Communication Systems, Protocol, Hardware Configurations, Network

PSTI, Bangalore

Communication Requirement of Communication Basics of Communication Communication network Communication Media

PLCC VSAT Microwave Fiber Optics

Communication Protocols

Hardware Configuration

Administrative

Telemetry – SCADA

Special Protection Schemes

SMART Grid Technology

Line Protection

HVDC implementation

Choice

High Reliability - Min. loss of communication; Select

proper hardware etc.

High Availability - Proper selection of media;

alternate routing, stand by etc.

Rapid response - Update time in specified limits.

Transparency - Compatibility with other systems.

Flexibility - Absorb future changes, additions, etc.

Maintainability - Minimum demand on maintenance

TO OTHER CONTROL CENTERS

LAN 1

LAN 2

WORKSTATIONBASED

OPERATOR CONSOLE

WITH TWO CRT

WORKSTATIONBASED

OPERATOR CONSOLE

WITH TWO CRT

SCADA /EMSSERVER

SCADA /EMSSERVER

D TS SERVER

ISRSERVER

ISRSERVER

ICCP COMMUNICATION

SERVER

ICCP COMMUNICATION

SERVER

CHENNEL 2X64KBPS

ROUTER

JUKE BOX

COMMUNICATIONFRONT END

PROCESSOR

SPLITTERSPLITTER

MODEMMODEM

COMMUNICATIONFRONT END

PROCESSOR

TIME SYNCHSYSTEM

TO RTUs

DUAL CFE

FROM GPS

OPRATION SCHEDULING

CONSOLE

NMSCONSOLE

TERMINAL SERVER

PERIPHERALSPERIPHERALS

VIDEO PROJECTION SYSTEMMIMIC CONTROL BOARD

Scada/EMS system Scada/EMS system

Communication Network


DATA SERVERS

CFE

PLCC

COAXIALCABLE

PLCC ROOM

RTU

PLCC

MODEM

Master Station

PLCC

COAX

CABLE

PLCC ROOM

PLCC

MODEM

RTU

Communication trough single medium

Monitoring and Control System

Power systemsPower systems

Sensor/TransducerRelays


Interface DevicesA/D Converter


Communication ChannelCommunication Channel

Master Station Computer SystemMaster Station Computer System





Analog to Digital Conversion

Sampling According to the Nyquist 2 * fmax

Quantization and encoding

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

03 5 6 7 6 5 3 2 1

011

101

110

111

110

101

011

010

001


Data Server

CFE

MUX F. O. / MW

MUX

MODEM

RTU

RTU

WID

E B

AN

D

MODEM

Master Station

COAX

CABLE

PLCC

PLCC ROOM

PLCC

COAX

CABLE

PLCC ROOM

PLCC

Communication trough multiple medium medium


Communication Channel Configuration

POINT TO POINT

MASTER

STATION

SERIES

SERIES STAR

LOOP

C C

C C C C

C C

C C

C C C C

C C

CC

C C

Modulation

Amplitude modulation ( PAM ) Frequency of carrier fiixed Varying Amplitude Higher Noise

Frequency modulation ( FSK ) Frequency of the carrier varied Amplitude not varied Less noise

Phase modulation ( PSK ) Phase of the carrier is varied Amplitude not varied Low Noise

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ( QAM ) Split into two signal Added with a phase shift of 90 deg

Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation

Phase Modulation

Multiplexing Multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing ( TDM ) Separate Time slot is allotted Advantages

It uses a single links It does not require precise carrier matching at both end of the

links. Use of capacity is high. Easy to expand the number of users at a low cost. No need to include identification of the traffic stream on each

packet.

Frequency Division Multiplexing ( FDM ) Separate Carrier Is allotted Advantages

Here user can be added to the system by simply adding another pair of transmitter modulator and receiver demodulators.

FDM system support full duplex information flow which is required by most of application.

Noise problem for analog communication has lesser effect

Wave Division Multiplexing ( WDM ) Separate Wavelength is allotted

Higher Order Multiplexing Synchronous digital multiplexers ( SDH )

Synchronous digital multiplexers have tributaries with the same clock frequency, and they are all synchronized to a master clock.

The basic building block is called the synchronous transport signal – level 1 ( STS – 1 ) if electrical and optical carrier level 1 ( OC – 1 ) if optical. The STS-1 has a 51.84 Mbps transmission rate and is synchronized to he network clock. The STS-1 frame structure has 90 columns and 9 rows.

Asynchronous digital multiplexers. ( PDH ) Asynchronous digital multiplexers has tributaries which have

the same nominal frequency (that means there can be a small difference from one to another), but they are not synchronized to one another.

Multiplexing techniques Bit by Bit multiplexing/interleaving Word by Word multiplexing / interleaving.

System Layers

Primary Access Layer

(< 2Mbit/s)

Voice Circuits &

Data Circuits

FIBRE OPTIC CABLE & MICROWAVE RADIO

STM- 1/4 Transport Layer

DWDM &

STM- 16

Backbone Layer

PDH Network Management

System

SDH Network Management

System

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy ( PDH )

2 Mbit/sMUX

8 Mbit/sMUX

34 Mbit/sMUX

140 Mbit/sMUX

140 Mbit/sMUX

34 Mbit/sMUX

8 Mbit/sMUX

2 Mbit/sMUX

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchies

Primary Order - 2 Mbit/s (2,048 Kbit/s)

– 30 x 64 Kbit/s Channels

Second Order - 8 Mbit/s (8,448 Kbit/s)

– 4 x 2Mbit/s Tributaries


Third Order - 34 Mbit/s (34,368 Kbit/s)



Fourth Order - 140 Mbit/s (139,264 Kbit/s)



SDH Multiplexing Structure

Administrative Unit ( AU ) Virtual Container ( VC )

Container ( C ) Tributary units ( TU ) Tributary Unit Group ( TUG )

STM1

STM4

STM16

STM64

SOH

SOH

SOH

SOH

x1

x4

x16

x64

AU4 VC4

TUG3

TUG2

POH

PTR

POH

PTR

POH

POH

POH

POH

C4

C3 C3 C3

C4

C12 C12

C11

x3

x7

x3

TU3 VC3

TU12 VC12

VC11

x1

AUG

C12

C11

139264 Kbit/s

44736 Kbit/s

34368 Kbit/s

2048 Kbit/s

1544 Kbit/s

PTR

C4

POH

STM1

STM4

STM16

STM64

SOH

SOH

SOH

SOH

x1

x4

x16

x64

AU4 VC4

TUG3

TUG2

POH

PTR

POH

PTR

POH

POH

POH

POH

C4

C3 C3 C3

C4

C12 C12

C11

x3

x7

x3

TU3 VC3

TU12 VC12

VC11

x1

AUG

C12

C11

139264 Kbit/s

44736 Kbit/s

34368 Kbit/s

2048 Kbit/s

1544 Kbit/s

PTR

C4

POH

Transport Frame Formats 2 Mbit/s (ITU-T G.704)

The standard bandwidth of the voice channel in a digital transmission system is 300 – 3400 kHz.

A number of input signal / channels ( typically 24 or 30 ) are combined. Combined in a frame and Multi-frame

Input signal / Data Frame alignment word Service bits Signaling bits

FIBRE PAIRS TO BEUSED

LDCA

TAX

DARK FIBRE PAIRS

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH)

Transport Module

Capacity Voice channels

STM - 1 155 Mbps 1920

STM - 4 622 Mbps 7500 STM - 16 2.5 Gbps 30000

STM - 64 10.0 Gbps 120000

DWDMN * 2.5 N*2.5 Gbps N*30000N *10 N*10 Gbps N*120000For example32*2.5 80 Gbps 96000032*10 320 Gbps 3840000

Single pair of fibres

LDCA

TAX

Bandwidth Capacity in 24F-OPGW Cable

Communication Media

Power Line Carrier Communication ( PLCC ) HF Carrier Signal ranging from 30 kHz to 500 kHz

Mainly used for a) Speech, b) Tele-protection c) Data Signal ( RTU ), d) Meter data transfer, e) Tele-Control

Disadvantages of PLCCs are: a) Limited Bandwidth ( 4 kHz ), b) Low speed of data transfer ( 1200 baud ), c) Separate battery supply for reliable DC supply, d) Subjected to noise – high signal to noise ratio e) problem of frequency allocation with highly messed networks f) Depends on physical connectivity of Power lines – network expansion

problem g) Cannot be monitored from a centralized location.

Power Line Carrier Communication ( PLCC )

Coupling devices are used for isolation of carrier equipment from the high tension voltage system and to provide a low impedance path for carrier frequency. Generally CVTs are used with LMU.

Wave traps are used to confine the carrier signals between the two carriers equipments located at the respective substation and to provide high impedance to carrier frequency. Rated for full current.

Power Line Carrier Communication ( PLCC )AUDIO

4KHz AUDIO BAND IS USED FOR TRANSMITTION VOICE & DATA.VOICE 0.3 –2.0 KHzDATA 2.1 – 3.4 KHZ

CARRIER FREQUENCY BAND 40 KHz - 500 KHz. HIGH FREQUENCY RANGE IS USED FOR CARRIER SIGNALS

SPEECH & DATA SIGNALS WILL BE TRANSMITTED IN THE 4KHz BANDWIDTH IN EACH DIRECTION OVER THE CARRIER.

Eg. WITH 100/104 KHz CARRIER FREQUENCY, THE TRANSMIT SIGNALS WILL BE 100-104

KHz AND RECEIVE SIGNALS WILL BE 104-108 KHz RANGE.

Transmitting Earth Station

Receiving Earth Station

Uplink 6 GHz

Downlink 4 GHz

HPA

Up Converter

Satellite Modem

CPE

PSTN

LNA

Down Converter

Satellite Modem

CPE PST

N

C Band – 6/4GHzKu Band -14/12GHzKa Band – 30/20GHz

VSAT CommunicationSatellite Communication is a technology of data transmission whether one-way data broadcasting or two-way interactive using radio frequency as a medium.

It consists of: Space Segment or Satellite Ground Segment or earth station

Antenna, Outdoor Unit, Inter Facility Link, Indoor Unit and Customer Premises Equpt.

HPA – High Power Amplifier, LNA- Low Noise Amplifier (Earth station equipment that amplifies the transmit RF signal. ) CPE – customer premises equipment ( eg. Telephone, PABX, Ethernet hub, host server, etc)

RFT

Feed Horn

VSAT Communication

Antenna diameter : 0.6m – 3.8m

Traffic Capacity : 9.6kbps – 2Mbps

Frequency Bands : C-band (4-6Ghz) or

: Ku-Band (12-14Ghz)

: Ka-Band (30/20Ghz)

Use of satellite : Geo-stationary satellite

(36,000km above equator)

Network : Point-to-point

Configuration : Point-to-multipoint

VSAT communication Technology

SCPC (Single-Carrier Per Channel point-to-point

Time-division multiple access (TDMA ) Share satellite resource on a time-slot

basis

Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) Pre-Assigned Multiple Access ( PAMA ) Demand Assigned Multiple Access

( DAMA ) Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )

Microwave Communication

Definition : λ= C * T = C / F

λ : wavelength in metres,C : speed of light in metres per

second,F : frequency in Hertz,T : period in secondsC (speed of light) = 3 * 108 m/s.

Microwave links provide hops of some ten or twenty kilometres.


Radius of first Fresnel ellipsoid: rmax = 0.5*√ ( λ*d )d : distance between transmitter and receiver

Propagation Problem : Roundness of Earth Atmospheric Refraction Defraction Reflection Due to Hydrometeors


Hot Standby Configuration ( HSB )• Standby equipment transmits at the same

time as the active equipment.

• A logic circuit manages detection of a transmitter fault. This type of switching is called errored switching.

• In receive mode, the two receivers receive the same signal and process it in parallel The logic circuit uses the digital signal for switching. This type of switching is called errorless switching

Frequency Diversity Configuration

• Frequency diversity protects signal propagation.

• The system is expensive in terms of frequency bandwidth and equipment.

• The signal forwarded to the terrestrial network is chosen in the same way as for the HSB configuration.


Frequency Diversity Configuration

• Space diversity protects propagation against fading.

• The diagram shows space diversity in one transmission direction. It can be symmetric. The receiver at the top is called the main receiver, and the bottom receiver is the diversity receiver. If a diversity transmitter is installed, it must be switched off.

• The signal forwarded to the terrestrial network is chosen in the same way as for the HSB configuration

Fiber Optic Communication

The Ray Model

When light travels from a more dense medium to a

less dense medium i.e. when n1>n2 then the ray

is reflected inside the boundary.

When light travels from a less dense medium to

a more dense medium i.e. when n1<n2 then

the ray is refracted out of the boundary.

The Wave Model

Incidence

Snell’s Law :

Fiber Optic CommunicationFiber optic cable functions as a "light guide," guiding the light introduced at one end of the cable through to the other end. The light source can either be a light-emitting diode (LED) or a laser. Using a lens, the light pulses are funneled into the fiber-optic medium where they travel down the cable.

The light (near infrared) is most often are used : 850nm for shorter distances 1,300nm for longer distances on Multi-mode fiber 1300nm for single-mode fiber 1,500nm is used for longer distances.

Fiber Optic CommunicationSingle Mode cable is a single stand of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns.

Single Mode Fiber through which only one mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm.

Data is sent at multi-frequency (WDM Wave-Division-Multiplexing) so only one cable is needed - (single-mode on one single fiber)

Multi-Mode cable has a little bit bigger diameter, with a common diameters in the 50-to-100 micron.

Most applications in which Multi-mode fiber is used, 2 fibers are used (WDM is not normally used on multi-mode fiber).

Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes, as they travel through the cable's core typically 850 or 1300nm.

Fiber Optic Communication

Fiber Optic CommunicationAttenuation

Scattering Due to interactions of photons with fiber medium. Absorption ( Intrinsic + Extrinsic ) Due to fiber itself ( Intrinsic ) Due to impurities of water and metal, such as iron, nickel and

chromium (extrinsic). Bending and Geometrical Imperfections

Due to physical stress on fiber. Core-cladding interface irregularities, diameter variations etc.

Dispersion

Intramodal Or Chromatic Dispersion Propagation Delay in Various Spectral Components of the Transmitted Signal.

Intermodal Dispersion Propagation Delay Between Various Modes, Mainly in Multimode Fibres.

A ComparisonCopper Fiber Microwave

Distance ~ 100 m @ 100 Mbps STM-1 & 4 : ~ 240 Km* single hop (SH)

STM-16 : ~ 70 Km (SH)

DWDM : ~ 80 Km (SH)

*With EDFAs and Raman Amplifier

~ 30-40 Km @ 2/7/8 GHz

Interference Cross talk, Noise & Induction

IMMUNE TO INTERFERENCE Prone to Interference to same carrier frequency

Application area Access Network Transport / Backbone Network

Metro Network

Access Network

Backbone Network (Partly)

Deployment Time consuming

Requires Right Of Way (ROW)

Time consuming

Requires Right Of Way (ROW)

Fast

Requires WPC clearance

Cost Effective Yes#

(# In Access Network as last mile connectivity)

Yes~

(~From bandwidth up gradation p.o.v)Yes%

(% From fast deployment p.o. v)

Type of media - Un armoured (Ducted) - Armoured cables

- Un armoured (Ducted) - Armoured - Submarine - ADSS (All Dielectric Self Supporting)- OPGW (Optical Ground Wire)

HF : 3 to 30 MHzUHF : 300 to 3000 MHzSHF: 3 to 30 GHzEHF: 30 to 300 GHz

A Comparison

Copper Fiber Microwave

Material Copper wires Optical fiber RF / Electromagnetic waves

Composition Copper Silica & impurities like Ge, Er etc. -

Dimension 0.3 mm to 1.5 mm 9 micron / 125 micron (Single Mode)62.5 micron/ 125 micron(Multi Mode)

-

Carrier Electrical signal Transmitter: Laser / LEDReceiver: Photodiode

RF Carrier (2 MHz to 58 GHz)

Capacity ~ 100 Mbps > 1.5 Tbit/s (10 Gbit/s x 150 Lambda)

155 to 622 Mbit/s

Technologies - IEEE802.3 - xDSL (IDSL, ADSL, HDSL, SHDSL, VDSL)

PDH, SDH, DWDM & CWDM PDH & SDH

Communication Protocol

CIM ?

Tele-protection ?DMS

?

Protocol Layers

Tele-Control Protocols

IEC 60870-5-101 protocol (from RTU to Control Center communication

IEC 60870-6-502 ( ICCP) protocol (between two Control Canters)

IEC 60870-5-103 protocol (for communication between IEDs in a Substation)

IEC 60870-5-104 protocol

MODBUS Protocol ( MFTs)

DNP 3.0 Protocol (Serial)---Master Station

DNP 3.0 Protocol (TCP/IP)---Master Station

IEC 61850 protocol (for Substation Automation)

The Present SCADA systems use

IEC 60870-5-101

IEC 60870-6-502

IEC–60870–5-101Physical Layer :

Information bit : 8 bit

Stop bit : 1

Parity bit : Even

Data Link Layer

Standard Frame Format : FT 1.2

Maximum Frame Length : 255 bytes

Transmission Layer ( Station address field Length : 1 or 2 bytes )

Unbalanced Mode :

Transmitted messages are categorized on two priority classes( Class 1 & Class 2 )

Balanced Mode :

All the messages are sent, No categorization of Class 1 and Class 2

Application Layer

The length of the header fields of the data structure are:

Station address 1 or 2 byte ( User defined )

ASDU Address : 1 or 2 bytes

Information Object address : 2 bytes

Cause of Transmission : 1 byte

Network Layer : Not defined as 870-5-101 is not IP based Selection of ASDUsASDU 1 : Single point informationASDU 2 : Single point information with time tagASDU 3 : Double point informationASDU 4 : Double point information with time tagASDU 9 : Measured value, Normalised valueASDU 10 : Measured value, Normalised value with time tagASDU 11 : Measured Value, Scaled valueASDU 12 : Measured value, Scaled value with time tagASDU 100 : Interrogation CommandASDU 103 : Clock Synchronisation CommandASDU 120 - 126 : File transfer Command

Master Slave

Request Message

Response Message

(User Data, Confirm Expected)

(Acknowledgment)

[P]

[P] = Primary Frame[S] = Secondary Frame

[S]

(Request User Data)

(Respond User Data or NACK)

[P]

[S]

Unbalanced

ICCP ProtocolAssociations

An application Association needs to be established between two ICCP instances before any data exchange can take place. Associations can be Initiated, Concluded or Aborted by the ICCP instances.Bilateral Agreement and Table, Access Control

A Bilateral Agreement between two control-centers (say A and B) for data access. A Bilateral Table is a digital representation of the Agreement. Data Values

Data Values are objects that represent the values of control-center objects including points (Analog, Digital and Controls) or data structures. Data Sets

Data Sets are ordered-lists of Data Value objects that can be created locally by an ICCP server or on request by an ICCP clientInformation Messages

Information Message objects are used to exchange text or other data between Control Centers. Transfer Sets

Transfer Set objects are used for complex data exchange schemes to transfer Data Sets (all elements or a subset of the Data set elements) etc. Devices

Devices are the ICCP objects that represent controllable objects in the control center.

ICCP ProtocolConformance BlocksICCP divides the entire ICCP functionality into 9 conformance block subsets. Implementations can declare the blocks that they provide support for, thus clearly specifying the level of ICCP supported by the implementation. Any ICCP implementation must necessarily support Block 1ca

Block 1 – Basic Services Association, Data Value, Data Set, Data set transfer

Block 2 – Extended Data Set Condition Monitoring Data Set Transfer Set Condition Monitoring Object Change condition monitoring, Integrity Timeout condition monitoringBlock 3 – Blocked Transfers Transfer Reports with Block dataBlock 4 – Information Message Information Message objects, IMTransfer Set objects Start Transfer

Stop Transfer Data Set Transfer Set Condition MonitoringBlock 5 – Device Control Device objects Select, Operate, Get Tag, Set Tag, Timeout, Local Reset, Success, Failure

Block 6 to Block 9 are not generally implemented

Updated as on 21/04/23

LegendCPCC

Sub LDC

Repeater

Sub Station

Microwave

Monitoring Center

Optical cable

SLDC

Underground Optical cable

EASTERN REGIONWIDEBAND TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

JHARKHAND

Jamshedpur(CS)400/220

KushaiColony

Chandil220/132

MaithonSLDC-80

Bokaro B132 DVC

SANTHALDIH132(WBSEB)

CTPS132(DVC)

BIHARKahalgaon

Bodhgaya-

Rajgir-132

Atri33

Manpur33

Biharshariff220/132

Biharshariff400/220

Fatwa

Tower#313Jamui

Waria132(DVC)

Mejia132(DVC)

Kalipahari132(DVC)

Siliguri

Maldah(CS)400/220 NBU-132

Durgapur(CS)400/220

Mankur132-WBSEBBurdwan132-DVC

Belmuri132-DVC

Howrah220/132

CALCUTTA

Farakka(CS)400/220

WEST BENGAL

Tower#146

Bhubaneshwar132

TSTPS(CS)400

TOWER#194Barkot

Budhipadar220/132

Meeramandali400/220/132

Chainpal-132

Duburi220/132

Kamakhyanagar-132

Mathkargola -33

Cha

ndik

ol

Nau

pada

132

Rourkela(CS)400/220

Bamra

Bargaon33

Tarkera220/132

ORISSA

Patna

LalganjHajipur

Muzaffarpur

ERSCC

Chandaka220/132

Mendhasal400/220

Narendrapur

Therubali

Jayanagar

Jeypore(PG)400/220

VidyutBhavan

7 km

AkusinghiTOWER226

Kutra33

ERSCC

15 km220KV

132KV

220KV

220KV

220KV

220KV

400KV

U/G

50M/SEC

47M/SEC

39M/SEC

India Bhutan border

Total Hops:62New Towers:51

Jajp

ur T

own

132

Khurda

X Y

X Y

Kalyaneswari

PDT

PDT

PDT

DVCHQ

Hatiya220/132

Backup route

WIDEBAND C OMMUNICATION NETWORK FOR NORTHERN REGION SC ADA SYSTEM

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CORPORATION LIMITED Prepared by : SCADA Deptt.

Updated on : October, 2010

PUN J ABJ AMMU & K ASHMIR

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C P C C - 2

DIF F ERENT P ATH

WIDEBAND COMMUNICATION NETWORK FOR NORTHERN REGION SCADA SYSTEM

VSAT / MEKSET L INK

NORTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE

Thank You

Communication Systems, Protocol, Hardware Configurations, Network

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Transcript of Communication Systems, Protocol, Hardware Configurations, Network