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![Page 1: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061401/56649ec75503460f94bd2fce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Community ecology
Outline: • Community structure: attributes• Factors influencing the structure of communities• Community dynamics
Chapter 16-18
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Community attributes
• # of species
• Relative abundance of species
• Nature of species interactions (food webs)
• Physical structure
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Community structure
• Species richness (# of species within community)
10
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Community structure
• Relative abundance (% each species contributes to the total number of individuals)
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Stand one
Stand two
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Simpson’s diversity index
• D = 0 - 1– 0: high diversity – 1: low diversity
• Stand one (Table 16.1): D=0.13• Stand two (Table 16.2): D=0.36
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DominanceYellow-poplar
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Food webs
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Keystone species
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Functional groups
• Feeding level
• Exploitation of common resources (guilds)
• Photosynthetic pathway
• Shade tolerance
• Life history
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Physical structure
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Zonation
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supratidal
intertidal
subtidal
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Association
• Relatively consistent species composition
• Uniform general appearance
• Distribution that is characteristic of a particular habitat
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Organismic concept of communities
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Continuum concept of communities
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Factors controlling community structure
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Fundamental niche
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Species interactions
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Keystone predation
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Apparent competition
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Indirect commensalism
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Top-down vs. bottom-up control
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The number of trophic levels regulates plant, herbivore and carnivore numbers
B/comp: numbers limited by availability of resources (bottom-up regulation). Competition strong, predation weak.
T/pred: numbers limited by predation (top-down regulation).Competition weak, predation strong.
# trophic levels:
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Stress tolerance and competition
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Smooth cordgrassSalt meadow
cordgrass
Black needle rush
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Environmental heterogeneity
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Relationship between the number of plants per 300m2 plot beside the hood river, NWT, and an index (ranging from 0 to 1) of spatial heterogeneity in abiotic factors associated with topography and soil. More spatially heterogeneous plots had higher species richness.
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Environmental quality
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Plant species diversity in a control plot and a fertilized plot in the Parkgrass experiment in Rothamstead, England. Fertilized plots have lower species diversity. The Parkgrass experiment, which began in 1856, is the longest running ecological experiment.
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Community stability
Types of stability:
1. Resilient community: returns to former state after disturbance
2. Resistant community: changes little in response to disturbance
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Community dynamics:
Succession
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Pioneer species
Late successional species
Primary succession
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Secondary succession
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beach grass shrubs pines oak
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Primary succession:
newly exposed substrate
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Dryas sp.
An early succession species on glacial moraines in Glacier bay. Dryas is a symbiotic N-fixing plant
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Populus trichocarpa Salix arctica
After Dryas, cottonwood and willows become established
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Alnus incana
Alders become the dominant tree after 50 years
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Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis
“Climax”: mixed spruce-hemlock forest
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Secondary succession: after disturbance
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Den
sity
Autogenic vs. allogenic change
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Allogenic environmental change
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Oak-pine forest
Species diversity during succession
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Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
High Low
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In New Zealand streams, less disturbed sites support more complex communities (i.e., communities with larger, more connected food webs)
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Bark beetle/wood-boring beetle
Fungi/bacteria Predatory insects
Moss and lichen
Invertebrates/mice/
salamanders
Succession of heterotrophs
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Changes over geologic time
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Concept of community revisited
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Concept of community
revisited
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