Community self governance of forests in Bolivia the role of external actors
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Community Self-Governance of Forests in Bolivia: The Role of External Actors
Krister Andersson
University of Colorado at Boulder, USA
March 25, 2010
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Motivation
D. Beams
K. Andersson
Self-governance of forest benefits from An enabling policy
environment (Ostrom, 1990; Gibson et al, 2000, 2005; Bray, 2010)
Supportive relationships with external actors (Sunderlin et al 2005; Andersson and Ostrom, 2008).
Which relationships are most important?
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What is Self-Governance?
A group of people able to exercise all of the necessary functions of power without intervention from any authority which they cannot themselves alter
Self-governance of forests: individuals agree to organize themselves to create, monitor and enforce their own rules that constrain their own choices of resource access and use
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Why is it Important?
Self-governance of CPRs often perform better than alternative policy interventions (Ostrom, 1990; Baland & Platteau, 1992; Wade, 1986)
Strength of self-organized institutions is positively correlated with forest CPR stability (Gibson et al, 2005; Coleman, 2008; Chhatre & Agrawal, 2008)
When does it occur??
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Previous Research
Emergence of self-governance depends on Resource attributes (sufficient
scarcity, potential gains) User Attributes (salience of
resource, trust) Broad institutional support
Daniel Beams
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Institutional Support
External actors’ potential support functions: Forums for conflict resolution Facility for information exchange Resource for problem solving Back-up for law enforcement
Who can best deliver such functions? Governments often not prioritizing CBNRM NGOs seem to have a better track record (Suich et al
2008; Child, 2008; Redvers, 2008)
Polycentric governance theory: Context-dependent
Little systematic evidence (any?)
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Conceptual FrameworkBiophysical
Context
Socio-Economic Context
Policy Context
Community Structure
Self-GovernanceArrangement
s
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Empirical Context
Bolivia History of centralized
forest governance Substantial transfers of
resources, and responsibilities to municipalities (1996)
Recent focus on community forestry (2008)
But not clear how new program will be designed
Photo by Daniel Beams
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Hypothesis for Bolivian Context
Communities that are more closely associated with municipal governments:
- enjoy more favorable institutional conditions
- are more likely to self-organize institutions
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Data
Random sample (n=200)
One-day workshops discussing forest use Mapping of usage Local institutions Relationships with
external actors
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Taking Stock of Self-Governance in Bolivian Forestry How common is it that communities decide to
self-organize forest governance? Which are the most common external
organizations that work with them? Which have the most positive influence on self-
governance?
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How common is community governance of forests in Bolivia?
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Open question: “Which are the three most important organizations to support your forestry activities?”
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Which external actors most affect community governance? Multivariate regression to test relationship
effects Binary logit
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Binary Logit Regression Results (excerpt)
Independent Variables
Own rules Own M&E Own Sanctions
NGO interactions 0.094 (0.193) -0.129 (0.225) 0.234 (0.214)
Municipal Interactions 0.331 (0.160)** 0.531 (0.189)*** 0.423 (0.179)**
Centr Gov Interactions 0.218 (0.349) 0.319 (0.348) -0.721 (0.412)
Own rules --- 0.944 (0.411)** 0.987 (0.419)**
Forested land (%) 0.013 (0.074)* 0.027 (0.009)*** 0.016 (0.009)*
Wealth difference 0.047 (0.066) -0.262 (0.090)*** 0.099 (0.083)
Dist. Health center 0.046 (0.019)** 0.024 (0.018) -0.056 (0.026)**
# NGOs in municipality 0.014 (0.023) 0.026 (0.026) -0.013 (0.028) Ind / ha of forest 0.003 (0.009) -0.000 (0.001) -0.002 (0.002)
* significant at the 90-percent level**significant at the 95-percent level
*** significant at the 99-percent level
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Findings
Surprise 1:
No discernible effect of relationships with NGOs
Surprise 2:
Municipalities play an important role in self-governance support
Less surprising:
Own rulemaking increases likelihood of self-organized M&E, sanctions
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Why?
Volatile policy environment: e.g. Land and tree tenure uncertain
Communities selective in partnerships
Municipal governments perceived as legitimate “supporter” of self-governance Formal accountability
(recourse, resource), Mandate to serve all: Main
service providerK. Andersson
Daniel Beams
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NGO incentives are different
Few are membership-based Depend on and accountable
to international donors Need to show short-term
impact ,minimize risk, select partners carefully Mobile, opportunistic May not represent trustworthy
supporter of forest self-governance
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Conclusion
Bolivian municipalities are uniquely positioned to provide self-governance support functions
Community Forestry may be possible without substantial NGO support
Future Community Forestry policy in Bolivia: consider municipalities!Daniel Beams
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Comparison
Possible drivers
Regional NGO activities
Narrow (Corn, Coffee)
NGO funding USAID, PI, TF
Municipal programs
Ag, forestry extension
Source of technical know-how
municipal fora