Common Garden Disease Diagnosis
Transcript of Common Garden Disease Diagnosis
Common Plant Diseases and Disorders
Inga Meadows, Extension Plant Pathologist, Vegetables & Herbaceous Ornamentals
Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension CenterTransylvania & Buncombe County – Master Gardeners
Introduction
• What is disease?• Abiotic vs. biotic diseases• Disease Triangle• Disease resistance• Most common diseases• Resources
Definition of Disease
Disease • abnormal growth• undesirable appearance• disfunction in plant• reduced yieldDepends on who you are!• Commercial grower, homeowner• Natural forest, ornamental, timber
Abiotic vs Biotic Disease
Abiotic – caused by non-living factor• Nutritional deficiency• Drought• Genetic variation• Soil conditions (compaction, root-bound)• Lightning strike• High / low temperature• SunscaldBiotic – caused by living organism• Fungi• Bacteria• Nematodes• (Viruses)• Insects
Disease Triangle
Envir
onm
ent
Disease
Host
PathogenSoil moistureSoil typeHumidityLeaf wetness
ProtectantsPreventionAvoidance
Resistance, Crop rotation
What is disease resistance?
In the presence of the pathogen:
Susceptible – disease will occurResistant – no diseaseTolerant – less disease than susc.;
not resistant
What is disease resistance?
Signs vs. Symptoms
SymptomsYellowingDiebackStuntingWiltingSpottingRoot knottingRoot discoloration
SignsSpores
MyceliumFruiting body
Bacterial oozingNematode
Virus
Signs vs. Symptoms
Abiotic vs. Biotic Diseases
Abiotic vs. Biotic Diseases
• Abiotic– caused by non-living factor
• herbicide damage, • nutrition deficiency/excess • heat/humidity• salts in media
• Biotic– caused by living organism
• fungi• bacteria• nematode• viruses, viroids• phytoplasmas
How can you tell biotic or abiotic?
• Examine the pattern– Entire field? Or in patches?– One variety? Or all?– One side of field/garden? (i.e., drift)– Has the plant grown out of it?
• Are there signs present?• Are they pathogenic?
– saprophytes quickly colonize blossom end rot
Edema
Herbicide damage
Nitrogen Deficiency
Haifa-group.com
Add standard fertilizer – 20-20-20Add bone meal, fish meal, etc.
Phosphorous Deficiency
Haifa-group.com
Add standard fertilizer – e.g., 0-46-0Add manure, compost
Blossom end rot
librariangreens.files.wordpress.com
Blossom end rot
www.ces.ncsu.edu
Biotic Diseases
Leaf spots
• Fungi or bacteria• e.g., anthracnose, bacterial leaf spot, blight• May be able to see spores or bacterial streaming• Be aware:
– common names of diseases– saprophytic fungi or bacteria
• Moist chamber– moist paper towel in a ziploc bag, 1-2 nights– examine for spores– warning: saprophytes will also sporulate!
Leaf spots
Leaf spots
Moist chamber
Rusts, Smuts, and Bunts
• Basidiomycetes • Rusts: Multiple stages of
life cycle• Rusts: Alternate hosts
– cedar/apple rust– daylily/(Patrinia) rust– wheat/barberry rust
• Smuts & bunts: commonly attack seeds of grasses– corn smut
Rusts, Smuts, and Bunts
Rusts, Smuts, and Bunts
Corn Smut - Huitlacoche
APS
Powdery Mildews
Sally Miller
Powdery Mildew
Powdery Mildew
• Different host = Different PM species– wide host range: cucurbits, oaks, tomatoes,
peppers, dogwood, ornamentals• Susceptibility to other diseases• Mostly occurs on upper surface, but can be found on
underside• Management
– Resistant variety– Increase spacing – increase air flow– full sun, overhead water– Sulfur
Downy Mildew
Downy Mildew
Basil Downy Mildew
Basil Downy Mildew
Downy Mildews
• Cucurbits, basil, crucifers, grapes, hops, impatiens, soybeans, sunflowers
• Most, if not all, do not survive winter in NC• Shows up in late July, August• Management
– Tolerant (or resistant?) variety– Coppers or chlorothalonil
• Preventative only– Serenade Max may provide some control?
Phytophthora blight, crown/root rot
Phytophthora blight, crown/root rot
PDIC
Phytophthora blight, crown/root rot
PDIC
• Over 100 species• Wide host range: vegetables, ornamentals, fruit
trees, grapes, you name it • Brought in by transplants, soil
– few oddballs travel via wind• Survives in soil for many years• Extended periods of heavy rain, humidity• Temps: 75-85°F• Water-logged soils• Management: Resistant varieties, rotate beds, use
raised beds
Damping-off fungi(Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium)
Damping-off fungi(Rhizoctonia, Pythium)
Damping-off fungi(Rhizoctonia, Pythium)
Many hosts!Caused by Rhizoctonia, Pythium, FusariumCan be managed:• Avoid cool & wet conditions• Older seedlings not affected• Cull diseased immediately• Avoid saturated soil & high nitrogen
– (fertilize after first true leaves emerge)• Use new soil, trays
Botrytis gray mold
Botrytis gray mold
Many hosts!The fungus is ubiquitous – it’s everywhere!Caused by humid, cool conditions
-often in the greenhouse, can be outdoorsCan be managed:• Increase air circulation, even if cloudy and
humid outdoors• Dead tissue is colonized first; remove it• Cull any diseased tissues
Viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas
APSnet.org
Viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas
• Technically not living organisms; require host DNA to replicate
• Usually don’t kill plant• Can look like abiotic disorder• Usually patterns
– mosaics, speckling, streaking, ringspots• Transmitted by insects, equipment/humans,
nematodes, fungi
Viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas
Nematodes
Nematodes
• Microscopic worms• Cause stunting, plant death
– root knotting• Many genera and species• Wide host range
– soybeans, peanuts, vegetables, ornamentals, tobacco, etc.
• Mostly soilborne, but some foliar• Equipped with stylet to puncture plant tissue
• Google: NCSU PDIC• New users – create login• Images are free!
– (But may need sample, in some cases)– Can help you determine what to sample
• Samples:– $20 through agent or MG– $30 direct
• Collect:– Multiple plants, capture range of disease– Bag soil/roots separate from foliage– If you don’t know, send it in!
Resources
• 2017 SE US Vegetable Crop Handbook• 2017 NC Agricultural Chemicals Manual• NC Department of Agriculture
– Soil testing• NCSU Plant Pathology Extension Portal
– Late blight, downy mildew, disease updates– Disease notes
• University Extension Publications & Websites• American Phytopathological Society: APSnet.org
Thank you!