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Transcript of Communication Skills Speaking with an Outline 1 Lecture 25.
![Page 1: Communication Skills Speaking with an Outline 1 Lecture 25.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051401/56649eb45503460f94bbd0b6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Communication Skills
Speaking with an Outline
1
Lecture 25
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Recap
• Pronunciation Practice
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Agenda
1. Importance of outlining speeches2. Differences between the preparation outline
and the speaking outline3. Construct a preparation outline following the
guidelines in the text 4. Construct a speaking outline following the
guidelines in the text
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Preview
• Definition of the Preparation Outline• Guidelines for the Preparation Outline• Definition of the Speaking Outline• Guidelines for the Speaking Outline
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What is the preparation outline?
A detailed outline developed during the stage of speech preparation.
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Preparation Outline
• Helps you put your speech together• Stage at which you decide:– how you will organize main points and supporting
material in the body,– what you will say in the introduction, and– what you will say in the conclusion.
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Guidelines for the Preparation Outline
• State the specific purpose• Identify the central idea• State your method of organization• Label the introduction, body, and conclusion
(Outline them separately.)
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Guidelines for the Preparation Outline, cont.
• Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation.
• State main points and 1st level subpoints (A, B, C etc.) in full sentences.
• Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews.
• Attach a bibliography.• Give your speech a title, if desired.
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Visual Framework
The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationship among a speaker’s ideas.
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Example of Visual FrameworkI. Main point
A. SubpointB. Subpoint
1. Sub-subpoint 2. Sub-subpoint
II. Main point SubpointC. Subpoint
1. Sub-subpoint 2. Sub-subpoint
D. Subpoint 1. Sub-subpoint 2. Sub-subpoint
E. Subpoint
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Speaking Outline
A brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech.
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Guidelines for the Speaking Outline
• Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline.
• Make sure the outline is plainly legible.• Keep the outline as brief as possible.• Give yourself cues for delivering the speech.
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Outlines Are Essential To Effective SpeechesHelp Place Related Items TogetherHelp Ensure The Natural Flow Of Ideas From One
To AnotherHelp Create Coherent Structure
13
Outlining the Speech
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•The Preparation Outline–A Detailed Outline Used To Plan A
Speech
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Outlining the Speech
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TitleSpecific PurposeCentral IdeaIntroductionConnectivesMain Points – in full declarative
sentencesSupporting Points – in full
declarative sentencesConclusionBibliography
• Process of Building The Preparation Outline Brings Together All Of The Major Elements Of The Speech
15
OUTLINING THE SPEECH
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• GUIDELINES FOR CREATING THE PREPARATION OUTLINE
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Outlining the Speech
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State The Specific Purpose Of Your Speech
Identify The Central Idea
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OUTLINING THE SPEECH
Specific Purpose The Speaker's Goal --
What The Speaker Hopes To Accomplish
Central IdeaWhat The Speaker
Expects To Say -- One Clear, Concise,
Full Declarative Thesis Statement
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Label The Introduction, Body, & ConclusionUse A Consistent Pattern Of Symbolization
And Indentation Follow a clear Visual Framework.
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OUTLINING THE SPEECH
Visual FrameworkThe pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the ideas of the speech.
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State Main Points And Sub-Points In FULL DECLARATIVE SENTENCES.
Label Transitions, Internal Previews, Internal Summaries, & Signposts
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OUTLINING THE SPEECH
FULL DECLARATIVE
SENTENCES This is a Formal
Sentence Outline.
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Attach A Bibliography
Give Your Speech A Title, If One Is Desired
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OUTLINING THE SPEECH
Bibliography A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.
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The Speaking Outline
A Brief Outline Used To Deliver The Speech
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OUTLINING THE SPEECH
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The Speaking OutlinePrimary Purpose:
To help the speaker remember what to say
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OUTLINING THE SPEECH
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• Key Words & Phrases• Cues For Delivery
• Particularly Effective For Extemporaneous Delivery
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OUTLINING THE SPEECH
Key Words & PhrasesReduce Main & Sub Points to one to three words per point.Cues For Delivery Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.Extemporaneous Delivery Carefully Prepared & Rehearsed In Advanced
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GUIDELINES FOR CREATING THE SPEAKING OUTLINE
24
OUTLINING THE SPEECH
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Follow The Same Visual Framework Used In The Preparation Outline
Should Be Plainly Legible
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OUTLINING THE SPEECH
Do you really want to be at the lectern wondering, ''Now what on
earth did I write here?''
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Should Be As Brief As Possible
Should Include Cues For Delivering The Speech
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OUTLINING THE SPEECH
Remember -- only one
to three words per
point.
''Pause!'', ''Slow Down!'', ''Breathe!'', ''Smile!''
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Importance of Communication
• Class Presentations
• Field Research
• Business Communications
• Public Speaking
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Fear of Public Speaking
• Population • No.1 fear=Public Speaking• Fear No.2=Death
• Stage fright-In spotlight-unprepared-inexperienced
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Effective Communication
• Preparation
• Practice
• Presence
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Effective Communication
• Preparation– research -non-research– format -speak on what you know – -Notes- outline main points
-note cards vs. full sized paper
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Sample Speech Outline
I. Introduction• Thesis
II. Body• support arguments
III. Conclusion• review
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Effective Communication
• Practice- practice makes perfect- revision
- get time right
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Effective Communication
• Presence-nervousness- fright is common-Body language
-voice tone-gestures-eye contact
-positive attitude
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Things You Shouldn’t Do
• Read directly from notes• Read directly from screen• Turn back on audience• Slouch, hands in pockets• No um, ah, you know’s• No nervous gestures• Talk too fast, • Talk too quietly
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Things You Should Do
• Eye contact• Can glance at notes• Appropriate gestures• Rhetorical questions to involve audience
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Ten Successful TipsControl the “Butterflies”
1. Know the room- become familiar with the place of presentation
2. Know the audience- greet or chat with the audience before hand. It’s easier to speak to friends than to strangers
3. Know your material-increased nervousness is due to un-preparedness
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Control the “Butterflies”
4. Relaxation- relax entire body by stretching and breathing so as to ease the tension
5. Visualize giving your speech-Visualize yourself giving your speech from start to finish. By visualizing yourself successful, you will be successful
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Control the “Butterflies”
6. People want you to succeed- the audience is there to see you succeed not to fail
7. Don’t apologize- by mentioning your nervousness or apologizing, you’ll only be calling the audience’s attention to mistakes
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Control the “Butterflies”
8. Concentrate on your message-not the medium. Focus on the message you are trying to convey and not on your anxieties
9. Turn nervousness into positive energy-nervousness increases adrenaline, transform it into vitality and enthusiasm
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Control the “Butterflies”
10. Gain experience- experience builds confidence, which is key to effective public speaking
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Public Speaking
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Public Speaking Produces Anxiety in Most People
3. Death
2. Snakes
1. Public Speaking
People’s Biggest Fears
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Overcoming Speech Anxiety
• Acknowledge Your Fear
• Act Confident
• Channel Nervous Energy
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Overcoming Speech Anxiety (con’t)
• Practice, Practice, Practice
• Simulate Setting at Home
• Ask Friends to Be Practice Audience
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Overcoming Speech Anxiety (con’t)
• Visualize Your Success
• Use Deep-breathing Techniques
• Focus on Message, not Fear
• Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk
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Understand Audience and Listening
• People Think Faster Than Hear
• Have Short Attention Span
• Jump to Conclusions
• Easily Distracted
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Listening Remedies
• Keep Speech Focused
• Divide Speech into Compact Segments
• Analyze Audience Carefully
• Adapt to Situation
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Understand Audience Memory
Time
Amount of SpeechRemembered
+
+
-
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Understand The Speech Context
• Audience• Setting
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Context –
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The Audience
• Size
• Demographics
• Beliefs and Values
• Receptive/Antagonistic
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Context - The Setting• Indoor/Outdoor
• Size and Shape of Room
• Arrangement of Seating
• Equipment Available
• Lighting
• Acoustics
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Understand & Define Your Purpose
• Inform• Inspire / Persuade• Entertain• Introduce• Accept• Pay Tribute
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Understand the Speech Making Process
• Choosing/Narrowing a Topic• Researching Topic• Organizing Your Speech• Developing an Outline• Rehearsing Speech• Delivering Speech
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Choosing an Appropriate Topic
• Is It Important to You?• Is It Important to Your Audience?• Will It Hold Audience’s Attention?• Is It Manageable in the Time Available?• Is It Appropriate for Oral Presentation?• Is It Clear?
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This discussion provide us with the skills we need to
be successful in life.
Develop Central Idea
Write a one
sentence summary
of speech.
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Generate Main Idea
• Does It Have Logical Divisions?
• Are There Reasons Why It Is True?
• Can You Support It?
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Narrowing a Topic - Example
Protecting the Environment
Water Quality in My State
Well Water Problems
Utilizing Home Well Assessments to Reduce
Contamination Risk
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Getting Topic Feedback
• From Members of Potential Audience
• From Friends
• From Family
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Researching Topic and Finding Supporting Material
• Sources of Supporting Material
• Types of Supporting Material
• Tests of Supporting Material
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Sources of Supporting Material
• Libraries– Books– Periodicals– Newspapers– Reference Materials– CD-ROM Data Bases– Government Documents
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Sources of Supporting Material (con’t)
• The Internet/World Wide Web– Search Engines• Infoseek• Yahoo• Lycos• HotBot• Google, etc.
– Online Libraries
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Types of Supporting Material
• Common Knowledge
• Direct Observation
• Examples & Illustrations
• Explanations & Descriptions
• Documents
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Tests of Supporting Material
• Is Information Specific?
• Is Source an Expert?
• Is Source Unbiased?
• Is Information Timely?
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Tests of Supporting Material (con’t)
• Is Information Relevant to Point Made?
• Does Information Support the Point?
• Is Information Timely?
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Special Considerations for Online Information
• In Physical Print, Quality Is Controlled by Experts– Journals - Peer Review– Periodicals - Editors– Published Texts - Editors, Librarians
• Online, Must Do Own Quality Control– Beware! Everything On the Web Is Not ALL True
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Organizing Your Speech
• Chronological
• Topical
• Cause-Effect
• Problem-Solution
• Comparison- Contrast
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Types of Outlines
• Preliminary Outline (Rough-Draft)– Main points to
research
• Preparation Outline
• Title & Topic• Purpose• Introduction• Main and Sub-Points• Transitions• Conclusion• Support/Evidence
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Types of Outlines• Speaker’s Outline
– Introduction
– Main Point
– Support
– Transitions
– Conclusion
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Ethics in Speech Preparation - Researching
• Take Accurate Notes When Researching
• Record Complete Source Citations
• Credit Source of Ideas
• When in Doubt, Cite Source
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Don’t Use Someone Else’s Speech!
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Introductions
Types
Functions
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Types of Introductions
• Identification with Audience
• Reference to Situation
• Statement of Purpose
• Statement of Importance of Topic
• Surprise Audience with Claim or Statistic
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Types of Introductions (con’t)
• Story
• Question
• Quotation
• Humor
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Functions of Introductions
• Get Attention
• Introduce Topic
• Provide Motivation
• Establish Credibility
• Preview Speech
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Conclusions
Types
Functions
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Types of Conclusions
• Summary
• Quotation
• Personal Reference
• Challenge to Audience
• Offer Vision of the Future
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Types of Conclusions
• Story
• Question
• Quotation
• Humor
Remember what Dwight D. Eisenhower once said: “Things are more like they are
now, than they have ever been before.”
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Functions of Conclusions
• Summarize Speech
• Reemphasize Main Idea
• Motivate Response
• Provide Closure
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Methods of Delivery
• Manuscript Reading
• Memorized
• Impromptu
• Extemporaneous
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Delivering Speech - Beginning
• Walk Calmly with Confidence to Front
• Establish Eye Contact
• Smile Naturally
• Deliver Introduction
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Delivering Speech - During
• Use Effective Eye Contact
• Use Effective Language
• Use Effective Gestures
• Be Enthusiastic
• Use Conversational Style
• Use Notes As Needed
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Delivering Speech - Ending
• “Frame” the Speech
• Pause before Returning to Seat
– But Don’t Ask for Questions
• Accept Applause Graciously
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Elements of Vocal Delivery
• Speech Rate and Pauses
• Volume
• Pitch
• Quality of Voice
• Pronunciation and Articulation
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Elements of Physical Delivery or Body Language
• Appearance
• Posture
• Facial Expression
• Eye Contact
• Movement
• Gestures
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Rehearsing Speech
• Recreate Setting
• Practice Without Memorizing
• Time Speech
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Rehearsing Speech
• Practice Out Loud
• Practice Standing Up
• Watch Yourself
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Rehearsing Speech
• Practice Gestures
• Practice Eye Contact
• Practice Volume
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Plan, Prepare, Polish, Practice, Present
• The better you know your material the less anxious you’ll be about presenting it.
• Smile and act natural.
• Don’t apologize for being nervous. No one will know you’re nervous unless you call attention to it.
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Recap
• Speaking with an outline
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References
• www.calstatela.edu/faculty/jpark/presentations.ppt• faculty.swosu.edu/cindy.../Ch10%20Outlining%20the
%20Speech.ppt• speakersplatform.wikispaces.com/file/.../
OUTLINING+THE+SPEECH.ppt• www.georgia4h.org/public/edops/.../
4-H%20Public%20Speaking.ppt