COMP1070/2002/lec1/H.Melikian Welcome COMP1070 Dr.Hayk Melikyan Departmen of Mathematics and CS...

COMP1070/2002/lec1/H.Melikian

Welcome COMP1070

Dr .Hayk MelikyanDepartmen of Mathematics and CS

[email protected]


Goals

Computer Based Society The Nature of Computers Computer Usage Basics of Computer Systems Computer Hardware Computer Software History of Computers


Computer Literacy

Awareness: as you study about computers, you will become

more aware of their importance, their versatility and

pervasiveness in our society

Knowledge: What they are and how they work. This requres learning technical staff but do nor worry.

Interaction: Being able to use a computer for some simple applications.


The nature of computers

Every computer has three fundamental characteristics and

each characteristic has by – products that are just as

Important. The three characteristics are : Speed Reliability Storage capabilityThese characteristics have the following by-

products: Productivity Decision making Cost reduction


Where Computers Are Used

Computers can do just anything imaginable, they are

everywhere. Here some of principle areas if computer use

Graphics, Retailing, EnergyPaperwork, Control, MoneyGovernment, Education, Health and

MedicineThe Science, Robotics.


An Overview of ComputersThe computer System has three main

components: Hardware, Software and people.

Hardware: the equipment associated with a computer system ( things you can see)

Software: a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.( also referred to as program)

People: the most important component of system- uses power of computer

Program : a set of step-by-step instructions, created by people, that directs the computer to do the task you want it to do.


What Is a Computer ?A computer is a machine that can be programmed to acceptdata ( input), process it into useful information ( output)and store it away ( in a secondary storage device) for laterreuse.

The processing of input to output is directed by the software

but is performed by hardware

To function, a computer system requires four main aspects of

data handling:Input, processing, output and storage


Input and input devicesInput is the data that you put into the

computer system forProcessing.Here are some common ways of feeding input

into.KeyboardMouseScannerTerminal device


Processor In computer the processor is the center of activity.

Theprocessor, is also called the central processing unit

(CPU) .It is the CPU that actually transforms the data intoinformation.

data: raw of symbols( input) to be processed.Information: that is processed data- it is organized,meaningful and useful.


Central Processing Unit

At the hart of computer lies the central processing unitCPU. It consists of single chip or a small number of chips.The Pentium chip is composed of 3 million structural elements called transistors


CPU in Details


Computer Memory,also known as primary storage, is closely connected to

theCPU but it is separated from it.Memory is place where thedata is kept after it is being inputted into the system, aswell as the place where data are kept before it has beenreleased to the output device.

In addition memory holds the program ( compute instructions)

needed by the CPU

Memory can hold data only temporarily because it requires a

continuous flow of electric current; if the current isinterrupted, the data is lost. (volatile,not a permanent.)


The main memory is comprises a number of storage

locations with each location having an address.

The size is typically 1 byte, which is made up of 8 bit

And the bit is smallest unit of storage that can store a

1 or 0The address of location is positive integer

first locationhave an address 0.


RAM Chips

The computers stores data and programs in memory. Thereare two kinds of memory Primary storage (very fast but expensive ) RAM ( rendom access memort) and ROM ( read only memory) Disadvantages of RAM ,expensive and volatile.


Secondary storage( secondary memmory)

Provides additional storage separated from main memory.

Two most common secondary storage media are magnetic

disks and ( usually 3.5 inch diameter )

hard disk, usually more storage capacity and offers fastaccess to the data

optical disks, such as CD- ROMs, relatively inexpensive storage of large volume of data.

magnetic tape, which usually comes on a cartridge


Output

The result produced by the computers CPU- is , of course, a

computers whole for being. It is a usable information.

Common for of outputs are

text,

numbers,

graphics,

sound

The most common output devices are computer screen ( the

display part of monitor) and printers. You can produce output

from a computer in other ways(film, voice output, music)


Complete hardware system

The hardware devices attached to the computer are called

peripheral equipment. They includes all input, output, and

secondary storage devices. In personal computers, the CPU

and disk drives all all contained in a same housing, but in

large systems they may be separated


Schematic Diagram of a Personal Computer


Classification of Computers

Computers come in size from tiny to monsters.Supercomputers: the mightiest, the most

expensive( XX millions of dollars ), the fastest ( trillions instructions per second)

Mainframes: large computers, fast (millions instructions per second), expensive ( several hundred thousand to several millions)

Minicomputers; next step down from mainframe computers- primarily use by businesses and schools

Personal Computers ( PCs) : these desktop computers are also known as microcomputers or home computers.

Workstations: the upper-end machines used by workers .

Notebook Computers: - that fits in a brafecase ( laptop)

Personal Digital Assistant ( PDA): pan based computers


Pentium Chips

At the hart of computer lies the central processing unitCPU. It consists of single chip or a small number of chips.The Pentium chip is composed of 3 million structural elements called transistors


Secondary storage, usually a hard disk less expensive and permanent nonvolatile

Hard Disk


A High-Capacity Floppy Disk and Its Drive


A CD-ROM Drive


Tape Backup Drives and Data Tape


A Personal Computer


A Motherboard


Alan Turing

Turing introduced the theoretical model of computer the Turing Machine while he was at Princeton in 1936. A Turing machine is a simple specification thatdefines what a computer is. A digital cellphone is aTuring Machine


Computing History

The early years The first "computers" were people. Their job was to perform various scientific calculations as rapidly and error-free as possible.

One of the first and most important computer scientists was an English mathematician, Alan Turing. He discovered the mathematics of computers.


The first large-scale digital computer builtin the U.S. was developed at the Moore Schoolof Electrical Engineering of the Universityof Pennsylvania around 1946. This machine wasnamed ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integratorand Computer). Its original purpose was tocalculate tables of ballistic trajectories.WWII had just spread to North Africa and thedesert terrain was making existing tablesobsolete.


The ENIAC / 1946 ( electronic numerical integrator and computer)


Hungarian scientist John von Neumann came upwith the idea of storing the program in thecomputer itself. von Neumann did most of hisearly work on stored programs and onorganization of computing machines while hewas at Princeton in the 1940s. We still useThe "von Neumann Architecture" today.


John von Neumann

He solved one of D. Hilbert's 23 theoretical problems andcollaborated on developing an algebraic ring with profoundapplications in quantum physics. During World War II heparticipated in the development of the atomic bomb. Afterthe war he made major contributions to the development ofhigh-speed computers; one of his computers was essential tothe creation of the hydrogen bomb. As coauthor of Theory ofGames and Economic Behavior (1944), he was one of thefounders of game theory. He coined the term cybernetics.


1970s until today In the late 1970s Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first Apple computers in Jobs' garage.

Bill Gates revolutionized the world of computing by providing a simple operating system, MS-DOS to IBM for personal computer

In the early 1990s, the internet went public. Marc Andreessen, a student at the University of Illinois, released the first version of "Mosaic for X". Mosaic was a browser for the World Wide Web Mosaic was the forerunner of Netscape and Andreessen was one of its founders.


Pre 90 facts1945 Grace Hopper showed the world the first known programming bug 1953 IBM shipped its first electronic computer, the 701 1957 FORTRAN was created. It was the first major language to support loops. 1960 LISP was created, with major applications in artificial intelligence 1964 BASIC was created by Kurtz and Kemeny at Dartmouth 1968 Data General introduced Nova, a 32K computer with a selling price of $8000 1970 The first bank ATM was introduced in Georgia


1974 The first computer mouse 1976 Wozniac shows the world Apple I 1981 IBM came out with the IBM PC, which used DOS as its operating system 1984 Apple came out with the Macintosh computer1985 Bjourne Stroustrup introduces C++ 1990 Microsoft introduces Windows 3.0 1995 SunMicrosystems(James Gosling) announces Java as a new programming language


HW #1 Read lecture and look for more information on web.

Please send the your comments via email to [email protected]

and hand in hard copy by the beginning of the class

COMP1070/2002/lec1/H.Melikian Welcome COMP1070 Dr.Hayk Melikyan Departmen of Mathematics and CS...

Documents

Transcript of COMP1070/2002/lec1/H.Melikian Welcome COMP1070 Dr.Hayk Melikyan Departmen of Mathematics and CS...