COMMON UNDERSTANDING ON SURVEYING ACTIVITIES HYDROGRAPHY ... · COMMON UNDERSTANDING ON SURVEYING...

“NETWORK OF DANUBE WATERWAY ADMINISTRATIONS”

South-East European Transnational Cooperation Programme

COMMON UNDERSTANDING ON SURVEYING ACTIVITIES – HYDROGRAPHY & HYDROLOGY

Document ID:

Activity: Activity 3.2: common understanding on surveying activities

Author / Project Partner: Date: Version:

Stefan Polhorsky/SVP, s.p. 1.0

Peter Kickinger/Via Donau – part

hydrology 1.0

Stefan Polhorsky/SVP, s.p. 6.4.2011 2.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT ............................................................................................................ 7

2 HYDROGRAPHICAL MEASUREMENTS – GENERAL INFORMATION ......................................... 8

2.1. Austria – general information ......................................................................................... 8

2.1.1. River bed measurements with echo-sounders in Austria ...................................... 8

2.1.2. Echo sounding equipment in Austria ...................................................................... 9

2.1.3. Interval of measurements in Austria .................................................................... 10

2.1.4. Processing of sounding data in Austria ................................................................. 12

2.1.5. Discharge and current measurements in Austria ................................................. 14

2.1.6. Measuring equipment in Austria .......................................................................... 15

2.1.7. Interval of measurements in Austria .................................................................... 15

2.1.8. Terrestrial surveying in Austria ............................................................................. 16

2.1.9. Geographic Information System in Austria ........................................................... 17

2.2. Slovakia – general information ..................................................................................... 18

2.2.1. Discharge measurements in Slovakia ................................................................... 18

2.2.2. Measuring equipment in Slovakia ........................................................................ 18

2.2.3. Interval of measurements in Slovakia .................................................................. 21

2.2.4. River bed measurements in Slovakia .................................................................... 21

2.2.5. Monitoring of the riverbed in Slovakia ................................................................. 21

2.2.6. Frequency of monitoring of the river bed in Slovakia .......................................... 24

2.2.7. Data processing in Slovakia ................................................................................... 25

2.3. Hungary – general information ..................................................................................... 28

2.3.1. Riverbed measurement in Hungary ...................................................................... 28

2.3.2. Types of used equipment for measurement in Hungary ...................................... 29

2.3.3. Processing of data in Hungary .............................................................................. 32

2.4. Serbia – general information ........................................................................................ 35

2.4.1. River bed measurements in Serbia ....................................................................... 35

2.4.2. Types of used equipment for measurement in Serbia ......................................... 35

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2.4.3. Data processing in Serbia ...................................................................................... 37

2.4.4. Long-time data elaboration in Serbia ................................................................... 38

2.5. Bulgaria – general information ..................................................................................... 40

2.5.1. River bed measurements in Bulgaria .................................................................... 40

2.5.2. Types of used equipments for measurements in Bulgaria ................................... 40

2.5.3. Processing of data in Bulgaria ............................................................................... 40

2.6. Romania – general information .................................................................................... 41

2.6.1. River bed measurements in Romania ................................................................... 41

2.6.2. Types of used equipments for measurements in Romania .................................. 41

2.6.3. Processing of data in Romania .............................................................................. 43

2.7. Romania – Danube-Black See – general information ................................................... 46

2.7.1. River bed measurements in Danube-Black See canal .......................................... 46

2.7.2. Discharge and current measurements in Danube-Black See canal ...................... 49

3 STANDARD FOR HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AND ACTIVITIES RELEVANT FOR

NAVIGATION ................................................................................................................................. 54

3.1. Measurement of hydrological parameter .................................................................... 54

3.1.1. Water level ............................................................................................................ 55

3.1.2. Discharge ............................................................................................................... 55

3.1.3. Water temperature ............................................................................................... 56

3.1.4. Groundwater ......................................................................................................... 56

3.1.5. Suspended sediment load and bed load............................................................... 56

3.2. Data transmission ......................................................................................................... 56

3.3. Data processing ............................................................................................................. 57

4 CONCLUSIONS BASED ON PROVIDED INFORMATION .......................................................... 58

5 LIST OF ANNEXES .................................................................................................................. 59

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Hungary

ABBR. Abbreviation

OMSZ Hungarian Meteorological Service

OVISZ National Water Management IT Service

WMO World Meteorological Organization

KvVM Ministry of Environment and Water

Serbia

AGN European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International

Importance

FDI Foreign direct investments

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GOS Global Observation System

GTS Global Telecommunications System

HS DTD Hydro System DTD

ICPDR International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River

IMF International Monetary Fund

IWW Inland waterways

MMS Main Meteorological Stations

MOSS Meteorological Observation System of Serbia

RHMZ Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia

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UTC Coordinated Universal Time

WMO World Meteorological Organization

Bulgaria

TRACECA Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia

GDP Gross Domestic Product

NIMH National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology

IPCC

DGPS

Romania

ABBR. Abbreviation

AFDJ River Administration OF the Lower Danube

DXF Drawing exchange format (data file format-Autodesk)

DC Danube Commission

DGPS Differential Global Positioning System

RIS River Information Services

WGS World Geodetic System

1 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT

The purpose of this document is to describe the main tasks of the hydrographical

department in waterway management companies within the project. It contains information

about surveying activities, measurement equipment and interval of measurements, data

processing and management.

Content of the document has been focused on hydrographical measuremets in

participating countries, general overview of current activities, collecting of data, evaluation,

post-processing and providing of the data in agreed format and minimum quality.

Finally the conclusion of the activities, recomendations for improvement of

methodology, definition and checking, if the measurements have been made according to the

minimum quality standard which was elaborated by the experts from GIS FORUM DANUBE

expert group and sent for approval to Danube Commission.

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2 HYDROGRAPHICAL MEASUREMENTS – GENERAL INFORMATION

2.1. Austria – general information

The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines hydrography as “the branch

of applied science which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features

of the navigable portion of the earth’s surface *seas+ and adjoining coastal areas, with special

reference to their use for the purpose of navigation.”

The focus of hydrographic work is the measurement and acquisition of all parameters, which

are necessary to describe the constitution and form of the riverbed and the dynamic processes

of open waters.

Main hydrographical tasks are:

• River bed measurements

• Discharge and current measurements

• Terrestrial surveying

• Cartography and hydrographical data management.

2.1.1. River bed measurements with echo-sounders in Austria

Basically we distinguish two different surveying systems, the single-beam and multi-

beam echo sounding system.

In the following some principle advantages and disadvantages of single beam versus multi

beam are given:

a) Single-beam echo sounder

- Measurements are linearly in the form of profiles

- Single-beam measurements are faster and cheaper as multi-beam measurements, at

least along shallow water stretches

- Easier handling of data due to smaller amount

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- Unfavourable distribution of soundings for generating 3D-Models and bathymetric

plans, because of high density along profiles, lack of data between profiles

Assignment: Measurements for the preservation of evidence, Measurements for controlling

dredging projects,…

b) Multi-beam echo sounder

- Produce a „swath“ of sounding (i.e. depths) to ensure full coverage of an area

- Higher expenditure in comparison to single-beam measurements

- Data handling is more sensitive

Assignment: for special measurements, for example detecting wrecks or measurements for

river engineering projects, Bridge pier erosion sounding, etc.

2.1.2. Echo sounding equipment in Austria

Hydrographic surveys are conducted primarily by mobile (transportable on a trailer)

vessels using single-beam- or alternatively multi-beam sounding systems.

The following table gives an overview of the echo sounding equipment in Austria.

Vessel Echo sounding system Software Positioning System

Vessel Beta (mobile) SB Kongsberg EA 400 (38 KHz, 200 KHz)

QINSy Inshore (QPS)

(Leica GPS530) Leica GPS1200+ (with Glonass), Tacheometer Leica TCA1100

Vessel Epsilon (mobile)

SB Kongsberg EA 400 (38 KHz, 200 KHz)

QINSy Inshore (QPS)

Vessel Alpha (mobile)

SB Kongsberg EA 400 (38 KHz, 200 KHz) MB Kongsberg EM 3002D (Dual head)

QINSy Inshore (QPS) QINSy Survey (QPS), Qloud (QPS)

Vessel Munin or Vessel 4

MB Reson SeaBat 8101 (240 KHz); IXSEA Octans (gyro/motion sensor)

Navisoft Sweep (Navitronic)

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For the positioning of soundings we are provided with Leica GPS530 (base station on

land plus rover station on the vessel) or Leica GPS1200+ (with Glonass), which is more reliable

and has a higher accuracy.

In regions where receiving of GPS-signals is not possible (Bridges), we use the automatic

tacheometer Leica TCA1100 with a 3600 prism. This system works really fast and has a high

accuracy, but the range is limited and it can be influenced by atmospheric conditions.

The reference to the vertical datum is done by levelling the water level.

The following error limits are valid for our hydrographic measurements:

Depth accuracy: +/- 0.05 m (plus proportionately included depth error)

Positioning accuracy of soundings: +/- 0.20 m.

2.1.3. Interval of measurements in Austria

Basically we distinguish between project related measurements, which are mostly limited to a

small area and periodically recurring measurements of river sections.

a) Periodically measurements for the preservation of evidence

These measurements are primarily made to control and document the changes of the river

bed. It was already mentioned that app. 280 km of the Austrian Danube stretch is

impounded. The remaining 70 km are the free-flowing stretches in the Wachau and in the

region east of Vienna to the Austrian-Slovakian border. For navigational and measurement

purposes the free-flowing sections are more interesting, because the processes in the river

bed are more dynamic. Along the Danube stretch 14 working stretches for river bed

measurements (see figure 7) are defined. The river bed is usually measured by standard

single-beam echo sounders in the form of cross profiles with a 50 m-distance between the

profiles. Distance Marks define the profile start- and endpoints. In principle the free-

flowing sections are measured once in spring and once in autumn. In addition 4 - 5

impounded sections are measured per year, so the resultant frequency of measurements is

2 -3 years.

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Since 2 years two sections of the annual working plan are measured with multi-beam echo

sounder, in order to get full coverage of all sections by and by.

Section River-km Number of profiles Frequency of measure-

ments

01_Jochenstein 2223,200-2203,400 396 every 2-3 years

02_Aschach 2203,000-2162,800 804 every 2-3 years

03_Ottensheim 2162,800-2147,000 316 every 2-3 years

04_Abwinden 2146,600-2119,700 538 every 2-3 years

05_Wallsee 2119,300-2095,700 472 every 2-3 years

06_Ybbs 2094,400-2060,500 678 every 2-3 years

07_Melk 2060,100-2038,100 440 every 2-3 years

08_Wachau* 2038,000-2010,000 560 twice a year

09_Altenwörth 2009,950-1981,000 579 every 2-3 years

10_Greifenstein 1979,500-1949,400 602 every 2-3 years

11_Freudenau 1949,000-1921,100 558 every 2-3 years

12_Fischamend* 1921,000-1900,000 420 twice a year

13_Hainburg* 1899,950-1880,200 395 twice a year

14_Wolfsthal* 1880,150-1872,700 149 twice a year

Figure 7: Quantity of river bed measurements along the Austrian Danube stretch *free-flowing section

b) Project related measurements

For this purpose we use either multi-beam or single-beam echo sounders. If single-beam

comes to operation we measure cross profiles with a profile distance of 10 m, 20m or 25m.

- Controlling shallow water areas

- Controlling dredging projects

- River engineering projects

- Harbour and harbour entrances

- Bridge pier erosion

- Detecting wrecks

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2.1.4. Processing of sounding data in Austria

The collected hydrographic data must be corrected, this means checking the data for

blunders, performing corrections and merging the depths with position data. Furthermore it

must be proved if there are GPS failures or incorrect echos.

Multi-beam data can be automatically filtered. For correction of single-beam soundings

we use the hydrographic software Navisoft (Navitronic). To process the large quantities of

multi-beam sounding data we use the Hydrographic Information Processing System HIPS

(CARIS).

The cleaned geo-referenced data are now available for different purposes:

In most cases we produce bathymetric charts in different scales with the mapping software

Surfer (Golden Software) or Caris GIS Professional (CARIS). The chart production includes the

following working steps:

- Controlling the density and distribution of soundings (multi-beam data mostly require a

data thinning)

- Calculation of a digital terrain model (3D-model)

- Calculation of isobaths (depth contours)

- Smoothing of isobaths

- Cartography

All cross profiles, which are measured for preservation of evidence are collected in a

database (it is a special application based on ORACLE) and are available for the comparison of

single-beam profiles of different years. Furthermore the computation of the cubature over an

entire section is possible, so we can derive areas of erosion and accumulation in the river bed.

The database consist river section measurements from the last 20 years. Additionally in

this database are stored all, for the visualization of profiles important data, like the

characteristic water levels, fairway, profile start and end point, etc.

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Another important task of the hydrographic team is the generation of depth information

for the digital inland navigation map (Inland ECDIS). Data processing differs significantly for data

derived from single-beam or multi-beam equipment.

Because of the unfavourable distribution of single-beam sounding data an aggregation

of data on basis of a digital terrain model is necessary.

The data processing involves the thinning of multi-beam data or aggregation of single-

beam data, calculating a digital terrain model, calculation and smoothing of isobaths,

generation of depth polygons, transformation into WGS84 and conversion to S-57 format. The

used software for these steps is CARIS GIS (data processing) und CARIS HOM (S-57 production).

The depth information for the free-flowing sections in the Inland ECDIS will be updated twice a

year.

Figure 8: Data processing workflow

It is to mention that the hydrographic team started in 2009 with efforts to improve the

surveying activities and the workflow of surveying with the purpose to build up a customer-

specific waterway management system:

Raw sounding data (SB or MB)

Cleaned, geo-referenced

sounding data

Depth information for

ENC

Profile database HIS3D

Generation of plans

Oracle

Caris GIS and HOM

Golden Software Surfer, CARIS GIS

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• Work out an annual plan for standard measurements of the free-flowing sections

• Improvement of the quality management for hydrographic surveys (calibration and tests)

• Efficient workflow for generating depth data for the Inland ENC

• Identifying and controlling of shallow water areas

• Evaluation of national and international specifications for waterways

• Evaluation of customer-specific parameters, as fairway dimensions, berths,…

2.1.5. Discharge and current measurements in Austria

Discharge and current measurements are mainly made with the ADCP (Acoustic Doppler

Current Profiler) from the ship. In certain conditions (e.g.: extreme flood conditions) the

measurements are made with a propeller gauge.

a) ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)

Acoustic current meter which uses the Doppler effect for measuring

By measuring the current velocity, ship velocity and water depth in a transverse

movement across the river the discharge of the measuring profile is determined

Very quick measuring process

Application: monthly measurements on standardized profiles of the entire Danube to

get base data for hydrology, since 2008 test phase at the March

b) Hydrometric propeller gauge

Oldest method, which is performed by a special constructed measuring trolley from

bridges or directly at the river by a ship.

The propeller gauge is put into water. With the exactly amount of the rotations of the

propeller gauge the current velocity can be determined.

By comparison to the ADCP relatively work intensive because there have to be done

measurements on several points of the profile.

Application: in case of flood from bridges, bilateral measurements at the March

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2.1.6. Measuring equipment in Austria

Vessel Epsilon (mobile)

The measurements are made with the “Teledyne RD Instruments ADCP Rio Grande” with 600

kHz (appropriate for mean water level to flood conditions) or in case of low water to mean

water level conditions with the “ADCP Broad-Band” with 1200 kHz. The positioning is made

with Leica GPS SR 50 (Racal).

For discharge measurements of smaller rivers (March, Thaya, Traun, New Danube) the

“Teledyne RD Instruments WorkHorse Rio Grande” with 1200 kHz is used. The instrument is

mounted on a trimaran which is moved by a boat inside the profile. To record the data the

software WINRIVER is employed.

2.1.7. Interval of measurements in Austria

In different intervals propeller gauge measurements from bridges and ADCP

measurements on standardized profiles are held along the entire Austrian Danube. Five times a

year a long ADCP measurement series from Achleiten to Thebnerstraßl and four times a year a

short measurement series from Grein to Thebnerstraßl is made. Additionally there are

measurements at certain discharge values and in case of flood.

Discharge profile river-km Interval of measurement

Achleiten 2223,0-2223,0 March, May, July, September, November

Engelhartszell 2200,6-2200,6 March, May, July, September, November

Aschach 2159,9-2159,9 March, May, July, September, November

Ottensheim 2144,0-2144,0 March, May, July, September, November

Linz 2133,4-2133,4 March, May, July, September, November

Mauthausen 2110,7-2110,7 March, May, July, September, November

Grein 2078,6-2078,6 March to November, monthly

Ybbs 2058,8-2058,8 March to November, monthly

Melk 2033,6-2033,6 March to November, monthly

Aggsbach 2027,5-2027,5 April, July, October

Aggstein 2024,6-2024,7 March, June, September

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Spitz 2019,0-2019,0 May, August, November

Kienstock 2015,1-2015,1 March to November, monthly

Weißenkirchen 2013,0-2013,0 March, May, July, September, November

Dürnstein 2008,3-2008,3 April, June, August, October

Greifenstein 1947,8-1947,8 March to November, monthly

Korneuburg 1941,5-1941,5 March to November, monthly

Freudenau UW 1917,1-1917,1 March to November, monthly

Fischamend 1908,4-1904,5 March to November, monthly

Wildungsmauer 1892,3-1892,3 March to November, monthly

Bad Deutsch Altenburg 1884,9-1884,9 March to November, monthly

Thebnerstrassl 1879,5-1879,5 March to November, monthly

Figure 9: Interval of discharge measurements

Additionally to the ADCP measurement series there is a propeller gauge measurement

at seven bridges of the Danube once a year. These measurements are for the completion of the

discharge series and for controlling the measurement equipment.

In cooperation with Slovakia propeller gauge measurements are held at the river

March in Hohenau and Angern monthly and four times a year in conjunction with the Czech

Republic in Bernhardsthal.

In case of flood and in consultation with the via donau team hydrology, propeller

gauge measurements from bridges will be conducted.

After a plausibility check the values of the ADCP resp. propeller gauge measurements will be

sent to the via donau team Hydrology for further analyses.

2.1.8. Terrestrial surveying in Austria

The terrestrial measuring provides the entire data basis for the Hydrography.

Control and addition of the geodetic benchmark field and the hectometer along the

Danube, March and Thaya

Site plans and gradient diagrams (terrestrial), (e.g.: for flood protection works, oxbow

lakes, biotopes, gravel bars, etc.)

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Leveling in case of flood or low water (water level measurement)

Measuring of buildings (locks, bridges, etc.)

Implementation and maintenance of the entire benchmark database (including

hectometer, gauge, etc.)

2.1.9. Geographic Information System in Austria

For about three years ago the implementation of a geographic information system

(ArcGIS/ESRI) started, which contains all relevant hydrographical and surveying data like:

Orthophotos

Aerial photo evaluation

Digital cadastral map

Project concerning riverbed evaluation

Hectometer and benchmarks

Navigation line

Berths

All positions will be referenced to Gauß-Krüger projection, based on the ellipsoid Bessel 1841.

The original Zero- (Prime-) Meridian of the Austrian Gauß-Krüger (Transverse Mercator) is Ferro

(17040’ W Greenwich).

In Austria we use heights above Adriatic Sea Level. For navigational purposes all

sounding data will be reduced to Equivalent Low Water Level (RNW). Heights of bridges and

overhead cables will be referenced to the Highest Navigable Water Level (HSW).

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2.2. Slovakia – general information

2.2.1. Discharge measurements in Slovakia

Discharge measurements on large rivers are currently provided mostly by ADCP

(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) from the boat or from the bridge. In certain circumstances

and on the smaller streams the measurements are made by propeller type current meters (with

rotating element) (A.OTT) from the boat, from the bridge or by wading.

Both techniques belong to the velocity-area method. One of the outputs (in both methods) is

also the cross-profile measured.

2.2.2. Measuring equipment in Slovakia

ADCP measurements

The ADCP measurements on Danube are usually made from a boat. The measurement is

repeated at least 4 times in each profile, afterwards the results are checked. If all four

measurements fell into the given interval, the measurement can be finished and Agila 6.2

software provide from the inputs the number of outputs including the velocities, discharge,

cross profile, etc. If any of the four measurements is out of the interval, it is excluded from a set

and one more measurement is made.

Measuring equipment: ADP SONTEK MINI (SONTEK),

ADCP STREAM PRO (RD INSTRUMENTS),

ADCP RIVER RAY (RD INSTRUMENTS)

Software: WINRIVER I, WINRIVER II (RD INSTRUMENS)

RIVER SURVEYOR 4.3 (SONTEK)

AGILA 6.2

The SonTek/YSI ADP (Acoustic Doppler Profiler)

is a high-performance, 3-axis (3D) water current profiler that is accurate, reliable, and easy

to use. The ADP uses state-of-the-art transducers and electronics designed to reduce side-

lobe interference problems that plague other current profilers. This allows the ADP to make

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the very near-boundary (surface or bottom) current measurements critical to shallow water

applications. The 1.5 and 3.0-MHz profilers are available as Mini-ADPs featuring a compact

transducer head designed for applications where small size is critical.

Fig. 4 The SonTek/YSI ADP (Acoustic Doppler Profiler

The profiler combines proved technology of acoustic Dopplers´s effect with software facility

dedicated to OS WINDOWS.

Fig.5 Processing of measurement by ADP

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Propeller type current meter measurements

Velocity is observed at one or more points in each vertical by counting revolutions of the rotor

during a period of not less than 60 second and as long as three minutes if velocities are

pulsating.

Fig.6 Current meter

In larger rivers such as Danube and Morava the measurements by propeller type current

meters are made by five-point method, i.e. the point flow velocity measurements are made in

five points in each vertical – close to the bottom, in 0,2; 0,4; 0,8 relative depths and close to the

water surface. The optimum number of the verticals is 15 to 20; the minimum recommended

number is 8. The measurements are usually made from the bridge, using trolley with reeler and

propeller with a weight. The weights are used 25 kg, 50 kg or 100 kg according to the actual

velocities and depths. This procedure indicates that in comparison with ADCP measurements,

the method requires much more physical work and capacity and it is much more time-

consuming.

Measuring equipment: propeller tool set (A. OTT)

Software: PDAwin

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2.2.3. Interval of measurements in Slovakia

The recommended frequency of measurements: 6-times/year; in selected international

profiles the number of measurements according to bilateral agreements (common

measurements).

List of water-gauging stations with discharge measurements on river Danube

Water-gauging station river km Interval of measurement

Bratislava - Devín 1879,80 9* + 2

Bratislava 1868,75 6-8

Dobrohošť 1838,50 5* + 1

Medveďov-most 1806,30 9* + 2

Komárno-most 1767,80 9* + 2

2.2.4. River bed measurements in Slovakia

For monitoring of the Danube waterway is on OZ Bratislava responsible department of

morphological monitoring. Monitoring of the Danube can be divided into monitoring of the

riverbed morphology and discharge and current measurement.

2.2.5. Monitoring of the riverbed in Slovakia

To monitor the Danube riverbed we use technology of echo – sounding of the river

bottom in combination with the determination of position using GPS instruments. We use

"single beam Sounding System, which provides data of sufficient density and accuracy for our

needs. Measurements are performed in transverse profile with the necessary density,

measured data are reduced to reference level and through 3D models are created water depth

izolines.

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Measuring equipment and measurement methods:

1992 - 2007:

- Vessel: Nordica Nimbus 29 C (2 x Volvo Penta), Quicksilver 380

- Echo sounder: Atlas Deso 22 (210 kHz )

- Position sounding : motorized TS + polar track

2001 - 2006:

- Vessel: Nordica Nimbus 29 C (2 x Volvo Penta), Quicksilver 380

- Echo sounder: Atlas Deso 22 (210 kHz ), Atlas Deso 15 200 kHz

- Position sounding: GPS Trimble Pathfinder

- System: Navisound 100 PC

Since 2007:

- New vessel - Targa 25.1 (Volvo Penta 6V 330ph)

- Quicksilver 380 HD (Mercury 15)

- Echo sounder: Kongsberg EA 400 200 kHz + 200 kHz

Kongsberg EA 400 200kHz + 38 kHz

- Transducer: Kongsberg Combi D 38/200kHz

Kongsberg 200 7F, 200 kHz

- GPS: 3xTrimble 4000 ssi

Trimble R8 GNSS

2 xTrimble Trimtalk 450s

Trible DSM 232

- Software: Kongsberg EA400, Profile 2000, SSM

Trimble GeomaticOffice

Microstation V8 XM, InRoads

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Fig.2: vessel Targa 25.1

Fig.3: vessel Quicksilver 380 HD

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Fig.4: measuring system for sounding (base, echo sounder, transducer, GPS Trimble)

For monitoring of the Danube we are making use the vessel Targa, for meassuring of the

shallow waters we use rubber boat. Both vessels are equipped with GPS Trimble R8 GNSS,

which operates under the RTK (real time kinematic). If the GPRS service is available, we use a

network of reference stations SKPOS provided Geodetic and Cartographic Institute. If not, we

use own reference station "Base station" Trimble 4000ssi. We use technology PDGPS.

For meassuring of water depth we use echo-sounder Kongsberg - Simrad EA400 with

appropriate software combined with Konsberg Combi D transducer 38/200kHz or Konsberg 200

7F, 200 kHz.

2.2.6. Frequency of monitoring of the river bed in Slovakia

We are doing monitoring of the Danube in different intervals. Border zones are

monitored by engagement of the border commision’s working groups. Joint section of the

Danube with Hungarian Republic (1708,2 – 1811,0) are monitored every two years. These

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section is divided into two parts 1708.2 - 1749.00 rkm and 1749.00 – 1811,00 rkm. Monitoring

of these sections is exchange every two years. The section of the „original riverbed” of the

Danube is monitored by mutual agreement of both countries. Measurements have two

countries exchange in WGS-84 coordinate system, format .txt and then evaluate them. Density

of measured profiles is 50m. There is a problem with Hungary, we haven’t measured identical

profiles and then we are not able to compare changes in the riverbed in individual profiles.

Common section with Austria we monitor once a year (rkm 1880.2 - 1872.7), data are

evaluated and treated on the department of morphological monitoring, and Austria receives

only a paper version. Density of measured profiles is 50m.

Nacional section is monitored once a year, and evaluate process is done on morfological

monitoring department, and serves for internal use. Density of measured profiles is 50m.

VD Gabčíkovo (reservoir Hrušov, artificial canal) is monitored every 2 - 3 year (where

necessary). Density of measured profiles is 100m.

In addition to periodic monitoring of the Danube riverbed we perform sounding on the

purpose of dredging - dredging site is monitored during dredging and after dredging is finished.

We also carry out a more detailed sounding of the Danube riverbed for the purposes of drawing

up projects, civil engineering, if the results of periodic soundings are not sufficient for

completion of studies and project documentation.

Applied technology and measuring equipment is possible to achieve very accurate

results (a few cm) but the movement of ships and the conditions during the measurement

accuracy degrades

2.2.7. Data processing in Slovakia

Processing and utilization of meassured data is as follows. Meassured points of the

riverbed in WGS84 are transformed into national coordinate system S-JTSK ( x, y, z). Data are

loaded into MSInroads and then we create DTM of the riverbad and DTM of „regulation low

water level”. By intersection of these models are generate isolines reduced to HNRV (regulation

low water level). The result of the processing and evaluation of data is izoline plan of measured

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section of the Danube. Plan contains the measured points in each river bed profile reduced to

HNRV (regulation low water level) and isolines.

Then the processed results of sounding were subsequently loaded into the ORACLE

database through GeoMedia software, and serve as a basis for creating other mapping products

needed for the maintenance of fairway or for navigation. Based on this data we are working –

out „Project for dredging of the Danube”, "Electronic navigation map" and "Project of

signalization fairway."

Side scaner as an additional monitoring

In 2009 we purchased the side scanner for purpose of to search wrecks and other

obstacles in the fairway. Outputs of the side scanner will serve to further complement the

monitoring of critical sections of the waterway. Currently, this device is in the testing phase, we

tested it yet on the measurement of port pool in Bratislava and Komarno ship yard. Side

scanner is with special bracket attached to the vessel Targa 25.1, during the measuring are data

monitored and subsequently processed by software SSM (Software for Sidescan Mosaiking)

Fig.5: Side scaner

Discharge and current measurement

Measurement speed and flow rate on the Danube is officially in filled SHMI. The project

tasks and studies we are obliged to do on base of data SHMI, but sometime we need

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measurements in profiles where not data (there are not water gauges) are. In this case we use

own measuring system ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler).

The ADCP measures water currents with sound, using a principle of sound waves called the

Doppler Effect.

ADCP measuring system was purchased in 2009, it is still in test phase, and has been used for

specific project tasks (for hydrodynamic model) in the VD Gabcikovo and arm system.

Fig. 6: ADCP measuring system

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2.3. Hungary – general information

2.3.1. Riverbed measurement in Hungary

To secure the continuous operation of the waterway and the conditions of safe navigation it is

necessary

to survey the riverbed topography continuously,

to certify the survey results,

to develop the institutional and legislative environment of operation,

to create and operate an up-to-date marking system of fairway, as well as

to minimise the period of limiting the navigation – hydraulic engineering interventions,

construction of engineering structures, hydrological regime situations coupled with ice

phenomena - (irrespective of riverbed morphology causes).

The topographical conditions of the riverbeds/basins of rivers, lakes and reservoirs develop and

change because of hydrological and hydraulic processes, fist of all as a result of natural

morphological processes (erosion, sedimentation). Tracing the changes differs in the Hungarian

section of the Danube. The survey happens annually in the common Slovak-Hungarian section,

while there is a five-year frequency in the section between Szob and the Southern state

frontier. The surveys, performed alongside the transversal sections nearly perpendicularly to

the main bed, are not suitable for demonstrating depth/height anomalies between the two

surveyed transversal sections; therefore the time-frequency as well as the area-density of the

surveys must be increased for marking the safe fairway.

Recording the actual status and tracing the changes is possible by using a survey system

that is able to demonstrate the topographical state of the aquifert accurately (recording

depth/height anomalies even of the slightest extension), with its geodesic reliability (height

measuring error) being below ± five cm.

The main bed morphological characteristics of the Hungarian section of the Danube

show significant temporal and spatial variations. The former determines the repeated survey

cycles of riverbed topography, while the latter the frequency and method of detection.

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The morphological changes of the main riverbed has a higher speed in certain sections

than the present survey cycle, which means that the fairway marking plans are not made in line

with the actual riverbed topography in many cases. The spatial density of the surveys is not

sufficient either, since the profile density (of mainly approx. 100 metres) is not suitable for

detecting the dangerous depth/height anomalies in the sections characterised by shallow fords,

hazardous for navigation.

2.3.2. Types of used equipment for measurement in Hungary

Recording the riverbed status take place alongside the transversal profiles (free of depth/height

anomalies) of the river (of approx. 100 m distance from each other) in the “prismatic” section,

and at the bars of gravel material (to the distance of 20-50 metres from each other), with single

beam ultrasonic riverbed survey method. A multi-beam survey system is used for surveying the

shallow fords of marl and rock material with frequent depth/height anomalies (hazardous for

navigation). Both surveying systems have been installed in VITUKI’s survey vessel (Fig. HU-10),

with the following units:

Fig. HU-10: Survey vessel of VITUKI

Single beam system (Fig. HU-11.and HU-12.)

o AGA Geodimeter ATS PT type robot survey station (Swedish product),

determining the position of the survey vessel at the moment/at any time. When

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surveying the riverbed, the detecting instrument on the riverbank is able to

stipulate the position of the moving vessel with the accuracy of ±5 cm,

o MARIMATECH E-Sea Sound 103 type ultrasonic depth-measurer (Danish

instrument), surveying and drawing the riverbed profile, also displaying the

measured deepness/height figures digitally, in a cm sharpness,

o VYNER-MAGENTA type data-transmission equipment (English device)

transmitting the position data measured by the positioning equipment on the

bank to the computer located on the ship,

o Pentium III on-board computer with devices, collecting, storing and processing

the data transmitted from the positioning equipment on the bank and from the

ultrasonic depth-measuring device (layout plan, longitudinal and transversal

profile). It writes the collected data to a diskette for further processing. Its

devices are an A/3 sized coloured plotter, printer, and a coloured monitor.

o Another device is the navigation monitor, placed in front of the skipper, where

the pre-planned survey network can be displayed as well. The cursor shows the

present position of the survey vessel, therefore the skipper of the ship is able to

travel alongside the survey line without any control from the bank.

Fig. HU-11: Display of ultrasonic

depth survey equipment

Fig. HU-12: AGA ATS PT type robot survey

station and data transmission equipment

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The above system has been used by VITUKI for some 15 years for surveying transversal

sections. The multi beam system that was installed in the vessel in 2006 is the product of the

Norwegian company KONSGERG Maritime AS, but a number of Western-European

subcontractors participated in its development.

Multi beam system (Fig. HU-13)

o EM 3002 D double measuring head and processing unit, surveying the riverbed

with 504 survey beams.

o SVP sensor, measuring the ultrasound velocity.

o AGA Geodimeter ATS PT type robot survey station, serving for measuring the

position of the survey vessel at present/at any time.

o VYNER-MAGENTA type radio data transmitting equipment (an English device),

transmitting the position data measured by the positioning equipment on the

bank on to the vessel.

o Sepath 200 GPS receiver pair and its processing unit, recording the changes in

the direction of the vessel’s rostrum.

o MRU-5, surveying the tilt and bow of the vessel, as well as the rate of undulation

o HWS-10 type hydrographical survey station, for the synchronous recording of the

data of the above units.

o SIS survey software, controlling and checking the survey process.

o NEPTUN SW pre-processing program, for screening the detected data and

integrating the overlapping measuring.

o CFLOOR data processing program, for producing relief map out of the screened

and integrated data, for designing longitudinal and transversal profiles.

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Fig. HU-13: A. Workstation of the operator

B. Single- and double head data recording and control units

C. Double measuring head

2.3.3. Processing of data in Hungary

The collected hydrographical data are processed – according to the survey method and

goal -with different methods and different (hardware and software) tools.

The goal of the surveys is:

- hydrological charts for an entire river or lake in the series Hydrological Atlas (published

since 1961 regularly),

- printed navigation charts (published by the Danube Commission for the international

navigation),

- fairway marking (buoyancy) plans,

- status reports on the morphologic changes ( definition of erosion and sediment

stretches, definition of the volume changes of the riverbed, in order to prepare

prevention or operative measures – e.g. diverted Danube stretch in the Szigetköz, river

stretch affected by the nuclear power plant Paks),

A

B

C

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- local surveys (detailed survey of shorter river stretches for local regulation plans, survey

of riverbank profiles for harbours/ports, survey of the riverbed along crossing pipelines,

etc.)

- creation of Inland Electronic Navigation Chart (IENC)

The method of survey can be

- single beam profiling

- multibeam scanning

The selection of the equipment depends on the morphologic status of the riverbed, the

material of the riverbed, as well as the above mentioned goal of the survey (thematic of the

material to be produced as a result of the processing).

Processing of the survey data according to the survey method

- with own-developed processing programmes

- with professional software programmes

For the preparation of the hydrological atlas the surveys are made with the single-beam

system, from shoreline to shoreline, with cross-profile distance of 100 m. The raw material of

the survey is processed with own-developed software. First the checking and filtering of the

measured data is made (deleting false electromagnetic and ultrasound pings). We order the

filtered data into files based on the profiles (profile-wise) and upload them into the database.

Using these data we create contour-line charts of the mean-water part of the riverbed edited

with special own-developed software designed in long and cross direction different density of

data. The cartographic editing of the charts is made with Bentley MicroStation.

The surveys for the printed navigation charts for the Danube Commission have been

made (before 2005) with the single-beam survey system. The method and tools of the

processing (surveys, post processing) were the same, as at the hydrologic atlas.

The fairway marking (buoyancy) plans, supporting the inland and international

navigation on the Danube are made annually. The frequency of the surveys is described in

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1.4.1. The method and tools of the processing (surveys, post processing) were the same, as at

the hydrologic atlas.

The reference level of the processing the depth data for the navigation and buoyancy is

the low navigable water level. The frequency of survey is determined by the changes in the

water regime (after flood).

Since 2006 we have been operating our multi-beam survey system (EM 3002). The

processing of the data is made with the manufacturer’s programme (Kongsberg Maritime) in

several steps. The Neptun software serves the pre-processing; the correction of the multi-beam

data, data-cleaning and statistical analysis. For the correction of the errors deriving from

heading, heave, roll, pitch and the time shift of position there is made with other auxiliary

software. The post processing – depending on the type of task – performed with the CFOOR,

SURFER 9 and ARCGIS 9.3 programme packages. We started the survey of the most critical

sections (for example shallow sections) with this new equipment and method.

In order to check the morphologic changes of the riverbed we use multitemporal surveys in the

same sections. These surveys are done mostly with single-beam method in the same cross-

profiles each year. The method and tools of the post processing were the same, as at the

hydrologic atlas, but the end material are elevation contour maps and difference contoured

sheets.

For the creating of Inland Electronic Navigation Charts (IENC) we have only experimental

methods at the moment. We use the same data coming from the database like the buoyancy

plan. The creating of the IENC needs a high quality error checked data. The preliminary

workflow is the following: From the database we receive raw depth contours in ArcView SHP

format. We check and clear the data with AutoCAD Civil 3D (correcting over and undershots,

overlapping segments, generalising and smoothing). We export the data into MapInfo software

for area checking. From this database we create raw depth contours in 7CB format with own-

developed software. We import this data into the ENC Designer. With the ENC Designer’s built

in tools we check the depth contours again and collecting the “border” of the depth area

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(coastlines, shoreline constructions etc.). Using the collected data we create depth areas from

depth contours. With different ENC checking tools (ENC Optimiser and Analyser) we check the

depth contours. After finishing the depth data we merge the depth data with the “normal” ENC

containing all other shipping related data. We need a lot of manual work after merging

“stiching” together the two types of data.

2.4. Serbia – general information

2.4.1. River bed measurements in Serbia

Hydrographic (bathymetric) survey is the process of gathering information about navigable

waterways for various purposes such as: safe navigation, dredging, planning of the engineering

works, etc.

The hydrographic survey of international navigable waterways in Serbia is the task that

is performed by Directorate for Inland Waterways “Plovput”. Survey on the Danube, Sava, and

Tisza rivers are being performed annualy.

2.4.2. Types of used equipment for measurement in Serbia

For the hydrographic survey Plovput uses three vessels:

1. MB “EHO” – engine power 2x103kW, with auxiliary engine 20.5kW, (Figure 1);

2. MB “EHO II” – engine power 2x62kW, with auxiliary engine 8kW, (Figure 2);

3. Speedboat– 5 m long, with engine power 37kW, (Figure 3).

MB “EHO” is equipped with 200kHz transducer, with echo-sounder Marimatech E-SEA SOUND

103.

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Figure 1: MB “EHO”

Figure 2: MB “EHO II”

Figure 3: Speedboat

MB “EHO II” is equipped with 200kHz transducer, with echo-sounder Navi Sound RESON 200.

Speedboat has two 200kHz transducers, with echo-sounder Marimatech E-SEA SOUND 103, and

portable equipment for single beam measurements. Precision of the echo-sounder is 1cm +/-

0.1% of measured depth.

Two global positioning systems (GPS) are being used, depending on the vessel where they are

installed:

Marimatech GPS-RTK with precision of +/- 20cm,

Trimble DGPS-RTK 5700 with precision of +/- 2cm.

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The reference coordinate system used for all geographical data in Serbia is the State

Geographical Coordinate System (Gauss–Krüger Zone 7).

Since April 2001, Plovput is equipped with Atlas’s Fansweep 20 multibeam survey system. It has

been used for the detailed survey of critical river sections. It is mounted on the MB “EHO II”

vessel.

Figure 4: Multibeam survey of Apatin sector

2.4.3. Data processing in Serbia

Before the beginning of survey, coordinates of boundary points of cross-sections should be

entered into the specialized software. Survey tracks follow those predefined profiles.

Depth (z) and location data (x, y) are transferred to the specialized software for hydrographic

survey – “Masterchart”. The software synchronizes data constantly, so that the boat location is

known in real time.

Information on the speed of sound in water is determined using the information provided by

the SVP (sound velocity profiler) device. Differential GPS station is mounted on the solid

ground, at the reference point with known geographic coordinates. The base station is

connected with the boat by radio signal, sending information on differential correction,

providing the required accuracy for the performed survey.

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Depth information is obtained using the time necessary for ultrasound waves to travel from the

echo-sounder to the river bottom and back. Two sounders are mounted on the boat. One is set

to send the signal, and another to receive it. Such system provides depth measurements of

30cm below the eco-sounder, and 50 cm below the water surface. This setup is of importance

for surveys in shallow waters.

Data on depth and location are synchronized in real-time, and information stored in ASCII

format in the form of x, y (position) and z (depth) coordinates. Water stages are measured and

updated every couple of hours, in relation to the reference point. After completion of the

surveys, the quality control is being performed, spikes removed, and data stored into the

database with cleaned x, y, z coordinates for each of the cross sections.

2.4.4. Long-time data elaboration in Serbia

Establishment of the cross-sectional database is of a great importance for analysis of

navigable waterways in Serbia. This database, developed completely by Plovput’s engineers, is

in use for almost 10 years, (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Cross-sectional database interface

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Figure 6. Analysis of critical sector

This database provides necessary information for the analysis of the condition of the

waterway (Figure 6), comparison of cross-sectional data surveyed in different years (Figure 7),

etc.

Figure 7: Comparison of surveyed cross-sections (Sava River, surveys 2004 and 2009)

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2.5. Bulgaria – general information

2.5.1. River bed measurements in Bulgaria

The river bed measurements of the Bulgarian section of the river are performed by an

expert team in the Hydrotechnical and Projects Department within the Executive Agency for

Exploration and Maintenance of the Danube River.

Every year detailed hydrographical surveys of the critical sections are performed during

the low water periods. If necessary, these sections are measured twice a year. Complete

topographical and hydrographical surveys of the entire Bulgarian-Romanian section of the

Danube River are performed every ten years not including the cases when it is needed. The last

complete surveys were performed in the period 2004 – 2005. In order to monitor the

hydrotechnical facilities (in the area of Ruse – Giurgiu Bridge) surveys are performed twice a

year – during high and low water levels.

2.5.2. Types of used equipments for measurements in Bulgaria

The surveying is done with the measurement positioning DGPS Novatell with positioning

accuracy ±0.30 m and a single-beam echo sounder Marimatech with measurement accuracy

±0.01 m. Combining of the measurements is immediately done with the HydroNavigation

module of the software product Trimble HidroPRO 1.0, which is installed on a laptop.The data is

acquired and digitally stored in MS Excel and *.ТХТ formats. They are also entered in the data

base server of the Agency. The information gathered for every site is stored in a special register

as well.

2.5.3. Processing of data in Bulgaria

The follow-up processing of data is done at the office using the HidroEdit module

(Trimble HidroPRO 1.0), through which the gross measurement errors are removed and the

necessary corrections regarding water temperatures and others are entered in the data.

The numerical terrain model is elaborated with the software packages AutoDesk Land Desktop

3.0 and Pythagoras. The terrain is displayed by levels and/or depths and the respective lines

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(horizontal and isolines) related to zero elevation of the closest gauge station on the Bulgarian

riverbank and taking into account the incline of the water surface.

The so called Danube polygon is formed along the entire Bulgarian riverbank. The

polygonal points are within the Bulgarian national coordinate and height systems. They are

included in the National triangulation network. Currently EAEMDR is initiating a project related

to the update of the supporting network for topo-hydrographic measurements for applying the

GPS technology. The DGPS technology helps the survey needs by allowing the determination of

additional supporting points for the referent station at locations which are suitable for the

survey.

2.6. Romania – general information

2.6.1. River bed measurements in Romania

One of the main hydrographical activities is the river bed measurements. They are performed

by particular surveys to determine the depth. Measurements to determine depth includes two

data acquisition systems: single-beam and multi-beam echosounder.

The detailed river bottom measurements are made generally performed four-five times per

year. They are made with single and multi beam equipment and mounted on specialized

vessels. In critical areas and into the passage difficult they are execute monthly by signalisation

vessels with single beam equipment. In periods of extreme levels or when there are frequent

changes of riverbed, teams are located in areas difficult measurements to monitor the areas

concerned.

2.6.2. Types of used equipments for measurements in Romania

The river bed measurements are made using echo-sounders. For this work we are using

two systems: single-beam and multi-beam echo-sounders.

The single-beam system is a simpler and faster processing is used for shallow water

areas, for controlling the depths with signalisation ships, for measurements in harbour areas

(because of obstacles), for winter basins and channels, secondary branch,etc.

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mounted in the bow of ships or in one of the board.

When we use the single-beam system the measurements are done by crossed profiles

with equidistant different depending on needs (25m, 50m, 100m).The system uses GPS

technology, software acquisition and processing , echo-sounder and sound velocity profiles.

The measurements are made using Atlas Deso 350 –dual channel 33-210 KHz(depth range

600m; accuracy-0.01m) or Odom Hydrotrac (single channel).

Figure 4: single-beam echosounder (Atlas)

For positioning we are using Trimble DSM 232 /Trimble SPS 750 ( RTK, DGPS, GPS) and

Omnistar 3200 (DGPS). For data acquisition and processing –Hypack 2008.

The system multibeam we are using him for detailed measurements, determination

sized sailing line, execution profile longitudinal for Danube, determining obstacles, engineering

works, works on the bridges, etc. For this type of measurement we use equipment Atlas

Fansweep 20, which is fixed and installed by special vessels (Donaris). For the sector of the

Danube 1075 km we have a number of such ships, three (two for river and one is maritime wich

work and for Sulina bar). This ships are equipped and singlebeam equipment (Atlas), Radar Pilot

720 and boats for making measurements in areas with shallow water. For positioning we are

using Trimble DSM 232 /Trimble SPS 750 ( RTK, DGPS, GPS) and Omnistar 3200 (DGPS). For data

acquisition and processing –Hypack Max 2008.

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For a higher accuracy we use motion sensors (TSS-DMS 3-01 for peach, heave and roll) ,

RTK positioning (base station and rover) and differential correction.

For river bed measurements we have three ships (Donaris I, II and III) with multibeam

system and seven singlebeam systems mounted on other vessels.

Figure 5: survey vessel (Donaris)

-equipments on board (Donaris):

-singlebeam Atlas Deso 350 -software Hypack.

-multibeam Atlas fansweep 20 -Radar pilot 720

-motion sensor TSS DMS 3-05 -internet connection

-GPS Trimble DSM 232/Trimble SPS 750 -printer

-motorola GM360-VHF radio (for RTK)

-sound velocity – Odom/SVC 300

2.6.3. Processing of data in Romania

After the work of field data collection, data should be processed. Depending on the method

chosen for measurement, there are two ways of processing: from single-beam data collected

and the multi-beam system.

In general, measurements with single-beam is accomplished by making cross sections and the

need to complete and a few longitudinal profiles. For the survey, before, should be preparing

an action plan that includes a base with profiles drawn.

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Figure 6: single-beam raw data

Both sets of data collected are processed by Hydrographic software Hypack .

For processing the raw data are over several steps :

Figure 7: Workflow for process single-beam data

- first, all single-beam data should be run for apply tide and sound velocity corrections;

- examine quality (manual corrections or filter applied), output bad data and edit cleaned data;

- run the single beam editor statistics – can overlayng previous survey beam data;

- sorted sounding- a optional program that reduce the data in an attempt to speed the final

product;

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- calculation for TIN (triangulation irregular network) model – connect three soundings to

represent a surface, interpolated soundings (figure 7) and export files (contour lines, 3D files,

2D files, ASCII files, CAD systems files,etc);

Figure 8: interpolated soundings

After this, the data can be analyze and can be use for determine the gauges navigation and

many others information. The single-beam system is a cheaper way for surveys, because is need

for less time to measure and process the raw data.

The processing of multi-beam data is done by the same software Hypack. The procedure

involves a few steps for output data:

- check that all sensors are working (GPS, motion sensors, RTK tides, etc);

- swath editing – review line – by-line (filtering, cleared data and editing );

- area based editing and output data;

- save, create TIN model (remove unwanted triangles, modify edit tin) and computation for a

DTM, after calculate and export data (depth polygons, 3D files, 2D files, ASCII files, CAD systems

files,etc) – figure 9.

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Figure 9: topohydrographical chart in Calafat area

All these operations are carried out with Hypack software and AutoCAD. We are producing

charts in different scales (bathymetric, topohydrographical, profiles, etc) – figure 9.

2.7. Romania – Danube-Black See – general information

2.7.1. River bed measurements in Danube-Black See canal

The maintenance of fairway suppose to maintain the wet section of the canals in limits

of the designed parameters through periodic dredging of alluvial material deposits by water

taken from the Danube and rising from hidrographic basin.

In The Rules of operation and maintenance of navigable canals are included articles

regarding dredging works, which will be executed in order to maintain the wet section of

canals between the designed parameters.

Dredging periods will be established so that solid deposits on the bottom of canals does

not exceed thickness of 1 m ... max 1.25 m for the Danube Black Sea Canal and 0,75 m ... max 1

m for Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal.

In these line, ACN performs regulary hidrographical measurements , check the channel

section, especially the fairway in junction area of the canal wih Danube River and the entire

route, including the attachament areas of the tributary valleys to the canals.

Hydrographic measurements is essential to be realised at least once a year, completely

on both canals, and in critical points, where are solid deposits, whenever is necessary.

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During the dredging period the measurements has to be realised every month.

Responsible for this activity is ACN through Measurement-UCC office.

Data from hydrographic measurements are used to:

- Determining the volume of water

- Determine the necessary volume for dredging /dredging reported in report with a

project level

- By comparison with previous measurements (systematic measurements) we can

track deposits areas and areas with erosion and can be estimated volume and

length of them

- If a statistical set of successive measurements is available it can be adopt different

models of prediction

Acquisition and data processing

The coordinate system used is ellipsoidal geographic coordinate system WGS 84.

The advantages by using this sistem is:

Portability of geographic data (import-export facilities in various GIS platforms,

exchange information with hydrographic autorities, design and research

institutes from the country and from abroad

Possibility of making repeated measurements on the same routes for systematic

tracking of the evolution of land covered by water

Minimum error in processing

Low costs of production (does not require network support are local-global

coordinates)

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Defining of the land line breaks

In order to carry out hydrographic measurements and digital maps it is necessary to be

determined ,first,the line of land and main constructions (the quays corners, the limits of dams,

buildings, signs and others)

Sailing Routes

On the digital map containing land line it is indicated: navigation routes (the limits of proposed

dredging area) for collecting hydrographic datas.

Navigation routes have to form a rectangular grid with constant step.

In the network nodes it will be verified the accuracy of the depth measured by ultrasound.

Density routes will be chosen depending on future design needs. For a detailed edification the

recommended equidistance is between 5-10 m and for a large areas edification with relatively

linear bottom configuration is recommended an equidistance between 25-100 m.

In present, in ACN hydrographic measurements are runing by a motor boat equipped

with the following equipment:

- ecosounder transducer mount on the boat, sank at least 30 cm into the water

- WADGPS antenna mounted on the vertical transducer

- Ecosonda and WADGPS receiver for real time transmission of the position / depth to a PC unit

-Portable computer whereupon is coupled the transducer and GPS

-Navigation and online data acquisition program

ACN is developing a project of implementation for a complete hydrografhic

measurements system on the navigable canals.

This system consists of a small hydrographic vessel named “IZVORU MARE” wich is

equiped with the following hydrigraphic survey technology:

1. Single beam “Odom Echotrac CV 300” ecosounder;

2. “OmniSTAR 8200 HP” receiver;

3. “Konsberg MRU Z” motion reference unit;

4. „JRC JRL-30“ GPS compass;

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5. „Valeport SoundBar 2“

This system insures:

- Acquisit ion of bathymetric data;

- Classification of sediment layers;

- Checking the volume of sediment before and after dredging.

The software in use is “HYPACK 2010”

Vessel’s dimensions are:

- length: 14.578 m

- width: 3.696 m

- draught: 1.1 m

2.7.2. Discharge and current measurements in Danube-Black See canal

The main bottleneck on the waterways administrated by ACN is the confluence of the

Danube river with Danube - Black Sea Canal, because of solid deposits accumulated on bottom

of the canal, in this area.

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In accordance with the existing studies, solid flow considered initially that will be seek

on the bottom is about 340.000 cubic meters per year wherefrom 200.000 cubic meters per

year is coming from suspension in water taken from the Danube and filed the first part of the

canals and 140.000 cubic meters per year is coming from the tributary valleys and deposited

into the canal,in connection area with these valleys.

Due to the hydrological state of the Danube, the carrying silt and inclusiv of morphological

characteristics of the Danube at the confluence with the canal was changed, so that in the area

has been a continuous process of accumulation of deposits, including on the I stream .

At this moment the only solution is dredging.

Dredging works are realised by keeping traffic open at least one way of navigation with

corresponding signalization. The navigation dispatcher of ACN has the responsability to

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comunicate to each skipper, the existing dredging works and its position. Performer is

announced by radio, for the ship or convoy departure time and about the time it arrives in the

area.

The navigation dispatcher of ACN has the responsability to notify the seafarers, by

notification, all changes on sailing conditions.

Taking into acount the hidrographic measurements that was realised last years by ACN ,

for the next 3 years are estimated to be dredged about 500,000 cubic meters per year.

For the sediments dredging from the inland waterways can be used in on acceptable

economic terms, the following :

-ladder dredger

-absorbent dredger

-dredger with cranes or floating cranes equipped with claw

-Mobile cranes equipped with claw, located on the pontoon crane

-ballast dredger

The executor can use any other equipments, by keeping the conditions imposed by

„Dredging technology on the navigable canals“. In the water,oil or gas pipes area and the

related slopes area will be not use absorbent dredger.

The executor can do the dredging works with other types of equipments, only with the

approval of the general designer of the waterways.

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We present below some of the characteristics of dredging machines built in Romania.

Ladder dredger features:

Productivity: 750mc

Dimensions: length-65 m, width = 11.50 m

Maximum depth of dredging-22 m

Minimum depth of dredging-8m

Dredging-capacity of 750 m³ / h

Floating crane features:

Length-27.40 M

width- 16, 00 m

The hook-loading - maximum 10 tonnes

Lifting height from water level-20 m

Underwater immersion level -8 m

Maximum opening of arm -27 m

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Minimum opening arm -8m

Absorbent dredger

a) Lungime- 25- 30 m,

b) width = 17.00 m

c) Maximum depth of dredging-8, 00 m

d) Minimum depth of dredging-2, 50 m

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3 STANDARD FOR HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AND ACTIVITIES RELEVANT FOR

NAVIGATION

The WP3 team has worked out a common understanding of surveying tasks and outputs

for hydrology, which is based on the results from SWP 3.1. One conclusion of the WP meetings

and discussions is that there are structural differences in hydrography and hydrology of the

nations and it depends on each of the project partner and companies.

In the WP 3.2.1 the main focus of attention is on the hydrographical activities, but the

hydrology should be kept clearly in mind.

Hydrology as well as hydrography is sciences with the principal objective of getting the

best data base and therefore the best available quality. The connection between these two

sciences is very important, so are the data collected for the purpose of continuative activities

and projects.

The main information derived from hydrological measurements, for the purpose of

hydrographical activities, are the characteristic water level like Low Navigation and Regulation

Level (LNRL) and High Navigation Level (HNL).

This information represents the basis for the hydrographical activities that are relevant

for navigation. The depth information, for navigation purpose, is mostly related to or linked to

relevant navigation levels and not to the reference water level (m a.s.l.).

The interrelationship of the best quality standard of both sciences follows from the

above. The following chapter includes a description of standards for hydrological

measurements and their subsequent use.

3.1. Measurement of hydrological parameter

The characteristic water level calculations depend on the adequacy of gauge stations

and the accuracy of the water level discharge measurement. The recommended number of

gauging stations on the river section depend the river conditions and differences between each

section and therefore it is difficult to predefine.

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3.1.1. Water level

In the case of reservoirs, in general, they should have at least one or two gauging

stations – one for the natural, unchanged free-flowing stretch and one for the reservoir resp.

the impounded stretch. In the majority of the cases the operator of the hydro power plants has

the goal and/or obligation to convene a respective monitoring with numerous of gauge

stations.

A further reason is the changing situation upstream and downstream of the mouth of

tributaries that have big influence on the discharge and water level of the main river. To

identify the whole effect, it is important to have at least 3 gauge stations, one upstream and

one downstream the mouth of the tributary and if possible an additional at the tributary.

Other reasons for additional data acquisition are natural or unnatural changes in the

stretch of the river: bridges, backwaters, weirs, bends, dikes,… which have enough influence to

change the water level in an analyzed section.

3.1.2. Discharge

In addition to the water level measurements, it is important to have sufficient number

of gauging stations with rating curve defined (stag-discharge-relationship) necessary for

calculation of characteristic water levels (per recommendations of Danube Commission,

WMO,…).

Alternative to a rating curve is to get the discharge in a direct and permanent

measurement within turbines of hydro power plants or within fixed discharge gauges

(horizontal ADCP,…). These gauging stations have to be located in stable sections and upstream

as well as downstream of relevant tributaries to indicate the changes of the outflow.

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3.1.3. Water temperature

The measurement of the water temperature is necessary for a rough forecast and

supervision of ice formation and should be placed in vulnerable sections like reservoirs or

impounded water.

3.1.4. Groundwater

Groundwater measurement has no consequence which is directly relevant for

navigation, but it is mostly required by the public authority for water engineering projects and

is therefore essential for the waterway maintenance.

3.1.5. Suspended sediment load and bed load

Suspended load and bed load influences the development of the reservoirs and the

riverbed structures. The measurement and analysis of suspended solids is currently in progress

and will be refined by universities and scientists, but the results of these studies can achieve

improvements for waterway maintenance.

3.2. Data transmission

The interval of data transmission is depending on the time pressure of the subsequent

usage. If the utilisation is primarily for hydrological analyses and backdated information, it is

less important to have up-to-date information than for online data on the vessels or forecasting

systems.

data transmission

methods of transfer modem landline, gsm, gprs or UHF radio or TCP/IP

interval of data transmission from 15 min - 1 hour - to 1 day

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3.3. Data processing

The quantity/quality and accuracy of data processing builds the basement for further

analysis, calculations and processing of hydrological data.

data processing

quantity and qualitiy of data 15 min mean waterlevel

measurement accuracy for water level +/- 1cm

measurement accuracy for water temperatur 0.1°C

verification of data (quality inspection) and data logger 1-7 days, monthly depending on importance

Reference level m a.s.l. [above sea level: Triest, Adriatic sea]

interval of data processing quaterly and and the final cut yearly

interval of specific water level (LNRL, MNL, HNL) about 10 years

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4 CONCLUSIONS BASED ON PROVIDED INFORMATION

As it be seen all the organizations responsible for hydrographical activities in cooperate

countries have provided all relevant data needed for preparation and elaboration of the

document regarding common understanding on surveying activities. Based on negotiations

between the partners during the meeting it was agreed that major focus will be on hydrography

issues and hydrology part will serve as a general and brief overview how hydrography and

hydrology does together and cooperation between both actions are needed.

Based on agreed form of the table all organizations have organized hydrographical

activities according to the minimum quality standard recommendations and provided the

relevant data in rate of agreed quality and precision. Therefore we can conlude that

participating organizations from Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania have

been measured all issues good. According to the Minimum quality standard document, which

was elaborated by the experts from GIS FORUM DANUBE expert group (led by Mr. Egon Feigel),

was prepared the table of minimum quality standard for hydrography measurement for

Germany, Austria and Slovakia. Serbia has already prepared this document. Therefore we can

allege that in Germany, Austria, Slovakia and Serbia the minimum quality standard table for

hydrography measurements are elaborated and available. Within the NEWADA project, WP3 –

activity 3.2, the rest of participating countries (Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania) have already

prepared the table with minimum quality standard for hydrography measurement and

therefore we can conclude that in all Danube countries the table is available, except Croatia.

In generally we can conclude that the organizations have made the hydrography

measurements according to the agreed quality standards.

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5 LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1 – hydrography table – Austria

Annex 2 – hydrography table – Slovakia

Annex 3 – hydrography table – Hungary

Annex 4 – hydrography table – Serbia

Annex 5 – hydrography table – Bulgaria

Annex 6 – hydrography table – Romania

Annex 7 – Standard for River Survey – General

Annex 8 – Standard for River Survey – Germany

Annex 9 – Standard for River Survey – Austria

Annex 10 – Standard for River Survey – Slovakia

Annex 11 – Standard for River Survey – Hungary

Annex 12 – Standard for River Survey – Serbia

Annex 13 – Standard for River Survey – Bulgaria

Annex 14 – Standard for River Survey - Romania

Annex 15 – Final Quality Standard – Egon Feigel

Annex 16 – IHO Standard 1998

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