Common Course in Malayalam for II Semester BA.B...
Transcript of Common Course in Malayalam for II Semester BA.B...
1
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
109
hnhÀ¯-\hpwhnhÀ¯-\hpwhnhÀ¯-\hpwhnhÀ¯-\hpwhnhÀ¯-\hpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpwBi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM
For
BA/B Sc.II SEMESTER
(2011 Admission onwards)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
10CALICUT UNIVERSITY.P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA,INDIA – 673 635
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
BA/B Sc.
II Semester
Common Course in Malayalam
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
Prepared by:Smt.V.K.SheejaDepartment of MalayalamMajlis Arts & Science CollegePuramannurValanchery
Sruitnized by:Dr. K.M. PriyadarsanlalSwathi, MalapparambaKozhikode - 673009.
Layout: Compputer Section, SDE
(c)
Reserved
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
Df-f-S°w t]Pv
samUyqÄ þ1 05-- þ 33
samUyqÄ- þ2 34 ----- þ 42
samUyqÄ þ3 43 -þ 47
samUyqÄ --- -----þ4 48 þ 51
amXr-Im-tNm-Z-y-§Ä 52 þ 60
tamUÂ Assk³saâ v 61 þ 62
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
MODULE IUNIT-1
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚-N-cnXw
]mNo\ Imew -ap-X-¬°pXs∂ temIsØ hnhn-[`m-j-I-fn¬ hnh¿Ø\w-\-S∂p h∂n- p-≠v.
amXr-`mj amXw D]-tbm-Kn®p hf¿∂ Hcmƒ°v Nne ]tXyI kml--Ncy-ß-fn¬ DZm: hmWn-Pyw,
sXmgn¬ XpS-ßnb Imcy߃°v A\y-tZ-- i-ßsf kao]n-t°-≠-Xmbn hcpw.- AØcw kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬
hnh¿Ø\w AXym-hiyambnØo-cp-∂p. I®-hS Bh-iy-߃t°m, aX ]c-am-b Bh-i-y-߃t°m th≠n
Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏´ en]n kº-Zmbw hym]-I-ambn ]N-cn-®-tXmsS hyXykvX `mj-I-fnse KŸ kµ¿ -߬
Fgp-Xm\pw Ahsb Xmc-fly-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw kuIcyw e`n®p. \mw C∂-dn-bp∂ hnh¿Ø\w CXns\
XpS-¿∂m-bn-cn-°Ww \S-∏n¬h-∂-Xv. InkvXp-hn\v 3000 h¿j-߃°pw apºv- A-ko-dnb `cn-®n-cp∂
km¿tKm - F∂ NI-h¿Øn Xs‚ hoc-Ir-Xy-߃ Ako-dn-b≥ `m-jbn-ep≈ imk-\-ß--fn-eq-sS
-hn-fw-_cw sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn. hn]p-e-amb Ako-dn-b≥ km-am-Py-Øn¬ Ako-dn-b-\-√mØ `mj-Iƒ
kw-km-cn-°p∂ H-t´sd P\-hn- m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°mbn Ah-cp-sS- m-j-I-fn¬- Cu -im-k-\-߃
hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´p. temI-Øn¬- C-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ BZysØ hnh¿Ø\ ]cn-iaw CXm-sW-∂v
I-cp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. CXp t]mse-- In-kvXp-hn\ v c≠m-bn-cØ™qdp h¿-j߃°p apºp _m_n-tem¨
-cn-®n-cp-∂- l-Ωp-dm-_n-bpsS imk-\-ßfpw ]e mj-I-fn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F¶nepw In-kvXp-hn\v
c≠p-\q-‰m≠p apºv Fgp-X-s∏´ ]-kn-≤-amb "tdm-k‰m' inem-im-k-\-amWv \ne-hn-ep≈ G‰hpw ]gb
hnh¿Ø\ amXr-I-bm-bn -C-t∏mƒ I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
F-∂m¬ ]m›m-Xy cmPy-ß-fn¬ hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v H∏w Nn´b-pw- ]m-c-º-cyhpw G¿s∏-´Xv
ss__n-fns‚ X¿÷a hgn-°mWv. Ko°p-Im-cpsS hnh¿Ø\ ]mc-º-cy-sØ -]n≥Xp-S¿∂v
tdmam-°m¿ Ko°p `m-j-bn-ep≈ ]e KŸ-ß-fpw- em-‰n≥ `m-j-bn¬ X¿÷a sNbvXp. Ko°p
\mS-I-ßfpw tπt‰m-hn-s‚- Ir-Xn-Ifpw a‰pw XpS¿∂v em‰n-\n-te°v ]e-cpw hn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXp. CXn-\n¬
anI®p \n¬°p-∂Xv In. ]n. \memw- i-X-I-Øn¬ "skbv‚ v sPtdmw Fgp-Xnb hnh-¿-Ø-\-a-tX. i_vZ--tØ-°mƒ
Bi-b-Øn\p ]m[m-\yw- \¬Inb hnh-¿Ø-\-sØ -B-kv]-Z-am°n -sk-bn‚ v Ptdm-ans\ imkvXob coXn-bn-ep≈
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚- kvYm-]-I-s\∂v ]pI-gvØn-h-cp-∂p.
Ko°p-Im¿°pw tdmam-°m¿°pw tijw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ cwK-Øn¬ Imcy-am-bn -]-h¿Øn-®-Xv-
A-d-_n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. In-. -]n. 8,9,10 iX-I-ß-fn¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ, kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \n∂ GXtbm K\vY-߃
kz¥w `mj-bn-te°v ]I¿Øn.
Awi-K-Wn-Xw, Pyman-Xn, tPmXn-jw, sshZy-imkvXw apX-emb hnj--b-ß-fn-ep≈ KŸ-ßfpw
Ch-bn¬ s]Sp-∂p. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ]mNo\ hn⁄m\w ]m›m-Xy¿°v -B-Zy-ambn e`n-®Xv Ad_nbn¬
hnh-¿Ø\w sNbv-XXn-eqsSbmWv. am¿´n≥ eqY¿ em‰n-\n¬ \n∂v P¿Ω≥ `mj-bn-te°v ss__nƒ
hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xn-eqsS hnh¿Ø\Øns‚ ]pXnb bpKw Bcw-`n-®-Xmbn Icp-Xmw, aX-Øns‚
taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂v hnh¿Ø-\w -aX \nc-t]£ hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ taJ-e-I-fn-te°v AXn-thKw hym]n-®p. C∂v
temI-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepw Hcp tImWn¬ FX A]-kn≤ `mj-bnembmepw ]pXnb GsX¶n-epw- A-dnhv
Bhn-jvIr-X-am-hp-I-bm--sW-¶n¬ GXm-\pw-h¿j-߃°Iw -AXv hnh¿Ø-Øn-eq-sS -a-s‰√m mj-I-fn-epw-
e-`y-am-Ip∂ ÿnXn h∂ptN¿∂n-´p≠v.
kmln-Xyw, Ie XpS-ßnb cwK-ß-fnepw Cu ]hWX e`y-am-Wv. cmjvSob ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃
`mj-I-fpsS hf¿®-°pw ]kn-≤n°pw hgn sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. AXp sIm≠mWv BZy-°m-eØv Ko°v,
em‰n≥ mj-I-fn¬ \n∂v [mcmfw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp h∂ Cw•ojv mj; ]n∂oSv ^©n\pw, P¿Ω\pw,
djy-\pw IqSp-X¬ ]m[m-\yw \¬In-b-Xv. Cw•ojv `mj-°v temIsaºmSpw CX henb kzm[o\w
D≠mIm\p≈ Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v Cw•o-jp-Im¿ temI-Øp≈ F√m `mj-I-fn¬\n∂pw KŸ-߃
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
Cw•o-jn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ ian-®-Xp-sIm-≠mWv "amÿ ]okkv Hm^v thƒUv en‰-td-®¿' F∂
Xe-s°-t´m-Sp-IqSn \mep `mK-ß-fn-em-bn- Cw-•o-jn¬ temI kmln-Xy-Ønse ]ikvX KŸ-ß-fp-sS-
kw-t£]w ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
hnh¿Ø\w mc-Xob`mj-I-fn¬
`mc-X-Ønse hnh¿Ø\]mc-ºcyw bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂v Aev]w `n∂-amWv. ]mNo-\-Im-eØv
kwkvIr-X-am-bn-cp∂p `mc-X-Ønse kmwkvv-ImcnI `mj. F∂m¬ C¥y-bnse ¢m- nIv `mj-bmb
kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\߃ Ipd-hm-Wv. a‰p mc-Xob mj-I-sfm∂pw A∂v th≠X hnI-kn-°m-
Xn-cp-∂-Xmbncn°mw -A-Xn\p Imc-Ww. kwkvIr-X-Ønse hnh¿Ø\ KŸ-ß-fn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂
H∂v ss]im-Nn `mj-bn¬- F-gp-X-s∏´ KpWm-Vys‚ _rl¬ IY-I-fp-sS kwt£-]-ß-fmb, "_rl¬
IYm a-RvP-cn'bpw "IYm kcn-Xv km-K-c'-hp-am-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-Ønse an°-Ir-Xn-Ifpw
`mc-Xob mj-I-fn¬hn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bn- p-≠v. ]Zm\p ]Z hnh-¿-Ø\w apX¬ "`m-hm-\p-hmZw' hsc-bp≈
F√m hnh¿Ø-\ -cq-]-t`-Z-ßfpw Ch-°n-S-bn¬ Im-Wmw.
]mNo-\-X-bn¬ kw-kvIr-X-tØmSv ASpØv \n¬°p∂ `mc-Xob `mj Xan-gm-Wv. Xangv `mj
hnh-¿-Ø\ KŸ-Øn\v "hgn-\q¬' F∂-t]-cp -\¬In AXns\ Hcp ]-ÿm\w Xs∂bmbn AwKo-I-cn-®p.
]t£ "-h-S-samgn'bn¬ \n∂v AYhm kwkvIr-X-Øn¬\n-∂v ]-Z-߃ FSp-°p-tºmƒ Zmhn-Uo-I-cn®v
]tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂v hy-h-ÿbpw sN-bvXp.
B[p-\nI mc-Xob mj-Iƒ s]mXpth \mep hnh¿Ø\ L -ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p t]m∂-Xm-bn-°m-Wmw.
BZy-L-´-Øn¬-kw-kvIrX KŸ-߃ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. c≠mw L´-Øn¬ t]¿jy≥ Ad-_n-
Xp-S-ßnb hntZi `m-jm-K-Ÿ-߃ hnh¿-Ø\w sNbvXp. aq∂mw L´-Øn¬- Cw-•ojv ]m›mXy `mjm
KŸ-ßfpw \memw L´-Øn¬ -C-Xc `mc-Xob `mjm KŸ-ß-fpw.
ae-bm-f-Ønse hnh¿Ø\ NcnXw
ae-bm-f-Ønse hnh¿Ø-\-N-cn-X-Øn-\v \√ ]g-°-ap-≠v. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-amWv
BZyw Chn-sS -D-≠m-b-Xv. CXc mc-Xob mj-I-fnepw ÿnXn n∂-a-√. Hcp ImeØv tI-c-f-Ønse mj-
Xs∂ Xan-gm-bn-cp-∂pXp sIm≠v Xan-gn¬ ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬- F-gp-Xn-bn-cp∂ tPymXnjw, sshZyw XpS-ßnb
hnjb-ß-fn-ep-≈ -Ir-Xn-Iƒ ap≥ Xe-ap-d-I-fn-ep≈ ]e-a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ°pw a\-]m-T-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmam-b-W-Øn-\pw-
a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn\pw ]e ]Im-c-Øn¬ ]e-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]-cn-`m-j-I-fp-≠m-bn. ]Zm\p-]Z hrØm-\p-hrØ
samgn-am‰w, `mKnI IYm-Jym\w, kw£n]vX hnh-cWw F∂n-ß-s\- Im-e-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v -A-h-bp-sS
-cq] `mh-߃ Nn -s∏-s∏SpØ-hm≥ cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ ian-®p. "Fgp-Ø-—s‚ A[ym-fl-cm-am-bW' hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wv
Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ FSpØp ]d-tb≠ IrXn. cma-N-cnXw, cma IYm-]m v, IÆ» cmam-bWw F∂nhbpw
it≤b-amb hnh-¿-ØnX IrXn-Iƒ Xs∂.
Cw-•o-jv ae-bmfw hnh¿Ø\w
]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-tØmsS Cw-•o-jns‚ kzm[o-\X mj-bn¬ i‡-am-bn. A°m-eØv
aX-]-Nm-c-W-Øn\p tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb ]m›mXy anj-\-dn-am-cp-sS- ]-h¿Ø\-߃ mj-bpsS hf¿®°p
Imc-W-am-bn. hymI-cW KŸ-ßfpw \nL-≠p-hpw -\n-e-hm-c-s∏´ D®m-c-Whpw ae-bm-f-Øn-\p -\¬Im≥-
A-h¿ ian-®p. ss__nƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv CXp sN-bvX-Xv. F¶nepw ae-bmf mj°v
]ptcm-KXnbp≠m°m≥ anjWdn KZyw Imc-W-am-bn.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿j-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse tImtfPp hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS ]mTy-I--a-Øn¬
Cw-•o-jp Ihn-X°v ][m-\ -ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sS\n-k¨, tKmƒUv kvanØv, tXmakv tK,
XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS ]ikvX Ihn-X-Iƒ ]eXpw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ lrZn-ÿ-am-°p-Ibpw Ihn-Xm-hm-k-\-bp≈
bphm-°ƒ Ah ae-bm-f-Øn¬ X¿÷a sNøm≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ht´sd hntZ-iob mj-I-fnse Ihn-X-Iƒ Cw-•o-jp hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬
X¿÷-a -sN-bvX-p h-cp-∂p. djy≥, Pm∏m-\n-kv., B^n-°≥ XpS-ßnb ]e mj-I-fn-ep-ap≈ IhnX-I-fpw
hnh¿Ø\w sNøs∏-Sp-∂Xv.
KZy hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ afi-e-Øn¬- BZy hnh¿ØI¿ anj-W-dn-am¿ X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. IY-Iƒ,
t\mh-ep-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hm-bm-WmZyw ae-bm-f--Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏- -Xv. 1806 ¬ t¢mUn-b≥ _p°m-\≥
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ss__nƒ X¿÷-abv°v t\XrXzw \¬In. tUm. s_©-an≥ s_bven Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂p
-\m´p `mj-bn-te°v ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. tUm. sl¿Ω≥ Kp≠¿ v, \nL-≠phpw, hymI-c-W-hpw,-
ss_-_nƒ hnh¿Ø-\hpw hgn ae-bmf KZy-Øn-\v i-‡-amb Hc-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´p. Cw•ojp ]Tn® \m´p
]mXn-cn-amcpw-X¿÷-abv°v Hcp-sº- p. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy bmXm hnh-c-W-K-Ÿ-am-b -h¿Øam\-]p--kvXIw
Fgp-Xnb ]mtd-am -°¬ tXm-am -I-Ø-\m¿, B¿®p Un°≥ tImin dh: tPm¿÷v amØ≥-
F-∂n-hcpw hnh¿-Ø\ cwKsØ ]i-kvX-cm-Wv. "Can-t‰-j≥ Hm^v ssIÃv' "InkvXzm\p Ic-W-'sa∂
t]cn¬ tXmam IØ-\m¿ X¿÷a sNbvXp. tPm¨ s_\n-bs‚ "]n¬Knw t]mK- n's‚ ae-bmf
`mj°v B¿®p Un°≥ tImin \¬Inb t]-cv ]-c-tZio tamj-bmX F∂-Xm-Wv.
tIcf h¿Ω-bpsS "AIv_¿', Hcp U®p KŸ-Øns‚ Cw•ojv ]cn-`m-j-bpsS ae-bmf hnh¿Ø-
\-am-bn-cp-∂p. \me-∏m´p \mcm-b-Wta-t\m≥ F. _m-e-Ir-jvW-]n≈ F∂o c≠p ]i-kvX -hy-‡n-I-fmWv
]m›mXy kmlnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ i‡m-am-bn- hn-h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ apt∂m- p-h-∂-Xv. hnIvS¿lyq-tKm-bpsS
te an-dm-_n-fns\ "]mh-߃' F∂-t]-cn¬ \me-∏m´p \mcm-b-W-sa-t\m≥ hnh¿Ø\w sN-bvXp. tIkcn
_m-e-Ir-jvW-]n≈ ]pXnb km-lnXy cq]-ßfpw tIc-fo-b¿°v X¿÷-a-bn-eqsS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-Sp-Øp.
djy≥ kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb tSmƒtÃmbv ZkvX-tbm-hn-kvIn, amIvknw-tKm¿°n abvt°mhnkvIn, t_mdnkv,
]mÿ \m°v F∂n-h-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ a-e--bmfw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw X¿÷-a-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.
CXc `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬ \n∂ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p≈ hnh¿Ø\w
C-Xc `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø-\--Øns‚ then-tb‰w D≠m-bXv
tIc-fo-b¿°v t\mh¬ ]kvYm-\-tØm-Sv Xm¬]cyw tXm∂n-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv. _wKm-fnse k¿K[-\-cmb
_¶nw NµNm-‰¿Pn, icXv NµNm-‰¿Pn, cho-µ\mY tSmtKm¿ F∂o aq∂p t]cpsS t\me-hp-Ifpw IY-Ifpw
]e-cpw -B-h¿Øn®p hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. amknIm ]h¿Ø-\-amWv Cu hnh¿Ø-\-߃°v
t]c-I-am-b-Xv. kn.Fkv. kp_-“-Wy≥ t]m‰n, "Zp¿tK-i-\-µn\n' hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv CXn\v XpS°w
Ipdn-®p. _wKm-fn-bn¬\n∂v Cw•o-jn-eq-sSbpw lnµn-bn-eq-sSbpw BWv ae--bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w
\S-Øp-∂Xv. _wKmfn t\mh¬ -GXpw \√-sX∂v Hcp [mcW tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-hm--\p≈ ImcWhpw
Cu hn-h¿-Ø\w X-s∂. Ihn-X-bpsS cwKØv SmtKmdns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ DZm:˛Ko-Xm-⁄-en amX-amWv
tIc-f-Øn¬ hf-sc-b-[n-Iw ]ikvvXn t\Sn-b-Xv.
_wKmfn Ign-™m¬ lnµn kmln-Xy-amWv hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS- a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°p IqSp-X-em-bn h∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ km-lnXy ZrjvSym hnh¿Ø\ IrXn-I-fp-sS -FÆw Ipd-hm-Wv. lnµn-bn¬ CtX-hsc
]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ h∂n-´p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw t\m°n-bm¬
hnh¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚- A-\p-]mXw hfsc sNdp-Xm-Wv. lnµn-bn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-tØ-te°p hnh¿Ø\w
sNbvXn-´p≈ hy‡n-I-fn¬ chn h¿Ω, sI.hn. aW-en-°c, A`-b-tZhv, hn.--Un. Ir-jvvW≥ \ºym¿,
thWp acp-Xmbn Xp--S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS -t]-c-pIƒ ]kvXm-hy-am-Wv.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ imkvvX cwKØp \S-Ø--s∏-Sp∂ hnh¿Ø\hpw hne-s∏- -Xm-Wv. Bcw- -I-Im-e-Øp
-Fw. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, amXyp. Fw. Ipgn then, sFkn. Nmt°m, Sn.sI tPmk^v, ]n.sI tImcp,
sI.kn Nmt°m, tUm. sI `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿ Cu cwKØv ]i-kvXn-bm¿÷n-®-h-cm-Wv.
8
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
c≠mw temI alm-bp-≤-Øn\p tijw hnh¿Ø\w hf-sc-b--[nIw Bfp-Iƒ°v tPmen-\¬Ip∂
hrØn-bmbn Xo¿∂p. s]m-Xpsh km£-c-Xz-Ønepw hn-Zym-`ym-k-Ønepw D≠mb hf¿®bpw hm¿Øm-
hn-X-c-W-Øn¬ h∂p tN¿∂ hnπ-hhpw hnI-kz-c-ambn hcp∂ GI temI at\m-`m-hhpw km-lnXy ]X
]h¿Ø\ cwK-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ hnh¿Ø\ ]In-bsb hfsc-b-[nIw hn]p-e-am-°n. tIcf mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´ns‚ Bhn¿`mhw hn-⁄m\ kmlnXy KŸ-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\ cwK-Øv K-Wy-amb
]ptcm-K-Xn- D-f-hm-°n. tImcf imkvX ]cn-jØv t]mep≈ k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Ifpw CXc ]kn-≤o-I-cW
kwL-S-\-Ifpw Cu cwKØv t\´w ssIh-cn-®p.
Z£nW `mjm _p°v SÃv', "kmlnXy A°m-Zan' XpS-ßn-b- ÿm-]-\-߃ [mcm-fw- Ir-Xn-Iƒ
`mjm¥co-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS \ap°v e`yam°nbn-´p-≠v. Cu BtcmKyI-c-amb ]h-WX Ct∏mg-pw \S∂p
hcp-∂p-≠v.
9
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT-2hnh¿Ø-\w
"s]mcpƒ \jvS-s∏-SmsX Hcp Bibw -Hcp `mj-bn¬\n∂v as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°v am‰p-∂-XmWv
hnh¿Ø-\w'. X¿P-a, X¿Ppa, hnh¿Ø-\w, ]cn`mj,- sam-gn-am‰w F∂o ]Z-߃ Translation F∂
Cw•ojv hm°n\v ]Icw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]Nm-c--ap-≠v. `mj cq]-s∏´ Imew apX¬ ]-cn-`m-jIfpw
kw`-hn-®n-cn-°Ww. e`y-am-b-Xn¬ -sh®v G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-am-b- hn-h¿Ø\w "tdmsk‰m' (-_n.kn c≠mw
iX-Iw) F∂ inem-te-J-\amsW∂v Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p
temI mj-I-fn¬ G‰-hpw -A-[nIw hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p≈ K\vYw ss__n-fmWv. lo_q
`m-j-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´n-cp∂ ]g-b-\n-baw blq-Z¿°v BZy-Imeßfn¬ kpKm-ly-am-bncp-∂n-√. Ah¿°v
a\- n-em-°m≥ th≠n "ss__nƒ' D]-`m-j-I-fn-te-°pw amt‰≠n h∂p. tlma-dpsS HUo-kn- Ko°n¬
\n∂pw eØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-∏-´Xv _n.-kn. 130 emWv. InkvXp--a-Xw- tem-I-saßpw hym]n®Xv
hnh¿-Ø-\-Øns‚ ]Nm-c-Øn\v hgnsXfn--®p. ss__nƒ temI-Ønse an° `mj-Ifnte°pw X¿Pa
sNø-s∏-´p. ]e `mj-I-fp-tSbpw ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn\pw I-cp-Øm¿÷n-°-en\pw CXp Imc-W--am-bn.
Ad_n `m-j-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh¿Ø\ i-a-߃ ]pcm-X\ \K-c-amb _mKvZm-Zn-emWv
\S-∂n-´p-≈-Xv. hn⁄m-\-Øn-t‚bpw kwkv-Im-c-Øn-t‚bpw G‰hpw h-enb tIµ-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu
\K-c-Øn\v Bbn-c-Øm-≠p-I-fp-sS- N-cn-X-ap-≠v. hnhn[ mj-bnse hnip-X-amb KŸ-߃ [mcm-f-am-bn-
A-d-_n-bn-te°v X¿÷-a-sN-ø-s∏-´p. \ΩpsS ]©-X¥w IY-bnse Ad-_n-bnse t]cv "Ieoe Za\'
F∂mWv.
][m\ \n¿∆-N-\-߃
Hcp ]-Z-Øn-t‚tbm hmIy-Øn-t‚tbm KŸ kµ¿`-Øn-t‚tbm ]pkvI-Øn-t‚tbm A¿∞w
as‰mcp mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvvI-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \nL≠p \n¿∆N\ ]Imcw hnh-¿-Ø\w (Translation).
A¿∞w \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠p as‰mcp `mj-bn-te-°p≈ am‰-amWv X¿÷-a.
Dr. tPm¨k¨
Hcp mjbnse ]mTy-h-kvXp-hns\ a-s‰mcp mj-bnse XØp-ey-amb ]mTy-h-kvXp-sIm≠v BtZiw
sNøp-∂-XmWv hnh¿Ø-\w. ˛ sPkn Iym‰v t^m¿Uv
BZyam-bn A¿∞-Ønepw c≠-a-Xmbn ssi-en-bnepw aqe `mj-bnse ktµ-i-tØ-mSv G‰hpw
ASp-∏-ap≈ Xpey ]mTw -e£y `mj-bn¬ krjvSn-°-emWv hnh¿Ø\w.
˛ bqPn≥ ss\U.
A¿∞w ap≥\n¿Øn-s°m≠v as‰m-cp-`m-j-bn-te°v am-‰p-∂-XmWv hnh¿Ø-\w.
˛ kmaph¬ tPm¨k¨
`mjmim-kvX-]-c-amb \n¿∆-N\w
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-imkvX hi߃ F∂ ]_-‘-Øn¬(1959) tdma≥ bmt°m_vk¨
Hcp -]-Z-Nn”sØ hyJym-\n-°m-\p≈ aq∂v D]m-[n-Isf ]‰n ]d-bp-∂p.
1. A¥¿ mjm hnh¿Ø\w (intra lingual translation)
2. mjm¥c-hn-h¿Ø\w (inter lingual translation)
3. Nn”m-¥c hnh¿Ø\w(inter semiyotic)
10
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
H-cp `mjbv°p≈n¬ X-s∂, Hcp-Iq´w ]Z-Nn-”ßsf as‰mcp Iq´w ]Z-Nn-”ßfnte°v-
kw-I-an-∏n-°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv A-¥¿`mjm hnh¿Ø-\w.
(DZm:˛ DZtb t]cq¿kp-∂-l-tZm-kns‚ It\m-\-Iƒ. CXn-se- `m-j 16-˛17 -\q‰m≠pIfnteXmWv.
C∂sØ ae-bm-f-Øn-√n-√mØ ssien-Ifpw ]-tbm-K-ßfpw A∂sØ `mj-bn¬ ImWmw. C∂Ø
hmb-\-°m¿°pw a\- n-em-I-W--sa-¶n¬ B KŸw B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh-¿-Ø\w sNø-Ww.)
C]-Im-cw- H-cp mj-bv°p-≈n¬Xs∂ \S-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-\sØ A¥¿- mjm hnh¿Ø\w F∂p
]d--bp-∂p.
bmt°m_vk¨ ]d-bp∂ c≠m-asØ X-c-Øn¬s]´ inter lingual transalation \mWvv \mw
km[m-cW hnh¿Ø-\sa∂v hy-h-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
aq∂m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬s]- Xv- Nn”m¥c hnh¿Ø-\-amWv (inter semiyotie) Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v
B[p-\n-I- Im--eØv ]k‡n Gdp-I-bm-Wv. Hcp Nn”-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp Nn” hyh-ÿ-bn-te-°pff
am‰-am-Wn-Xv. B´-°Y/IY-Ifn, Xnc-°Y/ kn\na F∂o Zzµz߃ Cu hIp-∏n¬s]Spw. "B´-°Y'
kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ, I-Y-I-fn- Zr-iy-I-e-bpsS Nn”-߃ D]-tbm--Kn-°p-∂p.
hnhn[ ]fin-X-∑m¿ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xn¬ sh®v kpK-lhpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-am-b-\n¿h-N\w
tUm. kmap-h¬ tPm¨k¨t‚-Xm-Wv. ""A¿∞w ap≥\n¿Øn-s°m≠v as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿-Ø-\w.''
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ imkvXo-b-N¿®-bn¬ aqe- m-jbv°v "tkmX- mj' (Source of language). F∂pw
A-Xm-bXv GXp `mjbn¬ \n∂pw hnh¿Ø-\w- sN-øp-∂pthm B `mjsb tkmX `mj F∂pw GXp
`mj-bn-te°v hnh¿-Ø\w sNøp∂pthm B m-jsb "e£y mj' (Target language) F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.
tkmX `mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvvI-cn-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ßsf Ign-bp-∂-X-G-‰-°p-d-®n¬ IqSm-sXbpw e£y
`mj-bp-sS- B-hn-jvI-cW coXn-°v- C-W-ßp∂ coXn-bnepw e£y `mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
]b-Xv∂-amWv hnh¿Ø-\w.
c≠v Xcw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. ][m-\-am-bp-w th≠n hcp-∂-Xv.
1. imkvX-K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w
2. kmlnXy KŸ-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\w.
temIØv F√m-bn-SØpw A\y-`m-j-I-fn¬ \n∂v kz-`mjIfn-te-°p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-amWv A[nIw
ImWp-∂-Xv. CXn\p ImcWw kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn- am-Xr-`m-jm-⁄m\wt]mse Hcmƒ°v CX-c-`m-jm-⁄m\w
D≠m-hpI Npcp-°-am-Wv. X¿÷-a-Iƒ A[n-Ihpw kz`m-jm-bn¬ \S-Øp-I-bmWv Ffp-∏w. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf
kw_-‘n®v CXv IqSp-X¬ icn-bm-sW∂pw ImWmw. Imc-Ww imkvX-Øn-se∂ t]mse tIhew
hkvXp-X-I-f√, kq£-a-amb `m-h-߃ IqSn CXn¬ ]I¿ØnsbSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
hnh¿Ø-Is‚ G‰hpw ][m\s∏-´- D-]-I-cWw mjm ⁄m\-am-Wv. AZysØ i≤ AXn-emWv
]Xn-tb-≠-Xv. aqe m-j-bn¬ Dd® Adn-hp-≠m-hp-Ibpw AXnse Imcy-߃ kz¥w mj-bn¬ hymI-c-W
ip≤n-tbmsS ]I¿Øm≥ Ign-hp-≠m-°p-Ibpw thWw. \sΩ kw_-\v--[n®nS-tØmfw an°-hmdpw
Cw•ojmWv aqe `mj. CXc `m-jm-Ir-Xn-Ifpw Cw•o-jn¬Iq-Sn-bmWv \mw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xv.
AXn-\m¬ aqe `mj-bn¬ \√ ⁄m\w D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. aqe-`mj ⁄m\w
Ign-™m¬- A-Xn-t\-°mƒ X¿-÷-a-°mc\v B-hiyw kz`m-jm-⁄m-\-am-Wv.
tkmX mj-bnse kmaKn e£y- mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v ]e coXn-Iƒ Bhmw.
]Zm-\p-]-Z-X¿-÷a sNøp-I, D≈-S-°-Øns‚ BsI-ØpI e£y `mj-bn-em-°p-I, kzX¥ambn e£y
`mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°pI F∂n-h-bmWv apJy kº-Zm-b-߃.
11
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
tlm-d-kns‚ \n¿∆-N\ ]Imcw ]Zm\p]Z X¿÷-a-tb°mƒ kz-X¥ X¿÷-a-bmWv th≠-Xv.
Cu kzmX-¥yw Zp:kzm-X¥yw BI-cp-sX∂pw aqe cN-bn-Xm-hn-t\mSv hnizm-kyX ]pe-¿tØ-≠-Xmb
ISa hnh¿Ø-I-\p-s≠∂pw a‰p Nne \n¿∆-N-\-߃ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.
\√ hnh¿Ø\w kq£va-am-Ip-∂-Xn-tesd hnizm-ky-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv th-≠Xv F∂v hmd-\pw,
(hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ImX¬ hnizm-ky-X-bmWv F∂v B]-Z-Øn¬ Xs∂ A¥¿`-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p).
hnh¿ØI≥ aqeKŸ-Im-c-s\-t∏mse B-bn-Øo-cWw Abm-sf- A-Xn-i-bn-°p-I-b√ hnh¿ØIs‚ tPmen
F∂v km-ap-h¬ tPm¨k¨ A`n-]m-b--s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ km¿∆-eu-InI XXz߃
1. hnh¿Ø\w aqe-Ir-Xn-bn-se -B-i-b-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ-amb ]p\¿teJ\w \n¿h-ln-°-Ww.
2. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ssienbpw coXnbpw aqey-Ir-Xn-bp-tS-Xn\p Xpey-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
3. aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS kz—-µX ]q¿Æambpw hnh¿Ø-\Øn\v ssIh-cp-I-bpw thWw.
"]p\¿ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ aqe-]mTw e`y-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø-\-amWv DØ-aw'˛
an®u-Uv.
F∂m¬ hn]-co-Xm-`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n®n-´p≈hcp-ap-≠v. F_lmw Iuen-bpsS A`n-]mbw
CXn-s\bpw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ""Hcmƒ aqe-Ir-Xn-sb- ]-Zm\p ]Zw-]-cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
Hcp `m¥≥ as‰mcp `m¥s\ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv tXm∂pI''.
""hnh¿Ø\w BkzmZ-\m¿∞w hmbn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww'' F∂mWv ^n√n--tam-dp-sS- a-Xw.
""hniz-kvX-X-bp-sS- ssh-cp-]yhpw hnizkvXXbn√mØ kuµ-cyhpw CXp ]g-samgn t]mse
]kn-≤-am-Wv. emh-Wym-flI cq]w ssIsIm≠p I--gn™ H∂ns\ emh-Wym-fl-I-amb as‰mcp
cq]-Øn-e-m-°pI km[ya-√. emh-Wym-flIa√mØ hnh¿Ø-\-߃ shdpw hymJym\ßfmWv F∂m¬
]p\-c-h-X-c-W-ß-sf∂ \ne-bn-e√msX kam-\m-hn-jvI-c-W-ß-fp-sS- cq-]-Øn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø--\-߃°v
Bt]£n-Ikm-[y-X-bp-≠v. \√-Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v Iem-kr-jvSn-sb-∂-\n-e-bn¬
au-enIamb aqey-hp-ap-≠v.''
˛ s_\-sU‰v tImtN
CXp-hsc N¿® sNbvX \n¿∆-N-\-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ah-iyw -th≠ LS-I-߃
kpKm-lyX, hnizm-kyX, XØp-ey-X, ku-µ-cym-fl-IX, kw£n-]vXX, kq-£vaX F∂n-h-bm-Wv-.
H-gn-hm-t°≠ tZmj-߃ Zpcq-lX Ahn-izm-ky-X, hnkvXmcw kuµ-cy-lo-\X F-∂n-hbpw hn-j-b-a-\p-k-cn®pw
hmb-\-°m-cp-sS -X-c-a-\p-k-cn®pw hnhn-[ -hn-hn¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°≠n hcpw. Ip´n-Iƒ
th≠n-bm-sW--¶n¬ kwK-l-am-Imw, km[m-c-W-°m¿°p th≠n--bm-sW-¶n¬ hnizm-kyhpw kpKm-ly-hp-amb
Ah-X-c-Ww. ]fin-X-∑m¿°pw imkvX-⁄-∑m¿°pw th≠n ]Zm-\p-]-Zw F∂n-ß-s\.
imkvXw, \nb-aw, `c-Ww,-F-∂n-hbv°v ]Zm\p ]Z-hn-h¿Ø\w A\n-hmcy-am-Ip-tºmƒ
k¿§m-fl-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ aqe-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ hnizm-ky-Xbv°p ]pdta. A\p-hm-N-I¿-°p≈
ckm-\p- q-Xn-bmWv hnh-¿Ø\ kz- mhw \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬- F-√m-Øcw hnj-b-߃°pw F√m
kµ¿`-߃°pw ]‰nb H‰ imkvXob \n¿∆-N-\w -I-s≠-Øm≥ ]bm-k-am-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬
Ah-\-hs‚ bp‡n°p Bfl- kwXr-]vXn-°pw- tbm-Pn-®- hn-[-Øn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø\ coXn- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-
XmWv G‰hpw bp‡n kw-K-X-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
12
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT-3
hnh¿Ø-\w, hymJym-\w,- ]-cm-h¿Ø-\w, ]p\xkrjvSn
DØa hnh¿-Ø-I≥
Ihn-Isf ]‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ZznXm Gh Ihb: Fs∂mcp sNm√v D≤-cn-°m-dp-≠v.
P≥akn-≤-amb IhnXm hmk\ A\p-Kln-®-h¿t° \√ IhnX Fgp-Xm-\mIq F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ Xm¬]-cyw.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw CXv-G-Xm≠p icn-X-s∂. hnh¿Ø\w Hcp Ie-bmWv AXn¬ ]tXyI
-ssh- hw t\Sn-b-h¿°p amX-amWv \√ hnh¿Ø-I-\m-Im≥ I-gn-bp-I; kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]Xy-In®pw IhnXm
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Cu XXzw XnI®pw ]k‡w Xs∂.
Hcp-Øa hnh¿Ø-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-߃
* hnh¿Ø-I\v Ccp-`m-jI-fnepw ]mho-Wy-amWv BZyw -th-≠-Xv. c≠p `mj-I-fnepw icn-bmb
Adnh-pw kzm[o-\hpw D≈ Bfns\ amXta DØa hnh¿Ø-I\-m-Im≥ I-gn-bq. tkmX
`mj-bn¬ ]cn-⁄m-\-tØ-°mƒ e£y mj-bn--ep≈ kzm[o-\-Øn\v hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]m[m\yw IqSpw.
* s]mXp-th-bp≈ ]mfin-Xyw- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v aXnbm-hp-I-bn-√. FX-sbX hnjb-ß-fmWv mj-
bn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm: imkvXw, kmln-Xyw, KWn-Xw, F∂n-ßs\ Ht´sd Bhm-¥-c-
hn- m-K-ß-fp-ap≠v Hmtcm-∂n-\pw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ CØcw taJ--e-I-fn¬ Adnhpw ]mho-Wyhpw t\tS-≠Xv
hnh¿Ø-I\v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
* Hcp-Øa hnh¿-Ø-I\p th≠ kam\y KpWw ]Xyp-Xv]∂ aXn-Xz-am-Wv. kµ¿`a\p-k-cn®v Imcyw
Kln-°m\pw AXn-\p-]-‰nb coXn-bn¬ hnh¿Ø-\w -\-SØm\pw Ign-b-Ww. Cu ]Xy-ev]-∂-aXnXzw
s]s´∂p In´p-I-bn-√. AXn-\pw -]n-∂n¬ \o≠ km[-\bpw A\p-`-hhpw thWw. hfsc
Kl-\hpw hym]-I-hp-amb hmb-\-bn¬\n-∂mWv ]Z-k-ºØv ssIh-cp-∂-Xv. Xpd-∂ a\ pw IÆp-ambn
]pXnb ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ ssIhcn-°m≥ ian-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-I\v hnPbw e`n-°p-∂p.
* hnh¿Ø\w Hcp inev]w sa\-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ ]hr-Øn-bm-Wv. AXn¬ FX-bpw-
]-cn-i-an-°mtam AX-bpw -`w-Kn-h-cpw- A-Xn-\m¬ A≤zm-\n-°m≥ aSn-bn-√m--Ø-h¿°pw amX-ta
-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hn-P-bn-°m≥ ]-‰q.
* F√m Fgp-Øp-Im¿°pw _m[-I-amb Imcy-am-sW-¶nepw hnh¿Ø-I¿ hn-ti-jn-®pw i≤n-t°≠
Hcp Imcy-ap-≠v. BIm-hp-∂X i≤nv®v F√m an\p°p]Wn---Ifpw Ign-™X-n\p tijw amXta
"am‰¿' Xs‚ Iøn¬ \n∂p hnSm-hq. ]q n¬ t\m°n-sIm≈mw F∂pw hnNm-cn-®m¬ _p≤ntamiam-bn-Xo-cmw.
hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃
1. _rl-Ømb tkmX `mjm \nL≠p
FX- A-dn-hp≈ hy‡n-bm-sW-¶-nepw Ft∏m-gpw- F√m ]Z-ß-fp-tSbpw A¿∞-a-dn-b-W-sa-∂n-√.
A¿∞-a-dn-™mepw e£y-`m-j-bnse ]cymbw Adn-b-W-a-t√m. AXn-\m¬ tkmX `mjbp-sS-
_r-l-Ømb\nL≠p \n¿_-‘-ambpw thWw.
2. Zzn `mjm \nL≠p
e£y `mjbn-ep≈ icn-bmb ]Z-߃ I≠p ]nSn-°p-I-bmWv G‰-hpw Zp¿e-`w.. AXn\v A\p-
tbm-Py-amb Zzn `mjm \nL≠p Xs∂ thWw. \√ Zzn `mjm \nL≠phns‚ klm-b-an-√msX \√
hnh¿Ø\w km[y-a-√.
13
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
3. ]cymb hn]-co-X-tImiw
]cym-b-]-Z-߃ Adn-™n-cn-s°-≠Xv ][m-\-am-Wv. ]ZßfpsS ]cymbw t]mse hn]-coX ]Zhpw
Btem-Nn® v I-≠p ]nSn®v Fgp-Xm-\p≈ kmh-Imiw e`n-°m-dn-√. Xs∂bpa√ s]-s´∂ptXm∂p-∂-]Zw
icn-bm-hp-I-bp-an-√. Chn-sS-bmWv ]cymb˛hn]-coX ]Z \nL-≠p-hns‚ ]k‡n.
4. sd -d≥kv
\n-L-≠p-°ƒ t]mse AXym-h-iy-amb as‰mcp d^d≥kvK-Ÿhpw e£y- m-j-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
`mc-Xob mj-I-fn¬ -A-[nIw C√mØ sd^-d≥kmWv Dt±iyw. Hcp tIµo-IrX Bib-Øns‚ hnhn[
cq]-߃ ]-I-S-am-Ip∂ ]Z-ßfpsS kwK-lw. Hcp ]Z-Øns‚ Iogn¬ \¬Ip-I-bm-Wn-Xns‚ coXn.
Aßs\ In´p∂ ]Z-ß-fn¬ \nt∂ tbmPn-®Xv Xnc-s™-SpØv ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
DZm: kvt\lw.
hm’-eyw, ]W-bw, t]aw, A\p--cm-Kw, Nßm-Øw, kJyw, CjvSw, aa-X, _‘w, XmXv]c-cyw.
F∂o A¿∞-ß-fn¬ kmµ¿`n-I-ambn tbmPn® ]Zw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ "sYkm-dkv' D]-I-cn-°pw.
5. D®m-c-W -\n-L≠p
tkmX- m-j-bnse ]Z-߃ hninjy AXnse hntZ-iob ]Z-߃ D®-cn-°p∂ coXn a\-kn-em-°m≥
D®m-cW \nL-≠phpw hnh¿Ø-I-s\- k-lm-bn-°pw. tkmX-`m-j-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ssh-ZKv[yhpw e£y-
`m-j-bn¬ ssh-Z-Kv[yw Ipd-hp-amb hnh¿-Ø-I\v e£y-`mjm \nL-≠p-°fpw e£ym-`mjm
hymI-c-Whpw Ft∏mgpw d^-d≥-kn\v e`y-ambncn-°-Ww.
6. A] i_vZ-t_m-[n\n
hnh¿Ø\ thf-bn¬ hnh¿Ø-I¿- A-dn-bmsX hcp∂ Nne sX‰p-I-fp-≠v. tkmX `mj-bn¬
a\ v IqSp-X¬ hym]cn°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ kzm-[o\w ImcWw e£y `mj-bn¬ A] i_vZ-߃
]tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[y-X-IqSpw. A]-i_vZt_m[n\n Cu Ahk--c-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
7. ]mtZ-inI i_vZ-t_m-[n\n
Hmtcm sNSn°pw, Hmtcm- ]m-Wn°pw tI-c-f-Ønse hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ t]cp-I-fm-W-t√m.
Ch-bn-te-XmWv ths≠-sX∂v Btem-Nn®v Xocp-am-\n-°Ww. DZm; Yes F∂ ]Zw hnh¿-Ø\w
sNøp-tºmƒ-˛-D-∆v, AtX, icn, Bs´, Hm, F∂n-h-bmWv A¿∞w F¶n¬-Hmtcm tZi-Øn\pw
A\p-tbm-tP-b-am-bXv GsX-∂v I-s≠-Øm≥ ]mtZ-inI i_vZ-t_m-[n\n D]-I-m-c-am-Wv.
]m›mXy hnh¿Ø\ kn≤m-¥-߃
hnh¿Ø\w ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fnepw ]m›mXy tZi-ß-fnepw km[m-cWambn-cp-∂p BZy-ambn
hnh¿Ø\ kn≤m¥w Bhn-jvIcn® ]m›mXy ]fin-X≥ ^m≥knse G‰n-sb≥ tUmse‰v (EtienneDolet 1509- 1546). BsW∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1540 emWv At±lw Xs‚ kn≤m-¥-߃ Ipdn-®-Xv. B
kn≤m--¥-ßf tUmse-‰n≥ ]©-X-Xz-߃-F∂pw hnfn-°mw.
1. hnh¿ØI≥ Xm≥ hn-h¿Ø\w sNøp∂ IrXn-bpsS D≈-S-°hpw aqe-te-J-Is‚ Dt±iyhpw
`wKn-bmbn Kln-®n-cn-°-Ww.
2. hnh¿Ø-I\v tkmX-`m-j-bn¬ ]q¿Æ-amb Ah-Km-lw-D-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww AXbpw Xs∂
Ah-Kmlw e£y `mj-bnepw thWw.
3. ]Z-Øn\p ]Zw F∂ Ia-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sN-øm-\p≈ ]hWX Hgn-hm-°-Ww. ImcWw
A-ßs\ sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS A¿∞-Ønepw tIm´w X´p-Ibpw AXnse
Ah-X-cW `wKn \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.
14
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
4. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mj km[m-c-W-]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn°--Ww.
5. DNn-X-amb ]Z-ßfpw kap-Nn-X--am-b- ]-Z-hy-\ym-khpw sIm≠v hn-h¿Ø-I≥ Xs‚ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬
DNn-X-amb kzc hn-\ym-k-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb samØØn-ep-≈ -^e ]nXoXn D≠m-°-Ww.
II ssUU≥ (1680)
hnJymX Ihnbpw \ncq-]-I-\p-amb ssUU≥ ]Xn-t\gmw iXI-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ aq∂p
ssien-Isf ]‰n hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
1. sa‰m-t^kv (]Z-hn-h¿Ø-\w) ]Z-Øn\p ]Zhpw, hcn°p hcn-bp-ambn hnh¿-Ø\w sNøp∂ coXn.
2. ]mcm-t^kv (]-cm-h¿Ø-\w) Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe teJ-Is‚ cN-\sb hfsc Ah-[m-\-X-tbm-sS-
ap-∂n¬ ImWp-Ibpw, A-Xnse ]Z-߃ A¿-∞sØ IqSp-X¬ -A-\p-K-an-°m≥ ian-°pIbpw
sNøp-∂p.
3. Can-t‰-j≥ (A-\p-I-c-Ww) Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe IrXn-bnse ]ZßtfmSpw A¿∞-tØmSpw
kzmX¥yw ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]p-dta aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS A¥¿KXw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xm-bn-tXm-∂n-bm¬
aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Nne ]Z--ßfpw A¿∞-ßfpw hn´p-I-f-bm-\pw-IqSn hnh¿Ø-I-\v- A-\p-hm-Z-ap-≠v.
III ssS-‰-e-dpsS XXzXbw
kvtIm´p-e≥Up-Im-c-\mb AeIvkm≠¿t^-k¿ ssS‰ve¿ (1790) ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse
hnh¿Ø\ ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
1. hnh¿Ø\w aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Bibw kºq¿Æ-amb-pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
2. hnh-¿Ø-\-Ønse teJ\ coXnbpw ssienbpw aqe IrXn-bnse teJ\ coXnbpw ssienbpw
Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
3. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse emfnXyw apgp-h\pw hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
aqe-Ir-Xn-tbmSp kzmX¥yw ImWn-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-I¿°v ISn™mWnSp-I-bmWv ssS‰ve-dpsS
Dt±-iyw.
XpeyXm kn≤m-¥-߃ (Principles of Correpondance)
GXp c≠p `mj ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw Ah ]Xo--I-ß-fpsS A¿∞ Iev]-\-bntem, ]Z_-‘-ß-fm-tbm
hmIy-ß-fm-tbm -I-a-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bntem, Hcn-°epw A`n-∂-ß-f-s√∂v kv]-jvS-am-Ipw. A`n∂ß-fmb
]Z߃ C√msX hcp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I\v G‰hpw Xp-ey-amb ]Zw I≠p ]nSnt°-≠n-h-cpw. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c--ambn
XpeyX c-≠p-X-c-Øn-em-Wp-≈-Xv.
cq] XpeyX Formal Equivalenceaqe- m-j-bn-kse ]Z-hm-Iy-N-tµm--e¶-m-c-ß-sf-√mw Bhp-∂X \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v \n¿∆-ln-°p∂
hnh¿Ø\amWn-Xv. hm°n\p hm°v, hmIyØn\phmIyw, F∂ a´n-ep≈ X¿P-a. aqe IrXn-tbm-Sv
]-c-am-h-[n- hn-izkvXX ]pe¿Øm\p≈ ia-am-Wn-hn-sS-bp-≈-Xv. Nn-e-t∏mƒ Nne hnh-¿Ø-\-߃
ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-sIm≠v hni-Zo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xmbpw hcpw.
Eg. Great one another with a holy kissFs∂mcp hmIyap-≠v. hnip≤ Npw_-\-Øm¬ At\ym\yw hµ\w ]dbp-hn≥ F∂ ss__nƒ hmIyw.
ss__nƒ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ an. ]utemkv tdmam-°m¿°v-F-gp-Xnb teJ-\-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv CXv. ]pXnb
\nb-a-Im-eØv- \-S-∏ne-p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp-A-`n-hm-Z\ coXn-bm-bn-cp∂ CXv-; F∂v ASn-°p-dn∏p \¬In
h-n-iZ-o-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.
15
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
Ne-\m-flI XpeyX
e£y `mj-bp-sS -kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\n-W-ßp-∂ -hn-[-Øn¬ XnI™ kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS
\n¿∆-ln-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. kzoI¿Ømhv tkmX `mj-bpsS kmw-kvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Adn-b-W-sa-t∂m Dƒs°m-≈-W-sat∂m D≈ \n¿_‘-_p≤n Chn-sS-bn-√. t\csØ ]d™
DZm-l-cWw sh®p-Xs∂ t\m°mw.
Eg. Great one another with a holy kiss
F∂ ss__nƒ hmIyw Living Bible version F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ shake hands warm with each otherF∂mWp ]cn`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂-Xv.
cq]Xp-ey-Xbpw Ne-\m-fl-I-Xp-eyX-bpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ c≠p `n∂ [ph-ßfm-Wv. F√m
hnh¿Ø\ß-fp-tSbpw ÿm\w Cu c≠p Zph-߃-°n-S-bn-em-Wv. cq]-Xp-eyXm ]cn- mj F∂-Xp-sIm-≠v
]-Zm-\p-]Z ]cn-`m-j. F∂-mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.
hmIym¿∞w amXw ]kv‡-amb k¿v-°m¿ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ, m-h-\m-hym-]m-cØns‚ t\-cnb kv]¿iw
t]mepan-√mØ imkvX teJ-\-߃ kmt¶-XnI hnh-c-߃, DS-ºSn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v ]Zm-\p-]Z
hnh-¿Ø\w tbm-Pn-°pw. F∂m¬aqe IrXn-bpsS cq]-]-c-amb ISpw]nSpØ-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hs´ms°
hy‡-am-bXpw, D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw sImSpØp sIm-≠pf-f-Xp-amb kzX¥ ]cn-`m-j-I-fmWv
Ne\-\mfl-I- -XpeyX ]pe-¿-Øp-∂-Xv.
]cn-`m-j-bn¬-FSp°p∂ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Af-h-\p-k-cn®v Ne-\m-fl-IX Xpey-X-bv°v c≠p
hn-`m-K߃ I¬-∏n-°mw.
tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈ Chbv°v kzmX¥yw, F∂pw XXzm-\p-cq-]w -F∂pw t]cn-Sp-∂p.
s]m^ Fkv. Kp]vX≥ \mb¿ \n¿t±-in-°p∂ GI-tZi X¿-÷a (Freetranslation) ]p\:-kr-jvSn
(re-creation) F∂o \ma-IcWßfm¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw CXp-s∂.
hnh¿Ø\w
A¥¿`mjm hnh¿Ø\w `mjm-¥c hnh¿Ø\w Nn”m-¥c hnh¿Ø\w
cq]-Xp-e-yX Ne-\m-flI Xpe-yX
]Zm-\p-hn-h¿Ø\w
eg:ssh⁄m-\nI
KŸw
aX-KŸw GIm-tZi X¿÷a
(k-z-X¥ X¿÷-a)
eg:imIp-¥f ]cn- mj
taL-ZqX ]cn-`mj
]p\krjvSn XX-zm-\p-cq]w
eg:cma-N-cnXw \ncWw
IrXn-Iƒ
16
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT-4]cn-`m-jbpw kwkvIm-chpw
hnh¿Ø-I≥ b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ Kuch_p≤ym tkmX-`m-j-bnse kwkv-Im-c-Øn-s‚-cq]w e£y
`mj-sb∂ am[y-Øn-eqsS NnXo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. ka¿∞-\m-b-hn-h¿Ø-I≥ CXv A\m-bm-tk\
sNøp-∂p-sh-s∂ms° ]d--™mepw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp `mj-bnse X\Xp kwkvImcw ]e ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXn-s\- a-s‰mcp `mj-bn¬ bYm-X-Y-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ hnj-a-am-Wv.
kwkvImcw F∂-]Zw ]e aWvU-e-ß-fnepw A¿∞t`--Z-ß-fnepw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. ]t£
]cn- mj-bn¬ kwkvIm-c-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\-sØ-]-‰n- K-l-\-ambn Nn¥n® C≥t-Um¿ ]n©Iv (Indore pinchuk)F∂p ]fin-X≥ kb‚n-^nIv B‚ v sS°n-\n-°¬ Sm≥kvtej≥ F∂ IrXn-bn¬ kw--kvIm-csØ
hnkvX-cn®v A]-K-Yn-®n- p-≠v. kwkvImcw F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ hnj-b-ßsf A©p
hn[-ß-fm-bn-Xn-cn-°mw.
1. ]cn-k-c-hn-⁄m\w (Ecology)
2. kmaq-ly-_--‘-߃ (Social Relations)
3. kmt¶-XnI hnZy (Technology)
4. hnizm-k-ßfpw aqey-ßfpw (Beliefs and values)
5. mjbpw Iebpw (Language and art)
Ch-sb√mw tN¿∂mWv Hcp `mj kwkm-cn-°p∂ P\-XbpsS kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
Hmtcm mjbv°pw X\Xp kwkvIm-c-ap-≠v. X\-Xp- kw-kvIm--c-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ß-fm-b- ]-Z-߃ hnh¿-Ø-
\-Øn-\v hgßmdn√.
]cn-k-c-hn-⁄m\w
`uXnI ]cn-k-c-amWv CXnse ]-[m\ LS-Iw, tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmb- -Im--b¬, ae-
tbm-cw, tXmSv, IS¬, ]p©-∏m-Sw,-ssI-tØmSv XpS-ßn-bh ]pc-bn-Sw, ]Sn-∏p-c, ]qapJw, XpSßnbh
hoSns‚ `mK-߃, Rm‰p-th-e, tImƒ CS-h-∏m-Xn, XpSßnb ]IrXn ]Xn-`m-k-߃ Ch-sbms° X\n
tIc-fo-b-am-Wv.
kmaqly _‘-߃
Cu io¿j-I-Øn¬Io-gn¬ ]e hnj-b--߃ hcpw. ÿm]-\-߃, Xd, Iq´w, tbmKw XpS-ßn- ]-
e-Xp-ap-≠v. PmXn Xncn®v Krl-߃°p-t]mepw t]cp amdp-∂p.- a\ C√w aTw XpS-ßn-bh _m-“W Krl-
ß-tfbpw, Imhv Aº-e-tØbpw Ipdn-°p-∂p.
kaq-l-Ønse D® \oNXzw `mj-bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p. PmXn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambXpw `qhp-S-
a-ÿ-X-sb-B-i-bn-®p-amWv Cu D®-\o-N-Xz-߃. Xºp-cm≥, Xncp-ta-\n, P∑n, IpSn-bm≥ ]m´-°m-c≥
ASn-b≥, DSa XpS-ßnb ]Z-߃ Cu hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpsS kw`m-h\Ifm-Wv. Ch-bpsS kmwKXyw kµ¿`m-
\p-kr-X-am-Wv.
kmt¶-XnI hnZy
B[p\--nI kmt¶-XnIhnZysb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw -ln-µnbpw aeb-m-fhpw Hcp t]mse ]m›m-
Xy-]-Zm-h-en-sb -B-i-bn-°p-∂p. ]m›mXy ]Zw `mjm en]n-bn¬- F-gp-Xp-tºmƒ c≠p `mj-°m-cpw-
A¬∏m¬∏w `n∂ cq]-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-sh∂ A¥-c-ap-≠v.
17
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
]m--›-Xy-hn-Zy-bnse X¿P-a-bp-ambn mjm ]fin-X≥am¿ kz¥w km-t¶-XnI ]Z-߃ \n¿an-®n- p-≠v.
Ch an°-hmdpw kwkvIr-X --]- m-h-ß-fm-Wv. F¶nepw X¬k-a-]-Z-߃ Dƒs°m--≈p-tºmƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS
bp‡n-°-\p-cn®v Awi-]-Z-߃°v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
Eg: sSIvt\m-f-Pn˛ kmt¶-Xn-I- hn-Zy ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb km¶-XnI hnZy-]-c-º-cm-K-X-amb FX-tbm-
kw-⁄-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠v. Irjnsb kw_-‘n®p≈ ]Z--߃°v IW-°n-√. a©mSn, s\√n-°,-
]-W-anS Ig-©v, ew XpS-ßn-b-h. Ch-sbms° ep]vX-]-Nm-c-am-sb¶nepw Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw hnh¿-Ø-I-s‚-
ap-ºn-¬ h∂p-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°n-√.
Cuizc hnizm-khpw aXm-Nm-c-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizm-khpw `mc-Xo-b-cpsS s]mXp-hmb ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
F¶nepw Ah-bpsS _mly cq]-Øn¬ Hmtcm `mj-°m¿°n-S-bn-epw -hy-Xymkw ImWp-∂p.
a. NmØ≥, amS≥, b£n, adp-X, £pZ -ssZ-h-߃
b. IY-I-fn, tImew, ]S-b-Wn, IqØv, sXøw, sI´p ImgvN XpS-ßn-b -t£-X-I-e-Iƒ.
c. sN-≠, Xnan-e, CSbv°, sImºv, tN¶n-e, XpS-ßn-b -t£-X-hm-Zy-߃.
Ch-sb-√mw- X\n tIc-fo--am-b-Xn-\m¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ en]y-¥-c-W-a-√msX a‰p-am¿§--hp-an-√.
]g--s©m-√p-I-fn-eqsS ]N-cn-®p-h-cp∂ hyXym-k--߃ ]g-b- ]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ Nn”-ß-fm-Wv.
AXp-t]mse ]Sn-b-S®p ]nfiw sh°p-I,-- Hm-Om-\n®p \n¬°-pI Gdm≥ aqfpI XpS-ßnb ]tbm-K--߃
kaq-l-Ønse Nne ]gb aqey-ß-sf-bmWv Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. C∂h amdn-bn--cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw
]g-b-Im-cy-߃ Fgp-Xp-tºmtgm ]gb IrXn-Iƒ hnh¿-Ø\w sNøp-tºmtgm Ah-°p≈ ]m[m\yw
Ah-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-X-√.
`mj-bpw-I-ebpw
a-e-bm-fw- tI-c-f-sa-∂ -sN-dnb kwÿm-\sØ `mjbm-sW-¶nepw `mjm-t`-Z-ß-tf-sd-bp-≠v.
]tZ-im-[n-jvTn-Xhpw PmXym-[n-jvTn-Xhpw sXmgn-e-[n-jvT-X-hp-sam-s°-bm-bn-]e ae-bm-f-t`-Z-ß-fpap-≠v.
]mtZ-in-I-t`-Z-߃ ]cn-`m-j-s]-]-Sp-Øp-hm≥ e-£y-`m-j-bnse GsX-¶nepw Hcp `mK-sØ -U-b-eIvSv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xn\v ]tXy-I-bp‡n I≠p ]nSn-t°≠n h-cpw. As√-¶n¬ Ain--£n-X-cmb Bfp-Iƒ
km[m-cW kwkm-cn-°p∂ ssien-bn¬ X¿÷a \n¿h--ln-®v kzbw Xr]vXn-t\-tS-≠n-h-cpw.
kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚ -hn-hn[ LS-I-ß-fn-ep≈ ]Z-߃ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-X-s√∂
\nK-a-\--Øn¬ \mw GXm≠v FØn-tN-¿∂ncn°p-∂p. ]t£ Cu \n-K-a\w hnh¿Ø\ ]ÿm-\-Øn-\v
lm-\n-I-c-am-Wv.
]-tXyIw Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn X\Xp kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-Z-߃ tkmX- m-j-bn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n- p-s≠-¶n¬
AXn-√m-Xm-Ip--tºmƒ ]-cn-`m-j-bpsS kzm¿∞-IXzw \jvS-s∏Spw. ssien-Iƒ hmNym-¿∞Øn\p-]-Icw
e£ym¿∞hpw hywKym¿∞-hp-amWv [z\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]Zm-\p-]Z X¿÷a-ssi-en-sb- \-jvSs∏Sp-Øp-Itb
D≈q. imkX, kmaqly imkvX KŸ-ß-fn¬ tkmX`mj--bnse ]Z-߃ A[n-]-[m-\-am-Wv.
icn-bmb ]cn-`mj ]Zw In´p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ aq-e]-Zw -X-s∂- ]-cn-`m-j-I-fnepw ]tbm--Kn-°-Ww.
`n∂kw-kvIm-c-ßsf _‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ a\p-jy≥ m-j-sIm≠v krjvSn-°p∂ ]me-amWv hnh¿Ø-\w.-
C‚¿s\-‰n-s‚- B-hn¿`m-h-tØmsS ]c-kv]-cm-i-b-Øns‚ hn\n-a-b-km-[yX A\-¥-ambn h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
A¥¿-tZ-io-b-X-e-Øn¬ -cm-jvS-߃ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw -Hcp cmPy-Øns‚
kzXz apZ-Iƒ a‰p-cm-Py-߃°pw- ]-cn-N-b-s∏--Sp-Øm\pw hnh¿Ø\w klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p.
hyXykvX cmPy-ß-fnse hmb-\-°m¿°p Fgp-Øp-Im¿°pw \ncq-]-I-¿°pw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-Sm≥
hn-h¿Ø\w klm-bn-°p-∂p. imkvXw, -X-Xz-Nn-¥, cm-jvS-X¥w XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn-te°pw
hnh¿-Ø-\-Øn\v A]m-c-am-b- km-[yX-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. A\y kwkvImcsØ kzmwio-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v
AXns‚ B[n-]-Xy-sØ -sN-dp-°m≥ hn-h¿Ø\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.
18
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
`mc-X-sØ-t]mse `n∂ `mj-Iƒ kw-km-cn-°p∂ Hcp cmPyØv Bfp-Iƒ°v ]c-kv]cw CS-]-g-Im≥
]cn- m-j-b-√msX thsd hgn-bn-√. mc-X-Øns‚ ]mNo\ al-XzsØ C∂pw temIw BZ-cn-°p-∂ps≠¶n¬
AXns‚ ImcWw \ΩpsS ]pcm-X\ KŸßfpsS -]-cn-`m-j-I-fm-Wv.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚-N-cnXw hfsc Zo¿L-am-sW¶nepw 1950 I-fn¬ amX-amWv Hcp sXmgn¬ F∂
\neb-n¬ hnh¿Ø\w Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. International Federation of translators F∂ kwL-S-\-bpsS
ÿm]-\-tØm-sS-bmWv hnh¿Ø\ kwcw- -߃ kPo-h-am-b-Xv. CtXmsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬\n∂pw kmln-tXy-Xc
hnj-b-ß-fn-te-tIIpw hnh-¿Ø-\-Øns‚ taJe am‰-s∏- p. B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv Hcp kzX¥ taJ-e-sb-∂-
\n-e-bn¬ hnhn[ kwkvIm-c-߃°n-S-bn¬- H-cp-]m-e-am-bpw- G-Io-I-cW i‡n-bm-bpw- h¿Øn-°m≥
hn-h¿Ø-I\p Ign-bp-∂p. hy-XykvX `mj-I-fn-se-gp-X-s∏´ kmln-Xy-Øn-te°v AXv hmXn¬ Xpd-∂n-Sp-∂p.
tdma≥ bm-t°m-_vks‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ""-H-cp- m-j-bpsS hmMvab Nn”߃ sIm≠p \¬Ip∂
hymJym-\-amWv hnh¿Ø\w''. Npcp-°-Øn¬ hn-h¿Ø-I≥ `mj-I-sf-b-√, kwkvIm-c-sØ-bmWv hnh¿Ø-\w-
sN-øp-∂-Xv.
Hcp mj-bn¬ \n∂p- a-s‰m-cp- m-j-bn-se-°p≈ hnh¿Ø\w A\m-bm-ktam- hn-j-a-I-ctam BIp-∂Xv
kwkvIm-c--߃ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-kwsIm≠v.
]cn- m-j-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
hnh¿Ø--\-Øns‚ e£Ww ]d-bp∂ ÿ-e-sØ√mw Hcp `mj-bnse kma-Kn- a-s‰mcp `mj-bn-te-°vv
hnh-¿-Ø\w sN-øp-∂-Imcyw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. \qdp-i-X--am\w hnh¿Ø-\-sa∂ k¶ev]w k¶¬]w amX-am-bnt´
Ccn-°m-dp-≈q. ]tbm-K-Øn¬ CXp an°-hm-dpw- -A-km-[y-amWv. hnh¿Ø\ ]In-b°v AXnt‚-Xmb
]cn-an-X-I-fp-≠v. sP.-kn. Iym‰v t^m¿Uv hnh¿Ø\ ]cn-an-Xn-Isf `mjn-I-sa∂pw kmw-kvIm-cn-I--sa∂pw
Xcp Xncn-°p-∂p. A¥n-a-ambn c≠pw Htc Xc-Øn-emWv hnh-¿Ø-Is\ A`n-apJoI-cn-°p--∂-Xv.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse ]Zß-fpsS D®m-cWw AtX t]mse- Nne e£y`mjI-fn¬
]-Z¿in∏n°p-hm≥ km-[n-°msX hcp-∂p. kwkvIrX `mjm ]Z-߃ X-an-gn¬ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ- D-≠m-Ip-∂-
]-cn-anXn CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kw-kvIr-X-Ønse kpKo-h≥ X-an-gn¬ NpIvco-h≥ -B-Wv.
`m-j-bpsS hymI-c-WsØ kw_-‘n®v t\m°p-tºmƒ aqe-`m-j-bnse cq]-߃ -A-tX-t]m-se
-e-£y-`m-j-bn¬ ]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[n-°msX hcp-∂-Xpw -H-cp- ]-cn-an-Xn -X-s∂-bm-Wv. tkmX-`m-j-bn¬
i_vZm-t«jw sIm≠v c≠¿∞w hcm-sa¶nepw AXp- e-£y- m-j-bn¬ h-cp-Øm≥ km[n-°n-√. kmwkvIm-cnI
]cn-an-Xnbpw `mjm ]cn-an-Xn-sb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]-I-S-ambn hnh-¿ØIs\ _p≤n-ap-´n-°p∂p. -Nn-e-t∏mƒ
Hcp `mj-bnse \√ -]-tbmKw as‰m-cp- `m-j-bn¬ A]--cn-Nn-Xhpw t¢i-hp-am-bn-Xo-cmw.
t\mh-enepw IY-I-fn-epw -a‰pw CØcw ]cn-an-Xn--Iƒ D≈ ÿeØv ]k-‡- mKw IYm-L-S-\bv°pw
a‰pw AXym-h-iy-ap-≈-X-s√-¶n¬ hn´p-I-f-bm-dp-≠v. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂ Cw•ojn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp--∂
-t\m-h-en¬ Hcp tIc-fo-b- hn-hmlk-ZybpsS hnkvX-cn® h¿Æ-\-bp-sS -hn-h¿Ø-\w -th-W-sa-¶n¬ -H-gn-hm-°-Ww.
Hcp \√ hnh-¿Ø-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠- tbm-Ky-X-Iƒ
1. hnj-b-Km-lyX
2. aqe-`m-j-bp-tSbpw e£y-`m-j-bp-tS-bpw -L-S-\-bn-ep≈ Ah-Km-lw.
3. aqe-`m-j-bnse D≈-S-°-sØ- lr-Zy-amb ssien-bn¬ A¿∞-i-¶-bv°nSw sImSp-°m-sX-
Nn-´-bmbn e£y-`m-j-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]Xn-`.
4. A\p-hm-N-I-\p-ambn hy‡n-]-c-amb _‘w ÿm]n®v lr-Z-b-kw-hmZw \S-Øp-hm-dp≈ Ign-hv.
en]y-¥-cWw (Trans literation)
Hcp `mj as‰mcp `mj-bpsS en]n-bn¬- F-gp-Xp∂ ]In-b-bmWv en∏y-¥-c-Ww.
eg: How old are you- F∂-Xns\ lu HmƒUv B¿ bq. F∂ ae-bmfw en]n-bn¬ B°p-∂Xv
en]y-¥-c-W-am-Wv. en]y-¥-c-W-Øn¬ en]n -am-X-ta -am-dp-∂p≈q `mj am-dp-∂n-√.
19
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT-5hnh¿Ø-\hpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw
b¥ X¿Pa
Iºyq-´¿ `mjm-im-kvXw F∂ \qX\ hn⁄m-\-im-J-bpsS \m\m-ap-J-amb hnImkw
ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn ]d-™m¬ b¥ X¿P-a-bpsS hnhn-[-ap-J-ßsf kv]¿in-°p∂ Kth-jW ]T-\-ßsf
Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv D≠m-°n-bn-´p≈Xv. 1940 Iƒ°p ap≥]v, kzbw t]cnX KW-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb
kp]-[m\ LS-I-߃ Is≠-Øn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√. F¶n-epw, ]cn- mjm cwKØv ]Xn-hmbn I≠pap- m-dp≈
]e ]iv\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]cn-lmcw b¥ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn km[n-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈p F∂v BZy-ambn
Nq≠n ImWn-®Xv 1933 ¬ kvan¿t\mhv tSmP≥kvIn F∂ djy-°m-c-\m-Wv. F∂m¬ BZy-sam∂pw
P\-k-ΩnXn e`n-°m-Xn-cp∂ Cu Bi-b-Øn\v H∂mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬s∏´ Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ h∂-Xn-\p-
tijw 1946 ¬ Hcp-bn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏p-≠m-bn. F.-Un. _qØpw hmd≥ hoh-dp-amWv b¥-X¿÷-a-sb-
°p-dn-®p≈ B N¿®-I-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn ]¶p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. 1949 ¬ b¥ X¿÷-a-I-fpsS km[y-Xbpw
A`n-e-j-Wo-b-X-Ifpw Nq≠n ImWn-®p-sIm≠v hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fnse hnZ-KvZ¿°v "hoh¿' Ab®
satΩmdm≠w b¥ X¿P-a-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. 1958
Bb-t∏m-tg°pw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ amXw Dt±iw 20 hn`n∂ kwL-߃ b¥-X¿P-a-sb-°p-dn®v
Xm¥m-ß-fp-tS-Xmb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ _≤-i-≤-cmbn Ign-™n-cp-∂p. djy, Cw•≠v
XpSßn b¥-h-XvIrX ]cn-jv°mcw ap∂n-´p \n∂ a‰p cmPy-ß-fn-tebpw Kth-j-I¿ Cu cwK-tØ°v
Xn°n Xnc°n Ib-dn-h-∂p.
CsXm-s°bmsW¶nepw B ]Xn-‰m-≠n¬ b¥ X¿P-abv°v Imcy amX-amb hnIm-k-sam∂pw
D≠m-bn-√. 1957 ¬ tNmwkvIn-bpsS hmIy kwc-N-\-Iƒ (Syntactic structures) F∂ KŸw ]kn-≤n-Ir-
X-am-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc b¥ X¿P-a-bpsS hnImkw GXm≠v kpjva-\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
\mep L´-߃
NphsS ImWn-°p∂ ]Imcw \mep L -߃ b¥ X¿÷-a-bpsS A\p-t]-£-Wob LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.
\nL≠p tkmX e£-y-]m-T-Øns‚]cn-tim-[\ ]mT-Øns‚ kz-cq-]-hn-\n-abw DZvK-Y\w
A]-K-Y\w
]k-‡-amb Hmtcm tkmX-]m-Tmw-ihpw tkmX `mj-bn¬ AwKo-Ir-X-amb ]Z-k-©-b-Øn¬
Dƒs∏-´-XmtWm F∂pw BsW-¶n¬ kwib teiw IqSmsX GXp `mj-W-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-sb∂pw
Xocp-am-\n-°pI. AXm-bXv Hmtcm tkmX-]m-Tmw-i-Øn-t‚bpw A\-\yXz ÿm]\w CXmWv b¥
X¿P-a-bpsS BZy L´-Øns‚ e£yw.
tkmX-]m-T-Øns‚ kz`mhw
imkvX kmlnXy IrXn-Itfm Ah-bpsS ]k‡ `mK-ßtfm BWv an°-t∏mgpw b¥
X¿P-a-°mbn ssIs°m-≈m-dp≈ tkmX-]m-Tw, b¥ X¿Pabn¬ tkmX-]mTw an°-t∏mgpw
enJn-X-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. ImcWw D‡ cq]-tØ-°mƒ enJn-X-cq]w ssIImcyw sNøm-\mWv
b¥-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ kuI-cyw. enJnX `mjm-cq]w amX-amWv Ct∏mƒ b¥ X¿PabpsS ^e-ambn
b¥Øn¬\n∂p e`n-°m-dp-≈-Xv.
20
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
b¥ Kmly-cq]w
tkmX ]mT-Øns‚ b¥ Kmly-cq]w sas\-s™-Sp-°p-I-bmWv b¥ X¿Pabnse BZysØ]Sn.
CXn-t∏mƒ ssS∏p sNøp-∂-Xp-t]msebp≈ Hcp ]In-b-am-X-am-Wv. B\pImen-I-߃ A®-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-
t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ teJ-\-ß-fpsS b¥ Kmly cq]-Ønse ]e ]Xn-Ifpw IqSn \n¿Ωn-°m-\mWv
Ct∏m-gsØ ]cn -i-aw. b¥ hXvIr-X-amb A®p \nc-Ø-ens‚ kzm`m-hn-I-amb Dt]m-Xv∏-∂-amhpw
CØcw AwKo-IrX ]I¿∏p-Iƒ.
\nL≠p ]cn-tim-[\
b¥ ]cn-`m-jm-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ BZy L´-Øn¬ km[m-cW \nL-≠p-°ƒ Xs∂
Iºyq-´-dns‚ saΩ-dn-bn¬ tiJ-cn®p sh°p-I-bmWv BZyw D≠m-b-Xv.
tkmX-]m-Tm-]-K-Y\w
tkmX-]m-Tm-]-K-Y\w F∂ c≠mw L´-Øn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ c≠p-Xcw kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fmWv
]cm--a¿in-°p-∂-Xv.
1) tkmX-`mjm hymI-c-Whpw IqSn Iºyq-´¿ t]mKm-an¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-°pI. AXy-¥w-i-‡hpw
ka¿Y-hp-amWv Cu coXn. GsX-¶nepw `mjm-hn-⁄m-\nbpw Iºyq-´¿ hnZ-Kv[\pw XΩn-ep≈
kl-I-cWw ChnsS A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-bn-Øo-cpw. Iºyq-´¿ t]mKmw AXy-[nIw
k¶o¿Æ-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw.
2) Iºyq-´¿ t]mKm-ans‚ kmam\y kz`mhw Bhp-∂X ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ Dƒs∏-SmsX
kzX-¥-ambn \n¬°p∂ ]´n-I-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ tkmX mjm hymI-cWw Npa-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
t]mKm-anse \n¿t±-i-߃°-\p-k-c-W-ambn Iºyq- -dn\p ssIImcyw sNtø-≠p∂ kma-Kn-I-fn¬
H∂v F∂ ]Zhn amXta hymI-c-W-Øn\v Cu kº-Zm-b-Øn¬ D≈p. `mjm hn⁄m-\n°pw
Iºyq-´¿ hnZ-Kv[\pw At\ym-\ym-in-XXzw Hgn-hm°mw F∂-XmWv Cu kº-Zm-b-Øns‚
]I-S-amb sa®w.
kzcq-]-hn-\n-abw
Cu L´-Øn¬ C∂p≈ ]iv\-ß-fn¬ an°Xpw Ime-I-taW `mjm-]-K-Y\ kn≤m-¥-߃°v
IqSp-X¬ sI´p-d∏p ssIh-cp-∂-tXmsS kzb-tah ]cn-lr-X-am-hp-sa-∂p-thWw ]Xn-£n-°m≥.
tkmX-˛-e£y `mj-Iƒ At\ym\yw hfsctbsd _‘-s∏-´-h-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu L´-Øn¬ XcWw
sNøp∂ sshj-ay-߃ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. \n¿±njvS tkmX-˛-e£y `mj-Isf hnh¿Ø\
\nb-a-ß-fn-eqsS At\ym\yw _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ b¥ ]cn-`mjm ]≤-Xn-I-fn-emWv an° Kth-j-Icpw
Ct∂mfw i≤n®p t]m∂n-´p-≈Xv.
lnµn
Xangv ae-bmfw
^©v djy≥
P¿Ω≥ ssN\okv
Cw-•ojv
e£y]mtTm-ZvK-Y\w
e£y ]mtTm-ZvK-Y\w F∂ \memw L´-Øn\pw a‰p L´-߃ t]mse D] hn`m-K-߃
Iev]n-t°-≠n-h-cpw.
s]mXp-`mj
21
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
1) Cu°q-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw ][m\w X¿Pabn¬ ]k-‡n-bp≈ Hmtcm tkmX ]mTmw-i-Øn\pw
ka-aq-ey-amb e£y ]mTmwiw hnhn[ km[y-X-I-fn¬ \n∂p Xnc-s™-Sp-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv.
hymI-c-W-]-chpw kl-ÿnXn ]c-hp-amb ]e hkvXp-X-Ifpw Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
2) e£y `mj-bpsS kz\na Imfiw, cq]-kz\nam Imfiw, hymI-cWw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈
F√m Xe-ß-tfbpw kv]¿in-°p-∂-hbpw B `mj-bpsS X\Xp ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°n-W-ßnbhbp-amb
`mj-Wmw-i-߃ bYm-ÿm\w hy\y-kn-®mte e£y ]mTw X´p XS-hp-an-√msX hmbn®p
t]mI-Ø-°-Xm-hq.
3) A[ym-b-߃. ]pd-߃, Jfin-I-Iƒ hcn-Iƒ apX-emb ]mT hn`m-K-߃ \n¿Æ-bn-°epw e£y
]mTm-]-K-Y-\-Øn¬ hcp-∂p.
ta¬ hnh-cn® L´-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw b¥Øn\v Gs‰-SØp Xr]vXn-I-camw hÆw
\n¿h-ln-°m-\m-hp∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ°v ]e ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠v. A¿Y i¶bv°v ]gp-Xn-√mØ hn[w ]cn-l-cn®p
\¬In-bm¬ Iºyq-´-dn\v B \nb-a-߃ A\y-£cw A\p-k-cn®v apt∂m-´p-t]mbn ^ew C∂-Xm-sW∂v
hy‡-ambn Nq≠n ImWn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ GsX-¶nepwsamcn-SØv ASp-Ø-Xmbn sNtø-≠-sX¥v?
F∂v sXs√mcp kwibw Xe-s]m-°n-bm¬ ]ns∂ b¥Øn\v Hc-Sn-t]mepw ]ptcm-K-an-°m-\m-hn-√.
X≥aqew ]e b¥ ]cn-`mjm kwL-ßfpw b¥ hXv°-cWw `mKn-I-ambn t]mbm¬t]mepw
t]mcm-bvI-bn√ F∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
Cu temI ]cn-⁄m\-Øn-¬ FX-tØmfw? Fßs\? b¥Øns‚ [mc-W-bn¬ tiJ-cn®p
sh°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-XmWv b¥ X¿Pam cwKsØ G‰hpw henb hnj-a-]-iv\w. ]e-t∏mgpw
b¥ X¿Pa KpW-Øn¬ ]Xn-£-s°mØv Db-cp-∂n-√.
Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w
Iºyq- ¿ t]mK-ap-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v mjm-¥-co-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Iºyq- ¿ hnh¿Ø-\-sa∂v
]d-bp-∂-Xv. a\pjy ]b-Xv\hpw ka-bhpw Npcp°n Imcy-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-sb∂ XXz-amWv
b¥hXv°-c-W-Øn\p ]n∂n-ep-≈-Xv. Cu hgn-bn¬ A¤q-X-߃ krjvSn® b¥amWv Iºyq-´¿.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb tkm^vSv shb¿ Xøm-dm-°-emWv Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse
hnj-a-I-c-amb IS-º. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Zzn`mjm \nL-≠p, hymI-cW \nb-a-߃,
hmIy-L-S-\m-co-Xn-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ F∂nh t]mKm-ap-I-fn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-°-Ww.
Iºyq-´-dn¬ hnh¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂Xv Fßs\?
Iºyq-´-dns\ ][m-\-ambn 1) C≥]p-´v, 2) Hu´v ]p´v, 3) t]mk- nßv bqWn‰v 4) I¨tSmƒ
bpWn-‰v, F∂o `mK-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. \mw C≥]p-´n¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂ `mK-߃ ^oUp sNøp-∂p.
AXv b¥Øn\-IØv t]mkkv sNbvXn´v Hu´v ]p´n¬ e£y-`m-j-bpsS am‰-dmbn ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂p.
t]mk- nßv hym]m-c-Øn¬ At\Iw ]In-b-I-fp-≠v. t]mk-kn-ßns\ \nb-¥n-°p∂ bqWn-‰mWv
I¨tSmƒ bqWn-‰v. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-th≠ klmb hnh-c-߃ AXm-bXv ]cymb ]Z-߃ ssien
\nL-≠p-°ƒ hymI-cW \nb-a-߃ XpS-ßnbhsb√mw tÃm¿ sNøp-∂Xv saΩdn bqWn-‰n-em-Wv. b¥w
]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Bhiyw th≠ hnh-c-ß-sf√mw saΩdn-bn¬ \n∂pw kwL-Sn-∏n®p hnh¿Ø\w
\S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Iºyq-´¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-®n´v \m¬]Xp h¿j-am-sb-¶nepw Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\w
Nne ]tXyI taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]cn-anXs∏´n-cn-°p-∂p. bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø\w
Iºyq- -dn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ kpK-a-am-Wv. Htc Xc-Øn-ep≈ h¿W-ame hmIy LS-\, ]Z-L-S\ F∂n-h-bp≈
c≠v `mj-Iƒ XΩn¬ Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w Ffp-∏-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cw•o-jn¬\n∂v `mc-Xo-b
22
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
- m-j-bn-te-°p≈ hnh¿Ø\tØ°mƒ Hcp `mc-Xob `mj-bn¬ \n∂pw as‰mcp `mc-Xob `mj-bn-te-°p≈
Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w kpK-a-am-Wv.
`mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬ Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ ][m\ sshj-ay-߃
C\n]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
1) AXym-[p-\nI `mjm imkvX ZrjvSym cNn-°-s∏´ Iao-Ir-X-amb hymI-c-W-Øns‚ A`m-hw.
2) Hcp `mj-bnse kmt¶-Xn-I-]Z \nL-≠p-°ƒ, _lp-`mjm kt¶-Xn-I-]Z \nL-≠p-°ƒ,
]cn-`mjm \nL-≠p-°ƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS A`m-hw.
3) am\I kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ß-fpsS A`mhw.
4) \nb-Xm¿∞-ap≈ ]Z-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb hmIy-߃ amXta hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p.
5) Ihn-X-t]mse [z\n-]-[m-\-amb kmlnXy cq]-߃ Cu cq]-Øn¬ ]cn- mj sNøpI km[y-a-s√∂p
Xs∂ ]d-bmw.
6) aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Bibw ]cn-`m-j-bn-ep-≠m-hn-√. as‰-¥-¶n-ep-am-bn-cn°pw e`n-°p-I. CØcw
kµ¿`-Øn¬ X¿Pa sNtø≠ IrXn ]o FUn-‰n-ßn\p hnt[-b-am-t°-≠n-h-cpw.
7) b¥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p tijw hnh¿Ø-I≥ Nne an\p-°p-]-Wn-Iƒ IqSn \S-Øn-sb-¶nte
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]q¿W-X-bp-≠m-hq.
8) A¿∞w Xncs™Sp°m≥ Ign-hp≈ Iºyq- -dn\v ]e-t∏mgpw ]cymb ]Z-ßfpw kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-amb
A¿∞-ßfpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign™p F∂p hcn-√.
Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p `mc-Xob `mj-Isf k÷-am-°m≥ Nne Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
1. _rl-Ømb imkvXob ]Zm-hen \n¿an-°-Ww. apΩq∂v h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ Ch ]cn-tim-[n®v
th≠ hn[w ]cn-jv°-cn-°-Ww.
2. hnj-b-a-\p-k-cn®v Ffp∏w d^¿ sNøm-hp∂ t]m°‰v sskkv imkvXob ]Zm-hen thWw.
3. imkvX _ncpZw Ign™v imkvXob hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e\w t\Snb hnh¿Ø-Isc t]mKmw
Xøm-dm-°m≥ e`n-°-Ww.
A\n-ta-j≥
Nn”m-¥c hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p hfsc km[y-X-I-fp≈ Hcp ]tbm-K-ta-J-e-bmWv A\n-ta-j-t‚Xv.
alm- m-c-X-hpw, cmam-b-W-hpw a‰p ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ßfpw A\n-ta-j-\n-eqsS ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. `mh-\-bpsS
AXn¿Øn-Iƒ°-∏pdw \n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-Xß-tfbpw kw -h-ß-tfbpw A\n-ta-j-\n-eqsS hfsc Ffp∏w
]p\:krjvSn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. tSmw B‚ v Pdn kvss]U¿ am≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ Cu A\n-taj
X¥-ß-fm-Wp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
23
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT - 6hnhn-[-Xcw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
kmln-Xy-hn-h¿Ø\w (k¿Km-flI hnh¿Ø-\w)
km[m-cW IrXn-I-sf√mw am\-I-`m-j-bn-em-bn-cn°pw hnti-jn®v imkvX, kmaq-ly-im-kvX-
Ir-Xn-Iƒ Ah-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ t\cn-Sm-\n-S-bn-√mØ Hcp ][m\ ]iv\w k¿Km-flI kmln-Xy-
hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Spw. `mjm-t`-Z-ß-fpsS km∂n-[y-am-W-Xv.
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I≥ klr-Z-b-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww. F∂mte
aqe-K-Ÿ-Im-cs‚ mh\m hnem-k-hp-ambn XmZmflyw ]m]n-°m≥ X¿P-a-°m-c\v Ign-bq. GXp- m-j-bn-tebpw
DØ-a-Ir-Xn-Iƒ B`mj kwkm-cn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS kwkv°mc kº-Øns‚ Hcp \nkvXpe
\nZ¿i-\-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]cn-`m-j-bnepw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkv°m-cn-I-hp-amb B ]tXy-IX tNm¿∂p
t]mImsX ]I¿Øn-Im-Wn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw
hnizm-km-Nm-cßfpw tZi-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v X¿Pa sNøp∂ coXn AX icn-b-√. hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-߃
kam-\-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw AXp ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ hyXymkw hcmw. Cu coXn kmaq-ln-I-
k-hn-ti-j-X-bn¬ \n∂v DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. X¿Pa sNøp-tºmƒ aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Cu kmaq-ln-I-amb
khn-ti-j-Xbv°pw ]mtZ-in-I-amb ]tXy-I-Xbv°pw tIm´w hcmsX ]cn- mj sNtø-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø\w
DNn-X-amb ]Z-߃ DNn-X-amb Ia-Øn¬ hn\y-kn-°p-∂-XmWv Ihn-X. hrØhpw Xmfhpw
]mk-hp-sa√mw Cu hyXym-ksØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°p am‰ptºmƒ
Cu LS-I-߃ th¿]n-cn-bp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v aµm-Im-¥-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]Zyw Cw•o-jn-te°v
hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ Bi-b-tNm¿® H´pw D≠m-hp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Xs∂ AXns‚ cq]-L-S\ inYn-e-am-hpw.
ImcWw Cw•o-jn¬ aµm-Im¥ C√.
IhnX s]mXpth hywKym¿∞ ][m-\-amWv hywKyw ]cn-`mj sNøm-\m-hn-√. hm°n\p hm°v
F∂ IW-°n\p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ hmNym¿∞w amXta ]I¿∂p In´q. CXmWv Imhy
]cn-`m-j-bnse ][m\ ]iv\w. aqe-Ir-Xn-tbmSv hnizm-kyX ]pe¿Øm-\m-hn√ F∂p kmcw.
hnizm-kyX ]pe¿Øn-bm¬ ]cn-`mj hnIr-X-am-hpw. ]cn-`mj kpµ-c-am-bm¬ hniz-kvXX C√m-Xmhpw
Ch-bn-sem∂p Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ ]cn-`m-j-I≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\mhpw hnizm-ky-X-tb-°mƒ ]cn-`m-jbv°v
ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°p-I-bmWv ]cn-`m-j-I¿ ]mtbW sNbvXp t]m∂n-´p-≈-Xv.
IhnX hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcp \nb-a-kw-lnX \n¿an-°pI hnjaw Xs∂. F¶nepw hnh¿Ø\
imkvXw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ Nne am¿K-tc-J-Iƒ Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-Isc klm-bn-°pw.
Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ ]e Xc-Øn¬ hn`-Pn-°mw.
(1) in¬]-a-\p-k-cn®v
a. ]Zy-Øn‚ KZy ]cn-`mj
b. ]Zy-Øns‚ ]Zy ]cn-`mj
]Zy-Øns‚ ]Zy-]-cn-`m-jsb ho≠pw aq∂mbn hn`-Pn-°mw.
(1) aqe-`m-j-bnse ]Zyw AtX Nµ- n¬. e£y-`m-j-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.
(2) aqe-`m-j-bnse ]Zyw e£y-`m-j-bnse hyXykvX Nµ- n¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.
(3) aqe mj-bnse Nµ v GXm-bmepw e£y- m-j-bn¬ ap‡ Nµ- ntem KZy-I-hn-X-bmtbm hnh¿Ø\w
sNøp-I. an° ]m›m-Xy-I-hn-X-Ifpw Ct∏mƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Cu coXn-bn-emWv hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xv.
24
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
IYm-Imhyhnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v KZy ]cn- mj ]‰n-b-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ hnh¿Ø-I¿°v km[m-c-W-bmbn
Ihn-X-bpsS hnh¿Ø\w Ihn-X-bn¬ Xs∂ sNøm-\mWv XmXv]-cyw. CXn\v c≠p ssien-I-fp-≠v. H∂v
hcn-°p-hcn As√-¶n¬ Cuc-Sn°v Cuc-Sn. hcn-°p-hcn hnh¿Ø\w ]e-t∏mgpw hnc-k-am-Im-\n-S-bp-≠v.
AXp-sIm≠v hnh¿Ø-I≥ aqe-I-hn-I-fpsS Bibw ]q¿W-ambpw Dƒs°m≠v Xs‚ coXn-bn¬
Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNtø-≠-Xv.
(2) hrØm-\p-hrØ hnh¿Ø\w
]mtbW ]Zyw Cuc-Sn-I-fmbpw NXp-jv]-Zn-I-fmbpw a‰p-amWv cNn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu N´-°q-Sn\v
kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Nµ v F∂pw Cw•o-jn¬ ao‰¿ F∂pw ]d-bpw. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Nµ v Xs∂
hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv kq£n-®p-th-Ww. ae-bm-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kwkvIrX
Imhy-]-cn-`m-j-bn¬ hrØm-\p-hØ coXn kzoIm-cy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ lnµn Ihn-Xtbm Cw•ojv
Ihn-Xtbm hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ Cu coXn kzoI-cn-°pI _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv.
e£y-`mjm Nµ- p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmgpw Ipg-∏-an-√m-Xn-√. Ihn-X-bpsS bYm¿∞-hn-h¿Ø\w
]c-Imb ]th-i-\-Øn\v Xpey-am-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw aqe-I-hn-bpsS PohnX Z¿i-\-tØmsSm hy‡n-Xz-tØmtSm
henb s]mcp-Ø-an-√mØ hnh¿Ø-Is‚ ]cn-`mj ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ \mep ssien-Iƒ ]WvUn-X-\mb temSvam≥ Iev]n-°p-∂p.
1. Bi-b-]-[m\ ssien ˛ CXn¬ hnh¿Ø-I≥ Ihn-X-bnse CXn-hrØw AYhm Bibw ][m-
\-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. Abmƒ aqe-`m-j-bnse Bibw e£y-`m-jm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ kwt]-jWw sNøp-
∂p.
2. kwc-N-\m-ssien ˛ CXn¬ aqe-IhnX-bnse ]Z-L-S-\bpw a‰pw hnt«-jWw sNbvXv B LS\
hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw hcp-Øm≥ ian-°p-∂p.
3. `mjm ][m\ ssien aqe Ihn-X-bnse hrØw, ]Zw, Na-Xv°m-cw, Ae-¶mcw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬
GsX-¶nepw Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam LS-I-߃ hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw hcp-Øm-\p≈ ia-am-Wn-Xv.
4. kmln-tXy-Xc ][m\ ssien CXn¬ hnh¿Ø-I≥ Imhy-X-Xz-tØ-°mƒ kmln-Xy-_m-ly-amb
XXz-Øn\p ]m[m\yw I¬∏n-°p-∂p. aX-]-ctam kmaq-lytam a\-im-kvX-]-ctam Hs°-bmb
XXz-߃ Ihn-X-bn-eqsS kwt]jWw sNøm-\mWv Cu ssien-bnse iaw.
IhnX hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-bmfpw Ihn-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv DNn-Xw. Ch¿ an°-t∏mgpw kzX¥
hnh¿Ø-\-amWv \S-Øp-I. Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ kw_-‘n®v sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥
]d-™n- p≈ A`n-]mbw ]k-‡-am-Wv. "Cw•o-jn¬ aqe-Ir-Xntbm X¿Patbm Bbn ImWp∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ
ae-bm-f-Ønse ]Z hrØ Xmf-ß-sfm∏n®v X¿Pa sNøm≥ Ign-™m¬ \∂v. ]t£ an°-hbpw
Aß-s\-bp≈ X¿P-abv°v hg-ßp-∂-h-b-√. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse `mh-\-bpsS Cµ-Pmew As√-¶n¬
]Z-ssi-en-bpsS Cµ-Pmew X¿Pa Ihn-X-bn¬ tNm¿∂p t]mIp-∂-Xm-bmWv A\p-`-hw.'
IhnX kzm`tht\ hnh¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√. X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-sXt¥m AXmWp
IhnX (Potery is what is lost in translations F∂v Robert Frost.
IhnXm hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse sshj-ay߃
Ihn-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hm°v ssh`hw sIm≠v hmb-\-°m-cs\ AZv p-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v. Ihn-I-fpsS
Cu NmXp-cyw, ]Z-L-S\ e£-Wm-hy-RvP-\m-Zn-Iƒ sIm≠p \S-°p∂ A¿∞-]p-jv°-e-X, Ae-¶mcw
]XoI ]tbmKw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. hnh¿Ø-I≥ CsX√mw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.
Bi-b-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ccp `mj-I-fp-sSbpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øns‚ A¥cw hnj-aw krjvSn-°pw. Hcp
25
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
]tXyI ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS ]e khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Ahn-SpsØ mj-bn¬ amXta wKn-bmbn
h¿Wn-°m≥ km[n-°q. kam\]Z-߃ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ ]bm-khpw Is≠-Øn-bm¬ Xs∂
Ah-bnse sshIm-cnImw-i-Øns‚ \jvShpw Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ ]iv\-Øn-em-°p-∂p.
Eg:-˛ Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ k¶o¿Ø\w F∂ Ihn-X-bnse t«mIw.
N¥-ta-dnb ]qhnepw
i_-fm-`amw ie-`-Ønepw
k¥Xw Ic Xmcn-sb-s∂mcp
NnX NmXpcn Im´nbpw
l¥! Nmcp ISm-£-am-e-I-f¿°˛
civan-bn¬ \o´nbpw
Nn¥bmw aWn aµn-c-Øn¬
hnf-ßp-ao-is\ hmgvØp-hn≥.
]ikvX Ih-bnXn kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS ]cn-`m-j.
Praise be to the lordThe skill of whose handShows itself in the lovely flowerAnd the colourful wings of the butterflyWhose glances extendDown the rays of the sunAnd whose dwelling isin the mind of man
ChnsS Nn¥bmw aWn-a-µncw shdpw "Mind' Bbn Npcpßn t]msb-¶nepw Bi-b-tØmSp\oXn
]pe¿Øm≥ Ihn-Xbv°v Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
KZy-]-cn- mj
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw _p≤n-ap- p-≈-sX∂p Icp-Xp-∂Xv Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v
Xs∂ KZy ]cn-`mj Xmc-X-tay\ Ffp-∏-am-sW-∂mWv Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hnti-jn®v t\mh¬ t]mep≈
k¿Km-fl-I cN-\-Iƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Nne-Im-cy-߬ i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
1. Hmtcm hmt°m hmIytam Bbn-´√ hn`mh\w sNtø-≠-Xv. ]cn-`mjm ]In-bsb ]e
JWvU-ß-fmbn Xncn-°-Ww. IrXnsb Hscm‰ bqWn-‰mbn I≠p-sIm≠v Hmtcm JWvUhpw
]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. IrXn-bpsS samØw ]Xo-Xnsb∏‰n-bp≈ t_m[w Ft∏mgpw a\- n-ep-≠m-h-Ww.
2. ssien°p ]Icw ssien F∂ kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°-Ww. aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Hcp ssien ]tbm-Kn-
®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXn\p Xpey-amb Hcp ssien e£y-`m-j-bn¬ Is≠-Ø-Ww. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse
ssien ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ \n¬°-cp-Xv.
4. Ccp- m-j-I-fnepw ]tbm-K-Øn-ep≈ ]Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ßfpw It≠-°mw. Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn¬
]tXyIw i≤n-°-Ww. Fs¥-∂m¬ tkmX-`m-j-bn¬ Hcp ]Z-Øn-\p≈ A¿∞-Øn-¬ \n∂p
`n∂-amb Hc¿∞-am-bn-cn°mw AtX ]Z-Øn\v e£y-`m-j-bn-ep-≈-Xv.
5. ss[cy-]q¿∆w \S-Øp∂ Hcp cq]-am‰ Inb-bm-bn-cn-°Ww ]cn-`m-j. Hcp A\y-hkvXp
kztZ-iØv icocw ]q≠v Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬°p∂ ]In-b-bm-Wn-Xv.
6. ]cn-`m-j-bn¬ Hcn-°epw hnh¿ØnX IrXnsb Ae-¶-cn-°m≥ apXn-c-cp-Xv.
26
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
\mSIw, t\mh¬ sNdp-IYm hnh¿Ø\w
KZy-Øns‚ hnhn[ imJ-I-fn¬ \mS-Iw, t\mh¬, sNdp-IY F∂nh ][m\s∏ -Xm-Wv. k¿Km-flI
kmln-Xy-Øns‚ mK-amb Cu aq∂p imJ-Iƒ°v hnh¿Ø\w Fßs\ km[y-am-Ip∂p F∂pw t\m°mw.
\mSIw:- \mS-I-hn-h¿Ø\w IhnXm hnh¿Ø\w t]mse hnj-a-am-Wv. \mS-I-Øn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip∂
PohnX ]›m-Ø-e-hp-ambn `mj _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp KZy-`mKw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ AtX
coXn-bn¬ Hcp \mS-I-IrXn ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ \mS-I-Ir-Xn-bpsS hmb\ hyXykvX
Xc-Øn-em-Wv. kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ hmIy-ssi-enbpw ]Z-ß-fn-ep≈ Du∂epw kzc-hy-Xym-khpw hfsc
]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. hmIy-Øn\p hmIyw X¿Pa sNbvXp sh®m¬ t]mc AXv aqe-`m-j-bnse
]Z-L-S-\bpw ssienbpw \¬Ip∂ A¿∞-]pjvSn e£y-`m-j-bnse i‡-amb ]tbmKw sImt≠
hcn-I-bp-≈q. kw`m-j-W-ssien B‰n-°p-dp-°n-bXpw «njvS-hp-am-sW-¶n¬ hnh¿Ø\w XZ-\p-k-X-am-I-Ww.
As√-¶n¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \mS-I-Øns‚ i‡n \jvS-s∏-t´-°pw. lmky-\m-S-I-ß-fnse lmkyw
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. Ah a‰p `mj-°m-cn¬ Nncn Df-hm-°-W-sa-∂n-√.
\mS-I-IrXn Hcp A]q¿Æ-h-kvXp-hm-Wv. \mSIw ]q¿WX t\Sp-∂Xv Ah-X-c-W-Øn-em-Wv. ChnsS
]cn-`m-j-I≥ t\cn-Sp∂ Hcp ]iv\w \mS-I-Ir-Xnsb Hcp ip≤ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bmbn amXw I≠p
]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-tØ-W-tam, AtXm IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-amb Hcp Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ Hcwiw F∂ \ne-]mSp
kzoI-cn-°tWm? F∂-XmWv ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p h∂ ]e \mS-I-]-cn-`m-jIfpw CXn¬ BZyw ]d™
\ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ BZysØ \mS-I-]-cn-`mj
I√q¿ DΩ≥ nen-t∏m-kns‚ "Bƒam-dm´w' BWv. hneyw tjIvkv ]nb-dns‚ "tImaUn Hm^v Ftdgvkv'
F∂ \mS-I-Øns‚ ]cn-`m-j-bm-W-Xv.
t\mh¬, sNdp-IY F∂o KZy-cq-]-߃ Nne s]mXp-L-S-I-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v
hnh¿Ø-\-X-Xz-߃ kam\w Xs∂. A\y-`mjm t\mh-ep-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w ae-bmf t\mh-ens‚
hf¿®-bn-¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶v hln-®n-´p-≠v. "]mh-ßfpw' "Imc-a-tkmhv ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw' a‰p temI-
¢m-kn-°p-Ifpw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-tXmsSbmWv ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬ ]pXn-sbmcp hgn-Øn-cn-hn-se-Øp-∂-Xv.
`mc-Xo-b- m-j-I-fn¬ _wKm-fn-t\m-h-emWv ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v G‰-hp-a-[nIw hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏- -Xv.
F¨]-Xn-tesd hnh¿Ø-I¿ tN¿∂v Ccp-\q-‰n-b≥]-Xn-tesd _wKm-fn-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v
]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xmcm-i-¶¿_m-\¿Pn-bpsS "BtcmKy \ntI-X\w' 1961¬ \neo\ F_lmw
ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn. ]n∂oSv FSpØp ]d-tb≠Xv bp. B¿. A\-¥-aq¿Øn-bpsS
I∂-S-hn-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ hntZ-i-km-lnXy ]cn-`m-j-I-fn¬ A[n-Ihpw
aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv.
t\mh¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]mTy-bq-Wn-‰p-I-fm°n hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmWv ]mtbm-Kn-Iw. henb
t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw hrYm ÿqeX A\p- -h-s∏-Smw. Ah A\p-hm-N-I¿°v Atcm-N-I-hm-Iy-sa∂v
hnh¿Ø-I\v t_m[y-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ah Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-√.
t\mh¬ hnh¿Ø\w ˛ ][m\ ]iv\-߃
t\mh¬ hnh¿Ø\w ][m-\-ambpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°≠n hcp-∂Xv mjm-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb
]iv\-ß-fm-Wv. kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A¥cw F∂pw hnh¿Ø-I\v sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øn \n¬°p-∂p.
P\-X-bpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ `£-W-co-Xn-Iƒ, thj-hn-[m-\-߃ D]-Nm-c-]-Z-߃ _‘ kqN-I-߃
`qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F√mw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v hne-ßp-X-Sn-bm-Wv.
t\mh-ense Cu ]bm-k-߃ F√mw Xs∂ sNdp-I-Y-bnepw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn\p ]pdsa
sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ Im®n-°p-dp-°nb ]tbm-K-ßfpw Ipdn-°p-sIm-≈p∂ ]Z-ß-fp-am-bn-cn°pw IYm-Ir-Øp-°-fpsS
]tXy-I-ssi-en-Ifpw hnh¿Ø-I\v oj-Wn-bm-Wv. _jo-dn-s‚bpw Fw. Sn.-bp-tSbpw ssien-Iƒ n∂-am-Wv.
hfsc kw«n-jvS-amb ]Z-߃ as‰mcp mj-bn-te°v A\yq-\-ambn hnh¿Ø\w sNøpI t¢i-I-c-hp-am-Wv.
H∏w `mjm-t`Zw sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øns\ ]e-t∏mgpw _p≤n-ap-´n-°m-dp-≠v.
27
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT-7kmln-tXy-Xc hnh¿Ø\w
kmt¶-Xn-I- m-jbpw D]- m-jbpw
kmt¶-XnI `mj-Isf Nne-t∏mƒ sXmgn¬ samgn-I-sf∂pw hyh-l-cn-°m-dp-≠v. ap°p-h-cpsS
`mj, Bim-cn-am-cpsS `mj, J\n-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS `mj XpS-ßn-bh DZm-l-c-W-߃ kmt¶-Xn-I- m-jsb
`mj-bpsS Hcp ssien-tbmSv Xpe\w sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmt¶-XnI `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ ]e ssien-Ifpw
cq]w sIm≈m-dp-≠v. imkvX-`m-j-bpsS Nn”w AXnse Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ssien Xs∂. \n¿t±-i-]-´n-I,
]ckyw, t]‰‚ v XpS-ßnb kmt¶-XnI `mjm-co-Xn-Iƒ imkvX-ssi-en-bn¬ Xs∂ hn n-∂-cq-]-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p.
hfsc kq£va-X-tbmsS hymJym-\n-®n-´p≈ ]Z-]-tbm-Khpw I¿ΩnWn ]tbm-K-Øns‚ Bh¿Ø-\hpw
imkvX-`m-j-bpsS ]tXy-I-e-£-W-ambn IW-°m-°mw.
cmjvS-߃°n-S-bn¬ imkvX-km-t¶-XnI cwK-ß-fnse _‘hpw kl-I-c-Whpw i‡n ]m]n®p
hcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kmln-tXy-Xc hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw h¿≤n®p hcp-∂p. _‘pXzw t]mse Xs∂
cmjvS-߃ XΩn-epff kv]¿≤bpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]tNm-Z-\-am-Im-dp-≠v. bqtdm-∏n-ep-≠mb imkvX-
km-t¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ hn`n∂ cmjvS-߃°v ]¶p-≠v.
`mj-bn¬ imkvX kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-߃ ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w sIm≈p-I-sb-∂Xv Bh¿Øn-°p∂
]In-b-bm-Wv. imkvX kmt¶-XnI KŸ-ßfpw kma-Kn-Ifpw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂ coXn-sb-∏‰n
Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ \mw GXp-Xcw kmaKn hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p-sh∂pw B¿°p-th≠n sNøp-∂p-
sh∂pap≈ ]iv\-amWv BZy-ap-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. kma-Kn-Iƒ c≠p-X-c-ap-≠v.
(1) XnI®pw kmt¶-XnIw
(2) efnX imkvX KŸw (Popular Science)
efn-X-im-kvX-KŸw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I\v IqSp-X¬ kzmX-¥y-ap-≠v.
A\p-hm-N-I¿°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb ]Z-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Ah-bn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-߃°p ]pdsa
A¿[-km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ßfpw kmam-\y-]-Z-ßfpw BImw. CØcw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-¬ kpKm-ly-Xbpw
`mj-bpsS Hgp°pw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Ip-∂p.
imkvX-K-Ÿ-ß-fn-eqsS khn-ti-j-`m-jm-ssien ]e-t∏mgpw hnh¿Ø\w ZpjvI-c-am-°pw.
Cw•o-jnse imkvX-km-t¶-XnI KŸ-߃ `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn-te°v ]Zm-\p-]-Z-hn-h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v
][m\ XSkw; c≠p Xcw `mj-I-fnepw hmIy-L-S-\-I-fpsS A¥cw Xs∂-bm-Wv. imkvX-`m-j-bn¬
Hcp kzc-am-X-t]mepw A\m-h-iy-ambn tN¿°m≥ ]mSn-√. imkvX-km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿∞w
Kln®v AXn\p ]‰nb e£y-`m-jm-]Zw I≠p ]nSn-°p-I, ZpjvIcw Xs∂.
F¶nepw imkvX kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-߃ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v t\cn´v kzoI-cn®v X¬k-a-coXnbn¬
hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-sb-∂Xv ]q¿Æ-ambpw bp‡n-klw Xs∂. imkvX kmt¶-XnI KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw
kma-Kn-I-fp-sSbpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v hy‡n-I-fpsS kw`m-h\ hfsc hne-s∏- -Xm-Wv. imkvX-hn-h¿Ø\w
Hcn-°¬ sNbvXp-I-gn-™m¬ AXv ]n∂o-sSm-cn-°epw ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-a-s√∂v hnNm-cn-°-cp-Xv.
]e am\-Z-WvU-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v aqt∂m At©m h¿j-߃ IqSp-tºmƒ Ch ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠Xpw
]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
`c-W- mj
`c-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mj-bmWv `c-W-`m-j. tIc-f-Ønse `c-W-`mj ae-bm-f-am-Wv.
tIc-f-Ønse `c-W-`m-jsb \mev Ime-L-´-ß-fmbn Xncn-°mw.
28
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
1. Xangv kzm[o-\-ap≈ ae-bm-fhpw kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ß-fpw [mcmfw CS-I-e¿Øn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂
BZy-Im-e-L-´w.
2. U¬ln, ssakq¿ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnse `c-WsØ A\p-I-cn®v t]¿jy≥ Ad_n ]Z-߃
CS-I-e¿Øn FgpXn h∂ c≠mw L´w. Cw•o-jnepw t]¿jy-\n-ep-amWv tIc-f-Ønse cW-IqSw
Fgp-Øp-IpØv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXn\v ]tXyIw DtZym-K-ÿ≥am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AØcw
Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ A∏-t∏mƒ X¿÷a sNbvXv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ tcJ-bm°n kq£n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
3, _n´ojv cWw C¥y-sbm-´p°v ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS tIc-f-Ønse c-W-Iq-Shpw Cw•ojv Bbn-
Xo¿∂ Ime-L-´-amWv aq∂mw-L-´w.
4. ]gb `c-W-`mj GXm≠v ad-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xnb L´-Øn¬ ae-bmfw ho≠pw `c-W-`mjbmbn
AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v `c-W-tc-J-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-se-gp-X-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-ap-Zn-®p.
AXn\v hnh¿Ø\w A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-bn-Xo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
`c-W-`m-j-bpsS hnh¿Ø\ ]iv\-߃
`c-W-`m-j-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn hcp∂ ]iv\-߃ At\-I-ap-≠v.
1. ]Z-߃, (2) hmIy-ssien (3) N -°qSv F∂o aq∂v io¿j-I-ß-fn¬ Chsb tImUo-I-cn-°m-sa∂v
tXm∂p-∂p. `c-W-`m-j-bn¬ hcp∂ ]Z-߃ Xs∂ aq∂p hn[-ap≠v.
a. kmam-\y-hy-h-lmc `mj-bn-ep-≈Xpw AtX A¿∞-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ]Z-߃.
b. hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bnepw `c-W-`m-j-bnepw ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏Sp∂psh-¶nepw `c-W-`m-j-bn¬ hyXy-
kvXm¿∞-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h.
c. `c-W-cw-KØp amXw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂h.
`c-W- mj, XnI®pw kmt¶-Xn-I-am-Wv. kmln-Xy- m-j-bnset]mse c-W- m-j-bn¬ ]cym-b-]-Z-ßfpw
Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw a‰pw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√. ]q¿W-]-Z-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hnj-a-an-√. Ah-bpsS
kw£n]vX cq]-Øn\v kw£n]vX hnh¿Ø\w thWw. \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Ww, cWw \oXn-\ymb \n¿h-lWw
XpS-ßnb cwK-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb ]pXnb BIvSp-Iƒ°pw a‰pw cq]w \¬Ip-tºmƒ Ah-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v
Ht´sd ]pXnb ]Z-߃ hcpw. Ah-bv°p-S-\p-S≥ X¿Pa I≠p ]nSn-°p-∂Xv ]bm-k-ambn hcpw.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hcp∂ Cu ]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ `cW i_vZm-h-en-bn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-
am¿K tcJ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
1. [mcmfw ]N-cn-®n-´p≈ Cw•ojv ]Z-߃ ae-bm-f-Ønepw kzoI-cn-°p-I.
2. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-bn-´p≈ icn X¿÷a kzoI-cn-°pI ˛ ]Nm-c-Øn-en-s√-¶nepw X°-Xmb
ae-bmf ]Zw kzoI-cn-°m≥ ivan°p-I.
3. tIµ-K-h¨sa‚nse imkvX-km-t¶-XnI ]Zm-hen IΩo-j≥ ]WvUn-X≥amsc sIm≠v Xøm-
dm°n sh® ]Z-߃ an°-hmdpw kzoI-cn-°p-I. ae-bm-f-ssi-en°v tNcm-ØXv Dt]-£-n°p-I.
aoUnb Sm≥kvtej≥ -˛ hnh¿Ø-\hpw am[y-a-ßfpw
C¥y-bn¬ G‰-hp-a[nIw hnh¿Ø\w \S-°p-∂Xv ]X-ß-fn-em-Wv. Znh-tk\sbt∂mWw
Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p t]Pp-Ifpw ]cn-`m-jbv°v hg-ßmØ \nc-h[n ]Z-ßfpw Npcp-ßnb kabw sIm≠v
Ah¿ ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. mj-bn-en-√mØ \nc-h[n ]Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ßfpw \nanjw ]Xn-sb-t∂mWw
X¤-h-ß-fmbpw X’-a-ß-fmbpw h∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ Ch
]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv GsX-¶nepw ]tXyI hn`m-KsØ Dt±-in®√ F√m P\-ß-tfbpw Dt±-in-®m-Wv. Hcp
29
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
]X-]-h¿Ø-I\v Abmƒ°n-jvS-ap-≈Xv CjvS-ap-≈-h¿°pth≠n Fgp-Xm≥ km[n-°n-√. hmbn-°p∂
F√m-h-tcbpw ]oXn-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
X¿P-a-°m-c\v Xe-th-Z-\-bp-≠m-°p-∂Xpw Cw•o-jn-em-bmepw ae-bm-f-Øn-em-bmepw ]tXyI
]cn-⁄m-\-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v ]nSn-In- m-Ø-Xp-amb FXtbm Bi-b-ßfpw hm°p-Ifpw Zn\w ]Xn-sb-t∂mWw
]X-ß-fnepw tdUn-tbm-bnepw kn\n-a-bnepw a‰pw X≈n-°-f-b-dp-∂p-≠v. Aº-c-∏n-°p∂ thK-X-bn-emWv
imkvX-Øn-s‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw hf¿®. F∂m¬ sRmSn-bn-S-bn¬ hf¿∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂
imkvX-Øn-\-\p-K-X-ambn mj-bn¬ hf¿®bp≠m-hp-∂n-√. CXv am[ya taJ-e-bnse hnh¿Ø-\-tØbpw
kmc-ambn _m[n-°m-dp-≠v.
EG: Tamil Nadu goes dry F∂-Xn\v Xan-gv\m-´n¬ DK-hcƒ® F∂v ]cn-`mjs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-Xm-Xv]-cy-߃
X¿÷-a-bn¬ ]e-co-Xn-Ifpw kº-Zm-b-ßfpw ]cn-`m-j-Is‚ Z¿i-\-a-\p-k-cn®pw IrXn-bpsS
]tXy-I-X-I-f-\p-k-cn®pw Bh-iy-ambn hcpw F¶nepw A\n-tj-[y-amb Nne ASn-ÿm\ ]am-W-ß-fp-≠v.
1. aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ cq]-L-S\ ]mtS XI¿°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
IY, IhnX \mS-Iw, t\mh¬ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃°v AXn-t‚-Xmb
cq]-L-S-\-bp-≠v. Ah XI¿°m≥ ]mSn-√.
aqe-K-Ÿ-Im-cs‚ ImgvN-]m-sS-s¥-∂Xp icn-bmbn [cn-°msX X\n°p a\- n-emb ]mTw amXw
[ndpXn ]nSn®p X¿P-Pa sNøp-∂Xv ]e-t∏mgpw hn]-co-X-^ew krjvSn-°pw.
3. aqe-]m-T-im-e-Iƒ kºq¿Æ-ambn ]cn-`mj sNøp-I.
]cn- m-j-bn¬ XnI®pw A]-k-‡-amb Nne hm°p-Itfm ]tbm-K-ßtfm hn´p-I-f-tb≠n ht∂-°mw
F∂-√msX IrXn-bpsS ssPh-L-S-\sb De-°p∂ `mK-ß-sfm∂pw hn´p-I-f-b-cp-Xv.
Hmtcm `mjbv°pw AXn-t‚-Xmb ssien-Ifpw ]tbm-K-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Ah AtX-]Sn as‰mcp
`mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂Xv kml-k-am-bn-cn-°pw.
5. ktKm-X- -k-º¿°- m-j-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe-]m-T-]-Z-tImiw Ign-hXpw \ne-\n¿Øp-I.
kvtXmX`mj-bnse Hcp ]Z-Øn\v e£y-`m-j-bn¬ AtX A¿∞-am-Wp-≈-sX-¶n¬ B ]Zw
]cn-`m-j-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°-Ww.
]n≥]-cn-h¿Ø\w (Back translation/Round trip trasnslation)
Hcp `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏´ Hcp ]Z-tØsbm ]tbm-K-tØtbm ]mT-tØtbm
aqe-`m-jm-]m-TsØ Bi-bn-°msX Xncn®v AtX `mj-bnse°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂ ]In-b-bmWv
]n≥hn-h¿Ø-\w. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kq£vaX ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-Wn-Xv. k¿Km-flI
IrXn-Iƒ C]-Imcw ]n≥hn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ aqe-IrXntbmSv ASp-∏-ap≈ ]mTw Iq´pI \t∂
]bm-k-am-bn-cn-°pw. ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ Hcp IhnX Cw•o-jn-te°pw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p F∂p-sh-°p-I.
Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ hrØw ]mkw XpSßn ]eXpw \jvS-s∏-´n-cn-°pw. Cu hnh¿ØnX
]mTsØ as‰m-cmƒ aqe IrXnsb Bi-bn-°msX aqe- m-j-bn-te°p ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ A Ihn-X-bpsS
BZn-a-cq]w In´p-I-bn-√. F∂m¬ aqe-IrXn A∏msS \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn-´p≈ kml-N-cy-Ønepw
]n≥hn-h¿Ø\w klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. NcnX tcJ-Iƒ imk-\-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS ]cn-`mj ]e-t∏mgpw
e`y-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]t£ aqe ]mTw \jvS-s∏-´n-°pw. AØcw kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ aqe-]mTw ]p\:krjvSn-°m≥
]n≥hn-h¿Ø\w D]-I-cn-°pw. b¥-]-cn-`m-j-bpsS hnizm-kyX ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw ]n≥hn-h¿Ø\w
KpW-I-c-am-Wv.
30
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT-8hnh¿Ø\ coXn-Iƒ
hnh¿Ø\ ]In-b-bpsS B¥-cn-I-amb Bibw F√m-bn-SØpw s]mXpsh H∂q Xs∂. F¶nepw
hnh¿Ø-\-im-kvX-Øn¬ CXns‚ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
am[y-a-a-\p-k-cn®v ˛ 3 hn[w.
1) ]XoIm-inXw
`mj \ΩpsS a\- n¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ Bi-b-߃ sIm≠v \n¿Ωn®XmW-t√m. Htc mj-bn¬
]Zy-Øn¬ ]d-™-Imcyw KZy-Ønepw adn®pw hnh-cn -°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw hnh¿Ø\w
GI-`m-jm-a-b-am-sW-¶nepw H∂p as‰m-∂ns‚ hnh¿Ø\w Xs∂. CXns‚ GI `mjn-X-sat∂m
A¥¿ `mjn-I-sat∂m hyh-l-cn-°-Ww.
ASp-ØXv H∂n-e-[nIw `mj-I-fnse Imcy-߃ ]c-kv]cw hnh¿Ø\w sNø-em-Wv. CXmWv
kmam-t\y\ hnh¿Ø-\-sa∂v hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. DZm: Cw•o-jn¬ \nt∂m lnµn-bn¬ \nt∂m Hs°
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≈ hnh¿Ø\w Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p. CXns\ ssZz `mjnI hnh¿Ø\w F∂p
]d-bmw.
aq∂m-asØ hnh¿Ø\w `mjsb amX-am-i-bn-°msX Bi-bm-hn-jvØ-c-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ a‰p
]Xo-I-ßsf IqSn Bi-bn-°p-∂p. DZm: ImfnZmks‚ t«mIsØ chn-h¿Ω NnX ]Xo-I-Øn-te°v
hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂Xpw t\mh¬ \mS-I-am-°p-∂-Xpw. CXn\v A¥:]Xo-Im-flIw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
2. `mjm-inXw
`mjm-inX hn`-P-\-Øn¬ A¿∞m-[n-jvTnXw F∂pw cq]m-[n-jvTn-X-sa∂p c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠v.
B¿∞m-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnh¿Ø\w c≠p ]Im-c-Øn-ep-≠v.
1) enJnX hnh¿Ø\w (Translation)
2) hmNnI hnh¿Ø\w (Interpretation)
IS-em-kn¬ km[m-cW sNøm-dp-≈Xv enJnX hnh¿Ø-\w. hmNnI hnh¿Ø\w ]e-t∏mgpw
Aev]w hyJym\w AYhm hnt«-jWw IqSn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. c≠p hn`n-∂-`m-j-°m¿ aq∂m-a-sXm-cp-
hs‚ klm-b-tØmsS Bi-b-߃ ssIam-dp∂ ]In-b-bm-Wn-Xv.
`mjm cq]sØ (cq-]m-[n-jvTnX hnh¿Ø-\-sØ) ASn-ÿm-\-am°n 1. ]Zy-hn-h¿Ø-\w, 2. KZy
hnh¿Ø\w F∂n-ßs\ c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠v.
3. teJ-\m-inXw
teJ-\m-inXsa∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse Nne-]-Z-ßfpw t]cp-Ifpw a‰pw e£y-`m-j-
bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøpI km[y-a-√. Ah e£y `mj-bpsS en]n-bn¬ Fgp-XpI amXta Xc-ap-≈p.
AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ c≠p Xc-Øn-em-Imw.
1. en]y¶\w
2. en]y-¥-c-Ww.
en]y-¶-\-Øn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse ]Z-߃ \mw tIƒ°p∂ D®m-cWa\p-k-cn®v
DZm: Bonafid ˛ t_mWm-]n´v
malafid˛ tae-]n´v
Alibi ˛ Bep∏n
31
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
en]y-¥-c-W-Øn¬ timX- m-j-bnse ]Z-߃ Ah-bpsS en]n Nn”-߃°p-]-Icw e£y- m-j-bnse
en]n Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw tkmX- m-j-bnse en]n ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂
h¿Ww e£y mj-bn-en-√m-sX-h-cmw. AhnsS e£y mj-bnse h¿Æ-߃ sIm≠v Xr]vXn-s]-tS-≠n-h-cpw.
en]y-¥-c-W-Øns‚ imkvXob cq]w A¥m cmjvS [z\n en]n D]-tbm-Kn®v ]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
GXp `mj-bn-tebpw ]tXy-I-en]n Nn”-߃ IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn®v GXv `mj-bn-tebpw D®m-cWw
kwc-£n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
tkmX-`m-j-bnse Bibw e£y-`m-j-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmWv hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚
ImXm-emb ]h¿Ø-\w. `mjbv°v c≠p `mK-ap-≠t√m i_vZw, A¿∞w. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ch-bn¬
GXn\v FX ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v A©p hn`m-K-߃ Iev]n-®n- p-≠v.
1. i_vZm¿∞ hnh¿Ø\w ( Literal translation )2. ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\w (Word for word translation)3. Bib hnh¿Ø\w (Faithfull translation)4. kzX¥ hnh¿Ø\w (Free translation)
5. Bi-b-cq-]m-¥-cWw (Adaptation)
1. i_vZm¿∞ hnh¿Ø\w (Literal translation)
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw km[m-c-W-amb coXn CXm-Wv. CXn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse ]Z-ßtfm
hmIy-ßtfm hnSmsX Ah-bpsS Bibw e£y `mj-bnse hmIy-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
2. ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\w (Word for Word translation)
hnh¿Ø\sa∂p tIƒ°p-tºmƒ s]´∂v Hm¿Ω-bn¬ hcp-∂Xv ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\amWv.
]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\Øn¬ tkmX- m-j-bnse hmIy-L-S-\m-I-ahpw IqSn thW-sa∂v sX‰n-≤-cn-°m-dp-≠v.
Aß-s\-b√ aqe `mj-bnse ]Z-ß-fpsS A`n-[m¿∞-a-Xp-t]mse hnh¿Ø\w sNøpI Ft∂ A¿∞-ap-≈p.
imkvXw, \nb-aw, aXw F∂nh kw_-‘n® KŸ-ß-fn¬ CXp-Iq-Sntb Ign-bq. F∂m¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬
CXp ]e-t∏mgpw ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-Xo-cpw. hnh¿Ø\w ]Tn-°p∂ Bcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ hcp-∂-XmWo coXn.
3. Bib hnh¿Ø\w (Faithful translation)
tkmX- m-j-bnse IrXn-bpsS Bibw e£y- m-j-bn¬ sX‰p-Iq-Sm-sXbpw sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°m-sXbpw
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bmWn-Xv. CXn¬ tkmX-`m-j-bnse ssien-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Nne-t∏mƒ amdmw.
tkmX-`m-j-bnse c≠pw aq∂pw hmIy-߃ e£y-`m-j-bn¬ H∂m-t°-≠nbpw Nne-t∏mƒ adn®pw hcmw.
CXn-s\ms° A\p-a-Xn-bp≈ coXn-bmWv Bib hnh¿Ø\w . F∂m¬ imkvX-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Cu coXn
Bim-ky-a-√.
4. kzX¥ hnh¿Ø\w (Free translation)
Bib hnh¿Ø-\hpw kzX-¥-hn-h¿Ø-\hpw XΩn¬ t\cnb hyXym-kta D≈p. tkmX-`mjm
cq]-tØmSv hnh¿ØI≥ ImWn-°p∂ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Afhp h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ AXp kzX¥
hnh¿Ø-\-am-Ip-∂p. tkmX- m-j-bnse ][m-\-s∏´ Bibw \jvS-s]-SmsX kz¥w ssien-bn¬ \S-Øp∂
hnh¿Ø-\-amWv kzX¥ hnh¿Ø-\w. kzX¥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe IrXn-bnse Nne hmIy-ßfpw
a‰pw hn´-I-f-™p-sh∂p Xs∂ hcmw. Bib hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-߃ hnSmt\m
Iaw amdmt\m A\p-hm-Z-an-√. kzX¥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ c≠pw kw`-hn-°mw. CXn¬ ]m[m\yw e£y-
`m-j-bnse hmb-\-°m¿°p lrZy-amb coXn-bn¬ \√ Hgp-t°msS hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bm-Wv. t\mh¬
hnh¿Øn\v A\-tbm-Py-amb coXn IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.
32
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
5. Bib cq]m-¥-cWw (Adaptation)
tkmX-`m-j-bnse IYbpw a‰pw e£y-`m-j-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w
tZi ]Xm-[n-I-fpsS \ma-cq-]-ßfpw a‰pw e£y- m-jm-\p-kr-X-ambn hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmWv CXnse coXn.
DZm: "HYt√m' F∂ IrXn "Zpc-¥-i¶' F∂ t]cn¬ \S-Ønb hnh¿Ø-\w.
Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ hnh¿Ø\w Hcp ÿeØp hf¿∂ sNSnsb as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v ]dn-®p-
\-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. ]pXnb ÿeØv A\p-Iq-e-amb Imem-h-ÿbpw hf-hp-an-s√-¶n¬ sNSn hmSn-°-cn-bpw.
AXp-t]mse cq]m-¥-c-W-Øn¬ t]cpw Ducpw amXw am‰n-bm¬ t]mcm IY apgp-h\pw ]pXnb
`mj-bnse kwkv°m-c-Øn\p tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ amt‰-≠n-hcpw. Cu hnh¿Ø\ coXn Ct∏mƒ Ne®nX
cwKØv [mcmfw ImWmw. Cw•ojv lnµn, kn\naIfpsS cq]m-¥-cWw ae-bm-f-Ønepw hcm-dp-≠-t√m.
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ta¬]-d™ A©p coXn-I-fn¬ GXmWp th≠-sX∂v kµ¿`hpw
HuNn-Xy-hp-a-\p-k-cn®v hnh¿Ø-I≥ \n›-bn-°p-∂p.
hmNm-hn-h¿Ø\w
hnh¿Ø-\-sa∂ ]Zw sIm≠v km[m-cW hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv enJnX hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬
hmNm hnh¿Ø-\hpw enJnX hnh¿Ø\w t]mse Xs∂tbm AXn-e-[n-Itam ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.
sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\-bpsS tbmK-߃, hnhn-[-cm-jvS-ß-fnse Xe-h≥amcpsS IqSn Imgv®-Iƒ, cmjvSob
]Nm-c-W-tbm-K-߃, aX-]-`m-j-W-߃, hntZ-iob `mjm kmln-Xy-Im-c≥amcpsS ]kw-K-߃
XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw hmNm hnh¿Ø\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.
hmNm hnh¿Ø\w F∂ imkvXob kw⁄bv°v km[m-cW kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ ]cn-`mj F∂
kw⁄bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
Bip hnh¿Ø\w
as‰mcp `mj-bnse ]kwKw X¿Pa sNbvXp ^en-∏n-°p-∂Xv ZpjvI-camb Imcy-am-Wv. CXn¬
hnh¿Ø-I≥ BZy-ambn ]kw-K-Is‚ `mj-am-X-a√ ]kwK hnj-bhpw ]kw-K-Is‚ `mjm ssien,
D®m-c-W-coXn F∂n-h-bp-ambn ]cn-Nn-X-\m-I-Ww. AXp sIm≠mWv cmjvS-Ønse ][m-\n-Iƒ
hntZ-iØp t]mIp-tºmƒ kz¥w Zzn`m-jn-Isf sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. ]kw-K-Is‚ mj-bn-se-∂-t]mse
Xs∂ timXm-°-fpsS `mj-bn¬ hnj-b-a-h-Xn-cn-∏n-°m≥ Zzn`m-jn°v Ign-b-Ww. B e£y-`mj shdpw
A®Sn `mjm-bm-IsX timXm-°ƒ°v lnX-amb `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ D≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
Bip hnh¿Ø\w AY-hm ]kwK hnh¿Ø\w c≠p coXn-bn-ep-≠v.
1) khn-cma X¿Pa
]kwKnI≥ Ign-hXpw sNdp hmIy-߬ amXw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ i≤n-°p-Ibpw hnh¿Ø-I\v
kwkm-cn-°m-\mbn CS-°nsS Xm≥ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv \n¿Øn-sh-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. D‡
am[y-a-Øn-eqsS BZyw tkmX- mjm ]kw-Khpw DS≥Xs∂ AXp e£y- m-j-bn-eq-sSbpw tIƒ°m-\n-S-h-cnI
F∂-XmWv CXns‚ ^ew. an° cmjvSob t\Xm-°fpw aX-]-hm-N-Icpw CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ am¿§hpw CXp-X-s∂.
2) Ahn-cma X¿÷a
X´pw XS-hp-an-√msX tkmX ]kw-Kw, AXns‚ Ah-km\w hsc \o≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. G‰hpw
HSp-hn¬ hnh¿Ø-I≥ e£y-`m-j-bn-te-°p≈ ]kwK X¿÷a CS-sIm≠pw \n¿ØmsX e£y-`mj
amXw Adn-bm-hp∂ timXm-°ƒ°p-th≠n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. kz¥w ]`m-jWw apgp-an-∏n-®n´v
]kw-K-thZn hnh¿Ø-I-\p-th≠n ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hgn™p sImSp-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-am-sW-¶n¬ ÿew
33
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
hnSp-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ kzmX¥yw tkmX-]-kw-K-I-\p≠v F∂-XmWv Cu kº-Zm-b-Ønse sa®w.
hnh¿Ø-Is‚ Npa-Xe ChnsS mcn-®-Xm-Wv. timXm-°-fpsS ap≥]n¬ AhnNn” [mc-amb Hcp ]kwKw
Ah-X-cn-∏n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w aqe]`m-j-W-Ønse Bib KXn-tbmSp \oXn ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xnepw Atß-b‰w
i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Npcp-s°-gpØpw X\n°p kz¥-amb ]e kt¶-X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®pw Xøm-d-°p∂
Iqdn-∏p-Iƒ CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ hnh¿Ø-I\p klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°p.
]Xy£ hnh¿Ø\w
Hcp `mj-bn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°p t\cn´p samgn-am‰w \S-Øp-∂Xv ]Xy£ hnh¿Ø-\w.
DZm: Imfn-Zmk imIp-¥fw 1789 ¬ hneyw tPm¨kv Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.
]tcm£ hnh¿Ø\w
Hcp hnh¿ØnX IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp `mj-bn-te-°p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-sØ-bmWv ]tcm£
hnh¿Ø\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
DZm: Imfn-Zmk imIp-¥fw 1879 ¬ hneyw tPm¨kv Cw•o-jn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. Cu
hnh¿ØnX ]mTsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n 1971 ¬ tPm¿Pv t^md-ÿ B Ir-Xn-bpsS P¿Ω≥ mjm-hn-h¿Ø\w
cNn-®p. tPm¨ t^md-ÿ \S-Ønb Cu ]Inb ]tcm£ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
34
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
MODULE II
UNIT-9
A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w
_jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w \n¿h-ln-°th X߃°v t\cn´ hnhn[ ]iv\-߃ Cu
]qkvX-I-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ Bj¿ hnkvX-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp \n›nX `mj-bpsSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI
kml-N-cy-Øn-s‚bpw D¬]-∂-amb k¿§m-flI kmlnXyw as‰mcp `mj-bn-tebv°pw kmwkvIm-cnI
kml-N-cy-Øn-tebv°pw ]I-cp-tºmƒ km[m-cW t\cn-Sm-dp-≈h Xs∂ Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw. Chbv°
Bhp-∂X ]K¬`-ambn ]cn-lm-c-߃ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-etX Bj¿ sNbvX Cu
hnh¿Ø\w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \nkvXq-e-am-hp-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ Cu ]cn-lm-c-߃, Ch Is≠-Øm-\p≈ ]fin-tXm-]n-X-amb bXv\-߃- -F√mw A¥na
hni-I-e-\Øn¬ \sΩ \bn-°p-∂Xv aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS \nkvXp-eX F∂ Awi-Øn-tebv°p Xs∂. H‰
ZrjvSm¥w amXw kv]¿in-°mw. kplvdbpw aPoZpw Xß-fpsS kwhm-Z-ß-en¬ kz—-µ-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-cp∂ kw-t_m-[-\-bp-≠-t√m. 'sNdp-°≥' F∂pw "s]Æv' F∂pw Ch _mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bnse
B kµ¿`-߃°p \¬Ip∂ `mh-cpNn H∂p khnti-j-a-tX. `mh-Øns‚ Cu cpNntbm CXp
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ `mj-bpsS ebtam hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ FØn-∏n-Sn-®n- n-√. FØn-∏n-Sn-®n- n√ F∂-Xn-cn-°s´
AXn-\p≈ bXv\w \S-∂nt´ C√ F∂pw hnNm-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. "sNdp-°≥' "s]Æv' c≠pw,
kmam-\y-am-bn, ]Ya ]pcp-j-\n¬ ]cm-a¿i-Øn-t\m, hnh-c-W-Øn-t\m, Hs° DX-Ip∂ ]Z߃ Ft∂
[cn-°q. Chsb EPp-hmbn am[ya ]pcp-j\n¬ kwt_m-[-\-Iƒ F∂ \nebv° am‰n D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv
_jo¿. Cß-s\-sbmcp `mjm-X¥w "_mey-Im-e-kJn' Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmbn \mw Hcp ]t£
i≤n-®n-cn-°-bn-√.
sX‰n-≤-cn-°-cp-Xv. Cu hnh¿Ø\w ]cym-]vX-a√ F∂p hcp-Øm≥ h√ ]gpXpw tXSn-∏n-Sn-°p-I-b√
Fs‚ D∂w. GXv k¿§m-flI IrXn-bpsS FX ]K-e-`-amb hnh¿Ø-\hpw, IrXn FX-amXw
k¿§m-fl-I-amtWm B A\p-]m-X-Øn¬, A]-cym-]-flm-hm≥ hn[n-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p F∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥ Hcp
DZm-l-cWw D∂-bn-°pI F∂Xv amX-am-Wv. kmwkvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-Øns‚ kwK-Xn-sbms° t]ms´
`mjm ]tbm-K-Øn-tebv°v km[m-c-W-bn¬°hn™ Nne kmµ-X-Ifpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Bhm-ln-°pI
F∂-XmWv k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS Ak-µn-Kv[-amb Hcp e£-Ww. `mhn-bn¬ Imap-Io-Im-ap-I-∑m-cmb
hf-cm-\n-cn-°p∂ apJy IYm-]m-X-ß-fmb kplvdbpw aPoZpw ap≥Iq- n-Xs∂ _mey-Ønse Ifn-tØm-g-cmbn
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. CXns‚ mh-\m-iq-\y-amb A\p-jvTm\w Ne-®n-X-ß-fn¬t]mepw I≠p-sh¶nepw AXns‚
sshckyw CXns\ _m[n-®n-´n-√. Cu Ah-XmcW kt¶-X-Øns‚ kc-f-X-t]m-se-Øs∂ km^-eyhpw
hnkva-b-I-c-amb Hc-\p-`-h-ambn Ah AhnsS \sΩ k‘n-°p-∂p.
hnS¿Øp-I-bm-sW-¶ntem : XqS-°-Øn¬ kplvd-bp-sSbp aPo-Zn-s‚bpw kwt_m-[-\-bo-eqsS
kv pcn-°p∂ kz®-µ-X, HSphnesØ Zpc-¥-Øns‚ kzc-ho-Nn°v XnI®pw hncp-≤-sa-t∂mWw \n_-‘n-®n- n-t√,
\n]p-W-amb B kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ s]mcp-f-S°w Fs¥ms° hni-Zo-I-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hnh¿Ø\w
DtØ-Pn-∏n®v IuXp-I-tØmsS aqe-Ir-Xn-bn-eqsS ho≠pw IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ D≈n-Ø-S™ Hcp kwKXn
H∂p kv]¿in-®p-t]m-hmt\ Dt±-in-®p-≈p. aqe-Ir-Xn-tbmSv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ ]e D¬]-∂-߃°pw
samØ-Øn¬ k`-hn-°p-∂pXv CXp-Xs∂. AXbpw kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn, A\-\y-amb kmc-fy-tØm-sS.
k¿§m-fl-IXzw km£m¬I-cn-°p∂ Nne hnXm-\-ßsf a‰p am¿K-ß-fn-epsS FØn-∏n-Sn-°m≥
35
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
bXv\n-°-bm-Wt√m Dt]m-ev]-∂-߃ sNøp-∂-Xv. CØcw bXv\-Øn\v A]-cym-]vX-X-Iƒ t\cn-SpI
F∂Xv H´pw Akm-[m-c-W-a-√. Cu hkvXpX ka¿∞n-°p∂ as‰mcp ZrjvSm-¥-am-hp-∂p. "_mey-Ime
kJn'°v Bjdpw Iq´cpw tN¿∂v Xøm-dm-°nb H∂m-¥cw X¿÷-a-.
(1) ? hnh¿Ø\w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \nkvXq-c-am-hp-∂Xv Ft∏mƒ?
Hcp \n›n-X- m-j-bpsSbpw kmkw-Im-cnI kml-N-cy-Øn-s‚bpw Dev]-∂-amb k¿§m-flI kmlnXyw
as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°pw kmwkvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-Øn-te°pw ]I-cp-tºmƒ km[m-cW t\cn-Sm-dp-≈h
Xs∂ Ch-bn¬ ]e-Xpw. Chbv° Bhp-∂X ]K-ev`-ambn ]cn-lm-c-߃ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p
F∂-Xn-emWv hnh¿Ø\w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \nkvXq-e-am-hp-∂-Xv.
(2) ? "sNdp-°≥', "s]Æv' F∂ hm°v "_mey-Im-e-kJn'bpsS `mh-L-S-\-bn-te°v ]th-in-°m≥
Fßs\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂p?
"sNdp-°≥', "s]Æv' F∂ hm°v Ch \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kz—-µ-bp-≠-t√m, AXp Xs∂ Cu
t\mh-ens‚ Bcw- sØ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-°p∂ A\p- q-Xn. "sNdp°' F∂ H‰-hn-fn-bn¬ kplvd-bpsS
hy‡nXzw apgp-h≥ HXp-°n-h-®n- p-≈-Xm-bmWv. aPo-Zns\ "sIm®m°n' AS°n \n¿Ø¬, Ipkr-Xn, oj-Wn- -C-ßs\
amdn-amdn ]e `mh-Om-b-Ifpw AXn¬ Xpfp-ºn-sb-Øp-∂p. HSp°w Ah-fpsS ]W-b-Øns‚
hnZyp-Xv]-kcw sIm≠v AXv XpSn-°m\pw XpS-ßp-∂p. CXp-t]mse ]k-cn-∏p≈ Hcp hy‡n-Xz-tØmSv
Npsh-sSm-Øp-t]m-tI≠ B Dt±-iy-tØmsS aPoZv ki≤w Hcp-°n-sb-Sp-°p∂ s]mcp-Ø-Øns‚ i_vZ-
cq-]-atX "s]Æv' F∂ hnfn.
(3) ? "shdp-sX-b√ CXp-t]m-semcp at\m-lm-cnX Xm≥ as‰mßpw I≠n-´n√' F∂v amcm¿
km£y-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv. kml-Ncyw hy‡-am-°p-I.?
`mhn-bn¬ Imap-Io-Im-ap-I-∑mcmbn hf-cm-\n-cn-°p∂ apJyI-Ym-]m-X-ßsf ap≥Iq´n Xs∂
_mey-Ønse Ifn-tØm-g-cmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. Gsd-°m-e-am-bns√ \ΩpsS t\mh¬ Hcp h¿Æm-i-a-
[¿Ωw t]mse Cu ]Xnhv ]men®p hcp -∂p. CXns‚ `mh-\m -iq -\y -amb A\p-jvTm\w
Ne-®n-X-ß-fn¬t∏mepw I≠p I≠p \ap°v sshckyw P\n-®n-cn°pw F∂Xv hmkvX-hw. ]t£,
"_mey-Im-e-kJn' Bh¿Øn-®p- hmbn-°p-tºmƒ Adn-bm-dm-hp-∂p, CØcw sshckyw AXns\
_m[n-®n-´n√ F∂v. Cu Ah-X-cW kt¶-X-Øns‚ kc-f-X-t]m-se-Xs∂ km^-eyhpw hnkva-b-I-c-amb
Hc-\p-`-h-ambn AhnsS \sΩ k‘n-°p-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv amcm¿ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.
Imhy-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ \nco-£-W-߃
tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥
""ASp-Ø-Sn-sh®p sXm´-phm≥ t\m°p-tºmƒ
AI-te-bv°p-]mbpw shfn-®ta \ns∂
icn°p kmXzn-I-°-dp-I-tbIn Rm≥
sacp-°p-hm≥ t\m°pw acn-°p-thmfw''.
]n. Iq™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿
H∂v
`mh-\-bpsS kXy-߃ ]Im-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ ian-°p∂ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ hnh-¿Ø\
£a-a-√mØ Hcp-]mSv Awi-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]e hm°p-Iƒ°pw ]Icw shbv°m-\p-≠m-In-√.
hnh¿ØnX IrXn Idp-∏nepw shfp-∏n-ep-ap≈ Hmbn¬s]-bn‚nwMv t]mse-bm-Wv. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬
36
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS Cg-s\-bvØn\v am‰w h∂n-´p-≠m-hpw. aqe-cq-]-Øns‚ c⁄-\bv°v Hs´ms° am‰hpw
h∂n-cn-°pw. Ihn-bpsS mh-\sb AX-Xs∂ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-™n-cn-°n-√. IrXn-bpsS tIµ-Øn-te°v
\bn-°p∂ Hcp-]mSv hni-Zmw-i-ß-fp-≠v. Ahsb apgp-h≥ GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xmb sFIy-amWv hnh¿Ø-I≥
D≠m-t°-≠-Xv. IrXn-bpsS tIµ-_n-µphpw AXn-te°v ]ms™-Øp∂ Cg-Ifpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬
\jvS-s∏-SmsX t\m°-Ww. GsXmcp IrXn-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hf-bv°tem Xncn-°tem th≠n-h-cpw.
A\y-`m-j-I-fn-ep≈ hnNm-c-co-Xn-Iƒ tXm∂-ep-Iƒ, `mj-W-߃ F√mw aqS¬a-™mbn apºn¬
\n¿°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. B mjm-kw-kvIm-c-ßse th≠ hn[-Øn-e-dn-bm≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\
tXm∂p-∂-Xv. aqe-Ir-Xn-°pw X\n°pw CS-bn-ep≈ aqS-en\v \nZm-\-am-b-sX-s¥∂v Is≠-Ø-Ww. Aßs\
AXv th≠p-thmfw sXfn-™m¬Ø-s∂bpw hnh¿Ø-I≥ kz¥w `mj-bpsS kΩ¿±-ß-fn¬ \n∂p
hn´p-s]m-bv°q-Sm. kz¥w `mj FX-tØmfw Dƒs°m-≠n-´p≠v F∂-XmWv ]iv\w. kz`m-j-bnse
]tXyI kwth-Z-\-co-Xn-Iƒ Adn-bmw. AXm-bXv Hcp `mhw F¥p-sIm-≠mWv C∂ coXn-bn¬
]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv F∂ At\z-j-W-hpw AXns‚ Is≠-Øepw BZyta sNbvXn-cn-°-Ww.
BZy-ambn H∂pw A¥na hn[n-b-s√-∂-dn -b-Ww. Hmtcm Ime-L-´hpw AXn-t‚-Xmb
]k-cn-Ø-eq-sS-bmWv Ihn-Xsb t\m°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-N-cn-X-Ønse am‰-߃°-\p-k-cn®v AXns‚
\ne-I-fnepw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepw am‰w hcp-∂p. Ime-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv IrXn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-a-\w. Ihn-X-bnse
hm°p-Iƒ thdn´p ImW-cp-Xv. ]tXyI coXn-I-fnepw Ne-\-hn-ti-j-W-Øn-ep-amWv Ihn-X-bpsS "C^Iv‰v
IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. `mh-ap-Z-I-fp-sSbpw \n\-hp-I-fp-sSbpw ]tXy-Iamb hgn-bn-eqsS Hmtcm Ihn-Xbpw
A\p-`hw ]I-cp-∂p-≠v. Hcp `mhw as‰mcp `mh-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wv. `mh-amWv Poh≥ F∂v
ap≠-t»cn; hnh¿Ø-Is‚ BZysØ Npa-Xe Ihn-X-bnse XpSn∏pw anSn∏pw Adn-b-em-Wv.
aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp≈ a\-s∏m-cp-Øw, _‘-]m-iw, D≠m-bm¬ hnh¿Ø\w BÀm-Z-I-c-am-bn-Øo-cpw.
F√mw-Im-e-ß-fn-sebpw F√m Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sSbpw `mh-]-Im-i-\-ß-epsS kwbp-‡-amWv temI kmln-Xyw.
kz`mjm Ncn-X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv hnh¿Ø-\sØ hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. A\y-`m-jm-IrXn
hnh¿Ø\w sNøpw-aptº hnh¿Ø-I≥ kz`m-jsb hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-tbmsS A]-K-Yn®p a\- n-em-°-
Ww. hm°pw ssienbpw \nNs∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-®m¬ t]mcm. Ah-bpsS A[o-i≥ Xs∂-bm-h-Ww.
Ihn a\- ns‚ am¿§-߃ hnNn-X-ß-fm-sW∂pw At\I am¿§-ß-fp-s≠∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. Cu c≠pw
Adn-bp-∂Xv Ihn Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-I≥ Ih IqSn-bm-h-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-
Xv.
kmlnXy hnh¿Ø-\sØ s]mXpshbpw Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ ]tXy-In®pw IW-°n-te-SpØv
Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ 5 Imcy-߃ i≤n-°Ww
1. IrXnsb ]mTsØ H∂n®p ImW-Ww. GsX-¶nepsamcw-i-Øn¬ amXw Du∂n-bm¬ hnh¿Ø\w
`mKn-I-amhpw aqe-]m-T-Ønse ÿe- -]m-c-º-cy- - m-jm-L-S-I-ß-sfbpw am‰-an-√msX e£y- m-j-bn¬
sIm≠p-h-cm≥ ian-°-Ww.
2. aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ kwth-Z-\-aq-ey-sØbpw aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ A¿∞-sØbpw e£y- m-j-bn¬ sIm≠p-
h-cm≥ km[n-°-Ww.
3. aqe-]m-T-Ønew ÿe-˛-Im-e-˛-]m-c-º-cy-L-S-I-߃ kwkvImc _‘-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w LS-\m-]-
c-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ahsb th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ km[n-°Ww.
37
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
4. aqe `mj-bpsS kmln-Xy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-\n-W-ßp∂ Hcp cq]-Øn¬ thWw e£y-`m-j-bn¬
hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥.
5. aqe-K-Ÿ-°m\v Xs‚ IrXn-bpsS ]ta-bsØ \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-™-]-Imcw Xs∂ e£y-`m-
j-bnepw Zo£n-°-Ww.
c≠v
samgnbpw s]mcpfpw XpSn-°p∂ XØp-ey-Nn-”-ß-fpsS ]Im-i-\-amb hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hy‡n,
kaq-lw, tZiw, Imew, `mj, A[n-Imcw F∂o LS-I-߃°v A\n-hm-cy-ÿm-\-am-Wt√m D≈-Xv.
ae-bm-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Du¿÷-ap≈ Ihn-X-Iƒ Cw•o-jn-te°v samgn-am‰w sNø-tºmƒ khn-tij
[z\n-Iƒ Ign-bp-∂X kwI-an-∏n-°p-hm≥ t\m°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw Imhy-]-I-c-W-ß-fntem ]Z-߃°v
A¿∞w \nb-X-am-hn-√. A\p-`-h-k-µ¿`-Øn¬ \n∂v ]k-cn-°p∂ A¿∞-ßsf I≠-dn-™m-te, e£y-
`m-j-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ B hmKvkvtXm-`-ßsf sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-bq. ]Xy-£-]-tcm£ Xe-ßsf
'kvIm\nMv' sNbvXv, i_vZ-hym-]m-c-Øns‚ hnXm-\-ß-fn-epsS XnI™ mhp-I-\m-bn-Øs∂ hnh¿Ø-I\pw
k©-cn-t°-≠-Xm-av. Ihn-bpsS AS-bm-f-hm-Iy-߬ hnk-t¶-X\w sNøm≥ aqe-e-£y-`m-j-I-fpsS
kmln-Xym-h-t_m-[hpw thWw.
ae-bm-f-sØ-t∏m-ep≈ ]mtZ-inI mj-I-fn¬ \n∂v temI- m-j-bmb Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w
sNøp-tºmƒ aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS mjm-[n-jvTn-Xtam ssieo-]-ctam kmwkvIm-cn-Itam Bb k¶o¿Æ-X-bmsI
]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ian-°-Ww. Npcp-°-Øn¬ c≠p `mj-I-fp-sSbpw ioe-kw-kvIm-c-ß-sfbpw Hmtcm
Ihn-X-bp-sSbpw tIµo-Ir-X-k-Ø-sbbpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-epsS amXta hnh¿Ø\w hnP-bn-°p.
aq∂v
]c-kv]-c-[m-c-W-bv°p≈ hgn-bmWv hnh¿Ø-\w. hnh¿Ø-\hpw krjvSn-bm-Wv. aqe-`m-j-bnse
Ihn-Xsb e£y-`m-j-bnse ]pXn-sbmcp krjvSn-bm-°n am‰m-\mWv hnh¿Ø-I≥ ian-°p-∂Xv ChnsS
Ihn Xs∂-bm-hWw hnh¿Ø-I≥. hnh¿Ø-\-]-In-b-bn¬ am‰-߃ Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. AsX√mw
e£y-`m-j-bpsS Po\n-b- p-sIm≠v \nd-th-‰-s∏-Spw. Hcp ]t£, Xß-fpsS `mj amXw Adn-bm-hp∂
e£y-`m-jm-hm-b-\-°msc Dt±-in-®p-≈-XmWv hnh¿Ø\w. hnh¿ØnX IhnX Ah¿s°mcp
"Hdn-Pn-\¬' Ihn-X-bmbn A\p- -h-s∏-S-Ww. aqe-I-hn, aqe- m-jm-hn-Z-Kv≤≥ F∂n-h-cp-ambn N¿® sNbvXpw
IhnX sNm√n-t°´pw kwi-b-߃°v ]cn-lmcw tXSnbpw thWw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-hm≥. \n¿±n-jvS-
I-hn-X-bpsS Bg-ß-fn-te°v FØn-t®-cm≥ Cu A`n-ap-J-߃ A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. AXm-bXv kº¿°-
`m-j-bmb Cw•o-jns‚ klm-b-an-√msX aqe-`m-j-bn¬ \n∂v t\cn´v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-Ww.
Hcp mj-bnse Ihn-bpsS Ihn-Xsb ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv CX-c- m-j-bnse Ihn Xs∂-bm-h-Ww.
kvSKm-thƒUv "t]mbv‰vkv ao‰v' Aß-s\-bmWv hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xv. aqe-`m-j-bnse IhnX AtX
Xmf-Ønepw eb-Ønepw e£y- m-j-bn-te°v Bhm-ln-°p-∂p. Hcp mjm-I-hn-bpsS apJ-Øp-\n∂p Xs∂
as‰mcp mjm-Ihn A¿∞- m-h-߃ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvsX-Sp-°p-∂p. Cw•o-jn-s‚tbm CX-c- m-j-I-fp-tStbm
CS-\n-e-]-h¿Ø\w sNdnb tXmXnte \S-°m-hp. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, H‰-°n-cp-∂p≈ Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø\w
AX e-]-Z-a√ F∂p ImWmw. sshZyp-tXm-]-I-c-WsØ \∂mbn ]h¿Øn-∏n-°p∂ sÃ_n-sse-k¿
t]msebmWv Hcp \√ hnh¿Ø-I≥. aqe Ihn-Xsb e£y-`m-jm-i_vZßfn¬ en]y-¥cw sNbvXv
AXnse e£y-`m-jm-kam-\-amb ]Z-ßepw LS-\-Ifpw I¬∏-\-Ifpw Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-thWw
X¿÷-a-s°m-cp-sº-Sm≥.
kmkvIm-cn-I-amb ]tXy-I-X-fm¬ sX∂n-¥y≥ Imhy-kw-kvIm-c-߃ sshNn-Xy-am¿∂-XmWv
Xan-gn\pw ae-bm-f-Øn\pw XΩn¬ mjm-im-kvX-]-c-ambn AIew Ipd-hm-Wv. a‰p-≈-h-b°v AIew IqSp-X-em-Wv.
(1) ? Ihn-X-bpsS C^Iv‰v IpS-sIm-≈p-∂Xv FhnsS?
38
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
]tXy-I-co-Xn-I-fnepw Ne-\-hn-ti-j-Øn-ep-amWv Ihn-X-bpsS C^Iv‰v IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.
(2) ? aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-ambn Hcp a\-s∏m-cp-Øw, As√-¶n¬ _‘-]miw D≠m-bm¬ hnh¿Ø\w
BÀm-Z-I-c-am-bn-Øo-cpw. Cßs\ Bfl-_‘w D≠m-Ip∂ IrXn-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw A\p-I-c-W-Ønt\m
A\p-am-\-Ønt\m t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p.Imc-W-sa¥v?
h¿Ø-am-\-Ønse kµ¿ -Øn\p ]mI-Øn¬ aqe-Ir-Xnsb am‰n-∏-Wn-bp-hm-\mWv A\p-hm-Z-\-]-Inb
DXp-I-∂p-Xv. ]g-b-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \mƒ°p-\mƒ Dudn-h-cp∂ ka-Im-en-Imw-i-ßsf h¿Ø-am-\-Ønse
kµ¿ -Øn\v ]mI-Øn¬ aqe-Ir-Xnsb am‰n-∏-Wn-bp-hm-\mWv A\p-hm-Z-\-]-Inb DX-Ip-∂-Xv. ]g-b-Ir-Xn-bn¬
\mƒ°p-\mƒ Dudn-h-cp∂ ka-Im-en-Imw-i-ßsf Is≠-Øp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. ]gb A\p- -h-tem-I-߃°pw
]pXn-b-hbv°pw XΩn¬ kmayw Is≠-Øp-∂-tXmsS ]gb Ihn-X-bnse A\p- -hsØ ]pXnb A\p- -h-am°n
kwth-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
(3) ? hnh¿Ø-I≥ A\p-I¿Øm-h√; F∂m¬, A\p-I-c-W-Øn-s\-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp
t]cI-i‡n Abmƒ°p-≠m-hWw. Cßs\ ]d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
as‰mcp Ihn-bpsS kº-Zm-b-tØm-Sp≈ \nb-¥n-X-amb Iog-S-߬ at\m- m-h-am-bn-cn-°Ww AXv.
hnh¿Ø-\-X-Xn-s\-Sp-°p∂ IhnX Xs‚-Xmb Hcp Is≠-Øm-em-hp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I\v BÀm-Zn-°m≥
Gsd hI-bp-≠v. CXv Xs‚ A\p-`-h-am-Wt√m F∂-XsX B Is≠-ج. aqe-Ir-Xnsb am\n-°p-hm≥
hnh¿Ø-I¿°v ]e-t∏mgpw Ign-bm-dn-√. kz¥w `mj-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp IS-∂m-I-a-W-Øn-\mWv ]e
hnh¿Ø-\-Icpw ian-°p-∂-Xv.
(4) ? A\p-hmN-I¿°mbn temI-ho-£-W-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Isf CØn-cn-sb-¶nepw X≈n-am-‰p-hm≥
Ihnbmb hnh¿Ø-I\p Ign-bp-∂p. hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I?
aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS ]mt‰¨, Bgw, Cg-b-Sp∏w apX-em-b-hsb hnh¿Ø-I≥ am\n-°-Ww.
AXn-\-\p-k-cn-®v, Xs‚ ioe-am-bn-´p≈ `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v Abmƒ amdm≥ Xøm-dm-h-Ww. Nne-t∏mƒ
Xs‚ ssiensb ]cp-°-\m-tI-≠n-h-cpw, Db¿tØ-≠n-h-cpw. Imhy-Ir-Xn-bnse ZpXtam aµtam
Ak-atam Bb Ne-\sØ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m-\nXv Bh-iy-am-Wv. aqey-˛-e-£y-km-ln-Xy-߬°n-S-bn¬
H´pw Akm-[m-c-W-hp-a√ ]cn-Nn-X-hp-a√ F∂ hn[-Øn¬, hnh¿Ø-\sØ ÿmbn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-emWv Gsd
]bm-kw. amXr-`m-j-bn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp i‡n Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ ian-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-I-\mWv CXv
km[n-°p-∂-Xv. Xs‚ `mjsb am‰p `mh-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°p IqSn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew ˛ ]tXyI
am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-Ifpw A]-Xo-£n-X-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fpw, ioen-®-dn-™n-´n-√mØv \n\-hp-Ifpw
Bhn-j-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-aq-ehpw˛ A\phmNI¿°mbn temI-ho-£-W-Øns‚ AXn-cpIsf CØn-cn-sb-¶nepw
X≈n-am-‰p-hm≥ Ihn-bmb hnh¿Ø-I\p Ign-bp-∂p. Nß-ºp-sb-t∏m-ep≈ Ihn-Iƒ sNbvXXv AXm-Wv.
(5) ? kmln-Xy-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ s]mXp-shbpw Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ ]tXy-In®pw IW-°n-se-
SpØv 5 Imcy-߃ it≤-b-am-Wv. Ah GsXms°?
1. IrXnsb ]mTsØ H-∂n®pImWWw GsX-¶n-ep-sam-cw-i-Øn¬ amXw Du∂n-bm¬ hnh¿Ø\w
`mKn-I-am-Ipw. aqe-]m-T-Ønse ÿe-˛-Im-e-˛-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-`m-jm-L-S-I-ß-sfbpw am‰-an-√mØ e£y-
`m-j-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ ian-°-Ww.
2. aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ kwth-Z-aq-ey-sØbpw aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ A¿∞-sØbpw e£y-`m-j-bn¬
sIm≠p-h-cm≥ km[n-°-Ww.
3. aqe-]m-T-Ønse ÿe-˛-Im-e-˛ -]m-c-º-cy-L-S-I-߃ kwkvIm-c-_-‘-am-Ip∂tXmsSm∏w
LS-\m-]-c-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ahsb th¿Øn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ km[n-°-Ww.
39
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
4. aqe-`m-j-bpsS kmln-Xy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-\n-W-ßp∂ Hcp cq]-Øn¬ thWw e£y-`m-j-bn¬
hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥.
5. aqe-K-Ÿ-Im-c\v Xs‚-Ir-Xn-bpsS ]ta-bsØ \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-™-]-Imcw Xs∂
e£y-`m-j-bnepw Zo£n-°-Ww.
hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX
hn.-B¿. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥
]p©n-cn-°m\pw kwkm-cn-°m\pw a\p-jy-\p≈ Ign-hmWv Ahs\ a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬\n∂p
th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ ]I-S-amb c≠p khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. Ch-bn¬ ]p©n-cn-bpsS LS-\, [¿Ωw, hnt«-j-Ww,
kwt«-j-Ww, h¿§o-I-cWw CXymZn hnj-b-߬ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Hcp hn⁄m-\-hn-`mKw Ct∂mfw
hnI-kn®p h∂n-´n-√. F∂m¬ kwkm-cn-°m≥ a\p-jy-\p≈ Ign-hns‚ hnhn-[-h-i-߃ k\n-jvI¿jw
imkvXo-b-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Hcp hn⁄m-\-hn-`mKw Dcp-Øn-cn™p hf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. AXmWv
`mjm-im-kvXw.
`mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ mj-W-Øn\pw Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam
[¿Ωw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. kuI-cym-hn-jvIm-c-]-cw, kmaq-lnIw F∂n-ßs\ hyh-t—-Zn-°mw. hnh¿Ø\w
F∂ ]In-bbv°v G‰hpw Ffp∏w hg-ßn-sIm-Sp-°p∂ `mj-W-[¿Ωw ktµ-i-]-c-X-bm-Wv.
hhn¿Ø\w sNøm-hp-∂-sX∂pw sNøm≥ høm-Ø-sX∂pw c≠p hIp-∏n-I-fn-embn ]mT-ßsf
th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xp bp‡n-k-l-P-a-√. hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX F∂ KqWw Hmtcm ]mT-Ønepw Gdntbm Ipdt™m
ImWpw F∂p amXw, kmwkvIm-cnIw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ hnh¿Ø\ sshj-ay-Øn\v
DZm-l-c-W-߃ GXv `mjmZzµzw ]nc-tim-[n-®mepw [mcmfw ImWpw. hnh¿Ø\ sshj-ay-Øns‚
`mjm-]-c-amb hi-sØ-°p-dn-®m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ BZyta i≤m-hn-j-b-am-hp-∂Xv Hmtcm `mjbv°pw
Gsd-°qsd X\Xv F∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ kz\-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂p t]m∂p-h-cp∂ hrØw, ]mkw, Xmfw
A\p-Xm\w apX-emb LS-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]tXy-I-X-I-f-tX.
IYbpw, t\mhepw \mS-I-hp-sams° X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I\v ]cn-lmcw
ImtW-≠p∂ ]iv\-߃ C\nbpw ]e-Xp-ap-≠v. Imew, ÿew, kaqlw F∂o Xe-ß-tfmSp _‘-s∏´
`mjm-t`Z-k-hn-ti-j-ßfpw ssienbpw coXnbpw aqe-]m-T-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb ]e ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw
kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-cn-°pw. h¿§o-I-c-W-]-c-ambn aqe-˛-e-£y-`m-j-Iƒ XΩn¬ kmayw h¿≤n°pw tXmdpw
hnh¿Ø-\ -ka aqey-X-Iƒ I≠-Øm≥ Ffp∏w IqSpw. AY-hm. hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX h¿≤n°pw; adn-®pw.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xan-gn-te°pw X¿÷a sNøp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ sshjayw lnµn-bn-te-°m-Ip-tºmƒ
Gdpw; Cw•o-jn-te-°m-hp-tºmƒ HXp ]ns∂bpw h¿≤n-°p-sa∂p hcp-∂-Xn-\p≈ mjm-]-c-amb ImcWw
CXm-Wv.
? `mjm-imkvXw F¥mWv? `mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬\n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ GXp
`mj-W-Øn\pw Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam [¿Ωw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Ah GsXm-s°.?
]p©n-cn-°m\pw kwkm-cn-°m\pw a\p-jy-\p≈ Ign-hmWv Ahs\ a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂p
th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ ]I-S-amb c≠p khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. Ch-bn¬ ]p©n-cn-bpsS LS-\, [¿Ωw, hnt«-j-Ww,
kwt«-j-Ww, h¿§o-I-cWw CXymZn hnj-b-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Hcp hn⁄m-\-hn-`mKw Ct∂mfw
hnI-kn®p h∂n- n-√. F∂m¬ kwkm-cn-°m-\p≈ a\p-jys‚ Ign-hns‚ hnhn[ hi-߃ k\n-jvvI¿jw
imkvXo-b-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Hcp hn⁄m\ hn`Kw Dcp-Øn-cn™p hf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. CXmWv
`mjm-im-kvXw.
40
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
ktµ-i-hn-\n-a-b-]-cw, kzXzm-hn-jvIm-c-]-cw, kmaq-ln-Iw, Bh¿÷-\-]-cw, kuµ-cym-hn-jvIm-c-]-cw,
F∂n-h-bmWv [¿Ω-߃.
(1) ? IYbpw t\mhepw \mS-I-hp-sams° X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-\-I\v ]cn-lmcw
ImtW-≠p∂ ]iv\-߃ GsXms°?
Imew, ÿew, kaqlw F∂o Xe-ß-tfmSp _‘-s∏´ `mjm-t`-Z-hn-ti-j-ßfpw ssienbpw
coXnbpw aqe-]m-T-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb ]e ]tXy-I-XIfpw kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-cn-°pw. Ah-sb√mw
e£y-`m-j-bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°pI an°-hmdpw Akm-≤y-hp-am-bn-Øo-cpw. cma-cm-Pm-_-l-±q¿, Cµp-te-J,
sNΩo≥ F∂o IrXn-I-fnse kw`m-j-W-߃ Cw•o-jn-te°v X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ Cw•o-jns‚ Hcp
am\-I-cq-]-amsW kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. AtXm Hmtcm kµ¿`-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb `mjm-t`-Zhpw
ssienbpw coXn-bp-sams° Cw•o-jn¬ Dt≠m F∂-t\z-jn®v Ah ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ hnh¿Ø-I≥
ian-°-Wtam F∂-XmWv Chn-SpsØ ]iv\w.
(2) ? Cw•o-jn-te°v X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ ]ns∂bpw ]iv\-߃ h¿≤n-°p-sa∂p hcp-∂-Xn-\p≈
`mjm-]-c-amb ImcWw F¥mWv?
h¿§o-I-c-W-]-c-ambn apey- -e-£y- m-j-Iƒ XΩn¬ kmayw h¿≤n-°pw-tXmdpw hnh¿Ø-\-k-a-aq-ey-X-Iƒ
Is≠-Øm≥ Ffp∏w IqSpw; AYhm hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX h¿≤n°pw; adn®p ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p
Xan-gn-te°p X¿÷a sNøp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ sshjayw lnµn-bn-te-°m°ptºmƒ AXp ]ns∂bpw
h¿≤n-°p-sa∂p hcp-∂-Xn-\p≈ `mjm-]-c-amb ImcWw CXm-Wv.
kmwkvIm-cnIw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ hnh¿Ø\ sshj-ay-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-߃ hy‡-am-°p-I.
DZm-l-c-W-߃ GXv `mjm-Zzµzw ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw [mcmfw ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. "KW-]-Xn°p
Ipdn-°¬,' "Acbpw Xebpw apdp-°¬', "Xnc-»o-e-bp-b-cepw hogepw', "tIfn-s°m-´v,' "H∂-cbpw ap≠pw',
"apd-s∏Æv', "Xmen-s°´v' apX-emb ]tbm-K-߃ as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°p ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-sX-ßs\
F∂m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ \ap-°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hnh¿Ø\ sshj-ay-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-hiam-Wv.
"She is my friend' F∂v Cw•o-jp-Im-\-\mb Hcp bphmhp ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXn≥ A¥¿`-hn-°p∂
A¿∞-Øn¬ Hcwiw amXta "Ahƒ Fs‚ kvt\ln-X-bmWv' F∂ X¿÷-a-bn¬ \n∂p
ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°p a\- n-em-Ip.
IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Nne kao-]-\-߃
hn.-Un, IrjvW≥ \ºym¿
P\-ßsf H∂n®p tN¿°m≥ G‰hpw i‡-amb am[yaw kmln-Xya-sW-¶n¬ mc-Xob mj-I-fnse
hninjvS IrXn-I-fpsS ]c-kv]c hnh¿Ø\w Bhpw AXns‚ G‰hpw ][m\ IÆn. IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn
G‰hpw i≤n-t°-≠Xv aqe-IrXn Xs∂-bm-Wv. e£y-`m-j-bnse hmb-\-°m-cpsS A`n-cp-Nn-b-dn™v
Ah¿°v kzoIm-cy-ab IrXn-bm-hWw hnh¿Ø-I≥ sXsc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. kz¥w A`n-cp-Nnbpw
CjvSm-\n-jvS-ßfpw Xo¿®-bmbpw Cu sXsc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ kzm[o-\n-°msX hcn√. F¶nepw hmb-\-°m-cs‚
a\:imkvXw IqSn Adn-™n-´m-hWw IrXn kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
IY Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp-I-gn-™m¬ A\p-hmZw hmßpI F∂ IS-º-bmWv ]ns∂ IS-t°-≠-Xv.
IYI-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]Zm-\p-]-Zhn h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. ]t£, GXp mj-bn-te°v sNøp-∂pthm B mj-bpsS
]IrXn A\p-k-cn®p hmIy-L-S\ D≠m-°-Ww. ]e-bn-SØpw kzmX¥yw Imt´-≠n-h-cpw. HuNnXyw
]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. aqe-te-J-I-t\mSv Bhp-∂-X \oXn ]pe¿Øn-s°m≠v e£y-`m-j-bpsS ]IrXw
A\p-k-cn®p hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmhpw A`n-e-j-Wo-bw. 'tem°¬ If¿' F∂p \mw ]d-bp-∂Xv
41
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-sØ-bm-Wv. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ign-hXpw ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°p-I.
Kth-j-W-Øn¬ Ah CjvSw-t]mse sImSp-°mw. hnh¿Ø\w Ccp `mj-I-fnepw ]mfinXyw
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂Xnse ]tbm-K-߃ ImWmw. kuI-cym¿∞w AXv Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v _m°n-bp≈
`mKw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ aXn F∂p Icp-Xp-cp-Xv. Ign-hXpw ]q¿Æ-amb hnh¿Ø-\-amWv sNtø-≠-Xv.
hnti-jn®pw IY-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬.
IY-bpsS io¿jIw Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ ape-Ønse Xs∂ sImSp-°p-I-bmhpw DNnXw. Nne-t∏mƒ
C°m-cy-Øn¬ Nne kzmX¥yw ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. ChnsS hnh¿Ø-Is‚ hne-bn-cp-ج ][m-\-am-Wv.
kam-\-]-Z-ß-fpsS A`m-hhpw Zzn`mjm \nL-≠p-I-fpsS A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw hnh¿Ø-I\v Ft∏mgpw
]iv\-am-Im-dp-≠v. kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ß-fpsS ]cn-`m-jnX i_vZm-hen In´m-\p-≠v. ]t£, DZ-b-`mjm
\nL-≠p-°ƒ \ΩpsS `mj-bn¬ Ipd-hm-Wv. ssIsb-gp-Øp-]Xn Xøm-dm-°-emWv thsdmcp ]iv\w
lnµn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-°m¿ ssS∏p sNbvXv am‰-dmWv tNmZn-°p-I. tIc-f-Øn¬ lnµn ssS∏nwKv kuIcyw
Xqtemw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv. D≈ ÿe-Øp-Xs∂ AXns‚ \ne-hmcw tami-am-Wv. hnh¿Ø-I¿°pw
_p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-°p∂ thsdmcp Imcy-amWv ]g-s©m-√p-I-fpw, ssien-I-fpw, D≤-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw. Nne
]g-sam-gn-Iƒ°v kam-\-amb samgn-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Ønepw In´pw. ]t£, lnµn-bnse Nne ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ°v
ae-bm-f-cq-]-߃ C√. \ΩpsS \m´n¬ C¥y≥ `mj-Iƒ XΩn¬ t\cn-´p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃ Ct∏mgpw
Ipd-hm-Wv. kº¿°- m-j-bmb loµn AYhm Cw•ojv hgn-bmWv Hcp mc-Xo-b- m-j-bn¬ \n∂pw as‰mcp
`mc-Xob `mj-bn-te°v IrXn-Iƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≈-Xv.
(1) ? hnh¿Ø\w Fß-s\-bm-hWw? ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø-\tam? AtX Bi-bm-\p-hm-Ztam?
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I,
IY-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]Zm-\p-]Zw sNømw. ]t£, GXp `mj-bn-te°p sNøp-∂pthm B
`mj-bpsS ]IrXn A\p-k-cn®p hmIy-L-S\ D≠m-°-Ww. ]e-bn-SØpw kzmX¥yw Imt´-≠n-h-cpw.
HuNnXyw ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. aqe-te-J-I-t\mSv Bhp-∂X \oXn ]pe¿Øn-sIm≠p e£y-`m-j-
bpsS ]IrXw A\p-k-cn®v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bmhpw B`n-apJyw aqe-Øns‚ HmP pw kuµ-cyhpw
H´pw tNm¿∂p-t]m-ImsX ]cn-`m-j-bn¬ hc-Ww. aqe-`m-j-bpsS kwkvIm-chpw AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
]tZ-isØ Pohn-X-I-a-hpw, BNm-c-k-º-Zm-b-ßfpw a‰p `mj-bp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v `n∂-am-Ip-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø-I≥
sh´n-em-hpw.
(2) ? IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ Hgn-hm°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. IY-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-amb
hnh¿Ø-\-amWv th≠-Xv. IY-bpsS io¿jIw Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ ape-Ønse Xs∂ sImSp-°p-Ibmhpw
DNnXw. Nne-t∏mƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Nne kzmX¥yw ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. ChnsS hnh¿Ø-\-Is‚
hnebn-cp-ج ][m-\-am-Wv. ssIsb-gp-Øp- ]Xn Xøm-d-°-emWv IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Hcp ]iv\w.
lnµn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-°m¿ ssS∏p sNbX am‰-dmWv tNmZn-°p-I. tIc-f-Øn¬ lnµn ssS∏nwKv kuIcyw
Xptemw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv. S, ] XpS-ßnb A£-c-ß-fpsS ASn-bn¬ IpØn-Sp-∂-Xns‚ Bhiyw ]e¿°pw
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. ]g-s©m-√v, ssien-Iƒ, D≤-c-W-߃, XpS-ßnb a‰pw hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥
]bm-k-I-c-am-Wv. Nne ]g-sam-gn-Iƒ°v kam-\-amb samgn-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ In´pw.
(3) ? XXvÿm-\-ß-fn¬ hnh¿Ø-I≥ at\m-[¿Ωw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. F¥mWv at\m-[¿Ωw?
at\m-[¿Ωw F∂m¬ AXv Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Hmtcm-∂m-bn-cn-°pw. 'kqcPv sIm Zo]Iv Znhm\m'
F∂ lnµn ]tbm-K-Øn\v "sIm√-°p-Sn-bn¬ Xpin hn¬°pI' F∂ ae-bmfw sNm√v ]‰pw. Dont’ carrycoal to new castele. F∂ Cw•ojv ]tbm-Khpw CtX A¿∞w hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. ape-I-hn-Xm-i-I-e-߃
42
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
Nne¿ AtX-]Sn ]Zy-Øn¬ Xs∂ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p. a‰p-Nn-e¿ KZy-]-cn-`mj \¬Ip-∂p. Nne¿ B
`mKw hn´p-I-f-bp-∂p. kµ¿`-Øns‚ Kuc-h-Øn\v Bh-iy-an-s√∂p I≠m¬ amXsa hn´p-I-fm-b≥
]‰p≈p.
(4) ? IYm-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v hnh¿Ø\ in_n-cw, Sm≥…-t‰gvkv h¿°vtjm∏v F∂ Bibw
FX-I≠p kzoIm-cy-amWv?
hmk-\m-k-º-∂-cmb sNdp-∏-°m¿°p Nne \n¿t±-i-߃ \¬Ip-∂Xv DNn-X-am-Wv. ]t£, h¿t£m-
∏n¬ IqSn hnh¿Ø-\-Isc hm¿sØ-Sp°mw F∂v hymtam-ln-°p-∂Xv sX‰m-Wv. kmlnXy A°m-Zan
Zn√n-bn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n®, C¥y≥ `mj-I-fnse hnh¿Ø-I¿°pth-≠n-bp≈ c≠mgvN \o≠p-\n∂ h¿°-
tjm-∏n¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn´pw hnti-jm¬ H∂pw t\Sn-b-Xmbn Adn-hn-√.
43
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT-10ssien-Ifpw ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw
Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂p ssien-Ifpw ]g-s©m-√p-I-fpw- X¿÷a sNøp-tºmƒ kq£n-®n-s√-¶n¬
A]-ISw ]nW-bpw. ]Zm-\p ]-Z- ]-cn-`m-j -]-e--t∏mgpw ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-Øo-cpw. lmky-k-am-´mb
hn.-sI. F∂ns‚ Hcp I-Y-bn¬ Hcp IYm-]mXw "ChnsS Hsc-ensb aW-°q-∂t√m' F∂v ]d-bp-∂
-k-µ¿`ap-≠v. To smell a rat F∂ Cw•ojv ssien-bp-sS-t\¿ ]cn- m-j-bm-Wn-hn-sS -X-am-i- kr-jvSn-°p-∂-Xv.
kwibw tXm∂p∂ kml-N-cysØ kqNn--∏n-°p-∂-XmWv B BwK-e-ssi-en.
acn-°pI F∂¿∞w hcp∂ To kick the bucket F∂ ssien "IYm-]p-cp-j≥ _°‰v X´n-a-dn®p
IS∂p t]mbn' F∂p--a-s‰m-cp-I-Y-bn¬hn.-sI.-F≥. ]tbm-Kn-®n--´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ hnI-S-k-c-kzXn
Bkz-Zn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Cw•o-jv ssi-en-I-sf-∏‰n kmam\y hn⁄m\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. ssien-I-fn-ep≈
hm°p-I-fpsS A¿∞w tN¿Øp-h-®m¬ ssien-bpsS A¿∞w In´p-I-bn-√.
F√m `mjI-fnepw CXp-X-s∂-bmWp ÿnXn. t\¿ X¿÷a CØcw L -ß-fn¬ hnP-bn-°p--I-bn-√.
"Iøpw- I-W°pan√msX' F∂ ae-bm-f-ssien Without hand and mathematics F∂p ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬-
F-ß-s\-bn-cn°pw? ssien-Ifpw ]gs©m-√p-Ifpw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºm-ƒ XØp-ey-am-b -a-e-bmf
]tbm-K-߃ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWpNn-Xw. AXp km[y-am-hp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Bi-b-X¿÷a \--S--Øp-I. GXm-\pw
-D-Zm-l-c-W-߃:
ssien-Iƒ A¿∞w
To be all eyes -˛ IÆn¬ FÆ-sbm-gn-®n-cn-°pI
Keeping the wolf from the door -˛ ]´nWn IqSmsX Ign-°pI
To blow one’s own trumpet -˛ Bfl-]-iwk \S-ØpI
To catch red handed -˛ sXm≠n-tbmsS ]nSn-°pI
On-one’s last legs ˛ \mi-Øns‚ h-°Øv
To smell a rat -˛ kwi-bn-°m≥Im-c-W-ap-≠m-hpI
At one’s wits end -˛ DØcw ap´nb
Diein harness -˛ tPmen-bn-en-cns° acn-°pI
To take into account ˛ ]cn-K-Wn-°pI
To rip in the bud ˛ apf-bnse \p≈n-°-f-bpI
Take to heels ˛ HmSpI
Out of hand ˛ \nb-¥-Wm-XoXw
To Throw cold wateron -˛ \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-ØpI
Off and on -˛ CShn- n-S-hn v
To eat one’s words ˛ ]d™Xp hngp-ßpI
Worth one’s salt ˛ sX√-¶nepw ]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-hpI
To meet on halfway ˛ HØp-Øo¿-∏m-hpI
To turn a deaf ear to -˛ Ah-K-Wn--°pI
By hookl or by crook -˛ tb\-tI-\-]-Im-tc-W(-G-sX--¶nepw hn[-Øn¬)
To make up one’s mind -˛ Xocp-am-\n-°pI
MODULE III
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To Play fast and loose -˛ hyh-ÿbpw sh≈n-bm-gvN-bp-an√m-sX(-H∂p ]d-bp-I-bpw-
a-s‰m-∂p-]-h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I)
To be under the thumb of -˛ ]q¿Æ-kzm-[o-\-Øn-em-hpI
To burn the candle at both ends -˛ Aan-X-ambn A[zm-\n®v BtcmKyw \in-∏n-°pI
To be at cross- purposes -˛ At\ym-\yw- sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°pI
To compound an offence -˛ cmPn-bm-hp-I, XΩn¬Xo-cpI
Left handed compliment -˛ \nµm-kvXpXn
To crop up -˛ A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn ]Xy-£-s∏-SpI
Cross- talk -˛ Hcp-sS-ent^m¨ kw`m-j-W-sØ -hn-Lv\-s]SpØp∂
thsdm-cp- kw-`m-j-Ww-˛-Iq-k-en-√m-Ø ]-Xyp-Ø-cw.
born with a silver spoonin the mouth -˛ hmbn¬ sh≈n-°-c-≠n-bp-am-bn-P-\n-°pI F∂p Xs∂ ae-
bmfØn¬ ]tbm-K-ap-≠v. sFiz-cy-ßfpsS aSn-Ø-´n¬
]d∂p hogp-I, kar-≤n-I-fpsS a[y-Øn¬ P-\n-°pI F∂n-
ß-s\-sbms° CXn∂¿∞w.
To distinguish between -˛ I√pw s\√pw Xncn-®-dn-bpI c≠p `mj-I-fnepw Hcp
t]mse D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
Familiarity breeds contempt -˛ 1. AXn-]-cn-N-bm-Z-h⁄:
2. ap-‰sØ ap√°v a-W-an√
no smoke without fire ˛ Xobn-√msX ]pI-bn√
Make haywhile the sun shines -˛ shbn-ep-≈-t∏mƒ I®n-bp-W-ßWw Im‰p≈- t∏mƒXq -
‰Ww/]m-‰Ww X°-k-a-bØp ]h¿Øn°p-I. kml-Ncyw/
Imem-hÿ A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn°p-tºmƒ sNøp-∂ -]hr-Øn-
k-^-e-am-Ipw. ]bXv\w- e-Lq-I-cn°pw Fs∂ms° [z\n.
Man proposes God disposes -˛ A\yYm Nn¥nXw Imcyw ssZh-a-\y-X-Nn-¥-bn¬ a\p-jy≥
Hcp Xc-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°p∂p hn[n-a-dn-®mIp-∂p.
to let the cat out of bag -˛ ]q® ]pd-Øm-Ip-I, ]q-®p-sX-fn-bp-I, hymPw shfn-hm-IpI
Who will bell the cat -˛ ]q®-°mcp aWn-sI´pw
To break the ice ˛ a™pcp-Ip-I, A]-cn-Nn-XØw AI-‰p-I, AI¬® \oßn
kvt\l-_‘w ]p\-cm-cw-`n-°pI
cannot see the woods by trees -˛ acw sIm≠p h\w-Im-WmsX/
missing the woods for trees -˛ acw sIm≠p h\w ImWmsX. h\-`w-Kn- B-kz-Zn°m≥
t]mb Bƒ AXnseHcw-i-amb ac-Øn¬ amXw i≤n®v
ka-K-tim-`-sb--°p-dn®v [mcW--bn-√m-Xm-b -A-h-ÿ.
C-ß-s\-bp≈ Cw•ojv ssien-Iƒ°p aebmf kam-¥-c-߃ Dt≠m F∂v Btem-Nn®v
Is≠-Øm≥ ian-°-Ww. C√m-Øh hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv-A-\p-tbm-Py-am-bXp krjvSn-°m-\m-hptam
F∂pt\m°Ww.
]g-s©m-√n¬ ]-Xn--cn√
kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kvamc-I-in-e-I-fm-Wp- ]-gs©m-√p-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬]-Zm-\p-]Z X¿÷-a-°v- Ah
H´pw hg-ßn-Ø-cn-I-bn-√. aqe `mj-bnse ]g-s©m-√n\p Xp-ey-amb H∂v e£y`mj-bn¬ Dt≠m F∂v
t\m°p-Itb Xc-ap-≈q. Aßs\ HØp hcmØ kµ¿`-Øn¬ I-gn-bp-∂-X-Xm-fhpw ]mkhpw Zo£n-®p-
sIm≠v Bi-b -X¿÷a \S-Øp-IbmWpNn-Xw. GXm\pw amXr-I-Iƒ Xm-sg-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.
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All that glitters is not gold -˛ ]cn-K-Wn-°pI
Where there is a will thereis a way -˛ thW--sa-¶n¬ N° thcnepw Imbv°pw
As the seed so the sprout ˛ hnØp--KpWw ]Øp-KpWw
Many a mickle make a muckle -˛ ]e-Xpffn s]cp-sh≈w
Study work is the road to success -˛ ]sø-Øn-∂m¬ ]\bpw Xn∂mw
To error is humanbut to forgiveis divine -˛ sX‰v a\pjy kl-Pw, £a -ssZ-hn-Ihpw
No smoke without fire -˛ Xobn-√msX ]pI-bn√
Familiarity breeds contempt -˛ ap‰-sØ-ap-√°v aW-an√
Toomanycookls spoil the broth -˛ Btf-sd IqSn-bm¬ ]mºp Nmhn√
Man proposes, God disposes -˛ A\yYm Nn¥nXw Imcyw ssZa-\ytX Nn-¥-tbXv
No gains without pains -˛ thZ-\-bn-√msX ]k-hn-°n√
Never cast your pearlsbefore swine -˛ t]mØns‚ sNhn-bn¬ thZ-tam-X-cpXv
Faces is index of mind -˛ apJw a\- ns‚ IÆmSn
Might is right -˛ Iøq-°p-≈-h≥ Imcy-°m-c≥
The course of true lovenever runs smooth ˛ Cu-Sm¿∂p hmbv°pa-\p-cm-K -\-Zn°p hnLv\w Iq-SmsØm-
gp-°-\p-h-Zn-°pI-bn√ ssZhw
Time and tide wait for none -˛ Imehpw Xncbpw Bscbpw ImØp-\n¬°n√
Pennywise andpound foolish -˛ ISp-Ip- tNm-cp-∂-X-dnbpw B\ tNmcp-∂-X-dn-bn√
Care kills the cat ˛ Ipfn-∏n-®p -Ip-fn-∏n-®p- Ip-´nsb sIm√pI
Be just before you are generous -˛ BZyw-\oXn ]ns∂ HuZmcyw
Nothing venture nothing have -˛ ssI \\bmsX ao≥ ]nSn-°m-\m-hn√
Time is a great healer -˛ Ime-am--tW-‰hpw hen-b-- ssh-Zy≥
The barking dog seldom bites -˛ Ipcbv°pw ]´n-I-Sn-°n√
Still waters run deep -˛ Bg°-S-en¬- Hm-f-an√
Brevity is the soul of art ˛ HXp-°-amWv Ie-bpsS Poh≥
A stich in time seves nine -˛ kqNn-sIm-s≠-Sp-ØXv Xqº sIm-s≠-Sp-°m-\n-S-h-c-cpXv
Well begun is half done -˛ \∂mbn XpS-ßn-bm¬ ]mXn ]Wn-Xo¿∂p
18
kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃
`c-W-`mj ae-bm-f-am-°ns°m≠ncn-°p∂ C°m-e-Øv, c-W-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-I-fnepw DØ-c-hp-I-
fne-pw- "ÿncw ]p≈n-I-fm-bn -]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Nne ssien-I-tfbpw ]tbm-K-ß-fp-tSbpw ae-bm-f-cq-]-
߃ Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Aw-Ko-I-cn® ae-bm-f-]-Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ß-fp-
amWv Chn-sS-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Abide by rules -˛ N´-߃- A-\p-k-cn-°pI
Abolish - \n¿Ø-em-°pI
Aboriginal welfare officer -˛ BZn-hmkn t£a Hm-^o-k¿
Abortive atempt - hn -e-iaw
Above mentioned - ta¬∏-d™
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Abortage -˛ \ncm-I-cn-°pI
Absolute -˛ tIh-e-am-b, \ncp-]m-[n-I-amb
Abstract -˛ kmcw, kwt£]w
Absurd Statement -˛ A_-≤-]-kvXm-h\
Abusive language ˛ Bt£-]-hm°v
Accomodation officer -˛ hmk-Imcy B^o-k¿
Accomplice -˛ Iq´p-Ip-‰-°m-c≥
According to order ˛ DØ-c-h-\p-k-cn®v
Accredited correspondent -˛ A[n-IrX ]X-te-J-I≥
Accusation -˛ tZmjm-tcm]w
Acknowledgement ˛ ]‰p-No v (c--Pn-ÿ sN-bvX-b-°p∂ X∏m¬ -D-cp-∏-Sn-I-tfm-sSm∏w
hbv°m-dp≈ Im¿Up-Iƒ-Hm¿°p-I)
Acquisition ˛ s]m∂pw hne-bvs°-Sp-°¬ (s]m∂pw hnebv°p s]m∂p-ambn
_-‘-ta-Xp-an-s√\v Adn-bp-I. \m´n¬ \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xn¬
G‰hpw ap¥nb hnebv°v `qanbpw -a-‰pw- k¿°m¿
ssIh-is∏SpØp∂Xn-\mWp s]m∂pw -hn-e-bvs°-Sp-°¬
F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv)
Adhoc committee ˛ X-Z¿Y-k-anXn (Hcp ]tXyI Bh-iy-Øn\v th≠n--amXw
D≈- k-an-Xn)
Adjudication -˛ Xo¿∏m-°¬, \ymb-\n¿Wbw
Administrative Sanction -˛ `c-Wm-\p-aXn (k¿°m-c-\p-a-Xn)
Admissiom to bail ˛ Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°pI
Advance Copy ˛ ap≥Iq¿ tIm∏n
Adverse remarks -˛ ]Xn-Iq-em- n-]m-b-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
Affiliated College -˛ A\p-_‘ tImtfPv
Affidavit -˛ kXy-hmMv aqew
Aofesaid -˛ ta¬∏-d™
Aggrived person -˛ ]cm-Xn-°m-c≥
Agrarian law -˛ Im¿jn-I-\n-baw
Agreement -˛ DS-º-Sn, Icm¿
Agricultural holding ˛ ssIh-i-ap≈ Ir-jn-`qan
Agronomy -˛ Irjn hn⁄m\w
Air conditioned ˛ hmXm-\p-Iq-enXw
Alias -˛ adp-t]¿ (Alexanmder, alias Chandi"Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ F∂
Nm≠n' F∂p- a-\- n-em-°n-s°m-≈-Ww)
Alibi -˛ A\y-X-hmkw (Ip‰w Npa-Ø-s∏-´-h≥ Ip-‰-IrXyw \S∂
ka--b-Øp- a-s‰mcp ÿe-Øm-bn--cp-∂p F∂p≈ hmZw)
Alimony ˛ Poh-\mwiw
Allottee -˛ Hml-cn-°m-c≥, Kml-I≥
Amendment ˛ t`Z-KXn
Amicable loan ˛ ]en-i--bn-√m-°Sw
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Anmimal husbandry ˛ arK-kw-c-£Ww
Animate -˛ kPo-h-am-°pI
Anonymous petition ˛ Dua- -l¿Pn
Anticipated expenditure -˛ ]Xo-£nX hybw
Apple of discord ˛ Ie-l-Im-cWw
Appraiser -˛ hne-a-Xn-°p∂ Bƒ
Apprentice -˛ ]cn-io-e-\m¿∞n
Artificial insemination -˛ IrXna _oPk-¶-e\w
Artisan -˛ in¬]n, ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im-c≥
As in for the time being -˛ Ct∏mƒ ]m_-ey-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ ]Imcw
As set forth ˛ hnhn-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]Imcw
Assessed value -˛ aXn® hne
Assessee -˛ \nIpXn Zmb-I≥
Assigned on lease -˛ ]m´-Øn\v Gev]n®p sImSpØ
Assume powers ˛ A[n-Imcw Gs‰-Sp-°pI
Asterisk -˛ \£X Nn”w
Attachment -˛ P]vXn
2
Ask folr as of right -˛ Ah-Im-i-cq-]-Øn¬ tNm--Zn-°pI
At par ˛ ka-aqeyw (sN-°p-I-fnepw a‰pw)
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MODULE IV
hnh¿Ø\w DZm-l-c-W-߃
i. Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂pw ae-bm-f-Øn-te-°p≈ X¿÷a
DZm-l-c-W-߃
1) Why did you choose India? And of all places in India,why thishell-hole, Calcutta'?(I asked MotherTeresea).
She let a gentlc smile come everher face. “India was a missionary country. I was sent hedre. And Ilove the people of Calcutta. they have a warmth which you don’t see anywhere else”. She told me of anexperience which made the people of Calcuta solovable. “during the floods last year I was bringing victimsto places of shelter. A lady who had never known me brought me hot food in her car. Whereelse in the worlddo you come across people like that? “It is obvious that Mother Teresa would have gone to any country towhich she was sent with same unquestioning obediance and worked with the same enthusiasm, for the peopleamongst whome she had to live. Since she was sent to India, she assiduously indianised herself. Here wasthe first catholic order to adopt the Indian sari,the Indian style of squatting cross-legged on the floor in thechapel eatingIndian food in the Indianmanner. She taught herself Bengali which she now speaks fluently sandwhen India became free she took Indian nationality. (Mother Teresa- Khushwant Singh).
""C≥Uy Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Im-c-W-sa¥v? ]tXy-In®pw C≥Uy-bnse a‰p ÿe--ß-fn¬ sh®v
Cu \c-I-°p-gn-bmb I¬°´''? (Rm≥ a-Z¿ sXc-km-tbmSv tNZn-®p)
Ah-cpsS apJØv Hcp aµ-kvan-Xw- hn-S¿∂p. ""C≥Uy t]jn-X -]-h¿Ø\Øn\p≈ Hcp
cmPy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fs∂ Ab-®Xv Ctßm- m-Wv. F\n-°m-sW-¶n¬ I¬° -bnse P\-ßsf CjvS-hp-am-Wv.
as‰m-cn-S-Øpw- Im-Wm-\n-√mØ Hcp Dujvva-f-`mhw Ah¿°p-≠v.'' I¬°-´m- \n-hm-kn-I-sf- h-fsc
]nb-¶-c-cm-°p∂ Hc-\p- -h-sØ∏‰n Ah¿ Ft∂mSv ]-d-™p. ""Ign-™-h¿j-sØ -sh-≈-s∏m°°meØv
Rm≥ AXn-\n-c-bm-b-hsc A`-b-tI-µ-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cp∂ tPm-en-bn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p--bm-bn-cp-∂p.
At∏mƒ F\n°v bmsXmcp ap≥ ]cn-N-b-hp-an-√mØ Hcp h\nX Xs‚ Imdn¬ -F-\n°v NqtSm-sS-bp≈
`£Ww sIm≠p-h-∂p. CØcw Bfp-Isf temIØv at‰-sXmcp ÿe-ØmWv \n߃°v ImWp-hm≥
Ign-bpI''? temI-Øns‚ GXp `mK-tØ-°-b-®mepw aZ¿ tXtck B Xocp-am-\sØ tNZyw sNømsX
A\p-k-c-W-io--e-tØmsS Ahn-sS- t]m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈Xv kv]jvS-am-b -Im-cy-am-Wv. F∂p amX-a-√, CtX
Bthi-tØmsS Xm≥ sN∂v Xma-kn-°p-∂- cm-PysØ P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ -A-h¿ ]-h-¿Øn-°p-Ibpw
sNøpw. `mc-X-Øn-te°v Ab-°-s∏-´-Xp-sIm≠v Ah¿ i≤m-]q¿∆w Hcp-`m-c-X-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v kzbw
k∂-≤-bm-bn. `mc-X-Ønse kmcn- X-ß-fpsS thj-Øns‚ `mK-am-°nb BZysØ InkvXy≥
k\ymkn kaq-l-amWv Ah-cp-tS-Xv. ]≈n-bnse Xd-bn¬ ]m¿∞-\°v Naw ]nW-™n-cn-°p-I-bpw -
`m-c-Xo-b -`-£Ww `mc-Xob coXn-bn¬ `-£n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ sNbvXp-h-∂p. Ah¿ _wKmfn `mj
]Tn-°p-Ibpw Ct∏mƒ kzm-X¥yw t\Sn-b-t∏mƒ Ah-¿ `mc-X-]u-cXzw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bpw-sN-bvXp.
2. The decision was not taken (by Subhas Bose) without great hesitation, but once it was taken, nothingcould come in the way. He stole away from his house on one quiet night in the 1914 without informinghis parents. Feeling like a new Budha forsaking family, the comfort she was accustomed to, the certainprospects of a briliant career, young Subhas started in search of the Master, who would resolve his
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doubts and supply his disturbed and restless mind with a new synthesis. While Jawaharlal at that agestill fresh from the play fields of Harrow and was applying himnself to the study of Zoology, Biologyand Chemistry at Trinity College, Cambridge, Subhas be took himself to the Himalayas, the traditionalhome of Indian spirtiaulity.
The place of the Himalayas in Indian life still awaits investigation at the hands of Indian Sociology.About its fauna and flora, its influence on climate and physical, geography we know. But with the exceptionof EB.Havell, no eminent scholar has attempted to evaluate the profound debt that Indian phisophy owess tothem. Even Jawaharlal who had never suffered from religious exaltation records in his Autobiography that oneof his still unfulfilled ambitions in life was to visit Mount Kailas, the HImalayan Abode of the gods,(“SubhasBose”- Yusuf Meherally).
henb kt¶mNw IqSm-sX-b√ (kp- mkv t_mkv) B Xo-cp-am-\-Øn-se-Ø-n-bXv. F∂m¬, AsX-SpØp
Ign-™-t∏mƒ ]ns∂ bmsXm∂pw Xs‚ ]mX-bn¬ XS- -߃ krjvSn-°p-hm\ At±lw kΩ-Xn-®n-√v.
1914 ¬ im¥-amb Hcp cmXn-bn¬ amXm--]n-Xm°sf A--dn-bn-°m-sX, At±lw ho´n¬ \n∂p Hfn-t®m-Sn.
X\n°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb kp-J-ku-I-cy-ß-tf-bpw -tim-`-\-amb Hcp HutZy-KnI Pohn-X-sØbpw
IpSpw--_-tØbpw Hcp \ho\ _p≤-s\-t∏mse ]cn-Xy-Pn-®p-sIm-≠v Iu-amc]mb-°m-c-\mb kp`mkv Xs‚
Kpcp-hns\ tXSn-bp-≈ -bmX B-cw-`n-®p. Kpcp Xs‚ kw-i-b-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-sa∂p ]£p_v[hpw
BIp-e-hp-amb Xs‚ a\- n-\v- Hcp ]pXnb kw«-jWw \¬Ip-sa∂p At±lw Icp-Xn. AtX ka-bw,
B ]mb-Øn¬,"-lmtcm' hnZym-e-b-Ønse Ifn-°fw hn´ Ph-l¿em¬ tIw_n-UvPnse Sn\n‰n
Iem-im-e-bn¬ tN¿∂v P¥p-im-kvXw, Poh-im-kvXw, ck-X¥w F∂n-h-bpsS ]-T-\-Øn¬ hym]r-X-\m-hm≥
XpS-ßp-I-bm-bn--cp-∂p. kq`m--km-Is´, `mc-Xob Bflo-b-X-bp-sS- ]-c-º-cm-KX Bhm-k-ÿ-e-amb
lnam-e-b-Øn-te-°mWv bmX Xncn-®-Xv.
`mc-Xob kmaq-lnI imkvX-⁄¿ -C-\n-bpw -A-t\z-jWhnj-b-am-t°≠ H-∂mWv lnam-e-b-Øn\v
`mc-Xob Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≈ ÿm\w. Ahn-SsØ kky-ar-Km-Zn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bpw- Im-em-hÿbpsS taepw
`uXn-I-im-kvX-Øn-t∑-epw a‰pw AXn-\p≈ kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw \ap-°-dn-hp-≠v. F∂m¬ C.-_n. lm-sh¬
-H-gnsI as‰mcp ]apJ ]fin-X\p `mc-Xo-b XØz-im-kvX-Øn\v lnam-e-b-tØm-Sp≈ AKm-[-amb
IS-∏m-Sns\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ ian-®n-´n-√. a-XsØ Hcn-°epw A-X-sbm∂pw ]iw-kn-®n-´n-√mØ
Ph-l¿em¬ t]mepw, tZh-∑m-cp -S, lnam-e-b-Ønse Bhm-k-ÿ-e-amb ssIem-k-]¿hXw-
k-µ¿in-°m-\m-hm-ØXv Xs‚ Pohn-X-Ønse \nd-th-‰-s∏-SmØ taml-ß-fn¬ -H-∂m-sW∂v At±-l-Øns‚
Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ tc-J-s∏--Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
A`ymkw
Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn°p∂h ae-bm-f--Øn-te°v X¿÷a sNøpI
1. As an elder brother Jawahar is perfect. though he is so much olderthan mysister andI, He was neverlaid down thelaw to us,as a greatmany elderbrothers do. If he has disaproved opf anything we have done, hehas always talked the matter over with gentless and tact, making us see for ourselves that we were in thewrong. If we have disagreed, however hurt he may feel,he tries not to show it and never imposes his views onus. He is not only an adored ‘big brother’ to Swarup and me but a grand friemd and companion who by hisaffection and understanding has made himself very precious to us. We kno he is always there, just as Fatherwas a pillar of strength on whom,we can lean and get support from when weaned by life’s litle problems andworries. he never offers advice, but is ever willing to help when help and guidance are necessary. he is also aconfidant in whom one can confide without fear of being ridiculed or rebuked. Being so utterly human
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hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
himself, he never fails to understand another’s weakness. (‘With No Regrets;- Krishna Hutheesingh)
2. One curious feature of the love of sweets is the way in which it declines with age. There seems to beno reason for this. We still go on eating, and loving the pleasures of the plate, but I imagine that half theconfectioners would go out of business if no one under thirty were allowed to eat sweets. There are hundredgreedy sweet -eaters under age of thirty for one above it. You seldom see middle- aged man peering with arapt expression into a especially in france, but he seldom gazes at a sweet- shop as if a -aged man is anindiffernt to sweet as I am. I know a man of my own age wo can eat chocolate even while he is drinkingwhisky-and soda. Women too, nibble sweets afterdinner. But they do not get really excited about them asthe young do. (‘Sweets’-Robert Lynd).
3. How differently yougot through a restaurant-session in Mysore! You took yoiur seat, asked for themorningpaper and a glass of water-just mark time before you should have Masal Dosai again or idli, or asyou generally felt iunclines (butresisted) both; but indecision could never be an end in itself, and you deviseda further postponement of issues by asking, when the reading of the paper was over, “what have, you”? Aroutine question. The waiter would begin a quick recite of the day’s menu-nothing new or starting in it; butyou liked to hear it all over again. It gave you time to make up your mind. Coming from a civilization usedto this pace of life, I felt unequal to the speed of a Broadway Cafeteria. If you hesitated with the tray in hand,you held up the traffic behind you. (‘overa cup of Coffee’- R.K. Narayan).
4. It was a grey day, had been indeed a grey week; nothing outside the day’s routines had happened forsome time. My body had gone on dressing and un dressing itself, eating,drinking, smoking,pushing itself intobuses and trains and floundering heavily into chairs. But the rest of me, mind, soul or spirit, appeared to beon the point of hibernating. There I was then, going about my business dearely this grey morning, whensuddenly passing by a shop window I caught sight of a pair of crimson silk pyjamas. They were not thingsmeekly soliciting in a shop window, but an event, a challenge, a blast of satorial trumpets. I knew at once thtmy own moment had arrived. There are occassions in a man’s existences when he must make somethinghappen, must fling a splash of colour into his life, or some part of him, perhaps theboy in him, will perish, flyingbroken before the grey armies of age, timidity or boredom. (‘In Crimson Silk’-J.B.Priestry).
5. Few things are more pathetic than the spectacle of inexperiences travellers, brought upon these mythsdesperately doing their best to make external reality square with fable. It is for the sake of the myths and lessconsciously, in the name of snobbery that they left their homes, to admit disappointment in the reality would beto admit their own follishness in having believed the fables and would detract from their merit in havingundertaken the pilgrimege. In thier hearts secretly, they are bored and a little disgustes. But they have beenbrought up to believe in the ‘Gay Paree’ where every thing is deliriously exciting. Conscientiously, therefore,they strive, when they cometo paristo be gay. Night after night the dance hails and the bordless are throngedby serious compatriots of Emerson and Mathew Arnold, earnestly engaged in tying to see life, bneither verysteadily nor whole, through the ever Thickering mists of champagne. (‘Why Not Stay at Home’? AldousHuxley).
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
ii. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p Cw•o-jn-te-°p≈ X¿÷a
DZm--l-c-W-߃
1) Xoh-≠n-bn-en-cp∂v amdn amdn Cu tZi-Øns‚ Zriy-ßsf t\m°n-bn-cns° A∂v Fs‚- ap-ºn¬
h∂Xv efn-Xhpw F∂m¬ I√p-t]mse ISp-Ø-Xp-am-b -HcptNmZy-am-Wv. (\mw sI´n-]-Sp-°m-hp-∂)
Cu Hmtcm sIm®p kam-Py-߃°p-≈n--te°pw AXns‚ ssk\y-Øns‚ Hmtcm ]S-bm-fn-bp-sSbpw
CS-bn-te°pw IqSn Cu a’-cw-h-cp-tºmtgm? \mw \-Ωp-tS-sX∂v Icp-Xp∂ Cu ssk\y-߃
Hcp Znhkw \ni_vZw \ΩpsS ]n∂n¬ \n∂v Hgn™p t]mhp-I-bn-t√,, \mw Ah-cp-sS -_m-[y-X-
bmbn amdp-tºmƒ? AYhm AXp \ΩpsS aotX-IqSn Nhp´n IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-I-bn-t√, \mw AXns‚
t\Xm-sh∂ \ne-amdn AXns‚ hgn-bnse XS- -ambn amdptºmƒ? (hn-bkvXw-`w˛ B\-µv)
While I was sitting in the train and looking at the changing views of the country that day, a simplequestion but as hard as stone,arose before me. Suppoosethis competition,goes deep down to these littlekingdoms (that we build up)and into the midst of each soldier of this army? Won’t these Armies which weconsider as our own move away silently from behind us one day wehen we become a burden to them? Or,won’t thye trample over us when we are no more thier leader but only an obstacle in thier path?
2. Hm¿Øp-t\m-°p-tºmƒ Fs‚ Imcyw alm-I-jvS-am-Wv. Zcn-Z\pw \n -lm-b\pw ]cmPn-X\pw
B¿-°pw- th-≠m-Ø-h-\p-ambn Rm\o P∑w apgp-h≥ Ign-b-W-sa-∂mtWm ssZhw hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv?
\nk-lm-b-\mb Hcp- a-\p-jy≥ Pohn-X-Øn¬- C-X-sbms° kln-t°≠n hcp-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n
F¥mWv? Fhn-sSbpw ]cm-P-b--s∏SpIbmWv Fs‚ A\p-`-hw. H-Sp-hn¬ lrZ-b-Øns‚
apdn-hp-IƒamXw _m°n-bm-Ip-∂p. \∑-I-fp-tS-Xp-am-X-amb Hcmƒ F∂v Rm≥ Fs∂--∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ
AsXmcp AXn-cp-I-hn™ Ah-Im-i-am-sW∂v Aßv Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? Xn∑ sNøm≥ a\p-jy-s\
-t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-cmWv? temIw Ipsd--°qSn \∂mbn krjvSn-°m-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v kXy-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ
Atß°p tXm-∂p-∂nt√? a\p-jys‚ krjvSn-bpsS Imcy-Øn-e--s√-¶nepw B kwibw \ymb-am-sW∂v
Rm≥ hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy≥ Xn∑ sNøp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ AXns‚ Imc-W-Øn¬\n∂pw DØc-
hm-Zn-ØØn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-™p-am--dm≥- Atß°pI-gn-bp-tam. a\p-jy-\n¬ B Zu¿_-ey-߃
h®-Xm-cm-Wv.
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT -11amXrIm tNmZy-߃
tNmZy-t]-∏¿
SECOND SEMESTER B.A../B.SC. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2011(CCSS)
Common Course-8MA 2A 08 (1) - hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-abpw
Time: Three Hourse Maximum: 30 weightageI F√m tNmZy-߃°pw DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv) 1/2
A icn-bmb DØcw sXc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-Xp-I.
1. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ImX¬ hniz-kvX-X-bm-sW∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-´Xv:
(a) sP.-kn. Im‰vt^m¿Uv (b) hneyw Iq∏¿
(c) amXyq A¿tWmƒUv (d) t]k¿ ssS‰ve¿
2 hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p≈ Iºyq-´¿ `mj GXv?
(a) t_knIv (b) tImt_mƒ
(c) ]mkvI¬ (d) temtKmkv
3. ""Hm¿Øp \S-°-W,-ta-sd-®nXw
Hm´-s∏-Sp-sa-∂-h¿ ]d™p''
(a) \c-_en (b) kzImcyw
(c) iyma-kp-µcn (d) hnhm-l-k-Ωm\w
4. h≈-tØm-fns‚ "am∏v' F∂ IhnX Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXv:
(a) am[h≥ Aø-∏Øv (b) tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥
(c) Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ (d) B¿.-cm-a-N-µ≥
B ]qcn-∏n-°pI
5. ss__n-fnse ]gb \nbaw Fgp-X-s∏-´Xv -˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ `mj-bn-em-Wv.
6. kwkvIrX \mS-I-ß-fnse kvXoIfpw \oN-I-Ym-]m-X-ßfpw kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]mIrX `mjm-
`m-K-ß-fpsS kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]mIrX `mjm-`m-K-ß-fpsS kwkvIrX hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v ˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
7. Imfn-Zm-ks‚ A`n-⁄m-\-im-Ip-¥fw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v BZyw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXv ˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-
˛-˛ BWv.
8. lcn-i-¶¿ ]¿km-bn-bpsS "cmKv˛hn-cmKv' F∂ IY ˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-F∂ io¿j-I-Øo-emWv tIc-f-sU-
PÃv ]kn≤w sNbvX-Xv.
C H‰-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI:
9. "X¿÷a' F∂Xv GXp `mj-bnse ]Z-amWv?
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
10. sj√n-bpsS Ode to Skylark F∂-I-hnX "cm∏m-Sn-tbmSv' F∂ t]cn¬ hnh¿Ø\w
sNbvXXv Bcv?
11. ‘Approval’ F∂ ]Zw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v X¿÷a sNøp-I.
12. "hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI' F∂ KŸw cNn-®-Xmcv?
(12 x1/4 = 3 weightag
II Ht∂m ct≠m hmIy-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv)-˛1
13. tkmX-`m-j, e£y-`mj Ch Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°p-I.
14. hnh¿Ø\w F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ ]Z-߃ GsX√mw?
15. en]y-¥-cWw (Transliteration) F∂m¬ F¥v?
16. A new broom sweeps clean - CXn\p kam-\-amb ae-bmf ssien Is≠-ØpI.
17. Don’t mix drink with driving - Cu ]c-ky-hm-NIw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p X¿÷a sNøp-I.
18. ""Cu c≠pw Adn-bp-∂Xv Ihn Xs∂-bmWv' ˛ GXp c≠p Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv ChnsS
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.?
19. Ic-Øn≥ `qjWw Zm\w; `mcw Xm≥ sshc-tam-Xncw - Cw•o-jn-te°p samgn am‰p-I.
20. "ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dn-s\bpw Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b-sc-bpw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ
C°mcyw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-amIpw' ˛ GXp Imcyw?
21. `mj-W-[¿Ω-ß-fpsS Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-Iƒ GsX√mw?
(9 x1 = 9 weightage)
III. GsX-¶nepw A©v tNmZy-Øn\v Hmtcm Jfin-I-bn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw
(sh-bn-t‰-Pv)- 2
22. ][m-\-s∏´ hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ GsX√mw?
23. hnh¿Ø\w Hcp Iuiew (Craft) BsW∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v ASn-ÿm-\-sa¥v?
24. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
25. Ihn-Xm-hn-h¿Ø-I≥ Ihn IqSn-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n F¥v?
26. tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvWs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn≥ i≤n-t°≠ A©p
Imcy-߃ GsX-√m-amWv?
27. ""Cßs\ amdn amdn ]e mh-Om-b-Ifpw AXn¬ Xpfp-ºn-sb-Øp∂p'' GXn¬ amdn-amdnsbØp∂
`mh-Om-b-Iƒ GsX√mw?
28. Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-X-Øn≥ _p≤-aXw KWy-amb kw`m-h\ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. F∂m¬
CXns‚ hy‡-amb NnXw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ C∂pw Ae-`y-am-Wv. _u≤-
k¿h-I-em-ime Xr°-Wm-a-Xn-e-IØv ÿm]n-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Ncn-X-]-[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv.
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
(5 x2 = 10 weightage)
IV. Xmsg sImSp-Øn- p≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ cs≠-Æ-Øn\v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. BZysØ cs≠-Æw
D]-\ym-k-cq-]-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠-h-bm-Wv. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv)-˛4
19. b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w F∂m¬ F¥v? b¥-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ L -ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-I.
30. sI.-]n. i¶-cs‚ "A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w' F∂ teJ-\-Øns‚ D≈-S°w hni-I-e\w
sNøp-I.
31. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.
Different media have different political views. They are lead by different interests. Still our journalistsgenerally work with utmost social dedication. They are enthusiastic in brining out the corruption,disorder, misures, injustice, vulgarity etc. that are seen in the society. This is the reason why dedicatedreporters are subject to most of the allegations. They are always prone to attack.
(2x4=8 weightage)
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
SECOND SEMESTER B.A../B.SC. DEGREE PROGRAMME EXAMINATION, APRIL 2011
(CCSS)Common Course-8 Code: MA2A08 (1)hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-abtijnbpw
Answer Scheme
I A.1. b) hneyw Iq∏¿
2. d) temtKmkv
3. d) hnhm-l-k-Ωm\w
4. a) am[-h≥
B.5. lo_q
6. Omb
7. tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºq-cm≥
8 A\m-k-‡n-tbmKw
C.9 Ad_n
10 kpK-X-Ip-amcn
11 AwKo-Imcw
12. tUm.-hn.-B¿. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥
II.13. GXq `mj-bn-e≥\n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂pthm B `mjsb tkmX-`mj F∂pw, GXp
`mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\ sNøp-∂-pthm B `mjsb e£y-`mj F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
14. X¿÷-a, ]cn-`m-j, samgn-am-‰w, `mjm-¥-c-Ww, A\p-hmZw apX-em-b-h.
15. tkmX-`m-j-bnte ]Z-߃ e£y-`m-j-bnse en]n D]-tbm-Kn®v Fgp-Xp-∂-XmWv en]y¥-c-Ww.
16. ]pØ-\®n ]pc-∏pdw Xq°pw.
17. aZy-]n®v hml-\-tam-Sn-°-cp-Xv.
18 tZ-i-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvWs‚ "Imhy-hn-h¿Ø\w˛ Nne \oco-£-W-߃ F∂ teJ-\-Øn≥\n∂v
Ihn-a-\- ns‚ am¿§-߃ hnNn-X-ß-fm-sW∂pw hm°n\v At\Iw am¿§-ß-fp-s≠∂pw
]d-bm-dp-≠v. Cu c≠pw Adn-bp-∂Xv Ihn Xs∂-bm-Wv.'
19. Gift is the ornament of hand; a ring set with diamonds is only a burden.20. hn.-Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym-cpsS 'IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Nne kao-]-\-߃' F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ \n∂v
˛ 'tem°¬ If¿' F∂p \mw ]d-bp∂ kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-IsØ AtX-]Sn ]cn- m-j-bn¬°qSn
]I¿Øm≥ Ign-s™-∂p-h-cn√ F∂ Imcyw ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dn-s\bpw Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥
\mb-scbpw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-Ipw.
21. ktµ-in-hn-\n-a-b-]-cw, kzXzm-hn-jv°m-c-]-cw, Bh¿÷-\-]-cw, kuµ-cym-hn-jv°m-c-]-cw, kmaq-lnIw
F∂n-h-bmWv `mj-W-[¿Ω-ß-fpsS Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-Iƒ.
22. _rlvØmb tkmX-`m-jm-\n-L-a≠p, Zzn`m-jm-\n-L-≠p, ]cymb hn]-co-X-]-ZtImiw, sYkm-d-kv,
D®m-c-W-\n-L≠p, A]-i-_vZ-t_m-[-\n-\n, ]mtZ-inI i_vZ-t_m-[n\n F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃.
23. sXmgn-¬, I®-h-Sw, `c-Ww, tImSXn XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw hnhn[ hnh¿Ø-\-ta-J-e-Im-Wv.
Ch-bnse Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw `mjbv°v Ah-bp-tS-Xmb kmt¶-XnI khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v.
Hmtcm-∂nepw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnh¿Ø-I¿°v ]tXyI sshZ-Kv[yhpw AXn-\p-th≠ ]cn-io-e-\hpw
Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS t\m°p-tºmƒ hnh¿Ø\w Hcp Iui-e-am-sW∂v t_m≤y-am-Ipw.
24. tkmX-`m-j-bnse ]Z-Øn\v kam-\-amb ]Zw e£y-`m-j-bn¬ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bmsX hcnI ˛
]mkhpw Xmfhpw CuWhpw as‰mcp `mj-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ apZ-Ifpw ]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ßfpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v
hg-ßm-Xn-cn-°¬ t«jm¿∞-]-tbm-K-߃ hnh¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√m-Xm-Ip-∂Xv.
25. Ihn a\- ns‚ am¿§-߃ hnNn-X-ß-fm-Wv. hm°n\v At\Iw am¿§-ß-fp-≠v. Hcp Ihn°p
amXta Ch c≠p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign -bq. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ihn-Xm-hn -h¿Ø-I≥
Ihn-Iq-Sn-bm-I-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
26. 1. ]mTsØ˛Ir-Xn-sb- -H-∂n®p ImW-Ww. 2. aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ kwth-Z-\-aq-ey-sØbpw aqe-]m-T-Øns‚
A¿∞-sØbpw e£y-`m-j-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ km[n-°Ww. 3. aqe-]m-T-Ønse ÿe-˛-Im-e-˛-
]m-c-º-cy-L-S-I-߃ kwkvIm-c-_-≤-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w LS-\m-]-c-hp-am-bn-cn-°w. Ahsb
th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. 4. tkmX- m-j-bnse kmln-Xy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-\n-W-ßp∂ Hcp cq]-Øn¬
thWw e£y-`m-j-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥. 5. aqe-K-Ÿ-Im-c\v Xs‚ Ir-Xn-bpsS ]ta-bsØ
\n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Ign™ ]Imcw Xs∂ e£y-`m-j-bnepw `o£n-°-Ww.
27. sI.-]n. i¶-cs‚ "A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w'F∂ teJ-\-Øn≥\n∂v ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv
_jo-dns‚ "_mey-Ime kJn'sb°p-dn®v ]cm-am¿in-°p∂ mKw "sNdv°m' F∂ H‰ hnfn-bn¬
kplvd-bpsS hy‡Xzw apgp-h≥ HXp-°n-h-®n- p-≈-Xm-bmWvk D¬^p-√-am-hp-∂-Xm-bmWv tXm∂p-I.
Xpey-X-b-h-Im-i-s∏-S¬, aPo-Zns\ "sIm®m°n' AS-°n-\n¿Ø¬, Ipkr-Xn, `oj-Wn-˛-C-ßs\
amdn-amdn ]e `mh-Om-b-Ifpw AXn¬ Xpfp-ºn-sb-Øp-∂p.
28. ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø-\-tØ-°mƒ Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]mapJyw \¬I-Ww.
29. Iºyq-´-dns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ \n¿∆-ln-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnh¿Ø\amWv b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ \nL≠p
]cn-tim-[-\, tkmX-]m-T-Øns‚ A]-K-Y-\w, kzcq-]-hn-\n-a-bw, e£y-]m-T-Øns‚ hnhn[ L -߃.
30. k¿§m-flI IrXn-I-fnse ]e Awi-ßfpw hnh¿Ø\ £a-a-√. hnh¿Ø-\m-Xo-X-ambn \nev°p∂
Awi-߃ aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS \nkvXq-e-Xsb shfn-hm-°p-∂p. _jo-dns‚ t\mh-epIfpw Ahbv°v
B¿.-C. Bj¿ Xøm-dm-°nb hnh¿Ø-\-sØbpw ap≥\n¿Øn sI.-]n. i¶-c≥ C°mcyw ka¿∞n-°p-∂p.
31. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNtø-≠Xv Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \¬I-Ww.
57
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
SECOND SEMESTER B.A./B.Sc. (CCSS) DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2010Common Course
Code MA 2A 08 (1) -(Translation and Communication )- hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
Time: Three Hours Total Weightage: 30I F√m tNmZy-߃°pw DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv) 1/4
A icn-bmb DØcw sXc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-Xp-I.
1. ]Zy-hn-h¿Ø\w Akw-_-‘hpw Akw-`m-hy-hp-am-sW∂v ]d-™Xv:
(a) amXyp A¿tWmƒUv (b) sP.-kn. Im‰vt^m¿Uv
(c) hnIvS¿ lyqtKm (d) kmap-h¬ tPm¨k¨
2. b¥-Øn-epsS hnh¿Ø\w \S-Øm-sa∂v BZy-ambn ]kvXm-hn-®-Xv.
(a) kvan¿tWmhv tSmsP≥kn(b) hmd≥ hoh¿
(c) ssh.-_m¿ hns√¬ (d) bpPn≥ F \nU
3. Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ cNn® "ssIhn-f°v' GXp hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ IrXn-bmWv?
(a) hnh¿Ø\w (b) IhnX
(c) Bfl-IY (d) \ncq-]Ww
4. ""\mSy-]-[m\w \Kcw ZcnZw
\m´n≥]pdw \∑-I-fm¬ kar≤w''
˛ BcpsS hcn-Iƒ?
(a) ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿ (b) Ip‰n-∏p-dØv tIi-h≥ \mb¿
(c) B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω (d) Pn. i¶c Ipdp∏v
]qcn-∏n-°pI
5. e`yam-b-Xn¬h®v G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb hnh¿Ø\w ---- -˛-˛-˛-˛ F∂ inem-te-J-\-am-Wv.
6. GXp `mj-bn¬\n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂pthm B `mjsb ˛ -˛-˛ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
7. Imfn-Zm-ks‚ taL-k-tµiw ˛ -˛-˛-˛ F∂ t]cn-emWv Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xv.
8. "Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv C∂v' F∂ ]X-]w-‡n-I-fpsS apJy [¿Ωw ˛ -˛ BWv.
H‰-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
9. ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dns‚ IrXn-Iƒ Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX BwK-teb kmln-
Xy-Im-c≥ Bcv?
10. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w ]pgp-ßnb kvSms_-dn-∏gw t]mse Atcm-N-I-am-sW\v ]d-™Xv
BcmWv?
11. Amendment F∂ ]tZ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\ sNøp-I.
12. "hnh¿Ø\'F∂ KŸw cNn-®-Xmcv?
II Xmsg sImSp-Øn- p≈ tNmZy-߃°v Ht∂m ct≠m hmIy-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. shbn-td-dPv 1
13. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v sP.-kn. Im‰vt^m¿Uv \¬Ip∂ \n¿∆-N\w F¥mWv?
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
14. A\p-krjvSn (Transcreation) F∂m¬ F¥v?
15. Bi-b-cq-]m-¥-cWw (Adaptation) Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°p-I.
16. Too much of anything is good for nothing - kam-\-amb ae-bm-f-ssien Is≠-Øp-I.
17. “Kept left” F∂ ]c-ky-t_m¿Unse hmNIw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p X¿÷a sNøp-I.
18. tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvWs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn≥ hnh¿Ø-\sØ `Z-am-°p-∂Xv F¥mWv?
19. c≠n-s\-Xnsc aq∂p tKmfp-Iƒ°v C¥y ]mIn-ÿms\ tXmev]n®p ˛ Cw•o-jn-te°v samgn am‰p-I.
20. "tem°¬ If¿' F∂n ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w hnh£ F¥v?
21. ]Zm-\p-hm-Z-hn-h¿Ø\w F∂m¬ F¥v?
(9x1=9 weightate)III GsX-¶nepw A©p tNmZy-Øn\v Hmtcm Jfin-I-bn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw
(sh-bn-t‰Pv ) 2.
22. `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬ Iºyq-´¿ hnh¿Ø\w \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ ][m\ sshj-ay-߃
Fs¥√mw?
23. hnh¿Ø-I-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ ][m\ tbmKy-X-Iƒ Gh?
24. khn-cm-a-X¿÷a, Ahn-cm-a-X¿÷a Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-sa¥v?
25. ""Cß-s\-sbmcp `mj-W-X¥w "_mey-Im-e-kJn''' Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmbn \mw Hcp-]t£
i≤n-®n-cn-°n√'' GXp `mj-W-X¥w? hni-Z-am-°p-I.
26. ""kµn-Kv≤m¿∞-X-bmWv hnh¿Ø-Is\ hnj-an-∏n-°p∂ `mjm-]-c-amb as‰mcp sshjayw'' ˛
C°mcyw ka¿∞n-°p-∂-Xn\v teJ-I≥ \¬Ip∂ DZm-l-cWw hy‡-am-°p-I.
27. Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏ns‚ "KoXm-⁄en' hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ta∑-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
28. Cw•o-jn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.
Ipd®p amk-ß-ƒ°p apºv, ]gb Hcp t\m´p ]qkvX-I-Øn¬ Rm≥ Fs‚ Bfl-IY Fgp-Xp-hm≥
XpS-ßn, F√m a\p-jy¿°pw ]d-bp-hm≥ Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp Poh-N-cnXw ImWp-at√m?
F\n-°p-ant√ temI-tØmSv ]d-bp-hm≥ Aßs\ Nne Imcy-߃. Xo¿®mbpw D≠v.
(5x2=10 weigtage)IV Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ cs≠-Æ-Øn\v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. BZysØ c≠p
tNmZy-߃ D]-\ymk cq]-Øn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠-h-bm-Wv. Htcm-∂n-s‚bpw aqeyw (sh-bn-t‰-Pv- 4).
29. hnh¿Ø\w imkvXtam Ietbm? kzm`n-]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
30. IYm hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-t°≠ kao-]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hn.-Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym-cpsS
A`n-]m-b-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°p-I.
31. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I.
Globalisation has been on the move in our country for the past one and half decades. Open marketexpansion of import, public sector sales of shares, private sector co-operation and privatization arethe areas gaining strength in the present scenario. Although there have been a few back offs due tosome major resistance, in a deeper perspective neo-liberal policies are being strengthened and ex-panded
(2x4=8 weightage)
59
School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
Second Semester B.A. Degree Programme Examination,April 2010 (CCSS)
Common Course-8 Code:MA2A08(1)hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw
Answer SchemeI. A1. c. hnIvS¿ lyqtKm
2. a. kvan¿tWmhv tSmsP≥kvIn
3. d. \ncq-]Ww
4. b Ip‰n--∏p-dØp tIi-h≥ \mb¿
B5. tdmsk‰
6. tkmX `mj
7. taLNv-Omb
8. ktµi hn\n-abw
C9. B¿. C. hmj¿
10. lmcn Un t^mdÃv kvanØv
11. t`Z-KXn
12 tUm. F≥. C. hn-iz--\mY Aø¿
II.13. Hcp `mj-bnse ]mTy-h-kvXp-hn--s\ -a-s‰mcp `mj-bnse ]mTy-h-kvXp-sIm≠v BtZ-iw-sN-øp-I-
sb-∂-XmWvv hnh¿Ø-\w.
14. hmb-\-°m¿°v IrXn-X¿÷-a-bm-sW∂p tXm∂m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw kz¥w-`m-j-bn-se- au-enI
IrXn-sb∂ t]mse hmbn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-bp-I--bpw -sN-bvXm¬ hnh-¿Ø-\w -H-∂m-¥camsb∂p
]d-bmw. AØ-c-Øn-ep-≈-hn-h¿Ø-\sØ A\p-krjvSn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
15. tkmX-`m-j-bnse IY-bpw- a‰pw e£y`m-j-bn-te°p hnh¿Ø-\w-sN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
tZi-]m-X-hm-Zn-I-fpsS \ma-cq-]-ß-fpw a‰pw e£y- m-jm-\p-kr-X-ambn hnh-¿-Ø\w sNøp-∂-co-Xn-°mWv
Bib cq]m-¥-cWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
16. A[n-I-am-bm¬ AarXw hnjw
17. kq£n-°p-I, CS-Xp-hiw tN¿∂p-t]m-hpI
18. aqe-- m-jm-I-hnbpw e£y- m-jm-I-hnbpw XΩnepw Nßm-Ø-hpw- k-lm-\p-- qXn \nd™ kwhmZhpw
hnh¿Ø-\sØ `Z-am-°p-∂-Xv.
19. India defeated Pakistan by there goals again two20. Hcp tZi-Øns‚ kwkvIm-cn-I- ss]-Xr-IsØbmWv "tem°¬ If¿' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
21. aqe-`m-j-bnse ]Z-ß-fp-sS -A-`n-[m¿∞w AXp-t]mse hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-XmWv ]Zm-\p-]-Z-
hn-h¿Ø-\w.
III22. 1. Iao-IrX hymI-c-W-Øns‚ A`m-hw, 2. kmt¶-XnI ]Z \nL-≠p-°ƒ, ]cn--- mjm \nL-≠p-°ƒ
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
F∂n-h-bpsS A`m-hw, am\I km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ß-fp-sS- A-`m-hw.
23. 1. hnh¿ØI\p aqe-`m-j-bnepw e£y-`m-j-bnepw ]mfiyXyw thaw. 2. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p
hnt[-b-am-Ip-\\ hnj-b-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-I\p \√ Ah-Kmlw thWw. 3. k#m-lnXy hnj-b-amWv
hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-sX-¶n¬ km-ln-Xym-`n-cpNn thWw. 4.-\n-L--≠p-°ƒ, klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
F∂nh ssIhiw D≠m-I-Ww.
24. ]kw-K-]-cn-`m-j-bp-am-bn --_-‘-s∏´ c≠v kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-߃˛ tkmX `mj-bn¬ ]-kw-Kn-°p-∂-
Bƒ- C-S-°n-S°p ]kw-Kw- \n¿Øp-Ibpw]cn-`m-j-I\v e£y `mj-bn-te-°v X¿÷a sNøm\pw
A-h-k-c-ap≠mIpIbpw sNøp-∂-XmWv khn-cm-a-X¿÷-a. t\sc adn-®v, ]kwKw ]q¿Æ-ambn
Xo¿∂-Xn-\p-tijw \S-Øp∂ X¿÷-a-bmWv Ahn-cm-a-X¿-÷-a.
25 sI. ]n. K-tW--is‚ "A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w' F∂-te-J-\-Øn¬\n∂v ˛"sN-dv°≥', "s]Æv'
˛c≠pw kmam-\y-am-bn ]Y-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬ ]-cm-a¿Ønt\m hnh-c-WØnt\m Hs°- D-X-Ip∂ ]Z-ß-fm-Wv.
Ch-sb- E-Pp-hmbn a[y-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬ kw-t_m-[\F∂ \nh°v am‰n-D-]-tbm-Kn--®-cn-°p-I-bmWv _jo¿.
"_mey-Ime kJn' Dƒs°m-≈p-∂ `mjmX\vXw CXm-Wv.
26. hn. B¿ ]t_m-[-N-µs-s‚ "-hn-h¿Ø-\-£-aX' F∂ temJ-\-Øn¬\n∂v ˛ Time flies like anarrow F∂ hmIyw-]-e¿ ]-e-X-c-Øn¬ X¿÷a sNbvX-Xm-Wv. "aqe-]m--T-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip-∂ -
`m-jm-]-c-amb sshj-ay-Øn-\p DZm-l-c-W-ambn teJ-I≥ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.
27. ae-bm-f-Ønse anÃnI Ihn-bmWv Pn. i¶-c-Ip-dp-∏v. "Ko-Xm-⁄en' bnse an-ÃnIv kz`mhw Pnsb
BI¿jn-®n- p-≠m-I-Ww. "Ko-Xm-⁄e-n' bn¬ ]Xn_nw_n-°p∂ ]im¥ Kw`o-c-\pw -]pWymZ¿i-\p-amb
D∂-Xm-flm-hns\ Xs‚ lrZ-b-e-j-I-Øn-em-hp-∂n--S-tØmfw Dƒs°m-≈m≥Pn. ian-®n-´p-≠v.
hnP-bn-®n- p-≠v.
28. ]Zm-\p-]-Z -hn-h¿Ø\tØ°mƒ -B-i-b-hn-h¿Ø\Øn\p ]map-Jyw- \¬I-Ww.
IV29. hnh¿Ø\w imkvX-am-sW∂p hmZn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS- A- n-]mb߃ im-kvX-Øns‚ \n¿∆-N-\-߃˛
Ah--sb-√mw- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p tNcp-∂ Cu hm-Zw- -hn-h¿Ø\w Ie-bm-sW-∂p- hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS-
A- n-]mbw˛ hnh¿-Ø-\-Øn¬ Bkzm-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ ]m[m-\yw˛ at\m[-¿ΩØn\pw ]Xn- -bv°p≈
]k‡n c≠p hnh¿-Ø-I-cpsS hnh¿Ø-\-߃ Hcp t]mse-bm-bn√ F∂- A-`n-]m-bw˛
kzm`n-]mbw tc-J-s∏-Sp-ج.
30. IY-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏v e£y- m-j-bnse hmb-\-°m-cpsS A- n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn-®v aqe-I-Ym-Im-c-\n¬
\n∂p A\p-hmZw hmßn-°¬˛ Bi-bm-\p-hm-Z-tØm--sSm∏w ]Zm-\p-]Z X¿-÷-a-bp--am-Imw.
IY-bp-sS-io¿jIw aqe-I-Y-bn-te-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv \-evI-Xv.
31. ae-bm-f-Øn--te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNtø-≠-Xv.- ]-Zm-\p-]-Z -X¿-÷-a-tb-°mƒ- B-ib hnhn¿-Ø-\-Øn\v
]-tXy-I- ]-cn-K-W-\ -\¬I-Ww.
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
UNIT-12MODEL -ASSIGNMENT
Cw•ojv kn\n-abv°v ae-bmf k_vssS‰n-ep-Iƒ \¬IpI
1. The thing : Hcp km[\w
2. The help : Hcp klmbw
3. Remembrence : Fs∂ Hm¿-°Ww
4. Fright Night : `b-ap≈ cmXn
5. New years eve : ]p-Xp-h-’-c-cmXn
6. War Horse : bp≤ IpXnc
7. Midnight in Paris : ]mco-kn¬ Hcp A¿≤-cmXn
8. In the land og blood and honek : tX-\n-s‚bpw c‡-Øn-s‚bpw ]tZ-i-Øn¬
9. The thing : Sn-ßn-s‚- km-l-kn-IX
10. The luck one : `mKyw- \n-d™ Hcmƒ
11. Bad Teacher : hrØn-sI´ A≤ym-]nI
12. The Last song : Hcp Ah-km\ Km\w
13. Dont be afraid of the Dark : Ccp´n-s\ -`-b-s∏-S---cpXv
Love and Sex : t]ahpw Im-ahpw
An unexpected journey : ]Xo--£n-°mØ Zqc-bmX
SouthPark:Bigger,Longer and uncut : sX°v DZym-\w, hep-Xv, \of-ap≈ apdn-°m-\m-
hmØXv
The iron Lady : Ccp-ºv kXo
The hangroves- part II : aZy-®-S-hv˛ `mKw IILove and Sex : t]ahpw Im-ahpw
30 minutes : ap∏Xv an\n´v
www.xxx.com. : Uªyq Uªyq FIvkv FIvkv FIvkv tImw.
Miracle on 34 th streeet : 34-˛masØ sXcp-hnse A¤pX kw`hw
Little girl blue : sNdnb s]¨Ip´n \oe-bmWv
Horrible Bosses : `bm-\-I-amb tae-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ
Mc. Lintok : Fw.kn . entt‚m°v
The sitter : NnX-sa-Sp-∏m-\n-cn-°p-∂-h¿
Prono film : A«oe NnXw.
Passin Boots : ]mZ-c-Nn-bn¬ ]q®
Brides maides : h[p-hns‚ IqsS-hn-hml thf-bn¬h¿Øn-°p-∂-
I-\y-I-Iƒ
His girl Friday : Ahƒ sh≈n-bm-gvN-bn-se- s]¨Ip´n
Airport : hnam-\-Øm-hfw
Dolphin Tale : tUmƒ^ns‚ IY
DateNight : cmXn XnbXn
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School of Distance Education
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
The dirty girls : hr--Øn-sI´ s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ
Imortals : ac-W-an-√m-Ø-h≥
Jack and Jill : Pm-°pw -Pn√pw
Shame : \mWw
Live Nude girls : \·-ambn Pohn-°p∂ s]¨
Its a wonderful night : CsXmcp A¤p-X-I-c-am-b- Po-hn-X-amWv
Precious : hne-∏n-Sn-∏p≈
E.T. The extra Teretial : C.-Sn. A[n-I-ambn qansb kw_-‘n® Imcy-߃
It happened oneNight : CXv Hcp -cm-Xn-bn-emWv kw`n-®Xv
The lady Eve : k‘y-bnse kvXo
The crowd : P\-°q´w
The God father : ssZh-am-Ip∂ A—≥
Greed : hnj∏v
Sunrise : kqtcym-Zbw
Hugo : Bt«-jn-°pI
The Descendants : ]n≥Kman
The change up : samØ-Øn-ep-≈ -am¿§w
extreme ecstacy : Atß-b-‰-ap≈ ]c-am-\µw
Happy feel two : c≠v kt¥m-j-ap≈ Im¬∏Sw
Changeling : N]-e-Nn-Ø≥
The social net work : kmaq-lnI he-sI-´m¬
Colombiana : sImfw-_n-bm\
Para normal activity 3 : km[m-cW JfinI ]h¿Ø-\w- aq∂v
Spiderman : Nne¥n a\pjy≥
Italian job : C‰-en-bnse ]Wn
Who Am I : Rm\m-cmWv
True lie : kXy-am-bpw- \pW
Commandoo : Iam≥Uyq
Death Race : ac-W-Ifn
Indiana Jones : C¥y-bnse tPm¨