fourth digit

Figure 1.9 Ex: Fruit fly wing and pteranodon wing analogous and homoplastic structures but not homologous.

Morphology is central Morphology is central theme in evolutionary theme in evolutionary biologybiology

Cuvier-Cuvier- considered considered morphology to be morphology to be integration of form integration of form and functionand function

Figure 1.10 Forelimb bones. Homology in type of bones present (e.g., carpals, humerus, etc.)Homology in type of bones present (e.g., carpals, humerus, etc.) Adaptations give a variety of functions (e.g., walk, fly, swim, Adaptations give a variety of functions (e.g., walk, fly, swim,

etc.)etc.) Natural SelectionNatural Selection- variations in organisms results in varying - variations in organisms results in varying

degrees of success in competition (i.e., survival of the fittest)degrees of success in competition (i.e., survival of the fittest)

Vertebrate Vertebrate embryos are embryos are structurally structurally similar in similar in early early embryonic embryonic stage.stage.

Figure 1.11: Vertebrate embryo development.

Literature CitedLiterature Cited

Figure 1.1- Trauth, Stan.Figure 1.1- Trauth, Stan.Figure 1.2, 1.3- Scientific American. March 2003.Figure 1.2, 1.3- Scientific American. March 2003.1- Trauth, Stan. Comparative Anatomy Lecture. September 23, 2005.1- Trauth, Stan. Comparative Anatomy Lecture. September 23, 2005.Figure 1.4- Time Magazine. October 30, 2000.Figure 1.4- Time Magazine. October 30, 2000.Figure 1.5- http://natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic10/evol.htm.Figure 1.5- http://natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic10/evol.htm.Figure 1.6- http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/.Figure 1.6- http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/.2- Pickrell, John. 2- Pickrell, John.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0520_030520_chttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0520_030520_chimpanzees.html.himpanzees.html.

Figure 1.7- Figure 1.7- http://www.creation-science.us/articles/snake_vestigial_limb.html.http://www.creation-science.us/articles/snake_vestigial_limb.html.

Figure 1.8- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes5.htm.Figure 1.8- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes5.htm.Figure 1.9- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Figure 1.9- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy,

Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Figure 1.10- Figure 1.10-

http://w3.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/17/ch17c3.html.http://w3.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/17/ch17c3.html.Figure 1.11- http://www.devbio.com/article.php?ch=23&id=242.Figure 1.11- http://www.devbio.com/article.php?ch=23&id=242.