Communication and Miscommunication
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Transcript of Communication and Miscommunication
Communication and Miscommunication
Damian Gordon
Hearing
Seeing
Smell
TouchTaste
Communication is a Series of Experiences of:
6 Ways of Using Non-verbal Communication Skills Effectively
1. Eye contact2. Facial expressions3. Gestures4. Posture and body
orientation5. Proximity6. Paralinguistic
Non-verbal Communication Skills
Non-verbal communication
1) Eye Contact
The eyes are most expressive and direct part of our body.
Different types of eye contact:Action Result
Direct eye contact Confidence
Looking downwards Listening carefully, guilt/shame
Single eyebrow raised Doubt, scepticism
Both eyebrows raised Admiring, encouragement
Bent eyebrows Sudden focus, intesity
Tears Emotional - joy or pain
…and many more
Smile constitutes the largest part of facial expression
Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits:
◦ Happiness
◦ Friendliness
◦ Warmth
◦ Liking
◦ Affiliation
Non-verbal communication
2) Facial Expression
Head nods, a form of gestures, communicate positive reinforcement to students and indicate that you are listening.
A lively and animated communication style captures peoples' attention, makes the material more interesting, facilitates understanding and provides a bit of entertainment.
If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring, stiff and unanimated.
Non-verbal communication
3) Gestures
Non-verbal communication
4) Posture and Body Orientation
You communicate numerous messages by the way you walk, talk, stand and sit.
Standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forward communicates to your audience that you are approachable, receptive and friendly.
Speaking with your back turned or looking at the floor or ceiling should be avoided; it communicates disinterest to your audience
Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance for interaction with audience
You should look for signals of discomfort caused by invading your audience‘s space
Some of these are:◦ rocking◦ leg swinging◦ tapping◦ gaze aversion◦ sitting back◦ clasping hands behind head
Non-verbal communication
5) Proximty
Vocal elements, such as:
◦ Tone
◦ Pitch
◦ Rhythm
◦ Timbre
◦ Loudness
◦ Inflection
Non-verbal communication
6) Paralinguistic
...is a dynamic process ...expresses our thoughts and feelings
HOW you say things is as important as WHAT you say
How it is received depends on the receivers state of mind
Communication
Aristotle’s Speaker-Centered Model Greek philosopher-teacher
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Aristotle’s definition of
rhetoric is one of the earliest definitions of communication
“Rhetoric” is “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion” (Rhetoric 1335b).
Aristotle attempted to work out a theory of communication and language.
Aristotle’s Speaker-Centered Model
Logos◦ the matter under discussion
Pathos◦ the reader's stake in that
matter Ethos
◦ the claims of the author
The Shannon-Weaver Model
Schramm’s Model of Communication
Wilburn Schramm proposed this model in 1955 Considered to be the best of all the theories since it is evolved and comprehensive
For public speaking◦ A good structure for public speaking:
◦BEGINING◦MIDDLE◦END
Communication
BEGINING◦Start with a sentence telling your audience what the main point of your talk is. “Today I going to be speaking about ...”
Communication
BEGINING
Communication
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen
For those of you who don’t know me already, my name’s…
This morning I’d like to discuss / report on / present…..
If you have any questions, I’ll happily answer them as we go
Perhaps we can leave any questions you have until the end
OK, let’s get started As you know, I’m… What I’d like to do
today is talk to you about / show you…
Feel free to ask any questions you like as we go along
And don’t worry, there’ll be plenty of time left over for questions at the end
MIDDLE◦Speak slowly◦If you speak fast it seems like what you have to say isn’t important.
Communication
MIDDLE◦Speak definitely◦Speak in a way that shows you believe in what you say, and you feel passionate about it.
Communication
MIDDLE◦Speak concisely◦Try to avoid waffling, or repeating the same phrases over and over again. Get to the point.
Communication
MIDDLE◦Use silence◦Don’t be afraid just to be quiet for a few seconds if you can’t think of anything to say, it helps focus people.
Communication
END◦Let the audience know you are finishing, “Well, I have covered my main points and I just want to conclude by …”
◦Smile. ◦Pause. ◦Thank the audience for their attention and invite questions.
Communication
Communication ExerciseDamian Gordon
Step 1. Tell the person to; Draw an upside isosceles triangle
Step 2. Tell the person to; Draw a line bisecting the angle on the
bottom, this line reaches one third of the way up to the centre of the triangle
Step 2. Tell the person to; Sitting on the top of the line add a circle
half the width of the triangle at this point.
Step 3. Tell the person to; In the circle add three black circles in an
inverted triangle shape (each circle about 1/5 of the size of the main circle).
Step 4. Tell the person to; Add two squares approximately the same
size as the circle in the middle, each overlaid on the top two corners of the triangle
Step 5. Tell the person to; Add two semi-circles (or arches) to the top
of the centre circle, each above the black points inside the circle
Step 6. Tell the person to; Now cover with white fur
Now let’s try one...
Divide into groups of 4
2 will act as watchers
2 will act as artists (who can’t ask questions)
Instructions
Divide into groups of 4
2 will act as watchers
2 will act as artists (who can’t ask questions)
Instructions
How to write an e-mail
How to write an e-mail Writing e-mails is a skill It takes practice With email, you can't assume anything
about a sender's location, time, frame of mind, profession, interests, or future value to you. This means, among other things, that you need to be very, very careful about giving your receivers some context.
How to write an e-mailSubject Lines
Need help with timetable
Re: Need help with timetable
Fwd: Need help with timetable
URGENT: Need help with timetable
REQ: Need help with timetable
FYI: Need help with timetable
How to write an e-mail
Mr./Ms. [Full name],
[Body of e-mail].
Regards,
Your nameStudent NumberDT211/1
How to write an e-mail
Quoting an e-mail
> I am e-mailing you to request if you > you have finished it
yes
How to write an e-mail
Change pronouns
> I am e-mailing you to request if you > you have finished [the assignment]
yes
How to write an e-mail Short Paragraphs
◦ Frequently email messages will be read in a document window with scrollbars. While scrollbars are nice, it makes it harder to visually track long paragraphs. Consider breaking up your paragraphs to only a few sentences apiece.
How to write an e-mail Line Length
◦ Some mail clients do not automatically wrap (adjust what words go on what line). This means that if there is a mismatch between your client's and your correspondent's in how they wrap lines, your correspondent may end up with a message that looks messy.
How to write an e-mail Line Length
◦ You should try to keep your lines under sixty characters long. This is to leave a little room for the indentation or quote marks your correspondents may want if they need to quote pieces of your message in their replies.
How to write an e-mail Smileys
◦ A facial gestures can be represented with what is called a "smiley": a textual drawing of a facial expression. The most common are;
:-) ;-) :-(
How to write an e-mail Language
◦ The biggest status cue is your competence with the language.
How to write an e-mail Language
◦ If you have lots of misspellings, your subjects do not agree with your verbs, or you use the wrong word, people may assume that you are uneducated. From that, they may infer that you are not very clever. It doesn't matter that the correlation between language ability and intelligence is weak (especially among non-native speakers); lots of people will make that inference anyway.
How to write an e-mail Language
◦ Furthermore, some people are literally insulted by getting email with errors, especially typographical errors. They feel that it is disrespectful to send email with blatant errors. (Note that you can use this to your advantage. If you want to flaunt your superior status, you can insert some typos deliberately.)
How to write an e-mail Acronyms
◦ BTW - By The Way ◦ FYI - For Your Information ◦ IMHO - In My Humble/Honest Opinion ◦ RTFM - Read The Manual ("Manual" here refers to any
documentation) ◦ LOL - [I] Laughed Out Loud [at what you wrote] ◦ RSN - Real Soon Now ◦ ROTFL - [I am] Rolling On The Floor Laughing [at what you
wrote]
These are less common, but show up occasionally: ◦ TTFN - Ta-Ta For Now ◦ TIA - Thanks In Advance (also sometimes written
advTHANKSance)
You have over 630 muscles in your body. It takes the interaction of 72 different muscles
to produce human speech.
Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body.◦ Scientists estimate they move more than 100,000
times a day.
You have over 30 muscles in your face to help you smile or frown.◦ 17 muscles to smile◦ 43 muscles frown◦ So... smile everytime you see someone – it’s easier!
Finally... some body Facts