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Transcript of Community Health Assessment: Primary Data Collection LHD TA Project – Learning Collaborative 1...
Community Health Assessment:Primary Data Collection
Community Health Assessment:Primary Data Collection
LHD TA Project – Learning Collaborative 1
Community Health Assessment
Second Learning Session
Sheena L. Smith, M.P.P.
Kansas Health Institute
October 24, 2012
Why Primary Data?Why Primary Data?
Fill gaps in data from secondary sources
Probe community perceptions Build deeper understanding of health
status and needs in the community Involve the community – hear the
community voice
Approaches to Primary Data Collection
Approaches to Primary Data Collection
Surveys Focus groups Key informant Interviews Health Resources Inventory Asset Mapping Photo Voice
Community Opinion SurveyCommunity Opinion Survey
Discover perceptions of community members about their health status and health of the community
Good to use when the goal is to hear opinions from a wide variety of people and get a representative profile of community
Usually short questions with predetermined response options
Sampling method is important to ensure results can be generalized to entire community
Opinion Surveys - SamplingOpinion Surveys - Sampling
Two approaches:• Non-probability (convenience)
• Survey made available to public through various means
• No control over who responds• Probability (random or systematic)
• Each person in community has a defined probability of being sampled
When done correctly, random samples are generalizable to the community
Opinion Surveys – Sample SizeOpinion Surveys – Sample Size
Probability sample Sample size needed depends upon
• Population size• Prevalence of the outcome of interest• Desired precision of the estimate
For a free sample size calculator:• Open Epi
http://www.openepi.com/OE2.3/Menu/OpenEpiMenu.htm
Opinion Surveys – Sample SizeOpinion Surveys – Sample Size
Convenience Sample Not generalizable to the population –results
represent only the survey respondents Susceptible to bias no matter what sample size No way to estimate reliability or precision of
estimates The sampling strategy varies based on topic,
resources, and desired results Including various groups can ensure all desired
perspectives are represented in the sample
Opinion Surveys – Sample SizeOpinion Surveys – Sample Size
How many is enough? Probability Sample
• As the number of people surveyed goes up, the margin of error goes down
Sample Size Margin of Error
2000 2%
1500, 1000, 900, 800
3%
700, 600, 500 4%
400 5%
300 6%
200 7%
100 10%Source: www.uncp.edu
Opinion Surveys – Sample SizeOpinion Surveys – Sample Size
How many is enough? Convenience Sample
• Attempt to achieve the highest practical number of respondents
• Strategize ways to reach desired audiences• Target specific community groups and
demographics to ensure adequate representation
• Attempt to receive as many responses from each group identified (at least 50)
Opinion Surveys - QuestionsOpinion Surveys - Questions
Less is more (concise and clear questions) Open-ended (use sparingly) Close-ended
Yes/no Multiple choice Numeric answers Rankings Likert Scale (ratings)
Unbiased, non-leading questions Avoid Double-barreled questions Pilot questionnaire and revise as necessary
Opinion Surveys – ExecutionOpinion Surveys – ExecutionSending out the survey Mail Phone Email Web-based (e.g. Survey Monkey)
What method is best? Surveys can be sent using one or a combination of
methods Web-based surveys generally yield lower
response rates than mail or phone, but are more convenient and cost effective to implement
Opinion Surveys - AnalysisOpinion Surveys - Analysis
Identify themes according to responses If analyzing responses from a probability sample
The results can be generalized to the entire community
If analyzing responses from a convenience sample Analyze demographic information to
understand if desired community groups are represented
Integrate results from other primary data collection methods (interviews, objective data)
Focus GroupsFocus Groups
Gather a greater depth and complexity of information
Can yield unanticipated responses Opportunity to get opinions from
diverse groups More difficult and time-consuming
than surveys to organize, conduct and analyze
Focus GroupsFocus Groups
Small groups of 6-12 participants Participants do not know one another Session 1 ½ - 2 hours long Conduct multiple group sessions Same 7-10 open-ended questions asked
of each group Discussion recorded and transcribed Analyze for themes, differing positions that
emerged from discussions
Key Informant InterviewsKey Informant Interviews
Structured conversations with people who have specialized knowledge
A way to collect complex information, and explore a subject in depth
Predetermined question guide based on identified objectives
Interviewees selected based upon what CHA team wants to know
Not representative
Key Informant InterviewsKey Informant Interviews
Information can be analyzed in a variety of ways Based on questions asked Based on groups interviewed
Identify themes Combine results with other primary or
secondary data collection efforts
Health Resources InventoryHealth Resources Inventory
3 Components: Identifies current agencies and
organizations that have some bearing on health
Identifies resources that are needed, but lacking
Narrative to explain how existing resources and needed resources influence health of the community
Asset MappingAsset Mapping
Community asset = a quality, person, or thing that is an advantage, resource of item of value to the community
Asset mapping looks at different types of assets in the community Individuals Institutions and organizations Governmental agencies Physical/ land assets Cultural opportunities
Health Resources InventoryHealth Resources Inventory
Health facilities Health providers Health-related supportive services
Child care, senior centers Law enforcement Parks and recreation Social Services Public transportation
Asset MappingAsset Mapping
Potential areas for assessment: Individuals – personal skills, strengths,
knowledge, experience, leadership skills… Local citizens associations – churches,
neighborhood clubs, service clubs, cultural groups…
Local institutions – schools, hospitals, banks, businesses….
Physical assets – parks, buildings, land, community centers….
Photo VoicePhoto Voice Community participants are given cameras and asked to
take photos of things that represent to them a specified issue or topic in the community
Participants then discuss photos together and develop narratives to go with the photos
Gives voice to members of the community, attempts to bring the perspectives of those "who lead lives that are different from those traditionally in control of the means for imaging the world" into the policy-making process
Often used among marginalized people, intended to give insight into how they conceptualize their circumstances and their hopes for the future.
Questions?Questions?
Information for policy makers. Health for Kansans.Information for policy makers. Health for Kansans.
Kansas Health InstituteKansas Health Institute