Communication and the Clinical Interview Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. CHAPTER 9 Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 The Communication Process Berlos classic communication model (1960): Communicating with another is needed (stimulus). Person who is sending the message (sender) initiates the contact. Message is information sent or expressed. Message can be sent through a variety of media: auditory, visual, tactile, smell, or any combination. Person receiving the message (receiver) interprets the message and responds by providing feedback. Therapeutic Communication Social relationships are different from therapeutic relationships Therapeutic communication is professional, goal-directed, and scientifically based 3 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Therapeutic Communication (continued) It is often during the psychiatric rotation that students discover the utility of therapeutic communication and begin to rely on techniques they once considered artificial. With continued practice, students will develop their own style and rhythm, and eventually these techniques will become a part of the way they communicate with others. 4 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Therapeutic Communication (continued) Will saying the wrong thing be harmful to the patient? This is doubtful, especially if the intent is honest, the approach is respectful, and the concern for the patient is genuine. Communication is up to 90% nonverbal, and individuals pay attention to the intent. 5 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Case Study A new nurse on a psychiatric unit wants to effectively communicate in a therapeutic relationship with a patient. What are some things that will help this communication? Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Factors That Affect Communication Personal factors Environmental factors Relationship factors Relationship Factors in Communication Symmetrical relationship: Equal: Friends or colleagues Complementary relationship: Unequal: Difference in status and power, such as between a nurse and patient or between a teacher and student. Relationship is characterized by inequality (one participant is superior to the other). 8 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Concept Discussion In the United States, capitalism intimately ties systems of privilege (high-power groups) with the systems of oppression (low-power groups) through economic control. Since high-status groups hold more power, they have more control over low-status groups. One way that power groups retain control (unequal) is through stereotypes, prejudice, and biases. In other words, stigma plays a big role in keeping relationship factors out of balance. (Hays, 2008) 9 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Verbal Communication All words a person speaks Communicates Beliefs and values Perceptions and meaning Can convey Interest and understanding Insult and judgment Clear or conflicting messages Honest or distorted feelings Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Nonverbal Communication Tone of voice Emphasis on certain words Physical appearance Facial expressions Body posture Amount of eye contact Hand gestures Non-Verbal Communication 12 Discuss Nonverbal Communication (Depicted Below) 13 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Process: Implementation Therapeutic communication techniques are specific responses that encourage the expression of feelings and ideas and convey acceptance and respect. Active listening means using all the senses (hearing, vision, touch, taste and smell) while being attentive to what a patient is saying both verbally and nonverbally. SOLER (next slide) Active Listening: SOLER Sit facing the patient at eye level Observe an open posture L ean toward the patient Establish and maintain intermittent eye contact Relax 15 Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Therapeutic Communication Techniques Tools for enhancing communication Using silence Active listening Listening with empathy Table 9-2 Pg Active Listening Principles The answer is always inside the patient. Objective truth is never simple. Everything you hear is modified by the patients filters and your own filters. Feeling confused or uncertain is OK. Listen to yourself too. Active Listening helps strengthen the patients ability to use critical thinking to solve problems. By giving the patient undivided attention, the nurse communicates that the patient is not alone. 17 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Asking Questions and Eliciting Patient Responses Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions Therapeutic Communication Techniques Accepting Giving recognition Offering self Offering general leads Giving broad openings Placing the events in time and sequence Making observations Encouraging description of perception Encouraging comparison Restating Reflecting (Continued.) 19 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Therapeutic Communication Techniquescontd Exploring Giving information Seeking clarification Presenting reality Voicing doubt Seeking consensual validation Verbalizing the implied Encouraging evaluation Attempting to translate into feelings Suggesting collaboration Summarizing Encouraging formulation of plan Focusing 20 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Blocks to Therapeutic Communication Giving premature advice Minimizing feelings Being falsely reassuring Making value judgments Asking why questions Asking excessive questions Using clichs Giving approvalagreeing/cheerleading Disapprovingdisagreeing Changing the subject 21 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Cultural Considerations: Negotiating barriers Four areas that may prove problematic for the nurse when interpreting specific verbal and nonverbal messages of the patient include the following: 1.Communication styles 2.Use of eye contact 3.Perception of touch 4.Cultural filters Compare and contrast the range of verbal and nonverbal communication of your cultural group with two other cultural groups in the areas of (a) communication style, (b) eye contact, and (c) touch. Give examples. Culture Your Culture Other Culture Communication style Eye contact Touch 23 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Therapeutic Communication Goals Feel understood and comfortable. Identify and explore problems relating to others. Discover healthy ways of meeting emotional needs. Experience satisfying interpersonal relationships. 24 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Therapeutic Communication Goals Feel understood and comfortable. Identify and explore problems relating to others. Discover healthy ways of meeting emotional needs. Experience satisfying interpersonal relationships. 25 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26 Preparing for the Interview Pace Setting Seating Introductions Initiating the interview Attending Behaviors Attending behaviors encourage talking. Maintain eye contact. Control vocal qualities (tone and speech rate). Face the person. Use encouraging gestures. Track verbal content; do not change the subject. Use open-ended vs. closed-ended questions. Asking why? may place a person on the defensive and cause discomfort. 27 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28 Helpful Guidelines Speak briefly When you do not know what to say, say nothing When in doubt focus on feelings Avoid giving advice Do not rely on asking questions Pay attention to nonverbal clues Focus on the patient Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29 Clinical Supervision Communication and interviewing are acquired skills Fosters professional growth and helps minimize the development of nontherapeutic nurse-patient relationships. Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30 Process Recording Written record of a segment of the nurse-patient session that reflects as closely as possible the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of both patient and nurse Useful tool for identifying communication patterns Bathe Technique B ackground: What is going on in your life? A ffect: How do you feel about what is going on? T rouble: What troubles you the most about this problem? Isolation of the key issues H anding: How have you been handling (coping) with this problem? E mpathy: This must be very difficult for you. Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31 NURS Name the patients emotion (It seems as though the constant headaches really get you frustrated.) Understand (I can see why you feel this way.) Respect (Youve been through a lot and that takes courage.) Support (I want to help you get better.) 32 Health Informatics E-Health, E-Medicine, Telehealth Essentially, Telehealth is the use of electronic information and telecommunication technologies that support long-distance clinical health care, patient and professional health-related education, public health, and health administration. Technologies include videoconferencing, the Internet, store-and- forward imaging, streaming media, and terrestrial and wireless communications (United States Department of Health and Human ResourcesHealth Resources and Services Administration [USDHHS- HRSA]rural health).33 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. E-Health, E-Medicine, Telehealth Telehealth can improve patients experience by reducing the need to travel to hospitals when remote monitoring (e.g., ECG) and videoconferencing is equally effective and cheaper. It has already been used to manage patients in dermatology, cardiology and neurology. Are valuable tools to access current psychiatric and medical breakthroughs, diagnoses, and treatments. Most mental health issues do not get addressed because of a fear of stigma, scarcity of health care providers in remote areas, and difficulty leaving home (e.g., anxiety, physical limitations, lack of transportation). Consequences from not seeking help can range from problems at work, domestic violence, increased depression, and suicide. 34 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. E-Health, E-Medicine, Telehealthcontd Department of Defense (DOD) is interested in using and expanding these services. Up to 25% of service members screen positive for mental health concerns. Telepsychiatric appointments are offered. Wellness and resiliency interventions are available, especially in rural areas. 35 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Telehealth Technologies Intel developed a mobile phone application that mirrors cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Touchscreen Mood Map for Android and iPhone invites users to plot mood during the day and view trends. The University of Colorado Hospital is using Skype to work with children with autism and their families. Lacks reimbursement by third-party payers. 36 All Elsevier items and derived items 2013, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37 Audience Response Questions 1.As a nurse assesses a new client, the nurse makes sure the door remains open. Which type of communication factor is this action? A. Environmental B. Relationship C. Personal Copyright 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38 Audience Response Questions 2.A nurse assesses a newly hospitalized client. Which communication technique will the nurse use most? A. Rapid, high-pitch voice tone B. Closed-ended questions C. Direct eye contact D. Frequent touch