Communalism in Bangladesh: Problems and Way of Solving

7/21/2019 Communalism in Bangladesh: Problems and Way of Solving

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3 ?evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT

bvkgv mwfikbvoj lvjk nwjkyovj

by_mv ek

jvbvg ljkx

wnv we`vB

evsovknf NwlAwg mvwUIyogv Wov NwlwU


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evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT?7

evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT

mNvnNvo

aeqvwf 7;35mNvnN

wnv we`vBevsovknfNwlAwg mvwU

Iyogv Wov NwlwU

mwfenNWv_xq bvwj_ mNvngx

mSkbebv[x jvWfv

lykVfwe wmwUs mb

nvwcvl lvd, Iyogv| avg ? ;13-83;061

l~oLNn_ mvn UvNv


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= ?evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT

mNvngv mb

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Les WgBVf HNe nwV CvkvogBd _vovf mT evcv jq kuvdvq| Lf aoljgw_ lvgyif bsBvlN wkNvNf nviN nwVf l_vq wUN TvNv bjW_fjq|

l_vkn wjbe LG bvkvwqN_vevk BwP_ CgNwo Amvkvgf vfv| _vfewjtmNvnF jq LN ev LNvwcN Amvkvgf wlnVLes hj_zbvmkvwqN_v edFPvf mSg cyloevk gq, knxq myuwW F CvWvw_N`ve bvlvWevkf m_ Fmfv ZvTF jv_ fqS, LWg bvkvwqN_vN lvNvweovF Nf_ je LNvwcN

aU, CgN Amvkvg bl jq bvkvwqN l_vkn F fvWgxw_wefvcx elvwNbsBvlf lc| LG bsBvlf Bw_mT wg`f Nf bvkvwqN_vN bywgwk mwfww_ FbvlwBN_vf lc mhvov[gvf k_vf Fmf|

bvkvwqN_vevkf wew`g Amvkvg F _vf ewjtmNvnwoN evsovknf bywgwkmwfww_ F bvlwBN_vf lc mhvov[gv Les NfVxq wgcvfVf Wg evsovknf

NwlAwg mvwU, Iyogv Wov NwlwU B_ 5 F 0 w\bZf 7;31 evsovkn

bvkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT nxiN bwlgvff CvqvWg Nf| bwlgvfIyogv F Lf mvne_x 3; Wovf wgwk bsIN mvwUbkb F `vgycvqx Csn gg|L_31wU me Amvwm_ jq|

bwlgvff Wg wowI_ 31wU me F bshvWg wjbe wbwmwe-f Nkxq b`vmw_Nlf\ lyWvwjkyo Gbovl bwolf 3wU me TvNS bsNog| mewo_bvkvwqN_vevkf CgNwo Amvkvg F Wxevkbj bvkvwqN_vf ewjtmNvnwofgqv hyB oV bN, knxq myuwW F bvlvWevkf bvT _vf hvBb~_v wgq

mhvov[gv Nfv jqS| Gw_jvbf CevwgN F bvkvwqN mvPf evIv fqS|bvkvwqN_vf lgvweniV, fvf nwV [wff e_lvg fm F bsIvoJybkvqfFmf wghv_gf bNfV w[ Les _v mw_fvc mBw_nxo nwf eT_vf NTv _zocfv jqS| loevk-bvkvwqN_v F gvfxlywf mnwgqF weniV CvS|


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bvkvwqN_vwefvcx bsBvl Cvlvkf bl Hw_jvwbN AfvwcNvf F nwnvoxjvw_qvf owNN clf llvZiV F ovNvq_ lvgweN BV_vwN bsw_f Fmf f_

kFqv jqS| nvxq clN mw_wqvnxo `vi TN Avf Nf bbef lc bvl-

lx-v__f CtbvfN Ak&JvUg NfSg h be lgxix b be lgxixf wnvFloevkwefvcx odvGq NvW ovBvevf NTv eov jqS| clf mw_ lvNbf wemex

kw`wf Ctbvf _zo cfv jqS| eyWvqv BV_vwN wemef Bvdv_ clf `~wlNvCvS Lobf L eef weniV CvS| Cvevf AmwfNvPvlvf Nvg myfvgv[_gvf NvS Cw_wf Wvf gv kFqvf lvNbf b_N ev_vF `zo hvFqv jqwg|mcvg_ WgBVN mBw_nxo Wv_xq_vevkx-`vivB_ F wemex nwVw`wN weiq, Nlb~[x

F l_vknf lvcl HNe Nfvf Fmf Wvf kqv jqS| mewo_ mBw_nxoWv_xq_vevkf Cvcvf wemex nwV [_gvf `vevknB_ C ljgw_kf bsBwP_Nf bvmkvwqN_vf wef bvlvwWN-CTgw_N-fvWgw_N-bvsw_N-l_vkwnN LNkxJlqvwk bsBvlf b~[gv Nfvf NTv eov jqS| mewo bvkvwqN_vf e_lvghyB oV F ewec hvBb~_v ev]vf Les bvkvwqN_v lvNvweovfeejvwfN Hw_jvwbN kvwq_mvog mBw_nxokf bl Nf _zo_ `~wlNv fvIe|


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b~w[m

wefg fvq bvkvwqN lg ;5

mvf`W Cvol Cv_mwf[qf fvWgxw_ F nvwi_f kxJnvb 31

bvwkNzf fjlvg evsovknf bvkvwqN_v ? fvWgxw_ F fv 70

WvwNf _voyNkvf bvkvwqN_vf g_zg mvP 11

ljwbg wbxN LNwesn n_vx F bvmkvwqN_vf blbv 53

Nvefx Bvqg w`zN gG| vV gq, wgfvmv [vG 5 _lwg wew`g Bvclf wlTwqvq g_zg g_zg cll_f Aejo| Lbe cll_ Bvclf l_v Nvg wgwk Bvxf l_v gq| b` blvWfhNvg bkbN L l_ clvwf_ Nfv hvq| L Cevq Bvx mwf[q BPg CvfNwU

g_zg Amvkvg hy jo, _v clmwf[q| Bd APo clBvx ev cl-bkvq| L`veNl blvWf Nvg ew hlg LNG blvWf Cg ewf b f bwN_, clbwN_ F `viv bwN_ LN Bvx mwf[q mwfw[_, b` blvW _lgwU gq|bIvg LNWg ew LNG b w`g w`g `vivB_, CoB_, clB_, mnvB_Bvxf C`y j_ mvf| _vG b` blvW LNWg ewf Cv_mwf[q Nl

blvWf l_v LNlvwN gq, elvwN|

cl-bvkvwqN_vf weni_Cvlfv kIovl, b` blvW Nvg ewf CgNov bvkvwqN mwf[q TvN, cl-bvkvwqN mwf[q _vf LNwU| _e Cg bvkvwqN mwf[q TN cl-bkvqB_mwf[qf LNwU weni_ fqS| cl wenvbf Nk fqS hywjxg wenvb Les

Cv_blmV| kjwgfmCv_v, mfNvo ev mygWg L wenvbf bvf| L wenvbwU lgkvgv euvc nne| _IgF wn Cv_b[_g jq AP wg Les _vf lc hywnxo_vf


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weNvn JU wg| _vG clwenvb LNwU hywjxg CveB_xe wenvb, hv lgf Cb[_gf wqvnxo| hIvg Cg bvkvwqN mwf[qf bxlvgv GjovNG bxwl_, bIvgcl-bvkvwqN mwf[q GjovN Svwdq mfovN we_| Nvg ewf b[_g

Cv_wWvbvG cyLN nNf_ mvf| L bwN_ evGff hyw LN n Nf_mvf gv| Cen evGff mwfen ev hyw, ewf Cv_wWvbvN WvwBq _zo_ mvfLes ewwUN hywfhvBvg wk_ mvf|

mvN&-b` Nl blvW CTgw_N nwVjxg| b`_vf Cf oV blvWf CTgw_NnwV we`w| Cvf L nwVwe` blvWf [vwoNvnw wefvcx nwVwof lc |

wN LG nwV we`vBwUf mNvwn_ fm wew`g mnvB_ bkvq| _vG b` blvWNvg ew _vf mnv-bkvqB_ mwf[q bjW mwfw[_ jq, nwVB_ mwf[q bZ

b[_g gv jqG| myuwWevkx blvW nwlN Cvkvog Les Lf _vwN mNvn wjbelvevkf weNvn jFqvf CvB mh, wgWkf nwV mwf[q bZ lvgyi Cb[_gGTNS| ao mvN&-myuwWevkx hyB NIgvG b[_g nwV HN F nwV bsBvl Bd

APwg| wekvjf blqov_ nwVwo wNSzlvvq nwVb[_g jq APS lv|nvbNnwV LwUN NvW ovwBqS, wew`gbvkvwqN mwf[q mwfw[_ LNG nwVfbkbkf lc bvkvwqN wefvc ovwBq wkq| L Nno LIgF NvhNf| NvfVnwV mwf[qwU beblq LNwU wel~_ cvfVvB_ weiq| eve l~_fm LNwU nwVf be

bkbkfG Nvg gv Nvg bv

vr bkvqB_ mwf[q TvN| hlg mnvB_, `vivB_,CoB_, clB_ G_vwk| L_be bkvqB_ mwf[qf lc cl-bkvqB_mwf[qwU be[q ChwN, C[_g l~o wewn F CveB_xe| L mwf[qf myfvff

Cvnv wNsev nvwf `q, GjNvo Svwdq mfNvo ev| wenvbxfv wenvb Nfg _vkfCv[fV (weni_ clbwN_) ovN[zzf Cvdvo TvNoF Chvlxf CBv[f TvNgv| nvbNkf m cl-bvkvwqN_vf eejvf _vG Cg bvkvwqN_vf [q ewnbywecvWgN|

ewf bvkvwqN Cv_mwf[q BPgmw_wU ew WweN bv wjbeZ_eU> wNew_wjbeC_venNxq `vebvlvwWN| NvfV _vf ew_wU BwP_ jq blvwWN NlCsn wgq `viv, bvlvwWNbNF bsw_N Cv_xNfVf lvcl| _vG [fl blvWwefvcx ewwUF wgfmvqbvlvwWN Armvk eU| blvW LNwU ejf mwfen| LwU CgN zkzk Bvx evbmkvqf blvNog|blvW bkvqwo Z_`ve Cevg Nf gv| Lfv mffwqvnxo, mff`kx, NIgF LN Cgf CB_|

hNvg ewG Nvg gv Nvg Bvx ev bmkvqf (hlg clB_, `vivB_, CoB_G_vwk) bkb wjbe ew_ jq FP| ew_ j_ wBq b cy H bkvqf(CTvr bkvqf lvcl blvWf) `viv, bvlvwWN bNF bsw_G Cvq Nf gv,

bvlvwWN _Tv bkvwqN LNv_evcfCveBF Cvq Nf| ewf Cv_mwf[qfCg_l wkN ewf Bvx ev bmkvqB_ mwf[q| m_N ewG wgWN Nvg gv


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Nvg bvlvwWN Bvx ev bkvqf bkb eo w[w_ Nf| b_ eo_, wgWNNvg bmkvqf C y evc NfvUv bylvgwbN_vf Cg_l Amvkvg|

cl-bvkvwqN_vf blvWB_ F Cv_B_ mwf[q ?L_Vf Cvov[gvq LwU ev]v Bo, b` blvW ewf CgN bvkvwqNmwf[qf lv] cl-bkvqB_ mwf[q LNwU| Nvg weni cl-bkvq Wg gqvNvg ewN bvlvwWN`ve bG cl-bkvqf bkb eo wee[gv Nfv jq| LwU

ewf cl-mwf[qf bvlvwWNwkN| LwU ewwUf GSv wgfm evmvf|

ew wgWf Cv_mwf[qf bG cl-bkvqf mw_ N_Uv LNv_evc Nf,LwU _vf cl-bvkvwqN mwf[qf Cv_B_ wkN| ewf Cv_mwf[q BPg _vf

bvlvwWN mwf[qwUG mvTwlN `~wlNv mvog Nf| CenNvg ewf bvlvwWN mwf[qF Cv_mwf[q LNfNl gv F j_ mvf| hlg Nvg ew jq_v bvlvwWN mwf[q

wjkyev lybolvg, wNb wgWf evDvwo mwf[qUvNG ed Nf kI| Nvg ewfCv_mwf[q cl-bkvqB_ mwf[qwU N_UzNz f_m~V, _v wg`f Nf ewwUfblvW clf f_f Amf Les Lf weN bvsw_N Amvkvgf Amww_f Amf|NvWG ewf Cv_mwf[q cl-bkvqB_ mwf[qwUf _zogvl~oN f_ CgycvegfWg, ewf bvlvwWN-bvsw_N mwflof weniV mqvWg|

bvkvwq_N_vf kyG fmNvg bkvq BPgf C_venNxq n_ bkvqf CB_ bkbkf mvfwfN

CvNiV| CTvr bkbkf mvfwfN bjlwl_v Les wgWN L bmkvqf LNWgwjbe BV Nfv| Nvh Lf mwfVw_, m_N bkbf Les bvlwBN`vebkvqf Llg NvW wgqvwW_ jFqv, hv Nvg bkbf ev blBbkvqf AmNvfCvb| LwU k~iVxq gq| LwU bkTN bvkvwqN_v|

wNbkvq BPgf CvfNwU wkN, Cg bkvq TN wgWf mTNxNfV| hwk LmTNxNfVwU Cg bkvqf mw_ wei fm gq, _eG _v LNwU bvlvwWN blbv

wjbe kIv kq| L lgv`ve vfv [vwo_ Nvg bkvqf bkb Les bkvq,wgWkf ZvT Cg bkvqf ZvTwefvcx NvW [vogv Nf| LwU ekTNbvkvwqN_v| ekTN bvkvwqN_v BPg bkvqf bkbkf wgWkf lcCvNiV Les Cg bkvqf mw_ wei, L ky cfgf eo-G NvW Nf| LWg ekTNbvkvwqN_v bkTN bvkvwqN_v TN nwnvox| h bmkvqf mw_ ekTNbvkvwqN_v mhy jq, b bkvqFekTN bvkvwqN_vq Cvvjq| _Ig LN

bmkvqf ekTN bvkvwqN_v Cg bkvqf ekTN bvkvwqN_vN mywWvBvq| L ky[ TN ef jFqv NwPg| ekTN bvkvwqN_vf Llwg m_vm h,LwU _vf CTmbvwf_ Nf bvkvwqN_vf blvTN jq APS| Cvlfv bkvwqN_v

eooG eyw] ekTN bkvwqN_v| (eqvNfV eoeg, ekTN nwU Cwb, avwbek Les bs_ CT Lf wlog wecq gq| Cvlvf L CbeVwlogwU JUvgvf NvfV,


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evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT?3;

ekTN bvkvwqN_v gvlN eVbsNf weiqwUf Cw__v Cvlvkf blvW fqS|Llg CgvNvw_ eVbsNff Wg eVbsNf gvlG lvgvgbG|)

ekTN bvkwqN_vf wew[ mNvn ?bvcvfV_ Nvgv bkvq`z Nvgv ew ev AmBvx, wgW ZvT wgW bkvqfbkvq evcN NvW ovwBq bkTN bvkvwqN_vN ekTN bvkvwqN_vqfmvwf_ Nf| L bkvqf CwcNvsn bkbG ek-bvkvwqN evc Cvvjq| Nvgv bkvq bkvqB_ mwf[q Cvv joF, b bkvqf bkbfv ek-bvkvwqN evc Cvv jq| ek-bvkvwqN_v bkvqf ewnf `vB bkbfWgG w_Nf| LlgwN kywU weeklvg bkvqf lc, hwk LNwU CvlN Les

CgwU Cvv jq, _IgF CvlN bkvqff ewnf `vB bkb ov`evg jq gv|ZvT jvwbo Nf CvlN bkvqf LNwU AmBvx| LSvdv CvlN bkvqfZvTvZix AmBvxwU, bkvqwUf C`fxV CTgw_N eil F Cgvg blbvNcvlv[vmv wk_ ek-bvkvwqN_vN eejvf Nf| Cvv bkvqwUf ek-

bvkvwqN_v, bkvqwUN wgWf lc wUq fvI| CvlN bkvqf lcNvfCbvkvwqN nwf b bjhvwB_vf mTwUN f Nf| NIgv ev bkvqNojxg csbv_N NvW mfvw[_ Nf|

cl-bvkvwqN_vfF bkTN F ekTN kyGG j_ mvf| LwU wN fm ge _v wg`fNf blvWf fvWgw_N-CTgw_N Cevf Amf| cl-bvkvwqN_v Aef mfG

kIv BS, nvbNfv LN fvWgw_N mqvWg eejvf Nf| CTvr cl-bvkvwqN_vN ekTN cl-bvkvwqN_vq mwfV_ Nf| ni weniV fvWgw_NZvTf l~o TvN CTgw_N ZvT| wemfx_l CTgw_N ZvT_vf An m~fVfvWgxw__ cl-bvkvwqN_vf men JUvq| NvWG cl-bvkvwqN_vf blbvev]vf Wg Lf bvlvwWN-lgvwN Les fvWgw_N-CTgw_N wkNovN

bvlwBN`ve wee[gv Nf_ je|

L me Cvlfv ekTN bvkvwqN_vf m_ fmf mw_ ewn Wvf wkqwS| wNLf mfv fmf NTvF lg fvIv f_m~V, NvfV Lbe gWf Lwdq hvq| hlgNvgv ew jq_v wgWN CbvkvwqN eo JviVv kg, wNsev bkvqweixNvgv NvW m_`ve Wwd_ jg gv| wN _vf NvhNovm weniV Nfo _vf ek-

bvkvwqN lgv`vewU Cvwevf Nfv hvq| AkvjfV wjbeCvlfv LNWg ZJvwi_evlmx _vwN-Lf kv wk_ mvwf| w_wg lvevkx Cevg TN loevkxNlNvN lWoylf bvlvWevkwefvcx NvW eo CvIvwq_ Nfg| Wv_xq_vevkxkf

_v NTvG gG, Amljvknf evlmxkf NlNv weniV NfoF Cvlfv ekTNbvkvwqN_vf mfv mNvnf gwWf mve| Lknf fvWgxw__ wjkywei CgNblq `vf_ wefvwc_vq fm gq| hlg `vf_ lybwol wei F mvwNvg wefvwc_vLN jq hvq| h ewwU Cf ek-bvkvwqN wN evGf CbvkwqN fmmwfw[_, w_wg jq_v ek-bvkvwqN lgv`vef WgG Nvg fvWgw_N wbvf


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mw_ mmvw__Nfg, wN mNvn _vf wbvf fvWgw_N NvfV knvg| L`vew_wg Cgf F wgWf NvS _vf wbvwUN hywwb (rctfdjcifze) Nfg|

lg F blvWewf Cv[fVf bvvr NvfN _vf lg| _e ewwU lg wgq Wgvq gv, Wgvq lgBd FPvf AmhvBx LNwU bvqy_wgq| Wgvewc blvWf b wlTwqvq _vf lgBd AP| L lgwU NvhNf TvN bvlvwWN mwfenG| bvlvwWN Nl bsBwP_

blvWvwq_ ewkf bsBPgG blvW| blvWf NvhNfx LNN ew| ewwUblvWvwq_ Les bvlvwWN WvwoNvf LNwU wBuU| ew F blvW LNwU vwN HNe_lvg TvN| blvW ewfv cy blvwWN wgql vfv evwjN`ve hy gq, lg F

bsw_f lvcl CB_`veF hy| _vG hNvg bvlvwWN weiq ewlg LesbvlvwWN JUgvf vwN HNfG mNvn| bvkvwqN_v mbF LNTv b_| Cvlfve_lvg me ewlgf Amf Cvlvkf kw wge NfwS eo blvW mvkmU [oBS| blvWf Amf kw wge Nfo ewlg mvkmU [o hvq| wNmkmUwUf

NTv `zo Bo [oe gv| mU`~wl Svdv Nvg weiqf vg Iw_ F welNvfx|bvlvwWN blbv blvcvg hlg ewlgN o fvIv kfNvf, _lwg lg fvIvmqvWg, ewlgf mwfe_g be bvlvwWN Amvq| e_lvg me blvW mU`~wl_

eobvkvwqN_vf bvlvwWN wkNwU wenk Cvovw[_ jq wg, cl-bvkvwqN_vf

mvbwN bvlvwWN wkNwU AoI NfwS lv|

evsovknf bvkvwqN blbvcl-bvkvwqN_vf blbv CvvCvlfv, Cg cfgf bvkvwqN blbvf NTv `yo

hvG| _vG L wgq Cvov[gvf CvB `viv F bsw_B_ bvkvwqN_vf weiqwU AoINf_ [vG| evsovkn evDvwo Svdv CgNov zk `viv-bvsw_N g-Bvx evbNf| _vfv Cgef_G evDvwo `viv-bvsw_N g-Bvxf wew`g cfgf CvBvbgfwnNvf| `viv-bsw_B_ mwf[qf w`w_G Cvlfv Zvcxg_v CWg NfwS| wNevDvwo Wv_xq_vevkf Wvqvf `b Cvlfv Lknf Cg `viv-bsw_B_ g-Bvxbl~jf NTv elvoyl `zo BwS| _vkf Cw_f bvswecvwgN ZxNw_ mhkGwg|Levf evDvwo Wv_xq_vevkf blvov[N, evsovknx Wv_xq_vevkxkf Cv[fVwUkIyg| evsovknf gvBwfN wjbeCvlfv bevG evsovknx| LwU evDvwo Les

Cvwkevbx, kywU mwf[qNG C`y Nf| wN evsovknx Wv_xq_vevkxfv CvwkevbxCcywi_ Co wgWkf evDvwo mwf[qf XvNmUvq| CTvr Cvwkevbx Co wjky-lybolvg mwf[qf [q evDvwo mwf[qwUG _vkf m[vf ed| Cvevf _vfvG evDvwo

Ccywi_ Co evsovknx Wv_xq_vevkf cWv Fdvq| _Ig bIvg bvs w_N-bkvqB_ mwf[q TN cl-bkvqB_ mwf[qwUG _vkf NvS ed| _vfv _vkf _wenvbx jo _v Cvwkevbx CoG _vkf evsovknx mwf[qwUN ed Nf _zo_,evDvwo Co gq| _vkf L Av Cv[fVf NvfV wN4 Cvwkevbx Co bvsw_N-bvkvwqN_v Les evDvwo Co cl-bvkvwqN_vN eejvf Nf CTgw_N-


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fvWgw_N avqkv ovUv| BvxB_ CTgw_N-fvWgw_N ZvTG h ekTNbvkvwqN_vf l~o, LwU Lf hTvhT AkvjfV|

evsovkn bvkvwqN blbvf mcvg fmwU cl-bvkvwqN_v| LIvg bsIv ffcl-bvkvwqN_v bsIvoJy cl-bkvqN mxdgG v jq gv, wgW clf Am-bkvqf wefF wgqvwW_ jq| ekTN bvkvwqN_vf LwUG cl| Cgf bhy jq wgWf mwfwcN _v evdvq gv, Cgf wefvwc_v Nf wgWf mwfwcNbsNzw[_Nf|

Ng L Amljvkn cl-bkvwqN_vf blbvq cuyNS4Cgvg mvN&-myuwWevkx blvWf gvq Cvlvkf blvWF cl mwf[q wSo ewf

Cv_mwf[qf f_m~V wkN| ao Lkn cl-bkvqB_ wefvc Les clffvWgw_N eejvf kyGG JUS| Lf wemfx_ Cvevf blZqevkx cl-CvkvogF BdAPS| myuwWevkf Nkf blvWbl~j myuwWevkx weNvnf mqvWg, clmcvgbsw_N fmvf Nf Nf GjWvBw_N bsw_f weNvn JwUqS| myuwWevkfmvw_ Lkn AmwgenNvfxfv _vkf nviVf ZvTclbsw_f wNSzwkNN mnq

wkqS F eejvf NfS| cl-bvkvwqN wefvcf Cw_mvN&-OmwgewnN CvloL blvW wSo| OmwgewnN Cvlo _v CvcywgN fvWgw_N fm wgqS|

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mqvWg clf hTS eejvf NfS| NsBbf L Nno, Amljvknf clw`wNfvWgxw_f Hw_j F Cvej Les WgBVf v`N NvW ovwBq `vf_F clw`wNfvWgxw_ Wvfkvf jqS|

L evsovknf mvwNvgwefvcx Wv_xq_vevkx Cvkvog wSo LNwU CBmkm|wN mu[vf mfe_x_ _v Cvevf mvwNvgx cvfvq waf hvq| LNvf mfvwW_clvnqx bvlvwWN-fvWgw_N nw, nvbN kof LNvsn Les Zvcxg_vf mf Cec

Amvq Bd FPv muywWmw_ Bvx, L w_gf bwwo_ WvUG mu[vff mU mwfe_g

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3= ?evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT

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Cvlfv kIovl NfVxqbl~jf [wf fvWgw_N-CTgw_N-bvsw_N| wNLwU NfeN 4 LwU Nfe blvWf bG Csn, bvkvwqN_v hvkf Wg ov`WgN gq,

w_NvfN| bG Csn blvWf nlWxex WgBV| blvWf Cg Csnf Wg cl-bvkvwqN_v w_Nf wNZv ov`WgN, kyGG j_ mvf| _vG cl-bvkvwqN_vfvIvf Wg nlWxex WgBVN bWvB F bsBwP_ Nf_ je| _Ig blvWf Cgkvkyolvg nwF Lf blTg Cvbe| wefvwc_v Nfe cy _vfvG, cl-

bvkvwqN_vf eejvff b hvkf ZvTF_mv_ Wwd_|

oIN ? lgvfvB w[wNrbN


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Cv_mwf[qf fvWgxw_ F nvwi_f kxJnvbmvf`W Cvol

Gbovl Cvwe`vef m~eCvaBvwgvg mvq jvWvf eSff myfgv e clxq Hw_jwSo| CvaBvwgvgf evwlqvg mkn kd jvWvf eSff myfgv mwTexf be[vG_ edkywU e l~w_ bG mv[xg Hw_jf Csn wjbe LNwesn n_N mhwUN wSo|7;;3 bvof lv[lvb NqN bvj hver LwU LqvfvaU wlbvGo F w\gvlvGU wkq

jvlov [vwoq _vwoevgfv l~w_ kywU csb Nf ao| Cvjlk Sav bG blq

_voevgkf eyl~w_`vDvf mvmU gvl LNwU me woIwSog| LG me w_wgLNwU f_f mn_yowSog| mnwU lvUvkvB LGfNl byo_vg lvjlyk hG l~w_`vDg gvG, lvov Flf bG l~w_ Ngv `vDog4 BWgxf byo_vg lvjlyk kwVLwnqvf Gw_jvb be[vG_ ed CvGNvgNv [wf wjbe mwfw[_| mvq b_fevf

w_wg Af `vf_ jvlov [vwoqSg| bvlgvTbj e lwkf F e l~w_ csbNvfxwjbe w_wg mwfw[_| BWgx CvaBvwgvgf LNwU mkn| byo_vg lvjlyk myfvCvaBvwgvg nvbg NfSg| _vf l_v LNWg l~w_weix hG l~w_ ov `vD wg,bG l~w_ ov _voevgfv Ngv `vDov4 Ivwo _voevgkf wgkv NfoG je gv,

l~w_`vDvf mSgf fvWgw_N mvmUUv ev]vF Wfwf, LG wSo Savf ee|_vf `vivqbyo_vg lvjlyk b_fevf `vf_ CvlV NfwSog| fvWwevff [vG_ oyUmvUG

wSo _vf mcvg CvNiV| w_wg bknevf bvlgvT lwkf CvlV Nf n n lVbvgv-fmv Les lwV-lvwgN Nveyo wgq hvg| bvcvfV_ `vf_xq Hw_jvwbNkf

CgNG byo_vg lvjlykN LNevN mfclweix Les lwkf oygNvfx lg Nfg|byo_vg lvjlykf `vf_eiCw`hvgf b mfcl wei ev lwkfcsb Nfvf Nvg

mwfNgv wSo LNTv lg Nfv `yo je| Cvevf CgN lg Nfg byo_vg lvjlykCgvg bkov`x fvWvf l_v bvgv-fmv F lvwgNf CvNiV bvlgvT lwkfCvlV NfwSog| LNTvf lc wNSyUv b__v CvS lg Nfv jq| hwk byo_vglvjlyk cylv l~w_ csbf NvfV bvlgvT lwkf CvlV Nf_g, _vf m~eCenG w_wg CvaBvwgvgf eyl~w_ Les lwkfbl~j csb Nf ao_g| CvlfvkI_ mvwS Gw_jvb lwkf Les l~w_csbNvfx wjbe Iv_ byo_vg lvjlykF LG

ey l~w_ ovf Bvq NvgfNl Cuv[d NvUg wg|

h eyl~w_ov byo_vg lvjlykf fvif wnNvf j_ mvf wg bov L_wkg mf NxNvfV _voevgkffkfvif NvfV jq kuvdvo bUv Pvv lvTvq w[v Nf kIvfevmvf| cylv _voevgkf wgkv Nfo, _vkf CmNlf wef wcvf _yoobvmw_N blq CvaBvwgvgf Gw_jvb h mwfe_g Les fmvf JU BS _vfevIv lo gv| kyjvWvf bvo Lb mwfw w_ Llg LNUv lvfv_N wkN lvd wgo


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3< ?evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT

CvaBvwgvgf nvbNfv loevkf Llg LNUv [~dv mv Aveg Nfog hve_evkx bsw_f b NvgfNl Cvmb Nf_ fvwW gq| _vfv l~w_`vDvf wbvwgog |

mewU oIvf NqN lvb mfG Cvjlk Sav (78 WyovG, 7;;3) l_yefV Nfg|7;;3 bvof bZf lvb lvwNg hyfvf UyGg UvFqvf bvbx jvlovf JUgv

JU| _vfWeve lvwNg hyfvf g__ mwlv wenCvaBvwgvg F GfvN jvlov[vovq| Lf cvfvevwjN_vq Gbovl NwkN fvWgxw_ Les kywgqvf lybwol WgbsIvfknovf Gw_jvb ed cfgf mwfe_g F fmvff JUgv JU BS| _voevgTN Cvlfv LIg CvGwbbf hyB men NfwS| _voevgfv e l~w_ `DS,

CvGwbbf jv_ lybolvgkf lbwWk-lvWvfF wgfvmk gq| GfvN-wbwfqvq e_evkx

bsw_ mvq weoy jq BS, myfv kywgqv WydG bvmkvwqN bxw_ F clxqbjgnxo_v LIg lwNf lyI| eu[ TvNo Cvjlk Sav LG mwfww_ wN`velvNveov Nf_g, _voevgkf eyl~w_`vDvf mvmU gvlN oIvwU TN Cvlfv

_vf wNSyUv cvfVv Nf_ mvwf| SvU LG mewU _vG IyeG f_m~V|

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[_f _v w_wg Cvlvkf fV Nwfq wkqSg| Cvh_F Gbovl kyG wgqG _vkfBe| Cvjlk Savf `vivq Cvhf Les Gbovwl cl wenvbf lc LNUv blZqbvcgf evmvf CvaBvgkf NvgfNl eB m_ jq wg| w_wg l~o_ lybolvgLes Cvh LG kyG mwf[q blZq bvcg eyw]qSg| LNwU knf lvgyi LNvwcNLlgwN e cfgf Hw_jf lv] _vf mwf[q IyuW m_ mvf, hlg NA LNG

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Cblvg eo lg Nf, _Ig _vN Cvlfv bvmkvwqN_v ewo| LG bvmkvwqN_vNNewo l~w_`vDvf lc ey]_ Bo NIgvG ey]v hve gv, efs _v_ Cvwl egvl_ywlf bvmkvwqN bsJv_f bwgN jq hvFqvf CeNvn CvS| bvmkvwqN_vN

ey]_ Bo _vG l~w_ `vDvf Gw_jvb [[vNF we[vf wee[gvf evGf fvIvf AmvqgvG|byo_vg lvjlykf wjkyF wjkyf l~w_ wei bsvHw_jvwbN w\bNvb ovfwkN Cvlfv gWf wk_ mvwf| 3667 bvo `vf_f Chvcvq wjky loevkxfv

Hw_jvwbN evefx lbwWk jvlov [vwoq lbwWkwU csb Nf| `vf_f loevkxwjkykf lc bG blq CvFqvW APwSo h, lvjlykf bvlgvT lwkf csbf Wevewjbe _vfv evefx lbwWk csb NfS| wjkyWgBvx, _vkf Hw_j F clf AmfLNWg eef jvlovNvfx wjbe byo_vg lvjlykf Nvwjgx `vf_f wjkyWv_xq_vevkx

fvWgxw_N, Hw_jvwbN Les jvo Wlvgvf Gbovlvave gvwNfv en XvovF`vem[vf Nf TvNg| Lf l~o An wPN byo_vg lvjlykf ekgvl gq, efs `vf_f


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wjkyWgBvx F bsw_f Wg lwNZfm F w`gkn TN Cvbv LNwU eef Wv_wjbe lybolvgkf LNwU wfFUvGm kuvd Nfvgv| by_fvs kIv hvS h, l~w_`vDvf Gw_jvb Neo C_x_f Gw_jvb gq, efs e_lvgf fvWgw_N w\bNvbfCsn| `vf_f lvNbevkx Hw_jvwbN fvwlov Tvmvf _vf 7;;1 bvo mNvwn_bvlgvT ? LNwU Gw_jvbf e NZf (]dbcjcthc ? Qhe Bcjy Pdfmes d` cHfstdry) gvlN eGq byo_vg lvjlyk F bvlgvT lwkf bsvWgwmq cvfVvwoNHw_jvwbN`ve ewPN Les CvcywgN Nvof bvmkvwqN fvWgxw_f bw eo kvwe

NfSg| Tvmvf kwIqSg h, _rNvwog wjky F Wg Gw_jvb bvlgvT lwkfjvlovf JUgvf Nvg AoI mvFqv hvq gv, clxq N_e wjbe l~w_F lwkf wecsbxbyo_vg lvjlykf w[ l~o_ lybolvg Hw_jvwbNfv LuNSg| byo_vg lvjlykf cg-

bk oyUmvUN clxq Nlb~[x wjbe ljxqvg Nfvf AnG lybwol Hw_jvwbNfvIye be_ LG NvWwU NfSg| lybwol Hw_jvwbNkf `vil_, byo_vg lvjlykbvlgvT lwkf F _vf l~w_ csb Nfvf lvcl `vf_f be[vG_ ed CvG\owUcsb NfSg| CT[ blbvlwqN wjkyfv bvlgvT lwkfN `vf_eif n lwkf

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Les lwkff cg-bkf mwflvVF mfe_x hyBf eVgvq LNUy LNUy Nf ewmqS| lchyBf LGbe Hw_jvwbN w\bNvbG OmwgewnN Les Af-OmwgewnN

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wgqw_ BeiVv mw_vgovf wew`g mNvngvf lvcl LG cfVf Gw_jvb m[vfNfS| ao `vf_xq mvPmyNF, fvwlov Tvmvf `vivq, byo_vg lvjlyk F _vf`vf_ Cw`hvg wgq LG cfgf ewPN, Cw_fw_ Les fvWgw_N m`vek~ Gw_jvbC`y jqS| LIvg hG weiqwU AoI Nfv kfNvf, _v jov byo_vg lvjlyk`vf_f wew`glwkf jvlov F oyU_fvW NfSg _v_ Nvg bkj gG| fvwlovTvmvf hv eo_ [qSg, _v jov byo_vg lvjlykN `vf_eif lybolvg Hw_jfmw_wgwc Les _vf oyU_fvWf Gw_jvbN `vf_eif wjky-lybolvg bNf

Gw_jvb wjbe m[vf NfvUv e_lvgf bvmkvwqN fvWgw_N w\bNvbf Csn|

byo_vg lvjlykN `vf_eif lybolvgkf mw_wgwc wjbe m[vf lybolvgfvG

NfS| wewUn Cvlof niwkN hIg wjky-lybwol bvmkvwqN mwf[q Nk NfGwqvg F mvwNvgx Wv_xq_vevkf weNvn jqS bG blqNvf wew`g fvWgw_Nw\bNvbf mqvWgxq_v lUv_G Gw_jvbf wew`g [wfN wjky-lybwol bmkvqgvqN CTev w`og wjbe w[vwq_ NfS| wjkyweix byo_vg lvjlyk _lwg LNwU[wf| eve bG blqNvf wjky nvwb_ fvWovf bvT w_wg h mwflvV hy


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NfSg, lybwol nvwb_ fvWovf bvTF _vf [vG_ Nl hy Nfg wg| `vf_xqAmljvkn Gbovl clf CvBlgF byo_vg lvjlykf jv_ cf jq wg| wN wewUnCvlof niwkN kwV Lwnqvq lybwol Wv_xq_vevkf h Avg JUwSo _v_mvwN vg F CvaBvwgvgf Wv_xq_vevkxkf NvS w_wg `vf_f lybolvgkfmw_wgwc F gvqN mwfV_ jqSg| CgwkN wjkykf NvS w_wg w[w_ jqSg wjky

`vf_ lybwol CvBvbgf m_xN F w`og wjbe| wjkyF lybolvgkf LG Gw_jvb[[vf lv] lchyB `vf_eif e_evkx bsw_f wew`gBvxf lcNvf bN ovev]v hvq gv, Gw_jvbf elvwN_vF Cvwevf Nfv hvq gv, efs e_lvg blqNvf

wjkyF lybwol bvmkvwqN Cv_mwf[qf fvWgxw_f CvNvvov ev]v hvq| evebyo_vg lvjlyk lchyBf LNWg bvlm`ywSog hvf bgvevwjgx_ wjkyhvvfvF

(kvb Les lvbgvwf) wSo, `vf_f hbe Co w_wgWq NfSg bbe WvqBvqvgxq wjky F Wg nvbNkfNG w_wg _vf mw_wgwc wghy NfSg| byo_vglvjlykf `vf_ Cw`hvg lchyBf LNWg bvlm`yf fvWgw_N Cw`hvgf AkvjfVlv, Gbovl wevf CTev wjky lybolvgf lcNvf bvmkvwqN bsJv_f Gw_jvbgq| `vf_f Gw_jvbN wjkyegvl lybolvgf -bJv_f Gw_jvb wjbe kIvfLG m[v CvcywgN Nvof bvmkvwqN [_gvf mNvn| LG Gw_jvb `vf_ei wjky-

lybolvg bNf elvwN_v Cvdvo TN hvq|

LG elvwN_vf IvuW mvFqv hve `vf_ lybolvg CvBlgf Gw_jvbf LNevfBvdv TNG|_ovqvf jv_ lybolvgfv Cvbvf CvBG `vf_eiblykmT eebvqxlybwolkf Cvwe`ve JUwSo hvfv `vf_f wew`gCo ebw_ vmg NfwSo| koko lybwol bywafv LbSg, NA ebw_ vmg F clm[vff An Cvevf NAev`vf_f Cvcvw_N vg wnv ov` Nfvf evbgvq| AlvGqv Iova_f Cvlo mTllybwol bgvmw_ lyjvk weg Nvwnlf wby Wqf lvcl `vf_xq Amljvknlybolvgkf fvWgw_N Cvwe`ve jqwSo| wewW_ `vf_xq _Tv wjky clveoZxkfclxq F gvBwfN CwcNvf we[vff lvmNvwP wgcvfV LG blq h wbvUvgv jqwSo

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bF AlvGqvkf blqNvf Aovlvfv wPN wN wN weiq wee[gvq wjkykfN CvjowN_ve wjbe w[w_ NfwSog _vf wevwf_ Cvlvkf Wvgv gG| CvPvfv n_Nf


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wN lchyB evDovf Gw_jvb LG cfgf JUgvG JUS| wjky-lybwol wgweniWg_vN nvbg Nfvf Wg lybwol byo_vgfv wjkyWwlkvfkf AmfG wg`f NfS|

mgfv n_Nf Bvdvq evDovf nvbg l_v Nk Nf LNwU wjky-egvl lybwolfT bsBwP_ jq| LG fTN CvcywgN Nvof wjky egvl lybwol bvmkvwqNfTf bvT _yogv Nfvf Amvq gG, bev[ _ywN egvl evDvwo nvbN F clxqg_vkf lcNvf l_vf odvG eov h_ mvf| _e be[q ed odvGUv Nvg

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avgrb auvgv hj_y CvoWwfqvf Zvcxg_v bsBvl Csn wgqSg| w_wg l~o_CvwaNvN AkvjfV wjbe wgq woIwSog| wN Amwgen TN Zvcxg jFqvCvwaNvf bvT Amwgen TvN Zvcxg jFqv `vf_f LG wloov Amwgen FbvlvWevk wefvcx bsBvl mv[f wghvw__ lvgyif LNwU bvcvfV bsBvl F bGbsBvlf evcv-wemwov bZ Cvlvkf cvfVv kq| LG wlo Les AmwgenNfwef bvcvfV nwVbsBvlf NTvG auvgv eo BSg| avgr auvgv AmwgenfWgBVf lyw bsBvl WgBvxf Wv_xq [_gv ev]vUv Wfwf lg Nfg| Wv_xq[_gv Llg LNUv wWwgb, hv Amwgen myfvmywf csb Nf kq| hv wUN TvN _v

jov Wv_xq [_gvf wNSywewSgGwlUng| ao Amwgen TN Zvcxg jFqvf blqLG wWwgbUv g_yg Nf Cvwevf Nfvf kfNvf md lywNvlx lvgyif| bvmkvwqN

Cv_mwf[qf [_gv LG Wv_xq [_gv Cvwevff m mcvg evcv jq kvudvq|evDovf lvgyi _vG NIgv Gwqvg, NIgv lybolvg Cvevf NIgv evDvwo mwf[qflc wgWf Wv_xq [_gv Cvwevf Nfvf [v NfS| ao wjky, `vf_xq, lybolvg,evDvwo gvgvwec mwf[qf fvWgxw_f lc LG `~If nvwi_ lvgyi wgWkf lywIyuWS, _vf mT cf Gwqv, mvwNvg, evsovkn jqS| wN nvwi_ lvgyif lywlo wg| CgwkN nvwi_ lvgyif mf fvWgxw_ hvfv Nfg, _vfv hj_y

Cv_mwf[qf fvWgxw_f mvnvmvwn cl F Wvw_B_ bNo cfgf Cv_mwf[qNkvnwgN`ve IvwfW Nf_ BSg ao nvwi_ WgBVf fvWgw_N g___vfv BjVNf_ mvf wg| ao Cvhve_, fvl fvW_, byo_vg lvjlyk wNsev w__ylxff euvnfNovf w\bNvb wkg wkg nwnvox jqS| CgwkN NwlAwgfv cl jov

WgBVf Cvwal w\bNvb _woq BS| ao nvwi_ BVlvgyif lywf Wg


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kfNvwf Wv_xq [_gvf CvwevfF evwN TN BS| CT[ evDovq wewUnwefvcxCvkvogf Bvdvf Gw_jvb awNf Nwfl nvj Les _vf my wUmymvBovf g__lqlgwbsj F nfmyf Co h bvlvwWN, fvWgw_N F clxq weme bsJwU_ jqwSo_vf Gw_jvb Cvlfv m[vf Nwf gv| Cvovjf kywgqvq be lvgyi blvg, by_fvs WwlfAmf Nvfv LNN lvwoNvgv TvNe gv LG kvwe _yo wUmymvBovf g__mvBomxfvwewUn F Wwlkvfkf wef bsBvl Nf mvq LN eSf cf LNwU Zvcxg bvlevkxblvW Nvql fIwSo hIvg wjky, lybwol, Cvwkevbxfv LNvNvf jq BwSo|evsovknf wjky, lybwol, Cvwkevbx bevGN LNWvU Nf LNwU CbvmkvwqN Lesbvlevkx blvW mw_v evsovknf evlmxkf w[fNvof Zm| CT[ Nwfl nvj gvlLNWg clxq g_v LG NvWwU NfSg| cl F clxq Cvkvog bN Ckwf

C`ve mvBomx CvkvogN LG Cof Zvcxg_v bsBvlf Gw_jvbf w\bNvbWvqBv Nf wk_ evsovknf evlmxfv eTjqS| _vfv GAfvmf LN lvb eqbxmvwf NwlAgf C_x_ [vfV Nfg, mvBomxkf bvlevkx blvWf gq| ao LG

Cof BVlvgyif Wv_-mv_-bvmkvwqN_vwefvcx bsBvlf g__ wk_ _vfv eTjqS| wNbvmkvwqN_v Les bvlvWevk LG kyGqf lvNveovq nvwi_ lvgyifWv_xq [_gvf Cvwevff Nvg weN gvG|

oIN ? CgovGg Lww`

_Tb~ ?_voevgkf eyl~w_`vDvf mvmU Cvjlk Sav]dbcjcthc ? Qhe Bcjy Pdfmes d` c Hfstdry Gy Wdbfic QhcpcrQhe Wfse d Fsicb cja the Gejlci @rdjtfer, 37;13


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evsovknf bvkvwqN_v ? fvWgxw_ F fvbvwkNzf fjlvg

`~wlNvwenlvgw[ evsovknf C ykq JUwSo 36


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WxegfbNo LNwU mcvg wgcvfVx Amvkvg wjbe vg Cvfv n NfwgqS| CgwkN bvmkvwqN_v F bvmkvwqN fvWgxw_f wevf JUS|0CgNeo TvNg, cl, fv F ewf lc LNwU wNvV bN fqS| LG wNvVfw`wUv wgwl_ jq clF fvf gNU TN| wNvVf Acev kywUf LNwU ew Ffvf bN, CgwU ew F clf bN|

_e w`_fwUf [wfG wgcvfV Nf Ec ev kywUf mNw_|


31/173

evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT?=;

ewf wgWf Cv[fV Les clwenvbf f_ ewn| bvmkvwqN_vf wgWf clxq bmkvqf mw_ weni LN Wv_xq CvgyB_ff_ ewn| LSvdv b_Nvf clwgv mfNvolyIx| mfNvoG _vf

b_Nvf myfvff Cvnv| bvmkvwqN_vf lygvav GjovN| clwgvfWg Cgf wefv[fVf mqvWg gG| Cgf wefv[fV Les w_bvcgf lc bvmkvwqN_vf weNvn F mwfVw_| clf bvT _vGbvmkvwqN_vf Nvgv mqvWgxq _B_ bN gG|37

clxq bmkvq clf bvcvfV ewn joF Gw_jvb kIv BS h, bmkvqN CvnqNfG cl-cl bsJv_ eucS| CgN blq eo mqvBF LN bmkvq Cgbkvqf Fmf wgW cl [vwmq kqvf [v NfS| Cvf L`veG cl F

bvmkvwqN_v LN jq BS| Cmf wkN ed ed clovN w`w Nf Bd FPvbmkvqov gvgv Am-bmkvq we` jqS, Am-bkvqovG LN blq m~Vvbmkvq fmvwf_ jqS Les bG fmvwf_ bmkvqovG Cvevf mvfwfNbsJv_ wo jqS|3=Cen be cfgf clw`wN bvmkvwqN we`kf wef hyBhyBG HN mqvbf Ae JUS| CvcywgN fveevq loevk Ng, clf b _vfNvgv bNTvN gv| L mb h_xg bfNvf woIg

NvfV wfwowWqg lvgyif GjowNN NovVf NTv eooF GjovNfbxlvgv Svwdq mfovNf mTG _vf Cw`hvv, _vN Nvgv`BvwoN bxlv_ CvUN fvIv hvq gv| bNo wfwowWqgG fvwgweni bNo wenvbx lvgyif Cw_mvN_ `vegvf cvfN| wfwowWqg_vf Cgybvfxkf mfowNN nvw f wecvg kq| Nvg cfgf wenvb evCv[fVf Wg mfovN nvw m_ je _vF eo kq| CgwkN fvweiqUvG LNvGjowNN F weni weni `BvwoN bxlvq Cve|fvf NvW _vf gvBwfNkf GjowNN NovVf mT bswn, NvfvmfovNf nvw ev nvw wecvgf weiqwU _vf l_v ewj ~_| fvFwfwowWqgf LfNl emwf_f WgG fvN _vf wgW Z [wf fvf

Wg hlg wfwowWqg wgfm j_ jq, _lwg wfwowWqgF fvwgfm jqG _vf [wff we_v fv Nf_ mvf| hvfv fvNwfwowWqgf b wlwoq ao _vfv fv F wfwowWqg A`qf [wfjgg Nf|31

lvge Gw_jvb clf `~wlNv C__vrmhm~V| clf Ae F weNvn lvgyif CvT-bvlvwWN Cevf LN cfgf b~[N| lvNb hIg eog, clxq kytIevk jS evekytIf mNvn Les eve kytIf wef mw_evk| cljS wghvw__ Wxef kxJnvb,

kqjxg WB_f kq, Cv_vjxg WBr mwfenf Nw_ Cv_v _Ig _v lg jq h,clf `~wlNvf Lf [q A[ l~ovqg Nvgv Buvdv clwenvbxF Nf_ mvf wg| wN

37ekfxg Alf, mv, mv 33|3=h_xg bfNvf, cl, bvmkvwqN_v F clwgfm_v, mv 30


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=3 ?evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT

mvw_vwgN cl ov hIg blvWf nviN nwVf jvw_qvf jq evmN bsIvBwflvgyif nviV wghv_gf wNsev _vkf l_v m`ve mw_mw ewf weN_ eejvffwnNvf jq_Ig cl _vf bw_Nvf fm jvfv_ TvN| hyB hyB blvWf nviN nwVN_N clf weN_ eejvf lvge Gw_jvb o Nfv hvq| hvf ao lvge blvWf WgloNf jq wg| LG Amljvkn hIg clf w`w_ we` jq kywU Cvovkv fvwjbe Cvwe`~_ jq, _Ig LG Co h lvgweN wemhq kIv kq, _v wN Lf edAkvjfV j_ mvf gv| _vG clf GjWvBw_N ev fvWgw_N eejvf ev fvxq eejvfblvWf Wg hlg NovVNf gq, _lwg _v bw_Nvf`ve clf WgF w_f NvfVjq kuvdvq| _vG clwgv F bvmkvwqN_vf lc m`k C_by| clwgv FbvmkvwqN_vf LG m`k bF CgNf cvfVvq _vfv CweSk| wNLG blbvf

weniV Nfo kIv hve h, Lf TN LNwkN weN_ bvlvwWN w[v Les CgwkNbwq fvWgw_N kyfw`bwf Armw|35 l~o_ bvmkvwqN_vevk bvlvwWN eve_vfCvswnN ev Iw_ kng gq| _v jo bvlvwWN eve_vf `yo ev CevwgN kng|30by_fvs CvcywgN BV_vwN fvf Cvknlvgf bvT bvmkvwqN_vf bN TvN_mvf gv| wN bwq fvWgw_N kyfw`bwf NvW bvmkvwqN_vN eejvff

AkvjfV LG Amljvkn CvS| CTev lvge Gw_jvb mvFqv hvq|

evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v F fvfvWgxw_

evsovq bvmkvwqN_v wewUn Cvlof evmvf eo evmN m[vwf_ jq| Lf CT kuvdvqewUnm~eevsovq WgBVf mhvq bvmkvwqN_vf Cw_ wSo gv| clCvovkv joFbevf lc bmxw_ eWvq wSo| bmkvqbl~j weni Nf wjky-lybwol bmkvqflv] wei, bkj ev JVvf Cw_ wSo gv|3


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evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT?=7

g_zg Nf weiv mvTvwgqvl ]vmf l_vG ecvev jq APS _vfGw_jvb ewkgf myfgv| lv kynv-CvdvGnv, wN muv[nv eSf gq,_vf mbvfV JUS e n_vx CvBG| LG weief exW Czwf_

jqwSo C_ bvd w_g TN mg [vf jvWvf eSff Fmf|38

wNmoe bg `vf_eif Gw_jvb bvmkvwqN_vf Arbf bvg Nf_ wBq hee jvwWf NfSg _v b_ wjbe cf wgoF _vf wemfx_ l_F m[wo_ CvS|e_ mv[xg ev lchyBf `vf_ fvWv-evknv-blvUkf clxq wenvb vfvbvmkvwqN_vevk wee[gv NfoF Nfv h_ mvf| Nvgv Nvgv mv[xg weIv_blvUfv wgW clwenvb evmN WgblvW [vwmq kqvf [vF Nf TvN_ mvfg|_e fwlov Tvmvf F jfesn lywIqv _vkf kywU weIv_ Cvov[gvq kwIqSg h,`vf_ Gw_jvbf mv[xg Les lchyB bvmkvwqN [_gvf Cw_ wSo gv|36`vf_CvNeff fvf clwgfm_v bNCl_ bg oIg `vf_ clxq Bvxfwew`g_v o Nf CvNef LNwU clwgfm_vf Les fvf clwgwo_vf w`w _wfNfwSog| CvNef [qwSog, _uvf clwgfm fv LUv CenG bywgw_ Nfe h,clf NvfV NA hg NvgF ewf NvW evcv gv kq Les m_NG _uvf Iywnl_cl BjV Nf_ mvf| CvNeff _ jo Uvw\ngf Amf wg`f gv Nf hywf

CgynxogG WwUo bvlvwWN blbv blvcvgf LNwU Amvq|7;LNG me Cl_ bg

Cvfv oIg CvNeff ee jo,Cvlfv hywN clxq Cgynvbgf Ccxgwgq Nfe gv, NvfV _v jo Uvw\ngf Wov`~wl_ CvUN h_ je|73_vjokIv hvS h, GAfvmxq CvovNmvwf hyB hbe mn _xeCvBj bw jqwSo Les

hywf evw bNCvnvevkx jq APwSo GAfvm hv CvNef fvxq mhvq [[vfmqvb [vovg|

mvo, bg, byo_vgx G_vwk Cvlo e`~wl_ Zvcxg fvWvfv fvW_ NfSg| wNbbe wSo fvW> LGbe fvWf bxlvgv CgN blq evDov-`viv`vix fvWf evwjfF

we__ wSo| wN LG fvWbl~j Wv_x fv wSo gv| wbfvWkov hIg movnxmvf wbsjvbg fvf hy wo wSog _vf wNSyk~fG nb wgwo NiNfv NwiNvW e wSo| _vfv Wvg_, LN fvWv Bo CvfN fvWv Cvbe| weWqx fvWvN_vkf IvWgv wk_ je| Lf ewn_v Cvf wNSygq| _vfv AmowG Nf_ mvfwg,_vkf Afb~fxkf Wg OmwgewnN nviVf wN `qvgN Cw`nvm LG hyf lvclgl CvbS| LlgwN _vfv h Zvcxg_v jvfvS _vF ey]_ mvfwg| e_

fvWgw_N Zvcxg_v wN _vkf wSo4 ewf h wew`g fvWgw_N CwcNvf hvf

38moe bg, clF bvmkvwqN_v ? Arbf bvg, (NwoNv_v ? bvwj_ mNvn, 3666), mv3|36fwlov Tvmvf, jf esn lywIqv F wemxg [k, bvmkvwqN_v F `vf_ Gw_jvb f[gv, (NoNv_v ? N wm

evB[x Cv Nvvgx, 3686), mv51|7;Cl_ bg, m~eF mwl ? hyywf evw,wenvqg `vegv, ky vegv, mTl I, CwlqNzlvf evB[x

bv ? (NoNv_v ? gvngvo eyN LWx mvG`U wowlU\, 7;;5). mv71-13|73Cl_ bg, mv, mv7113|


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== ?evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT

wgq_v nvbg_kq, _v _v _vkf wSo gv|77LG TN ev]v hvq h, _rNvoxgfv eevf Zfm Les gvBwfN ev WgBVf bvT fvf bN| CTvr bG blqCvcywgN Wvw_ fvf eev o Nfv hvq gv| GAfvmF cg_weNvnf mfG Wv_xfvBd FP| bIvgF _vf CvB wew`gfvW F bvlvW wSo|7=movnxf mvf 3


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weNvnf mvnvmvwn lybolvg bmkvqf m gevB_ nvbNkf TN lyI wawfqTvNvbj CTgw_N wkN TN bvweN wmwSq mdvUvF wSo Hw_jvwbN b_| hlg

wnvq [vNzwf_ _lwg eebv-evwVW F `~Zvlx_f | lybwol bmkvqf lclcwe, wnw_ nwVf weNvn JUS CgN CgN kwf_ Les _vF C_ cxfBw__| Cvf knf wenvo kytNiN nwVf CwcNvsn wSo lybolvg hvfv jq FP

Wwlkvwf ljvWwg eevf nviV F wghv_gf wnNvf|78evsovf blvW eevf LGCbl_v _wff eve m_ Nf| mTl_ ? ewUn mew__ w[fvqxekvew`wN `~wl F `~wl fvWZ eev, w_xq_ ? avwbf o fvW`viv wjbeGsfwWf me_g Les __xq_? GsfwW wnvf me_g Les lybolvg bmkvqf _vTN lyI wawfq fvIv| AmwfA weiqov evsovf blvW NvPvlvq wN Cevf bw

NfwSo _v wgv ee TN jqm~ee_x bNo Cvlof [q ewUn nvbgNvoG `vf_eif CgvgCof l_v evsovknf blvW NvPvlvq hyBvNvfx mwfe_g bvwc_jq| evsovq `~wl ee vq 36


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GsfwW me_g Les bfNvwf mk ov_ wgqvBf Wg g_zg CvGgf m[oglybolvgkf mw_No Cevg wgq wBqwSo|=;evsovf fgbuv gvl Cw`wj_ evsovfWvBfVf m`ve eve bxwl_ jq TvNov wjkyblvWf A[eBf lc| ClokykoIg

Awgn n_Nf f_ geWvBw_f mcvg fmNvf fvllvjg fvq CvfweLes avwb `vivq clxq mevwkf lvcl Akvfgxw_, lvge_vevk Les

hywevk mygfxwe_ Nfvf m[v wgog| _e LwU wSo wew`gl_Bvxf lc LNwU blZq m[v| _Tvwm w_wg L_ eT jog...|mIv_ wjky mw_ Les oINek Cvlvkf Wxegf wew`g

l~oevg `~wlNv fvIoF `vf_xq lybolvgkf avfbx-Cvfwe mU`~wlbjLf bvsw_N ZxNw_ kevf l~o_ Akvbxg fGog Les LN

`vf_xq bsw_f mcvg cvfvf LN CweSk Csn wjbe AmowNf_ eT jog| mvf weklvg wgic Amv Nf A[ F lcnwVf wNSy lybolvg hIg CvcywgN wnv BjV Nfog, _Ig _vfvmv[xg `vf_xq bsw_N _vkf wgW Z bvsw_N Hw_jf Csnwjbe BjV Nf_ fvwW jog gv|=3

LIvg LNwU weiq ogxq h, wjkyF lybwol A`q bmkvqf wnw_ lcwe nwV_vkf Z-Z wew`g blbv wgq CvovNmv_ NfoF NiNkf blbv wgqev

Nwif mn Nvgv ee fvIg wg| CTvr NiNf Wwlf lvwoNvgvf mn Lfv_vrmhjxg`ve gxfe wSog| _rNvoxg GsfwW wnw_ lybolvg blvW bsvf NfvwewUn nvbgf mw_ CvgyB_N lybolvgkf kyknvB Ce v TN Agw_f m~en_wjbe wee[gv NfSg| 3885 bvo `vf_xq Wv_xq NsBb mw_w_ jo Lf clwgfm Wv_xq_vevk-N Cvyo ow_a Les bqk Cvlxf Cvox A`qG wefvwc_vNfwSog| _vkf Cgybvfxfv wewUn Juiv Les NsBbwefvcx gxw_ CeoZgNfwSog|=7CmfwkN kyG bmkvqf lc wei`ve WvwBq _zo_ wnw_wjkykfF LNwU `~wlNv wSo| 385< Af blq wjkyoINkf vfv wowI_ AmgvbF Nwe_vf mw_ wnw_ lybwolkf mw_wqv wSo mw_No| wnw_ wjkyfv `vf_N

lg Nf_g cy wjkykfG evb`~wl| _vfv L weiq Wv_xq_vevkf exW emgNfwSog|==l~o_ ewUn-`vf_ wjkyF lybwol wnw_ lcwee`vB we` jqmdg| lybwol lg _Ig hlg CgNov hyBmr mff wefvcx `vecvfvq m`vwe_

jg, _lwg wjky wnw_ lcwe lgF wgwIo `vf_ Wv_xq_vevk HNe wSo gv|Cen fexkgvT PvNzf F NvWx gWfo Gbovl Lkf ew_l wSog| gWfo hlg

=;Clokyk, OmwgewnN hyB evDvwo lybolvgf bvlvwWN w[v [_gv, evsovknf eywew ? cl-bvmkvwqN_vf bU, bqk Cvlxfo Gbovl F NvWo ekvmvcvq bvt (XvNv ? Wv_xq bvwj_mNvngx, 3666), mv7=|=3Clokyk, mv . mv7=-71|=7Clokyk, mv. mv76|==Clokyk, mv. mv==|


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bvmkvwqN AB Les bsJv_f lv] jq APg wjky-lybwol HNf m_xN _lwgfexkgvTF wjky-lybwol bmkvqf lc CTgw_N bvlvwWN eil eecvgf wkNfvWgxw_N F knf LwoU nwVf kw CvNiVf [v Nfg| w_wg mfvlnfvIg kyGbmkvqf lc Cbl_v wgfbg b[ j_|=1

`vf_ wewUn An wSo`vB Nf F nvbg Nf| Cvf LG gxw_f bevmv ArNCwU wSo cl| `vf_xq Wv_xq NsBb hv wewUn mmviN_vq mw_w_ jq, bGbsBPg hIg Wv_xq_vevkx bsBPg fmvwf_ jq _Ig wewUn bfNvf Akvflgv`vevmg| bqk CvjlkN wkq lybwol Wv_xq_vevkf CvFqvW A kFqvfCvqvWg Nf| o\ NvWgf e` m_`ve evDvwo blvW Wxeg we`w CvgLes Lf `_f wkq lybolvgkf mTN fvWgw_N nwf Cvwe`ve JU| 36;5 bvo

e` NvhNf jFqvf NqNwkg CvB o\ NvWg XvNvf geve-evwd_ CvqvwW_lybolvg g_ekf blven eowSog, Cvwl Cvmgvkf LNwU lybwol mknwkwS|=5e`f LN eSff lcG 36;0 bvo wewUnf mmviN_vq XvNv_Glybwol oxBf Wg jq| Lf mf TNG bvmkvwqN AWgv_z FP| LSvdv36;6 bvof nvbg bsvf F 3636 bvof nvbg bsvf Les beni 36=5 bvof

`vf_ nvbg CvGg wjkyF lybolvg bmkvqf Wg mTN wgev[gf wecvg fvIv jq|LG`ve kyG bmkvqN LNf wef CmfN mw_m wjbe kuvd Nfv_ wewUn

fvW mqvb mvq|

=0

Cen bvlevkx eevq wjkybmkvqf Cvwcm_ [o CvbwSow[fvqx ekvef blq TNG| _v_ v` bvf joF bUvf `_f mcvgAmvkvg wSo nwV| clwgq bsJv_ JUoF bUvf fm wSo CvwoN wNsev vgxqLes _v evmN bvmkvwqN bsJv_f fm mwfBj Nfwg| wN hIg TN clN

fvWgxw_f CvoIvov mfvgv jov, _Ig TNG Lf fm jo kvgexq Les bUv lvgweNl~oevc Lesfw[N lvB_ _-we_ Nf_ fNfov| Cvek Ivgf l_

clN fvWgw_N l_v kIof jvw_qvf wjbe eejvf Nfvf hmeV_v LIgF evsovknf lvwU_ meo`ve Ce vg NfS _vf l~o

CZiV Nf_ jo Gw_jvbf LG Ccvqov_ CenG [vI fvI_je| ey]_ je clxq C_v wjky Les lybolvg A`q bmkvqflc Nl wSo gv, wN GsfWf we`k F nvbggxw_ me_gf clN fvWgw_N`ve eejvff `_f wkq h begvnv bvmkvwq_vfexWwU mvwT_ Nfv jov, _vf cNo CvfF CgN wkg LGAmljvknN bvlov_ je|=


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=< ?evsovkn bvmkvwqN_v ? bsNU F AfVf mT

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vf [o_ TvNo wew`g mhvq Les _vfG Wf 365; bvo bvmkvwqN kvveuvco| Cmf wkN 3650 bvo mvwNvgf mTl bswecvg by`ve fvf

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lybwoloxB _vf fvWgxw_ F kn we`vBN h_G clxq eil F wWvw__f w`w_

bvwWq _zoyN gv-Ng, CTgw_N NvfVG h Lf mcvg w`w we`vBvf JUgveox _vfmlvV| L weiq Cvjlk fwaNoIg

b mlvV lo mvwN vg Af`vf_xq Aky`vix lybolvg F _vfbjhvx mvvex lybolvgkf Cvlov cwgN nwVf k_ weNvn F bkNkx`~_ Nfvf mwqvq, wew`g mknf Cgvg Wvw_bvovNnviVf cvfvq kvweq fvIvf [vq, hwkF mw_wU Gbovl Fclxq CWyjv_ evfevf ee_ jqS| Cvf nviVf l~o wSoLNkv bknvox, Aef m~ee, hIvgNvf Cwcevbxkf b clxq HNSvdv Cvf Nvgv wkNG mwl mvwN vgxkf Nvg wlo wSo gv, wSo gv`viv mvnvN bvwj_ bsw_ Wxegv[vf G_vwk Nvg wkNG|1=

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Nf| ewUn OmwgewnN nviNkf mf mvwN vgx nviNkf jv_evsovknf LG oyg F egvf Gw_jvb, kwn-weknx CgN mw_e _T F _ wkq Am vmg NfSg|11

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knN cf wemyo mwflvV bk mwl mvwNvg vgvf Nfv jq|15e_ mvwNvgfbvlwfN nvbNfv, weni_ Cvqye Ivg bvlw`w TN ef jq g_zg wnmw_ nwVBd _vovf weni lgvhvB wkoF m~e evsovf lybolvgkf _vkf

kw`wf Nvgv mwfe_g JUwg| mwl mvwNvgf nvbNBvxf bvlwfN ebvlwfNA`q Csnf lcG evDvwo weif eVevkx fmwU wew`g blq wew`g lvclmNvwn_ jqS| 36


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_fV mw_wgwc, evDvwo lybolvgf h nwVf Cvnv-CvNvv mvwNvgf Cvkvogmw_awo_| CT[ mvwNvg mw_vf mf lnG jq FP h,_vkf b Cvnv-

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lvgyikf weni Nf fvWgw_N b[_g lcwe nwV F Sv blvWf lcmvwN vgwefvcx mw_wqvN Cvfv AbN kq| CgwkN 3658 bvo mvwNvg

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LG blqf lc mvwNvg gvlN weWv_xq `viv bsw_f fvWgw_N Cvfvm FCTgw_N [vm bsw_lg evDvwo _fV, eywWxex, fvWgw_N kobl~jf Nlxkf

mw_evkx Cevg muS kq| evDv

wo Wvw_bvf `viv bsw_ F CTgw_N ZvTfLG mw_evkx nw_ be bmkvqf lvgyi HNe`ve kuvwdq hvq| mhvqlG

07-Lf wnv Cvkvog, nI lywWeyf fjlvgf 0 kav kvwe Avmg, Sv bsBvlmwfikf 33 kav, 06-Lf BVC yvg jv_ cf


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Ag wekvj F vcf AkN Nf_ bl LlgwN Cw_ ClvgweNe B_ ArmxdgF bUv Nf_ bl jq gv| L wkN TN eov hvq, vgxq`ve weNvnlvg Nvgv eyWvqv nwV ev _vf bvlvwWN _rmf_vf

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evsovknf Zvcxg_v JviVvm eov jq h, evsovknf WgBVf Wg bvl,lvgweN lhvkv F bvlvwWN bywe[vf wgw_ NfVvT bve`l BVmWv_fmevsovknf mw_v JviVv Nwfovl|57e_ Zvcxg_v JviVv mf lc wkq h

evsovknfhvv f_v_ bvmkvwqN_vf Nvg vg wSo gv| Zvcxg_vf Ceewj_mf mVx_ evsovknf bswecvgf mvegvq eov jq

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LG [vf l~ogxw_f lc evDvwo Wvw_f bykxJ bsBvlf lc wkq Axwe_ CvT-

fvWgw_N F bvlvwWN-bvsw_N Cvkn F m_vnvwo l~_ jq FP|51wN fvfeejvwfN NlNzno_vf C`ve ev Cbywecvbl~j Hbef evevqgf Wg Amhymvw_vwgN NvPvlv wglvV ln eT_vf mwf[q wk_ TvN| Amf__xq wenf

wew`g kn knW eyWvqvf Zv`vweN weNvn gv JUvq fvh Cvlov_f (bvlwfN-ebvlwfN) h Cmw_j_ m`ve be blq weklvg wSo F CvS| Zvcxg_v-Af

evsovknf F mnvbg Nvgv mwfe_g gv JUvgvf ao ev _v Nfvf WgnwVwegvb mwfe_g gv Cvg_ mvfvq cxf cxf mvwNvg Cvlof l_v

Cvlov_vwN m`veG mygtmw_w_ jq| LG Cvlovkf CwcNvsnG evsovknfblvW_vwN mwqvf l~ovrmvUg Nf_ bwq wSog| nwlN nwVf lc fvWgw_N[_gvf C`vef NvfV bfNvf Bjx_ mwqv kyeo j_ TvN| Cmf wkN NwiIv_Nmvq n gv Nf Neo wn F evwVWIv_ fvZ_N mvcvg wkq blvW_

Cw`lyIx hvv be gq, hv evsovknf JUwSo|5536


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Cvlov_vwN evevqgf NvfV eT jq|5036


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nwbl~j LNWvU jq m[vf Nf_ TvN h, evsovknN `vf_f CfvW Nfvf[v [oS, evsovknf bsIvBwf WgBvx lybolvgkf clxq Wxeg hvmgf byNno mw_eN_v bw Nfv jS G_vwk G_vwk| clwgfm_v NvgvlGcljxg_v gqLNTv eovf b b Llg eeF bfNvf TN kFqv jo h,

evsovknf bsIvBwf lvgyif clN weNwn_ Nfvf Wg bfNvf blvW kj Leswnv eevq hTvhT eev BjV Nfe|03bfNvf bG eef CvovN wNSy wNSyeev BjVF NfwSog| LG be zk zk JUgv TNG ey]_ mvfv hvq h,Zvcxg_vf mfmfG Nx`ve evsovkn fvxq bvmkvwqN_vf exWwU emg Nfv

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blwB_ Wxeg clf mw_aog bywgw_ NfvF wSo lywhyf Cg_l o| wew`gCgyvg bvlwfN Wvv Lfnvk eo_ TvNog gqv blvW eevf w`w je GbovlLes bswecvg Gbovl hTvhT`ve vg mve, Gbovlf ]vv wgq LwBq hvev, knBdev Les evsovkn j_G Gbovl Cvevf wWkv je G_vwk G_vwk| LG LfnvkG3688 bvof < Wyg fvxq bvmkvwqN_vN [~dv`ve bswecvg bwgewn_ Nfog

bswecvgf 8l bsnvcgxf lvcl fvcl Gbovl Nf| Cvf wWqvAf fjlvg FLfnvk LbeG NfSg _vkf l_vN mvNvmv Nf_|Cl bsnvcgxf mf nI

jvwbgvf ee wSofvcl weo beff WgBV m_vIvg NfS| Zfv[vffl_vf lbgk fvf NUNno wjbemwe clN eejvff [v[oS| CvfIvokv wWqv eowSogfvcl bsv bswecvg bsnvcgx fvWgw_N An

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lyrbyw cwgN Bvx, evsNvf, [vfvNvfevfxkf Cevc kye bq F_vf Bvmg mv[vfWv_xq CTgxw_N gfvWNf mwfww_f wkN Po kq|01

geGqf BVbsBvlf lvcl Zfv[vf-Lf m_g joF Cvlvkf knf nvbgl_vq hvfvG Cwcw_ jqwSog _vkf m lywhyf Cvknf w`w_evsovknN Bd _vovf mkm mwfow_ jqwg| bvmkvwqN fvWgxw_N eejvfNf nvbNBvx l_v kIof odvGq wo fqS| Cvlvf lg jq 3663 bvo TN

beni 7;31 bvo mh Cvlvkf knf mcvg kywU fvWgw_N ko ev WvUfNvhl mhvov[gv Nfo Cvlfv bjW _v ey]_ mvfe| beni mkn bsnvcgxfwkN _vNvoF Cvlvkf fvF bvmkvwqN_vf weiqwU ey]_ mvfv hvq| e_ LGblqf lc bvmkvwqN fvWgxw_f evmN_v eovsn ew mqS| 3663 bvoweLgwm Zvcxg_vwefvcx bvmkvwqN ko Wvlv_ Gbovlxf blTg bfNvf BPg Nf|Cvf CvFqvlx oxB _vecvqN bfNvff Cvkvog Wvlv_ GbovlxN NnoB_bjhvx Nf| 3660 bvo nI jvwbgvf g__vcxg CvFqvlx oxBf HNl_f

bfNvf Wvbkbj mw__ Zfv[vf Lfnvk-Lf Wv_xq mvwUf CsnBjV o Nfvf

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eef cvfvevwjN_vq wWqvAf fjlvgf ml bsnvcgxf lvcl fv kngfbvmkvwqNxNfV hv Lfnvkf Cl bsnvcgxf lvcl fvf clkng CvWF Cevj_CvS| Cvf Lf lc wkq evsovknf fvWgxw__ bvmkvwqN_vf mbvfV jS|jvbvgyvlvg [cyfxf le e_lvg evsovknf blvWf bvweN LNwU w[ _zo cfvf hTvTj_ mvf| _uvf l_

L blvW CvW h Ce vq Amgx_ jqS _vf bwPN Nvg Cw`cvFm[wo_ blvW wevgbl~jf mTvB_, NwoVlw_, ev mkN myfvf

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Bvx| Cvf CgwkN Ccxg zk-@V-vV-kvg-w`wWLa Nv\cvfxlvgyi, eNvf-CceNvf-wSglyo-wgt Z-`vblvg-ASg AwS`vBxlvgyif ejf WgBvx|05

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Nf k_ evevqgf Wg Nl wo j_ je| bG Wg hlg Wv_xq_vevkxkf

kvwq_ CvS, kvwq_ CvS knf BV_vwN nwbl~jf, eywWxexkf Cvfevlmxkf L bevwcN kvwq_wg_ je|

oIN ? Nwi F mwfen BeiN> wmLG[w\, fvWnvjx wenwekvoq

05jvbvgyvlg [cyfx,wenvqg wevf F wefvc(XvNv ? Wv_xq BmNvn 7;;0), mv 76|


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bvkvwqN_vf g_zg mvPWvwNf _voyNkvf

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jqS clxq bkvqf lc f Gw_jvb|

LG Amljvkn e_ bvkvwqN_vf f bG Cvh-Cgvhf f blq TNG|ewjfvB_, CvBvbx Les weWqx Cvhfv mTlG Cvhve_N euc aowSo eVvnl gvlfbvkvwqN_vq| LG lvwUf bemvVevkx clbl~j Cvhkf ewkN evV clf _zogvq

Cgyg_ eo Jvwi_ jov| weWqx Cvhkf NvS LG lvwUf bvgfv wSo kvb Leskby| Cvhkf CvBlgf m~eLG Amljvkn kvb nwU wSo C[gv| @Bk LbkIv hvS fvWv Bf Jvdv F kvb we_fV NfSg| LlgwN @Bk m nwU

lvgyif F ee_ j_ kIv hvS, hIvg wmk Les [_zk Wf NTv eovjS| Cvf LNevf kvb _v w[fNvoxg kvb| evV JviVv wkSg Zxq m`zhwkn~kN kvb_jG_ lyw kg _vjv jGoF n~kkvb_jG_ ly jq gv> NvfV kvb__vjvf Z`veWv_, N _vjv oJg Nwf_ mvf4

eVvnlN clxq bvkvwqN_v Svdv Cg wNSz CvIv kFqv beeG gq, NvfVeVvnlf wecvgbl~j CvbS clB TN| [_zeVfF evGf h [vo, _vf bNeov jS Nvgv [voN n Nfv, _vf b NTv eov ev _vf wkN _vNvgvFmvm| _vN nNfo jevf Wg bvfv nfxf \zweq bvgNf_ je| _vf b

NTv eoo (mwe) evVf bvT NTv eo_ je> Cvf _vf wkN _vNvo b~hfwnf


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wkN _vwNq TN [vIf mvm og Nf_ je| LlgwN Nvgv nvf ArbBxN_bvlBx hwk [vo F Cg CWfv kI ao _vjo _v Cmwe je|

evVevk Cvh nf CT wgcvfV NfwSo bykf, b`, Nwevg| CgwkN `~wlmyCgvhlvgG kvb Les kby| CcvmN NvnvwZhvkf eoSg A bwNvfx nwV|_vkf nl wgqvwW_ jwSo Wwl_, wN abo vBf CwcNvf wSo Neolv evV Fwqf|

LG Cvh bvkvwqN_vf mvv mw_evk wjbe mTl Cvwe`~_ jqwSo ovNvq_kng| ovNiy Cvq_vt WgbvcvfVf lc mwfev eoG LG kngf gvlovNvq_| LG ovNvq_ wemexfv m[vf Nfog C mfijxg CNlg myfvwj_

bkvqf WxweNvf Amvq Nf kevf WgG _wf jqS CwBjv hf l, w_gw_gwU ek| _vfv Cvfv eo_ fNfog h Cvbo ZBmvfowNN Cv_v eowNSzgG|

Z`ve_G evV-wq Cnw Lkf klg NfwSo wgll`ve|

mfe_xwekvj LbwSo CgN n_ erbff mf eclf jv_ cf| wnegvT nvxf`vivq mv[xg CvhblvW evVwkBf meo m_vm jxg Wvw_ bNohIg Nuvwm_ovwBo, fvWvkf nw mh hIg gvllv mwfV_ jGo, Cvcvw_N kvb_mWvNzoflgyi_ hIg weoxg jGo, lvge hIg mmvq jGqv mwdo..

. bG blq eclfCvwe`ve|

Cvwk eclwqkf vfv mew__ joF _vf mcvg ]uvN wSo WgbvcvfVfwkNG| eevk Les bvlf meV_v wSo CgNIvwgG| evVevkf CgN lgBdv_f bfvbwf wefvwc_v NfwSo ecl| mvVxj_vf wefvwc_v Nfv wSo eclfmcvg | _vjvfv eo SvBo Cvwk mN l vfv mwe Nwfqv h ec Nwfo

_vjvfv ZB hvq| hwk ZB hvGevf mT GjvG jq, _e _vjvfv _vjvkf evm-lv-`wBgxkf bG Al mT ZBmvPvGqv kq gv Ng4

mTl mef wg`Wvo e F Wgcl evV m~Wv-C[gv b~VG ewW_ jqwSo|evmN Wg_vf wmq ArbewoG ZxNw_ mqwSo B_l eyf m[vwf_ cl| LG kyGclN kywU nwVf lvgyi efV NfwSo bvBj| n~k_v eUG, _vkf b enfvF|

wjkyclf _vwNfv eo TvNg h, eclN Bvb Nf wgqS wjkycl| hlgwqzwjky Bf oIN mazobfNvf woISg _xeyw cxflw evV lgxixF clv[vhfv Cm~e Nno eclN wjkyclf lc Cv_bvr Nwfqv awo_

ovwBog|

wNeve bwU wSo fvxq m_ lkk bvkvwqN ASkf kxJlqvkx mwqvfabo| bG Cm~e Nnof LNwU AkvjfV NVbyeVf fvWv nnv| w_wg b_zeTN wjlwBwf mhevoN-e wgweni blj_vf Cvkn wkqwSog| LlgwN LG

Cvkn mw_mvog h nwTo kIve, _vf WgF l_zkf wecvg JviVv NfwSog|


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Gw_jvb fvWv nnvf CgN Nw__f lc eyBqvf evwckl csbf bvweN [vLes lBcf ekf Fmf CwBF _fevwf vfv `xiV C_v[vff NTvF hTvhvB

lhvkvf bvTG wowme jqS|

Lfmf Cl n_N wjky_f mygfvgNvo Nzlvwfo ` _v fxw_l_v ewgmxdgf hvTvT kvg NfwSog nv AoI Nf| w_wg JviVv wkqwSog he lvG ec| lvkyfvf fvWv n~o [wdqwSog CvU jvWvf Wg mw_N| bl

n_N Nzlvqyg be mw_v ov` NfwSo ecl| CT[ nfv[vhf CvkvogbIvg LNwU e lwkfNF Cewn fvIwg| ecl wegvn Nfvf mf Cg

Co TN evVkf wgq Lb _vkf jv_ _zo kFqv jqwSo mcvg mcvglwkff `vf|

LG bvw_N C_x_F jfmbvk nvx we[wo_ evc NfSg LG NTv `e h, h-m~ee LN NvwUfF ewn eclf Cgybvfx wSog, Les evb Nf_g 335;;ew`zz, bG m~ee w_wg =; eSf Cgybvg [vwoq eclf LNwU mywNvf

bvg mhmvgwg|

Gbovl LG Amljvkn LbwSo bG Iova_f hyBG Cvfe-lybwol ewVN Lesbywa clm[vfNkf jv_ cf| _e fvl_vq Gbovlf Cvwe`ve lyjvk weg

Nvwblf wbzweWqf lvcl| Cvf evsovq Lov GIw_qvfAwg lyjk weg eIw_qvfwIowWf Cnvfvjx evwjgxf wmP [m| _vf CvB eovo bg [_zeVblvWN Cvfvewn we` NfSg| [vf eVNzovwSo gv| Nfv jov Swn eV| ivdn n_N v_

fJygkg bG SwnN mwfV_ NfwSog 7=0-L|

bykxJNvo lybwol nvbNfv LG Amljvkn nvbg mwf[vogv NfSg| Nvgv NvgvHw_jvwbN LUv mlvV Nf_ e h, lybolvg nvbNfv wSog myfvmywf wjkyweixLes bvmkvwqN| LG kof g__ wkqSg fln[klWylkvf Les hkygvT bfNvf|

fln[klWylkvff l_ bNo clbN nv F bjgnxo_vf h Akvf [_gvwjkyfv m[vf F mqvB Nf LbS_v LIgF b` lvge blvWf NvS LNwU Cvkn|CvfNWg, Cv[vh bvf hkygvT bfNvff l_vl_ jS h cl (Gbovl) _vfCgyBvlxkf clxq N_e wjbe nIvq oyP_fvW F j_v bG cl lvge blvWfmBw_ ev wennvw kyqfG mwfmx|

LG kof l_vl_ Les wbvwof bvfbsm Nfo kuvdvq 3. wjkyclAkvf Fmfl_bwjz| 7. Gbovl wPN _vf wemfx_| =. wjkyclf Akvf Cvjvg Amv Nf

kyG bkvq w[fNvo wewSg TNS Gbovlf Cgykvf_vf NvfVG| 1. wjky-lybolvgf lcNvf bNefvefG wSo w__vf bN| 5. lybolvg nvbNfv wSogbvkvwqN| Cjv_ Zcl mw_v F weclxwegvnG wSo _vkf e_|


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CvfNkof l_, lybolvg bvUfv lvUG bvkvwqN wSog gv| fv mwf[vogvfWg h_UzNz mqvWg, _vf ewn wNSzG Nfgwg _vfv wjkykf wef| LG l_mviVNvfx kof lc fqSg lvgekgvT fvq, lyjk jvwee, Gfavg jvwee mlyI|mTlv kof bmhTG hyw fqS| byo_vg lvjlykf eef wecsbx CvlV

lTyfv, Tvgnf, NgW, Les bevmwf bvlgvTf WBr-weIv_ lwkf oyP F csbfNTv _vkf Wvgv| _vfv Wvgg Gbovl CvS _fevwff lyI cl m[vff NTv, kvf-Ao-Gbovl Les kvf-Ao-jvfe Lf _| _vfv Wvgg _TvNwT_ Fovlvkfwjkyweif NTv, _vkf Wjvwk NvhNovmf NTv, Nvwa Ivg, evfvwg mlyIHw_jvwbNkf bxV_vf NTv, clv wafvW _zJoN wNsev CvolBxff ewec

NvhNovm Les Cg clxqkf Fmf wWwWqv Nf Cvfvmf NTv|

wN CgN mnfG Cvevf Nvgv Af mvFqv hvq gv| hlg lyjk weg NvwnlwbzWqf mf h lwkfwo `DwSog, bwo _vN Cvevf Bd wk_ jqwSoNg4 h CvolBxfN [fl wjkyweix eo Wvgv hvq, bG CvolBxf Alvgkf lwkf

_wff Wg Wwl kvg NfSg Ng4 Cvevf clevcG hwk l~o [vwoNvnw jq TvN,_vjo wbNvkvf ovkxG ev Ng Wgmyf wjkylwkff Fmf Bd FPv bNo lbwWkcsbf Cvkn wkog4 h byo_vg lvjlyk wjkyweix wjbeJwV_, bG lvjlykf

wjky bgfv Ng _vf jq lc Lwnqvq odvG NfS4 lvjlykf wef _vf mcvg

bgvmw_ wgqwwWg wekvj NfwSog| bG wekvj klg byo_vg lvjlyk hbgevwjgx mfV Nfg, _vf bgvmw_ wSog wjkyclf Cgybvfx w_oN| LwU Nx`veJUo4 evef l_zf blq my lvqygf Wg 0wU Cvkn fI hvg| bwof bvf NTvjS wew`gclf lvgyi evb Nf `vf_| LG knf bfNvff fkvwq__vlvfFmf g jS Lf Wg Cvovjf mw_ N_ TvNe| NIgv clxq bsvf hg_vlvf lgN m`vwe_ gv Nf| bl bkvqf knevbxf clxq nNv_f_v Fclxq Cv[vf Cv[fVf mw_ mqvWgxq nvf `ve fI wgfm we[vf Nfe|

lybolvgx_fgvl Nf `vf_ kIo Nfvf mf LG fNl mfclbwjz_vf AmknNg4 blvWf wg[f _ovq ebevbNvfx lvgyi Gbovlf bvlf evVxf NvfV gvjqclvwf_ jqwSo4 wN wbsjvbg kIo fvIvf Wg fvWv BVnf So hkyf

WvovoAwg mwfV_ jFqv wNbf Gw_ejg Nf4 ewfwof cfl fvq aWkvfNw[wP woI WvgvSg h,_vf NvNvN kFqv Wwlkvwf _vN wko w_wg lybolvg j_fvwW| Wwlkvwf Les lgbekvwf mo fvWv Nvo wbs, kex Ivx, lvN, Nnfx, wnAk, WvovgvT, `Bevg kvbf my fvlvgk Lfv bevG lybolvg jqwSoglgbekvwff wewglq| JvdvJvU kyBf Cc `vkbx fvqf Cw`hvB evfevN nvj

wgWf wmqmv GblvGoN l_zk wkog Ng4 3561-65 bvo 37wU CvwoNCTlxf lc 8 WgG wjkywSog Ng4 Wvjvxff wbsjvbg CvfvjVf __xq eSfTNG Clybwol lvjg kvb bvUf kFqvg wjbe kvwq_ mog Ng4

nvjWvjvgf fvW_Nvo fvq [k`vg bw[evoqf mcvg wSog Ng4


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LGbe mnf Af LNNTvq kFqv be gq| _e Llg j_ mvf h, bvlvWmwf[vogvf mqvWg hvB Clybwolkf wgqvB wk_ evc jqwSog _vfv| CvevfLNG bvT LG wbvF Cvbv h_ mvf h, `_f `_f bvkvwqN joF

evGf LNwU bxw_f ev_vefV, C_ kIvgvf Wg joF, mqvWg wSo lybolvgblvUkf|

_e LNUv evmvf bevG LNl_ h, nlWxex NvwU NvwU mWvkf nviV Nfvfevmvf m_NG wSog wbj| bvUf CgyBj`vWg Cvwlf IbfNF _vG eo_jqwSo h bvUf lyNzUf mw_wU lyv Cvbo kwfklvgyif WlvUeuvcv f LesNvgv wkq _wf|wNni mhAmljvknf Gw_jvb nwV bsBvlf Gw_jvb gv jq mwfV_ jqS

clxq bvkvwqN_vfG Gw_jvb|

;7.GsfW Les mvwNvwg bvkvwqN_vm~VCvlo kywUN evk wkq Cvlfv [o Cvb_[vG blblqf evsovkn|

LNvf Zvcxg_vhyf mf LG kn clxq bvkvwqN_vf wef bvsw_N,fvWgw_N, kvnwgN Les mvqvwBN odvG f Nfvf LNwU ev_vefV bwjqwSo|

WgBV m_ wSo bG odvG_ hvB wk_| wN_kvgxg bfNvf m_ wSo gv|_vkf CbsI eT_vf lc be[vG_ ekgvkvqN eT_v jS bvkvwqN_vfl~ovrmvUgf NvW Cv_wgqvB gv Nf_ mvfv| fvN be clf NvS TN bwfqwgq hvFqvf f_gv ey] _vfv fvf [vI be clf blvg lhvkvf _wU m[vfgvlog| bG m[vfF wSo ovNkIvgv| NvfV, ni mh kIv Bo h,bvkvwqN_v bwNvfx bewo mw_vgG mvS fvf CvgyN~o|

WFjfovo gjf eowSog h, bsIvBwff bvkvwqN_v Iye wemgN| NvfVCwcNvsn G LwUN bvkvwqN_vf mwfe_ Wv_xq_vevk eo lg jq|clwgfm_vf gxw_ JviVv NfF ni mh bsIvBwf lvgyif clUvNG mvcvgkFqv jov| Cvevf evDvwo bvkvwqN_vf ewk_ Cv_vw_ wk_ Cvjvg Wvgvgv

jov bNo Cvwkevbx Wvw_-BvxN| eWvq TvNo gvgv cfgf wnveevnwVeill~oN Les clxq eill~oN| Bwfe lvgyif bvgkf Wg fvCvcywgN F

GjWvBw_N wnvf eev Nf_ eT jq _vkf Sd wko clxq myfvwj_kfId| mfe_x_ Bd APo wenvo lvkvbv wnveev| Nlg [jvfv bGbe

lvkvbv, _vkf wnN Les wnvTxf4

NFlx lvkvbvf _voe Lol| b Wvg, ev LNblq Wg hvq h, LG mwTexf[olvg_vf bvT wgWf bvhyW IuvWvf [vlvG _vf NvS CTjxg| NvfV _vN_wf Nfv jqS myfvmywf mfNvof NTv lvTvq fI| wNWxeg _v [~dvlvvqGjNvoxg| fvWNvf mw_-ovNlv `v_f l_veve|_vN ev]vgv jqS NFlf


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bev[ Ikl_ NfS b Cvov-fbyof evVx Les wecvg wnv Nf|wewglq Ivkv_vf wfwWNf eev Nfeg| wN b _v `wei_f wkN _vNv_ wnIo wgWfWg LNfvn CNvfG Neo kI_ mvq| _vG `wei_f wkN _vNvgv e Nf bwgWf e_lvg Wxegf lcG lgN uW wk_ [vq lf`~wlf AUmvwIf l_v| evGf_vNv_ wgic NfSg Avkfv| wN evGf _v _vNv_G jq| evGf gv _vNv_[vGoF evwjfUv n_ evcv bF dlyd Nf XyN md_ [vq `_f| evwjf Nxev_vbf l_v beBvlx!

_vN nIvgv jqS _vfmfgf h mvnvN, LNlv bUvG Gbovlb_, Cvovjfwgkwn_ mvnvN| Gwk-gvbvfvkf mvnvN mfv [oe gv| LG mvnvNUvG Cvovjf[vI be[vG_ bvwg_ Les bykf| b LG mvnvNN h_Ivwg mvf bykf`ve

weg Nf fvIvf [v Nf| wgWf jv_ mwfvf Nf| bG mvnvNf Wov eWvqfvIvf Wg h_k~f be [v Nf hvq| wN b hIg fvvq ef jq, wgWN _vfCg bevGNvf [q bykf lg jq gv| LG mvnvN Nvfv [vI bkhevcf kwavUvq gv| efs Nvfv Nvfv kw_ _vwSo| bG kwf bvlg b NzuNd hvq|mvfo wgWf nfxfUvN euvwNq lvwU-Cvnqx bfxbmf l_v Bvo evwgq ao|Lknf lqfv mT-JvU fvW n_ n_ LG mvnvNf lvgyi kI| _ey _vfmvnvNf wkN _vNvq Llg`ve hg w`gBjf Nvgv mvVx kIS| Nvgv wNnvfx-

_fVx-hye_xf ZmNgvq LG fNl mvnvNcvfx Nvfv Nvgv Cw_gG| _vfv Zmh fvWmyzfN kI, _vf mfg Llg mvnvN kyt ZmF Ngv Nfv hvq gv| NA

_vN eowg lqkf LG Zmev| wN b ey] wgqS wgWf `_ff LNevwbkvf bvT NTvmNTgf lvcl|

jvUevf Cgkf bvT _vNF lv] lv] mvPvgv jq jvlvGN Cvf lvwU_weSvgvf kyGwU IWyf-[vUvG wkq| _vfv jvUf w`dvvLNwU WvqBvq wgWfv ebLNwU mvwU_, CvfNwU weSvgv TvN bvlgf lvwU_ jvUzfkf NfVv cvfV Nfvf

Wg| _vfv lvGN Cwenvl Les _vfZf jvUf lvgyiN mfmvff mvfvwgf Nwdbqf NTv lg Nwfq wkq kvg-cvgf Cvjvg Wvgv_ TvN| h_V jvU [oe__V _vkf LG NvW|

lv] lv] [uvkvf fwbk eG jv_ _vN mvPvgv jq kvNvg kvNvg, evwd_evwd_| NIgv NIgv _vN AP_ jq k~fBvlx evbov_F| hvxkf NfVvCvNiV evbf Gwg Cvf jgf bvT mvov wkq Bov avUv_ jq _vN| LGbeNf_ h ov wJf cf_ mTl mTl, LNblq bG ov AcvF jq hvq| lg j_TvN LUvG _vf NvW| Cwgwk Nvo mhLUvG _vN Nf h_ je|

I_ eb w[fwkgf egvf mygfvew| _vfv woovj evw\s-q hvfv TvN, _vkf WgLNfNl Ivgv| Cvf Avk Les lcwe Jff Svkf Wg Cg fNl| _vkf

wgWkf Nx I_ GSv Nf gv Nf _vf Nvgv l~o gG|


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_vf ed GSv weNvo jo lvP Io_ hvFqv| mvnf jvGzof lvP Sofv azUeoIo, wNU Io, `woeo Io| wN bIvg hvB kFqv _vf wgic| HbeSokf TN b Cvovkv| Fkf bvT Io_ Bo _vkf w[v Les lgv`w

_vN CvvNfe| _vkf GSv Les CvNvvf bvT wgWN wlwoq gevf GSv_wf je _vfF| bwo nq_vwg gabf Nno| nq_vgf auvk aovf Nno|

Uwow`ng _vf NvS LNUv nq_vwg ev| bIvg [wen Jv Neo nq_vwgFbFqvbv| Uwow`ng lvg bIvg gvfxmvcvg| Cvf gvfx jS kvWIf kfWv|

LG jS LNWg NFlx lvkvbvSvf e_lvg Les `wei_f w[fIv| b WvgblvWf l~ocvfvf bvT _vf Nvgv bN gG| mwTex, b`_v Les wevg LwBq

[oS| bwof bvT _vf Nvgv bw _v k~ff NTv, bwo wgq h `ve_ jq,LUvF _vf lg Cvb gv| b blvW Les CvcywgN lggf LNWg mvwN Cwcevbx|_vN wgq blvWF hlg B`xf`ve w[v Nf gv, fvF _vf NTv `ve gv| Avcgxblven NvfCvg _ovFqv_, lvgyif l_z jo ovevgf cuvqvf mvn eb XyoXyo NvfCvg mdv, lbwWk wbwg euvUv, [wonvq I_l kFqvf lcG blvW _vf`~wlNv bxlve| LG mwfww__ Nvgv lvgyif m wN ew_evg jq FPv be4

jxgg_v TN Cvb wgkvfV Cgvbw| bG Cgvbw Amhy Gg mo Wo h

APe _v _v Cvlfv kIwS lybwol wenf CgN kn| jxgg_v Les CejovTN Ce[_g Bd FP [fl mw_wjsbvmeV_v Les weNw_| Cvf ew_jxg_v_vN cvwe_ Nf hNvgv mT| _vf mNvn Cvlvkf knF fjqS| kIv BSwew`g blq| _vkf wbuwd evwgq l_vf cvm mv fvI_ [vq _vkf ed Avk|mqvWg _vkf evgv_ [vq _voevg| _vf wgWf GSvf hj_zl~ogG, _vG b

Avkkf jv_ LN_vo gfl lvwUf l_v w_wg h CvNvf kg bG CvNvf cvfVNf_ evc jq|Cg clf gvl wgewk_ mw_vg ovf wnvw[F lvUvlywU LNG fNl|

;=.Cvlfv `ve_ C`h,Cvlvkf knf bvcvfV lvgyi lvUG bvkvwqN gq| wNbvw_N mwfww_ Cvlvkf bG `vegv_ w[d cwfqS| h ovN cl-NlwNSzG Nfgv, _vNF Cgvqvb clf gvl wows le Ug Cvgv be jS| LG kn CvWjvWvf jvWvf wnbvgf gvl bvvl ev ovkg| wg_vbvcvfV gf-gvfxF Cg clflvgyif bvT ZvTf wo joF lvl BvwowU kq nvov lvovAg ev nvov

gd eo| hvf nwfN jFqvf NTv `v_-Nvmd-Wwl-NvW-wnv-Ggbvaf odvG_,b hvB kq _TvNwT_ clfvf wlwSo| clCvk Nvgv lwNf lyI gG WgF|

evlmxfv wgWkf Cv_blvov[gv Nfg LG eo h, _vfv bvcvfV lvgyif NvS_vkf ee wgq muSv_ eTjqSg| LG Cv_blvov[gv CvswnN wPN| LNGb w_ b_ jS h, LG knf lvgyi evlkf ee BjV Nfwg| evlkf ee


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BjV gv Nf_ _vkf be[vG_ ewn Ay NfS _vkf lc n_ n_ eSf cfwnNd Bd eb TvNv bvkvwqN_v| _vG _vfv lybwol fv ev wjky fv BPgh_Uv CvBjx, __Uv CvBjx gq bl_vf fv ev lvgyif fv BPg|

CvfNwU weiqF `e kIv kfNvf| LNG bvT mwfm~V cvwlN Les CbvkvwqNjFqv Cvk be wN gv| wgWN beblq CbvkvwqN eo JviVv NfoF, LlgwNwgWf NvS wgWN CbvkvwqN lg NfoF kIv hvq evewf lbwWk, Nfbev,fvl Wg`~wl, javW_, bvMkxf l_zk, NwT_ clf Celvggv G_vNvf Gby_ _vfev _vkf CbvkvwqN_vf lyIvn Ib md|

L_be weiq wee[gvq wgqG Cvlvkf bvkvwqN_v-wefvcx Cvkvogf Nlb~w[wgcvfV Nf_ je|

oIN ? NTvbvwjw_N


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LNwesn n_vx F bvmkvwqN_vf blbvljwbg wbxN

Qhe trcaftfdj d` cii aeca lejerctfdjs weflhs ifne c jflhtbcre dj the grcfjs d` theifvfjl. Qhe Eflhteejth Grubcfre d` Idufs Gdjcpcrte> Ncri Bcrx, 3857.

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mwfe_gf Cve_fCcxg > Cvlvkf mvTN LG h CvcywgNvf wenLIgvcy CvcywgN_v CeoZg Nfvf we_N Cvlfv mvnweN Bjhy wo| LNwkNbvl_vwN-OmwgewnN blvWf bsw_ F nvbg eev m_vIvg Nf, weni_Armvkg eevf CvcywgNNfVf Les ewjwenf Cx`~_ jFqvf mqvWg mBw_nxomwfe_gf cvfv me_gf m[v [oS|bG bh mw_wqvnxo bvmkvwqN nwf

NvS Wv_xq_vevkx Cvknf mfvWqf ao blvW clw`wN fvWgxw_fec_v Bjx_jq, bG be CBV_vwN mBw_ wefvcx Cuv_v_ nwnvox jqS| clv, clweix,

cleebvqx, cl fvWgw_N, cl-CgymvwV_ bywecvevkx F bvbevkxBvx nwV we`blvW lvgyif wgfvmv F Cwgq_vWwg_ `xw_f byhvB wgq mNvn Cmfwefvcx JVv mNvn Nfv, kvvf AbNvwg kqv, _vkf ni CeoZg w`U-lvwU kIoLes Sywff \Bvq nvwf cl hvB wk_ evc Nfv, LlgwN wgkvi lvgyiN j_v

Nfv, G_vwk eef_vF m[wo_ fqS| LIgF wgfmvq bsIvoJybmkvqN Nvh_Zkn Cgvj~_ w_xq nwVf gvBwfN_ lg wgq LlgwN bvbxkf CvlVflyIF fvf bsfVf Cwgq_vf `q `xw__ eu[ TvN_ jq| eyWyqv BV_fkyeo_vf byhvB wgq fvWgw_N m`ve mbvf k CvWNf bvmkvwqN_vevkxkfcv bxlvjxg| WfvUf 7;;7 F 7;;0 bvof kvv Les evsovkn 7;3= bvofbvmkvwqN_v mVvwk_ csbh fv-wenif k Cvlfv bvmkvwqN gG LGwlTvf lyIvn Iyo wkqS|361


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wenvb mviV Nf| Wvw_f wm_vf NnoB_ F fvWgw_N `yof ao Zvcxg_vmfe_x C_C blq WgBVf blTg jvfvevf mf mTl byhvBGZfv[vfxbg-

nvbNfv fv l_v kIo Nf lywhy n bgkf gvfNxq NlNv bwqbvjvhNvfx bvbevkx cl fvWgxw_f g__N CbvmkvwqN evsovkn nNdBWv_ bvjvh Nf Les bswecvg TN clwgfm_vf cvfv weoy Nf| C_tmf

bg-blwT_ evsovkn Wv_xq ko LNG gxw_ CgybfV NfS| ky`vB en_ Llg wNl_vbxg CvFqvlxoxBF bswecvgf clwgfm_vf cvfv mygfwcw_ gv Nf fqxbsBvl CwW_ CxNvfN l_v kIo eejvh mV mwfV_ NfS| o NfvmqvWgh,evsovkn cl-fvWgxw_f mygWxeg LNlv evsovknf Nlywg mvwULes Z NqNUv evlmx ko Svdv Cg be koG Wwd_ |

lywhy CwefVxq _vBf mfF clv_v, BV_ wefvcx, Cbjgnxo, eefbvmkvwqN nwwof mygfvg wgfvn gv jFqv lynwNo| Wvlv_-G-Gbovl Les

javW_-G-Gbovlf l_v cl-eebvqx, evsovkn-wefvcx, evsovknN wjkylyNf Nvfvg-jvwkb w`wN Cvkn lybolvg kn mwfe_g mw_ve bvbevkxfvWgw_N kof b _TvNwT_ CbvmkvwqN kof Cvmb Nfvf m[vj_vnvWgN| LG LNwesn n_vx_F bvmkvwqN_vf fvWgxw_f bao_vfmwfmw_ LG blbvf blvcvg Lhver Cgyb_ gxw_ F Nlb~[xf m~gl~ovqgmqvWg |

bvmkvwqN_v wN, Lf Arb NvTvq, N kvqx, G_vwk wgq ewB_ F bmkvqB_

mmvw__, G_vwk gvgv NvfV l_`k CvS| L weiq _N-we_N, BeiVv LesoIvowI [oS kxJ wkg hver| weni Nf ekfxg Alf (bvmkvwqN_v, XvNv,

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bvmkvwqN_vf Arb wgVq cl F nwV w`wN we`kf bvkn, _vf Hw_jvwbNmU`~wl, G_vwk weiq wevwf_ BeiVvf aovao wew`gmNvngvq wgew_| blbv

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nwV nviVf Cebvgf bvegvf cvf NvSF Cvlfv muSwS eo lg jq gv|bvl_vwN CTgw_N eevf Cebvg F myuwWevkx Agqgf mbvf, C_tmfblvW_f Cvwe`ve Les _vf mkvgye_x bvsw_N mwfe_gf lvcl bvmkvwqN_vwgl~o je, bkjgG| LG Hw_jvwbN mwfe_gfNvg bsw aflyov gG| _TvwmbsIvoJybmkvqN _vkf wgfvmvf Wg, b~VgvBwfN_-Wwg_ CwcNvf CWgfWg, evsovkn blvW_vwN blvW vmgf Cmvq TvNvf Amkn kqv mjbglv| bvmkvwqN_vf b~V ArIv_f Wg blvWf

Communalism in Bangladesh: Problems and Way of Solving

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Transcript of Communalism in Bangladesh: Problems and Way of Solving