Community Ecology 10/27/06. Review of last time: Multiple ChoiceS Which of the following are true of...
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Community Ecology
10/27/06
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Review of last time: Multiple ChoiceS
Which of the following are true of the following equations:
Circle ALL correct answers:• The equations could describe competition between the two species.• The equations could describe a predator-prey relationship.• Interspecific competition dominates intraspecific competition for
species F.d. When the population S is at zero, and population F is close to zero,
the model predicts that population F will grow exponentially
F
SFFFF
F
K
NNKNr
dt
dN 2.0
S
FSSSS
S
K
NNKNr
dt
dN 5
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•Bottom-up vs. Top-Down control•Predators can promote diversity by keeping competition in check
Predator-Prey Relationships
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Mutualism
Both species benefit
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Mutualism If it is a mutually beneficial relationship, then the two
populations increase each other’s size
Population 1 N1
ti
Population 2 N2
= r= r11 * N * N11 dN
1 dt
K1 - N1 + a12 N2 K1
= r= r22 * N * N22 dN
2 dt
K2 - N2 + a21 N1 K2
Because this is a positive term, K is increased
Because this is a positive term, K is increased
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Commensalism One species benefits, the other is unaffected
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Commensalism
If the relationship is commensalistic, one species benefits (the commensal) and the other is unaffected
Population 1 N1
Population 2 N2
= r= r11 * N * N11 dN
1 dt
K1 - N1 + a12 N2 K1
= r= r22 * N * N22 dN
2 dt
K2 - N2
K2
Because this is a positive term, K is increased
Because there is no a21 term, K is unchanged
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ParasitismHow would you model it???
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Assumptions of Lotka-Volterra Models
All assumptions of logistic growth model for each species… plus:
Interaction coefficients, carrying capacities, and intrinsic growth rates are constant.
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Summary of Interaction Equations:
Competition: (- , -)
Predator/Prey: (+, -)
Mutualism: (+, +)
Commensalism: (+, 0)
1
2121111
1 ?
K
NaNKNr
dt
dN
2
1212222
2 ?
K
NaNKNr
dt
dN
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Test you knowledge!What type of relationship– what equation to use?
A coati eats tree fruit.
Your dog has a flea
You use a fast bicyclist to “draft” off of
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Problems with Simple Logistic Growth
1. Births and deaths not separated-you might want to look at these processes separately
-predation may have no effect on birth rate
2. Carrying capacity is an arbitrary, set value
3. No age structure
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1. Separate Births and Deaths
= Births - Deaths
Births = b*N
Deaths = d*N
dN dt
Births and deaths may be density dependent
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1. Separate Births and Deaths
= Births - Deaths
Births = b*N
Deaths = d*N
dN dt
Births rate may be density dependentDeath rate may be dominated by predator effects
Example:Births = b*N(1- N )
KDeaths = db+a21N2
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2. Refine Carrying Capacity
If the population is a herbivore, K may depend on the population of plants
= r= rHH * N * NHH (1 – ) (1 – )dNH
dtNH NP
Kherbivore= Nplant
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Remaining Problems
Age Structure
Space: animals rely on different parts of landscape for different parts of their life cycle
Individuality: Populations are collections of individuals, not lumped pools
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General Notes on Using Models
How complex should model be? K.I.S.S. Identify research needs:
Build model structureTest model to see what it is most sensitive toDo research to find values of unknown parameters
If build a model that accurately predicts dynamics,it can be used as a management tool.Look critically at assumptions!
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Community Dynamics
Community: a group of populations (both plants and animals) that live together in a defined region.
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Trophic Cascade
Eagles
Foxes
Mice
Plants 1st trophic level
2nd trophic level
3rd trophic level
4th trophic level
autotroph/ primary producer
herbivore/ primary
consumer
predator/ secondary consumer
predator/ tertiary consumer
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How would we Model the Fox Population?
Why not include the effect of the plant population?
What if foxes had a competitor?
F
EFEMFMFFFF
F
K
NaNaNKNr
dt
dN
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Trophic Cascade
Eagles
Foxes
Mice
Plants 1st trophic level
2nd trophic level
3rd trophic level
4th trophic level
if eagles go extinct, what could happen to…
foxes?
mice?
plants?
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Trophic Cascade
Eagles
Foxes
Mice
Plants 1st trophic level
2nd trophic level
3rd trophic level
4th trophic levelIf a new
predator on mice is introduced, what could happen to…
mice?
plants?
foxes?
eagles?
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Trophic Cascade
Eagles
Foxes
Mice
Plants 1st trophic level
2nd trophic level
3rd trophic level
4th trophic levelIf drought
caused a dip in plant production, what would happen to…
mice?
foxes?
eagles?
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Simplified Temperate Forest Food Web
What happens to when it’s a WEB instead of a CHAIN?
Oak seedling
Deer
Wolf
Fox
Rabbit
Grasses Herbs
Caterpillars
Shrews
Eagle
In long term, balance is restored
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Food Web doesn’t account for Keystone Species
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Summary
Modeling Species Interactions Competition Predator-prey
Mutualism Commensalism
Community Dynamics Food Webs
Keystone Species
GOOD LUCK ON MONDAY’S MIDTERM!!!NO BLUE BOOKS OR CALCULATORS NEEDED.