COMMUNICATION Tuğçe AYDIN. COMMUNICATION Communication is the process of sending and receiving...
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Transcript of COMMUNICATION Tuğçe AYDIN. COMMUNICATION Communication is the process of sending and receiving...
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
1-Senders and Receivers 2-Transmitters and Receptor3-Messages and Channels 4-Decoding, Meaning, and Encoding5-Feedback
Senders & Receivers
Each have goals and objectives The sender may want to change the
receiver’s mind The receiver may not want to have
his mind changed
Transmitters and Receptors
is the equipment by which information is sent
Information can be sent verbally and nonverbally
Messages and Channels
are the vehicles by which information is communicated.
direct expressions symbolic representations
Decoding, Meaning, and Encoding
Decoding is the process of translating messages from their symbolic form into interpretations that can be understood.
Meanings are the facts, ideas, feelings, reactions, or thoughts that exist whitin individuals, and act as a set of “filters” through which the decoded messages are interpreted.
Encoding is the process by which messages are put into symbolic form
Feedbackis the process by which the receiver
“reacts” to the sender’s message
It is necessary to let the sender know that the message was
(a) actually received,(b) encoded, (c) ascribed with the same meaning that
the sender intended
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
It is impossible to avoid communicating
Communication is largely nonverbal
Context affects communication Meanings are in people, not in
words
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION (cont’d)
Communication is irreversibleNoise affects communicationCommunication is circularCreating common goal is
essentialCommunication has effects
Nonverbal Messages About 65 percent of the meanings
people get from a communication
VoicePhysical MovementsSpace
“your lips tell me ‘no,no’ but there is ‘yes,yes’ in your eyes”
ADAPTING MESSSAGES TO PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE
increase the probabilty that communication will be
successful
LanguageFormatStyle
Language
Appropriate language is the language that has been adapted to the receiver while retaining a naturalness with respect to the
sender
Arena Adjectives selected by both the
participant and his or her peers
Represents traits of the participant of which both they and their peers are aware.
“I know my name, and so do you.”
Façade
Adjectives selected only by the participant, but not by any of their peers
Represents information about the participant of which their peers are unaware
“I have not told you, what one of my favorite ice cream flavors is.”
Blind Spot Adjectives that are not selected by
the participant but only by their peers
“we could be eating at a restaurant, and I may have unknowingly gotten
some food on my face. This information is in my blind quadrant
because you can see it, but I cannot.”
Unknown Adjectives which were not selected
by either the participant or their peers
“I may disclose a dream that I had, and as we both attempt to
understand its significance, a new awareness may emerge, known to
neither of us before the conversation took place.”
able accepting adaptable bold brave calm caring cheerful clever complex confident
dependable dignified energetic extroverted friendly giving happy helpful idealistic independent ingenious
intelligent introverted kind knowledgeable logical loving mature modest nervous observant organized
patient powerful proud quiet reflective relaxed religious responsive searching self-assertive self-conscious
sensible sentimental shy silly spontaneous sympathetic tense trustworthy warm wise witty
55 adjectives used to describe the participant
BARRIERS FOR EFFECTIVE BARRIERS FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
Ayşe Bilge ÇAKIRAyşe Bilge ÇAKIR
Tangible DifferencesTangible DifferencesGenderGender
AgeAge
RaceRace
National or Cultural National or Cultural OriginOrigin
Socioeconomic Socioeconomic ClassClass
Education LevelEducation Level
Urban or Rural Urban or Rural ResidenceResidence
GENDERGENDER Major influence on the way we Major influence on the way we
communicate with others.communicate with others.
When men and women work When men and women work together in a group, men tend to be together in a group, men tend to be more assertive and self-confident.more assertive and self-confident.
Women are more likely than men to Women are more likely than men to express their emotions, to reveal express their emotions, to reveal how they feel about a situation.how they feel about a situation.
AGEAGE
YYoung people and old people communicate in oung people and old people communicate in different waysdifferent ways. .
WWe do tend to judge a statement by different e do tend to judge a statement by different standards if we know the speaker’s agestandards if we know the speaker’s age..
AA person’s age or person’s age or gendergender is not important in is not important in judging the truth or wisdom of what that judging the truth or wisdom of what that person saysperson says ..
Their maturity, their educational Their maturity, their educational backgrounds, and the different eras in backgrounds, and the different eras in which they grew up make a which they grew up make a GGeneration eneration GGapap inevitable inevitable..
Intangible DifferencesIntangible Differences
PerceptionPerceptionMotivationMotivationTunnel VisionTunnel VisionEgoEgoDefensivenessDefensivenessNegativeNegativeEmotionsEmotions
PERCEPTIONPERCEPTIONOur physical limitations are a
screen through which we perceive things that exist in our environment.
Our perception is also limited by psychological screens that we have developed.
Choosing from among the many things within our range of perception those that we will notice, and block out the rest is called ““Selective PerceptionSelective Perception””
Selective PerceptionSelective Perception
AAllows us not only to block out things llows us not only to block out things that are there, but also to see more that are there, but also to see more things than are there. things than are there.
Leads us to Leads us to make our own reality!make our own reality!
MMost clearly seen in the human ost clearly seen in the human tendency to stereotype otherstendency to stereotype others. .
MOTIVATIONMOTIVATIONA Motive is a A Motive is a
Reason For Reason For Action!Action!
The most strongest motivations are those The most strongest motivations are those that are most personal. that are most personal.
We are motivated by money, fame, power, We are motivated by money, fame, power, love, status, security, skill, ambitionlove, status, security, skill, ambition...etc...etc
It can be both positive or negativeIt can be both positive or negative.
TUNNEL VISIONTUNNEL VISION
A A closed way of thinking, closed way of thinking, especially aboutespecially about abstract topics, abstract topics, such as religion andsuch as religion and politicspolitics.
The person with tunnel vision is one who has firmly The person with tunnel vision is one who has firmly fixed ideasfixed ideas
The opposite side is The opposite side is open-mindednessopen-mindedness PersonPerson with tunnel vision with tunnel vision hashas attitude seems to say; attitude seems to say;
“I’ve already made up my mind, Don’t confuse me “I’ve already made up my mind, Don’t confuse me with the facts!!!”with the facts!!!”
EGO DEFENSIVENESSEGO DEFENSIVENESS AA response pattern in which a person who response pattern in which a person who
follows this pattern sees a disagreement as a follows this pattern sees a disagreement as a personalpersonal
attactattact . .
A self-centered communication
More than just being selfish
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS Almost always obstacles to good
communication! Especially true if the emotion isuncontrolled, unfocused, or misdirected.
DISTORTION BARRIERS
1.1. DDiistractstractiionsons
2.2. SemantSemantiic Problemsc Problems
3.3. AbsenAbsencce Of Feedbacke Of Feedback
4.4. ClCliimatemate
5.5. Status And Power Status And Power DDiifferencesfferences
DDiistractstractiionsons
It occurs It occurs where peoplewhere people
aarere c constantlyonstantly comingcoming
in andin and leaving for oneleaving for one
reason orreason or another, andanother, and
eexperincedxperinced thethe
frustration thatfrustration that isis
created by thiscreated by this
ddistractingistracting traffic flowtraffic flow.
Semantic Problems
DDistortion in communication comes istortion in communication comes from semantics- the use of words or from semantics- the use of words or expexpresressions which have a different sions which have a different meaning for the sender or receivermeaning for the sender or receiver.
CCreated when communicators use reated when communicators use technical jargon- usage common to technical jargon- usage common to a particular field or specializationa particular field or specialization..
Status And Power Differences Differences in
communications arelikely to parallel thedifferences in power.
Imbalance or asymmetry
in negotiating powerleads the high powerparty to performsignificantly better thanthe low power party.
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Be Exact Use the word “is” carefully Avoid Overgeneralization Be sensitive to connotative
meaning Do not to overuse you or your Count from 1 to 10
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Recognize that you don’t know all the answers to all questions
Always remember that what others may not mean the way we think they mean it
Focus on common interests rather than differences
Think positive
IMPROVING COMMUNICATION IMPROVING COMMUNICATION EFFECTIVENESS IN EFFECTIVENESS IN
NEGOTIATIONNEGOTIATION QUESTIONINGFor clarifyingcommunications, andeliminating noise anddistortion .
ACTIVE LISTENING / REFLECTING
ROLE REVERSAL Understand the other’sposition by activelyarguing his position tohis satisfaction.
Characteristics of Business Communication
Complex, Competitive, Group oriented, Task oriented, Data based .
Carter and Huzan(1981), studied the nature of a business
Telephone People-to-people communication Typing People-to-paper communication Copying Paper-to-paper transfer Storing Paper-to-file transfer Information retrieval Files-to-people transfer
Communication SkillsListeningWritingInterviewingGroup discussionInterpersonal communicationPublic speakingNonverbal communicationProblem solvingTelephone communication
Communication Ethics
Communication ethics is the
consideration of the rightness of
wrongness of a given
communication act.
CEO
Vice-President,AuxiliaryServices
Vice-President,
Research and Development
Vice-President,
Manufacturing
Engineering
Vice-President,
SalesMarketing
Vice-President,ServicesTechnical
Assistance
Maintenance
Supplies
Productiondevelopment
Productrefinement
Personal computers
XT computers
AT Computers
CRX 1000PC
CRX 2000XT
CRX 3000AT
Individualcustomers
Business applications
Communication Networks
Line networks normally involve superior-subordinate relationships.
Staff relationships between the members of an organization are most often advisory in nature.
Communication Networks(cont’d)
Formal Networks
Formal networks are legitimate and often indicated by an organization chart that displays who answers to whom.
Formal networks indicate a unity of command.
Formal communication networks contain more of the written, predictable, and routine communications
CEO
Vice-President,AuxiliaryServices
Vice-President,Research and Development
Vice-President,Manufacturing
Engineering
Vice-President,Sales
Marketing
Vice-President,ServicesTechnicalAssistance
Maintenance
Supplies
Productiondevelopment
Productrefinement
Personal computers
XT computers
AT Computers
CRX 1000PC
CRX 2000XT
CRX 3000AT
Individualcustomers
Business applications
Informal Networks
Informal networks are unofficial channels through which information passes in an organization.
Informal networks are faster, richer, and often more accurate, and communication is more likely to be face-to-face.
Span Of Control
The smaller the span of control, the more
communication access each employee will
have to the supervisor.
Grapevines
Conrad (1990); “Because using formal communication
networks takes so much time and effort, people may have choose to not communicate at all if they have no formal channels available.
Even ‘gossip’ and ‘rumors’ usually provide accurate information”. Such networks are called grapevines.
CEO
Division Manager
Department Head
Department Head
Department Head
Department Head
Department Head
Department Head
Department Head
Department Head
Department Head
Division Manager
Division Manager
(a)
CEO
Manager
Manager
Manager
Manager
Manager
Manager
Manager
Manager
Manager
Manager
Manager
(b)
(a) Tall Organization structure
(b) Flat Organization structure
Information Flow in Business Organizations
Information Flow in Business Organizations
Downward communication occurs when a manager or supervisor sends a message to one or more subordinates.
Upward communication occurs when messages flow from subordinates to managers or from supervisors to executives.
Horizontal communication occurs between people at the same level, or between people at corresponding levels in different divisions.
Information Flow in Business Organizations
Organizational theorists Tannenbaum and Schmidt,
displays the range of communication styles
The more you control, the less you involve;
The more you involve, the less you control.
Instructing, explaining.Instructing, explaining.
Do not need your Do not need your audience’s audience’s opinions. opinions.
persuading persuading
You want your audience You want your audience to do something to do something
different different
Conferring, you want to Conferring, you want to learn from them yet learn from them yet
the control the the control the interaction interaction somewhat somewhat
Collaborating,you and Collaborating,you and your audience are your audience are
working together to working together to come up with the come up with the
content content