Species Interactions & Community Ecology Environmental biology.
Community Ecology. Community interactions: Community Ecology.
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Transcript of Community Ecology. Community interactions: Community Ecology.
Community Ecology
Community interactions:
Community Ecology
Community interactions:–Competition–Predation–Herbivory–Parasitism–Disease–Mutualism–Commensalism–Coevolution
Community Ecology
Community interactions:–Competition–Predation–Herbivory–Parasitism–Disease–Mutualism–Commensalism–Coevolution
Community Ecology
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Predation and coloration:
Community Ecology
Predation and coloration:•Aposematic coloration
Community Ecology
Predation and coloration:•Aposematic coloration
Community Ecology
Predation and coloration:•Batesian mimicry
Community Ecology
Predation and coloration:•Batesian mimicry
monarch viceroy
Community Ecology
Predation and coloration:•Batesian mimicry
poison harmless
monarch viceroy
Community Ecology
Predation and coloration:•Müllerian mimicry
Community Ecology
Predation and coloration:•Müllerian mimicry
Iraqi American
Community Ecology
Predation and coloration:•Müllerian mimicry
I’m a soldier. Don’t mess with me.
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Species diversity
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Species diversityHow many species are in a community?
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Trophic structureWho eats whom?
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Community Ecology
Primary producers
Community structure:
Community Ecology
Primary producers
Primary consumers
Community structure:
Community Ecology
Primary producers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Community structure:Tertiary
consumers
Community Ecology
Primary producers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Community structure:Quaternary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Community Ecology
Primary producers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Community structure:Energetic hypothesis:Length of a food chain is limited by inefficiency of energy transfer
Community Ecology
Community structure:Energetic hypothesis:Length of a food chain is limited by inefficiency of energy transfer
Dynamic stability hypothesis:Long food chains are less stable than short food chains.
Community Ecology
Community structure:Energetic hypothesis:Length of a food chain is limited by inefficiency of energy transfer
Dynamic stability hypothesis:Long food chains are less stable than short food chains.
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Species with a large impact
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Species with a large impact•Dominant•Keystone•Foundation
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Species with a large impact•Dominant – most abundant•Keystone – disproportionate impact•Foundation – ecosystem engineers
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Bottom-up vs. top-down controls
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Bottom-up vs. top-down controls
Predators depend on preyvs.
Predators control prey
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Disturbance
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Disturbance May be the norm
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Disturbance Moderate disturbance may foster increased diversity
Community Ecology
Community structure:
Disturbance Human disturbance can be too high
or sometimes too low.
Community Ecology
Ecological Succession:
Community Ecology
Ecological Succession:•Primary – starting with bare rock•Secondary – starting with soil
Community Ecology
Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes
Community Ecology
Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes
lichens and mosses
Community Ecology
Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes
lichens and mossesannuals
Community Ecology
Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes
lichens and mossesannuals
perennials
Community Ecology
Ecological Succession:autotrophic prokaryotes
lichens and mossesannuals
perennialstrees
Community Ecology
Community Ecology
Ecological Succession:
Pioneer species
Climax species
Community Ecology
Ecological Succession:
Pioneer species•Facilitate later species
Climax species•Inhibit later species
Community Ecology
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
evapotranspirationsunlight + temp + water
rich
nes
s
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
evapotranspirationsunlight + temp + water
rich
nes
s
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
evapotranspirationsunlight + temp + water
rich
nes
s
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
richness
imm
igra
tio
n extinctio
n
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
richness
imm
igra
tio
n extinctio
n
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
richness
imm
igra
tio
n extinctio
n
equilibrium number
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
richnesssmall island
imm
igra
tio
n extinctio
n
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
richnesslarge island
imm
igra
tio
n extinctio
n
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
richnessfar from the mainland
imm
igra
tio
n extinctio
n
Species Richness (Biodiversity):
Community Ecology
richnessclose to the mainland
imm
igra
tio
n extinctio
n
Continuing Debate:
Community Ecology
Continuing Debate:integrated vs. individualistic
Community Ecology
Continuing Debate:integrated vs. individualistic
rivet vs. redundancy
Community Ecology
Continuing Debate:integrated vs. individualistic
rivet vs. redundancy
Community Ecology
Continuing Debate:integrated vs. individualistic
rivet vs. redundancy
Community Ecology
.