COMMITTEE SPEECH ON 9 - PNJ
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Transcript of COMMITTEE SPEECH ON 9 - PNJ
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COMMITTEE SPEECH ON 9TH ASAIS 2020 Assalamualaikum Warrahmatullahi Wabarakatuh...
Good Morning All distinguished speakers and participants…
Welcome to the 9th Annual South East Asian International Seminar 2020. Due to this
COVID-19 pandemic, this year, this seminar will be conducted online. The theme of today’s
seminar is The Role of Vocational Education in Embracing and Recovering Business and
Industry in the Era of New Normal. On this great moment I would like to say very warm
welcome to Director of PNJ, Mr. Dr. Zainal Nur Arifin, all the keynote speakers; Prof Dr.
Ujang Sumarwan from Human Ecology Faculty of IPB University, Prof. Dr. Irwandi Jaswir
from International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), and Mrs/Miss. Verica Rupar, Chair
of the World Journalism Council from New Zealand.
I would also like to welcome all the participants to this seminar today. Thank you very
much for all support from all representatives of Polytechnics all over Indonesia and overseas.
Thank you all committee members, and also Mr. Iwan Sutanto, PhD as Head of Center of
Research and Public Services of Politeknik Negeri Jakarta and his all staffs, and then also
presenters who attend this seminar today.
I hope we can gradually improve the quality of this seminar. Looking forward to this
pandemic will end soon. Enjoy this seminar.
Politeknik Negeri Jakarta-Depok, October 20, 2020
Putera Agung Maha Agung, Ph.D
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SPEECH FROM DIRECTOR OF POLITEKNIK NEGERI
JAKARTA
Good morning…
Assalamualaikum Wr Wb.
Salam Sejahtera untuk kita semua..
Om swatyastu…
Namo budaya, Salam Kebajikan….
Ladies and Gentlemen….
First of all, I would like to say welcome to all the keynote speakers; Prof Dr. Ujang
Sumarwan from Human Ecology Faculty of IPB University, Prof. Dr. Irwandi Jaswir from
International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), and Ms. Verica Rupar, Chair of the World
Journalism Council from New Zealand. I also thank to the Head of Centre of Research and
Public Services, Iwan Sutanto, PhD and Staff, and executive committee led by the Putera
Agung Maha Agung, PhD which has been trying to organize the 9th Annual South East Asian
International Seminar 2020.
Welcome to the 9th Annual South East Asian International Seminar 2020. Due to this
COVID-19 pandemic, this year, this seminar will be conducting online. The theme of today’s
seminar is The Role of Vocational Education in Embracing and Recovering Business and
Industry in the Era of New Normal.
I would also like to welcome all the participants to this seminar today. Thank you very much
for all support from all representatives of Polytechnics all over Indonesia and overseas. Finally,
I officially open the 9th Annual South East Asian International Seminar 2020. Thank
you.Wassalam Wr Wb.
Director of Politeknik Negeri Jakarta
Dr. SC. Zaenal Nur Arifin Dipl. Ing HTL, MT.
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BOARDS OF COMMITTEE
Advisors : Director of Politeknik Negeri Jakarta
Assistant Director I of Politeknik Negeri Jakarta
Unit in charge : Chair of UP2M
Chairman
Vice Chairman
Secretary
Treasurer
:
:
:
:
:
Putera Agung Maha Agung, Ph.D
Dr. Zulkarnain, ST., M.Eng.
Darna, SE., M.Si.
Dr. Nining Latianingsih, SH,. MH.
Nurmalisna, SH.
Shita Fitria N., ST., MT.
Paper Section
Team : Anis Rosyidah, SST., MT.
Event Section
:
:
:
Prihatin Oktivasari, SSi., M.Si.
Muchlishah, ST., MT.
Devi Handaya, S.Pd., MT.
Coordinator
:
:
Dr. Dra. Iis Mariam, M.Si.
Dr. Sylvia Rozza, SE., MM.
Sponsorship
Coordinators : Andreas Rudi Hermawan, ST., MT.
MRR. Tiyas Maheni DK., SH., MH.
Publication and Documentation Section
Coordinators : Hata Maulana, SSi., MSi.
Ach. Bachrul Muchtasib, SE., M.Si.
Secretariate
:
Bayu Pratama, ST.
Dra. Minto Rahayu, M.Si.
Sugianto, Amd.
Unit Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (UP2M)
Gedung Q, Lantai 2,
Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, Kampus Baru UI Depok,
Tlp. 021 7270036 ext 236,
website: http://asais-pnj.org/
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMITTEE SPEECH ON 9TH ASAIS 2020 ................................................................................................ i
SPEECH FROM DIRECTOR OF POLITEKNIK NEGERI JAKARTA ........................................................ ii
BOARDS OF COMMITTEE ......................................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF PAPER ............................................................................................................................................. v
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LIST OF PAPER
NO TITLE AUTHOR PAGE
1 Translation on Research Technical Terminology
Nur Hasyim1, Ade Sukma Mulya1 and Sri Wahyono1
1-7
2
Accountability of Villages Fund Management: Competencies on Performance of Village Government Officials, Transparency, and Public Participation
Nazar. N. Shinta1, Wulandari Rosita1, Syafrizal1, and Lestari Ayu1
9-15
3 The Meaning of Words in The Building Structures Field : A Case Study of Comparing Conceptual Meanings with Lexical Meanings
Linda Sari Wulandari1 and Erlyn Rosalina2
17-21
4 Analysis of The Impact Of Covid -19 on Seven Stock Markets Volatility In The World
Husnil Barry1 23-26
5
The Community Empowerment Kampung Pulo Geulis, Babakan Pasar, Bogor City Through Coaching and Developing Savings and Loan Business Unit and Small and Medium Entreprises (UMKM) in Covid – 19 Pandemic
Rodiana Listiawati1, Hastuti Redyanita1, Jhonny Marbun1, and Atyanto Mahatmyo1
27-31
6 Development of a Micro Hydro Power Plant Model With a Low Head Cross Flow Turbine
Gun Gun R Gunadi1,2, Candra Damis Widiawaty1,2, Jusafwar1, Machfud Priyo Utomo1, Ramdana Ajie Satria1, Muhammad Raihan Abimanyu1, Fachruddin1, Adi Syuriadi1, and Rosidi1
33-38
7 Volatility of Three World Stock Markets During The 2017-2019 Presidential Election
Syamsurizal1 and Husnil Barry2 39-43
8 Harmonic Distortion and Effects on The Performance of Transformer Power Distribution 20 Kv / 400v
Raden Nursjamsu1, Tossin Alamsyah2 and Kusandi2
45-51
9
An Overview of Computer Hard Skills Requirements for Finance and Banking Applied Study Programs, State Polytechnic of Jakarta
Rahmanita Vidyasari1 and Rodiana Listiawati2
53-57
10 Monitoring and Evaluation of Village Funds in Fulfilling The Principles of Management Village Funds and Accountability
Titi Suhartati1, Nedsal Sixpria2 and Sabar Warsini3
59-62
11 Literation and Perception as Determinants Decision to Choose Sharia Banking Products
Darna1 and Fanny Damayanti1 63-68
12 Drowsiness Classification Using Microsleep Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Sulis Setiowati1 and Mohammad Hiro2
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Translation on Research Technical Terminology
Nur Hasyim1, Ade Sukma Mulya1 and Sri Wahyono1
1Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, Kampus Baru UI Depok
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: research terminology, translation techniques.
Abstract: Translating research terminology is an area of interest because it has numerous cultural fixed expressions
academically and scientifically that challenge the translator in conveying the intended message to target
readers. This study investigates the translation terms, as well as the translation techniques accommodated to
translate them, for the book entitled Qualitative Data Analysis by Miles and Huberman and its translation in
bahasa Indonesia. Relying on content analysis design and a qualitative approach, this study analyzed 96 terms
as data obtained from the the book. There are 67 terms in phrase and 29 terms in word forms. The data was
analyzed using domain, taxonomy, componential, and thematic analysis, as well as through an evaluation by
experts in a focus group discussion. When translating those terms, translators tend to employ the established
equivalent, borrowing and amplification, while the use of those techniques tend to produce the best
translations which can be drawn that the translation score is 2.9.
1 INTRODUCTION
This paper looks at how translation techniques are used to transfer the nuances and sense of research terminologies from English into Indonesian and evaluate how this cultural transfer is appropriately defined in the target language (TL). Miles and Huberman on Qualitative Data Analysis book is the authoritative text book for analyzing and displaying qualitative research data—are examined for their translation quality to demonstrate the problems that exists in translating certain research terminologies in (SL) contexts of the original book into the TL (Indonesia) versions of the book. This book is a wonderful, valuable and truly important contribution to the field of qualitative research. Miles and Huberman have updated, innovated and altogether advanced the insights. This book is broadly used by many researcher to amplify the value of scientific work. This book is even more usable, applicable and inspiring to researchers concerned with engaging in rigorous, reflective, systematic and reliable empirical research. This book adds great value to the field of qualitative research.
Recently, science and technology have developed
rapidly in line with the times. To face this condition
to be more effective, efficient, and 'affordable', one of
the ways is to translate foreign books from outside.
Indonesia as a developing country still needs to adopt
science and technology from the outside as an effort
to educate the nation's life in accordance with the
mandate of the opening of the 1945 Constitution. It is
important to do to increase prosperous and
intellectual of the nation. Therefore, the translation of
science and technology books in Indonesia is
fundemantally needed and developed.
Some experts see that the translation of scientific
books should be encouraged. Nababan (1997), for
example, argues that translation efforts are carried out
in the field of knowledge and technology due to
several reasons. First, as a developing country,
Indonesia wants to increase its progress in the field of
science and technology by translating books on a
large scale. Second, most of the books are written in
foreign languages, especially English while the
consumers of science and technology mostly find it
difficult to understand a good understanding of the
source language. Third, the ability of academicians to
write original works in both fields is limited. This can
be seen from the rooms of science and technology
books written in Indonesian in Indonesian libraries
which correlates with the third reason.
A problem has emerged, however, from the
perspective of translation studies, namely the
translation of research terminology. The problem of
culturally scientific and academic text in a translation
is known to be challenging for a translator, because
they need to transfer the true intention contained in
the SL into the TL which is contextually acceptable
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and reliable in research atmosphere. Nababan (2008)
states that a translator’s cultural knowledge plays an
important role in producing an appropriate translation
text. The translator can transfer the original message
from the SL into the TL and represent the culture of
the source text. This can be problematic, however,
because cultural terms do not always have a direct
equivalent in other cultures, so translators sometimes
fail to formulate corresponding cultural terms in the
target language. Cultural terms here means terms in
research field especially.
The research topic regarding the analysis of the
translation of technical research terms from English
to Indonesian: a case study of the book Qualitative
Data Analysis by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael
Huberman is also deemed necessary to be researched
because based on preliminary study, it is known that
this topic has never been researched. However, there
have been a number of studies that have discussed
translation techniques and translation quality.
Studies on translation of ‘cultural terms’ have
been carried out by several researchers. Anshori
(2010) has conducted research on the techniques,
methods, and ideology of translating economic
concepts of Ibn Taimiyah into Indonesian and its
impact on translation quality (UNS thesis). Silalahi
(2009) conducted research on the impact of
translation techniques, methods, and ideologies on
the quality of translation of medical-surgical nursing
texts in Indonesian. Ardi (2010) has conducted a
study about analysis of translation techniques and
translation quality of Asal Usul Elite Minangkabau
Modern Origin Book: Responses to Dutch Colonial
Abad XIX / XX. Sari, Refnaldi, and Ardi (2013) have
conducted a study about translation techniques and
translation accuracy of english translated text of
tourism brochure in tanah datar regency. Meanwhile,
Aisiyah (2014) has conducted a study on translation
of technical mechanics terms from English to
Indonesian: Case Studies of Chu-Kia Wang's
Statically Indeterminate Structures Textbook and
Herman Widodo Soemitro's Uncertain Static
Structure Textbook. Brata (2011) has also conducted
research on the domestication ideology of Bible
translation: English-Balinese.
Generally, the results of those researches include
stated there are top nine translation techniques which
are applied, namely literal techniques, established
equivalent, pure borrowing, natural borrowing,
calque, transposition, modulation, omission, and
addition. Second, based on the frequency in using
translation technique, literal techniques at first rank,
followed by established equivalent, pure borrowing,
natural borrowing, transposition, calque , modulation,
omitting/ deletion, and addition techniques. Third,
theoretically, literal techniques, pure borrowing,
natural borrowing, and calque techniques are oriented
to the source language, while transposition,
modulation, omission, and addition techniques are
oriented towards the target language.
By paying attention to the explanation in the
previous studies above, it can be said that the research
topic regarding the analysis of the translation of
technical research terms from English to Indonesian:
a case study of the book Qualitative Data Analysis by
Matthew B. Miles and A. Michel Huberman is
unknown and has never been studied. From those
initial observations, it seems it would be significant
and interesting to identify various types of technical-
fixed research terms in sourcebook and see which
techniques were used by the translators to convey the
meaning of those expressions in the target language.
A culture, in this case technical research terms
translation depends on the translator competencies to
understand the culture and appropriate atmosphere of
the text being translated, and some techniques may
not be suitable if the nuances and senses of the
original text are not well understood.
To be able to investigate this problem, the theory
of translation techniques is used as presented by
Molina and Albir (2002) and the theory of the
assessment of translation quality as presented by
Nababan, Nuraeni, and Sumardiono (2012). Based on
the explanation above, the researcher needs to make
limitation in order to focusing the discussion to be
more comprehensive. Drawing on the above
mentioned technical-terms translation problems, this
study intends to identify how the translators of the
sourcebook solved the problem of translating fixed
expressions from English into Indonesian. This study
asks the following research questions to guide the
research process:
1) What kinds of technical research terminology
from the book Qualitative Data Analysis by
Matthew B. Miles and A. Michel Huberman
perform appropriate meaning translation?
2) What techniques are used by the translators of
the book Qualitative Data Analysis by Matthew
B. Miles and A. Michel Huberman to translate
technical research term meanings?
3) How is the translation quality of translating
technical research term at the book Qualitative
Data Analysis by Matthew B. Miles and A.
Michel Huberman?
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Translation Techniques
Translation technique is the process which oriented to
the translation result after the translator analyzes and
classifies the linguistic units. In other words,
translation technique can be said as realization of
making decision process and the result can be seen in
translation quality. There are 18 translation technique
adapted from Molina and Albir (2002). The
translation techniques are: 1) adaptation; 2)
amplification; 3) borrowing; 4) calque; 5)
compensation; 6) description; 7) linguistic
amplification; 8) substitution; 9) established
equivalent: 10) variation; 11) transposition; 12)
modulation; 13) generalization; 14) particularization;
15) discursive creation; 16) reduction; 17) linguistic
compression; and 18) literal translation. Translation
techniques are not good or bad or wrong in
themselves, however they affect the result of the
translation (Molina & Hurtado Albir, 2002, p. 509).
In addition, they propose five characteristics of a
technique: 1) it affects the translation text, 2) it is
classified by comparing the source and target texts, 3)
it influences the micro-unit of a text, 4) it is discursive
and contextual, and 5) it is functional. Besides,
(Machali, 2009) states that there are two important
things when dealing with the term technique: 1)
techniques are practical, and 2) they are applied for a
particular task. A technique covers all the practical
tasks and can be developed through some training.
Translation techniques mostly encompass practical
steps and problem solving.
Each translation technique which is used, it will
give the impact toward the translation quality. The
translation technique can be seen from three aspects.
There are accuracy, acceptability, and readability
(Nababan, 2012). Accuracy means the text in source
text must be transferred accurately. Acceptability
means the translation must be transferred in line
culturally and grammatically into target text. Further,
the readability means the degree of readable, it means
that the translation result as possible as to understand
easily into target text by target readers.
2.2 The Notion of Terms and Its Forms
The term of a word or the meaning of a combination
of words expresses a concept, process, state, or
characteristic that is unique in a particular field
(General Guidelines for the Formation of Terms,
1993: 11), while technical is based on techniques;
technically (Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI),
2008; 1422). Research is an activity that is carried out
in a planned, systematic manner, and uses theory
(Arikunto, 1992: 12). Thus, it can be summarized that
a technical term is a word or combination of words
used for research purposes.
Specifically, research technical terms when
grouped into linguistic unit, most likely, are word
categorized into word and phrases / groups of words
(phrases). This is the first assumption that as said in
the beginning of this section, stated the term can be a
word or phrase which express concept, process, state
and characteristic in a particular field. To support this,
there are several experts who defined the forms of
linguistic unit. Chaer (2012: 162-169) states that a
word is a form that has a stable phonological structure
and does not change and has the possibility of
mobility into the sentence; sentence is a language unit
which has one meaning; a word is a row of letters
enclosed by two spaces and has one meaning.
According to Chaer, words can be grouped into (i)
nouns, (ii) verbs, (iii) adjectives, (iv) prepositions, (v)
conjunctions, (vi) adverbs, (vii) pronouns. Nouns are
words that represent objects or things that are bent;
examples are the words students, universities, and
lecturers. Verbs are words that express action or
process or behavior; examples are the words read,
speak, say, think, etc. Adjectives are words that can
be distributed behind the very word, or can fill the
very construction, examples comprehensive,
informative, academical, rich, smart, and kind. A
conjunction is a word in charge or functions to
connect a word with a word, or part of a sentence with
one another; examples are the word though, if, and
that. Adverb is a word which gives an explanation to
a verb, or adjective; examples are the words very,
more. A pronoun is a word used to replace people or
things; examples are the words he, she, and you.
Kridalaksana (2014: 30) also conveyed the
categorization of words which he called word classes.
According to him, words can be categorized into (i)
verbs, (ii) adjectives, (iii) nouns, (iv) pronouns, (v)
numerals, (vi) adverbs, (vii) interjections, (viii)
demostratives, (ix) articles, (x) prepositions, (xi)
conjunctions, (xii) phatics, and (xiii) interjections.
3 METHOD
3.1 Research Design
The present study used a case study applying
descriptive-qualitative approach on translation study
focusing on translation product. The study tried to
describing how the original English version of
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technical research terms translated into Indonesia,
identifying translation techniques applied, evaluating
the quality of translation. This study used in the book
entitled the book Qualitative Data Analysis by
Matthew B. Miles and A. Michel Huberman (1984)
and its translation entitled Analisis Data Kualitatif by
Tjetjep Rohendi Rohidi (1992). The data were the
nouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjective in root form and
its translation. In the other words, the unit linguistics
is in micro level related to the translation technique
choosen (Molina & Hurtado Albir, 2002). The first
segment to present in the results is the unit of
translation, in this case is word level.
The current view to validate the data in this
research is using method and source triangulation.
Triangulation, using several forms of data collection
to study a single phenomenon, is another method for
increasing validity. By collecting data from several
sources, each individual data point was strengthened
(Creswell, 2009). Method triangulation was the
triangulation technique related with the technique of
collecting credible data. It can be done by using
various methods in collecting data by: 1) content
analysis, 2) questionnaire, and 3) in-depth interview
in this case is focus on group discussion (FGD) to
classify the linguistic data (technical research term)
and the translation data (translation technique and
translation quality). In questionnaire used the
assessment by Nababan et al (2012), that the highest
weighted score of accuracy (3) is related to the basic
concept of the translation process as a message
transfer process (accuracy) from the source language
text to the target language. The medium weighted
score of acceptability (2) determination is based on
the idea that the aspect of acceptabilities directly
related to the suitability and its accordance of the
translation with the rules, norms and culture that
apply in the target language. In certain cases, the
aspect of acceptability affects the aspect of accuracy,
since a translation that is not acceptable will also not
be accurate. The lowest weighted score given to the
readability aspect is related to the notion that the
translation problem is not directly related to the
problem whether the translation is easily understood
or not by the target reader. However, because the
target readers generally do not have access to the
source language text, they really hope that they can
understand the translation easily.
Meanwhile the source triangulation was providing
credible data by using various sources of data such as:
1) the source book entitled the book Qualitative Data
Analysis by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michel
Huberman (1984), 2) the target text (its translation)
entitled Analisis Data Kualitatif by Tjetjep Rohendi
Rohidi (1992).; and 3) validators (raters).
In the translation data, the research used the
translation technique theory by Molina and Albir
(2002) and in assessing the translation quality used in
qualitative parameter by Nababan et al (2012). The
data source in the research was the document of book
entitled Working with Emotional Intelligence by
Daniel Goleman. After the data collected, it was
analyzed by qualitative data analysis which included:
(1) domain analysis, (2) taxonomic analysis, (3)
compound analysis, (4) cultural themes analysis.
(Spradley, 1980)
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Forms of Technical Research Terms
After reading and classifying the original book
(Qualitative Data Analysis) found 96 terms of
research techniques. After the 96 terms are
categorized based on their shape, it is known that 29
terms in word form and 67 terms in phrase form. It
can be drawn in te following table:
Table 1: Linguistic unit found in technical research terms.
No Unit Freq. Percentage (%)
1 Word 29 30.2 %
2 Phrase 67 69.07 %
Total 96 100 %
While, from 29 technical terms in words, found 17
technical research terms categorized as nouns, 8
technical research terms categorized as verbs, 3
technical research terms categorized as adjectives,
and 1 technical research term categorized as adverbs.
It can be drawn in the following table:
Table 2: Word class of technical research terms in word.
No Word Class Freq. Percentage (%)
1 Noun 17 58.62 %
2 Adjective 8 27.58 %
3 Verb 3 10.34 %
4 Adverb 1 3.44 %
Total 67 100 %
Meanwhile, from 67 research technique terms in
phrases, found 56 terms of research techniques are
categorized as nominal phrases, 10 research terms
categorized as verbal phrases, and 1 research
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technique term categorized as adjective phrases. It
can be drawn in the following table:
Table 3: Kinds of phrase of technical research terms in
phrase.
No Word Class Freq. Percentage (%)
1 Noun phrase 56 83.58 %
2 Verbal phrase 10 14.92 %
3 Adjective phrase 1 1.49 %
Total 67 100 %
4.2 Translation Techniques
Based on the analysis, There are 96 terms of research
techniques in translating the terms from English to
Indonesian which accommodate 137 translation
techniques. Those techniques can be distributed as
follows: established equivalent are 73 data (53%),
borrowing are 57 data (42%), amplification are 2 data
(1%), reduction are 3 data (2%), and generalization
are 2 (1%). It can be drawn in the following table:
Table 4: Kinds of translating techniques used (word and
phrase).
No Technique Freq. Percentage (%)
1 Established
equivalent
73 53 %
2 Borrowing 57 42 %
3 Amplification 2 1 %
4 Reduction 3 2 %
5 Generalization 2 1 %
Total 67 100 %
Here are the table which drawn the distribution of all translation data in all forms. It can be drawn in the
following table:
Table 5: The data distribution of translation technique and forms of linguistic data.
Translation
technique Nominal Verbal Adjektival Adverbial
Nomimal
Phrase
Verb
Phrase
Adjective
Phrase Jumlah
Established
equivalent 13 3 1 1 46 8 1 73
Borrowing 7 3 3 1 39 4 57
Amplification 1 1 2
Reduction 3 3
Generalization 1 1 2
20 8 4 2 89 13 1 137
Based on Table 5 above, several points can be
seen that :
a) the most widely used translation techniques to
translate technical research terms in the form
of nouns, nominal phrases, and verbal phrases
are established equivalent;
b) the translation technique most widely used to
translate technical research terms in the form
of adjectives is borrowing;
c) he translation techniques that are most widely
used to translate technical research terms in the
form of verbs and adverbs are established
equivalent and borrowing;
d) the translation techniques that are most widely
used to translate technical research terms in the
form of adjective phrases are established
equivalent and borrowing.
5 CONCLUSION
By paying attention to the description of the data,
several points that can be known are as follows:
1. The technical terms of research in the
Qualitative Data Analysis book are in words
and phrases. There are found 96 data of
research technical terms, 67 terms are in the
form of phrases and 29 terms are in the form of
words. Research technical terms in the form of
words categorized as nouns, verbs, adjectives,
and adverbs. Meanwhile the form of phrases
are categorized as noun phrases, verb phrases,
and adjective phrases. Based on overall data,
the most number of phrase is nominal phrases,
56 data (58% of all data).
2. The translation techniques used in the
translation of the Qualitative Data Analysis
book into the Qualitative Data Analysis book
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are (i) established equivalent, (ii) borrowing
techniques, (iii) amplification techniques, (iv)
reduction techniques, and (v) generalization
techniques. There are top five techniques
which are used in translating the data. They are
the established equivalent and borrowing.
3. The degree of accuracy of the translation of
technical research terms is "close to accurate";
the accuracy score is 2.91. From 96 data, 89
data are accurate, 6 data are less accurate, and
only 1 data is inaccurate.
4. The level of acceptability of the translation is
"close to acceptable"; the acceptability score is
2.94 (maximum score is 3); From 96 data, 89
data are acceptable, 7 data are less acceptable,
and no unacceptable translation.
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8
9
Accountability of Villages Fund Management Competencies on Performance of Village Government Officials, Transparency,
and Public Participation
Nazar. N. Shinta1, Wulandari Rosita1, Syafrizal1, and Lestari Ayu1 1Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Pamulang, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia
Keywords: Accountability of Village Fund Management, Competencies on Performance of Village Government
Officials, Transparency, Public Participation.
Abstract: This study analyzed the accountability of villages fund management in kecamatan Tigaraksa, Banten
Province, in particular, it focuses the effect of competencies on performance of village government officials,
transparency and public participation to accountability of village fund management and find the obstacles to
its implementation. Results show Competencies on Performance of village government officials have effect
negative and significant, contrary to Transparency have positive and significant, but Public Participation have
positive and not significant. Based on the result, competencies of performance of village government still low,
villagers knows about village funds in Kecamatan Tigaraksa because they all get the benefit from village
fund, and they only follow the instructions.
1 INTRODUCTION
Indonesia as a country built on and from the village,
the village has extraordinary local nobility and
wisdom. The village is the pioneer of a democratic
system that is fully autonomous and sovereign. UU
no. 6 of 2014 concerning villages mandates the
government to allocate village funds to every
administrative village in Indonesia with a minimum
amount of 10 percent from and outside the regional
transfer funds that are given in stages. The village
fund allocation that is channeled by the government
to villages is certainly expected to be able to help
village development (Riskasari, 2016).
UU no. 6 of 2014 concerning villages, which
contains village funds, which are funds sourced from
the state revenue and expenditure budget allocated to
villages that are transferred through the district / city
regional income and expenditure budget and are
used to finance government administration,
implementation, development, community
development , and community empowerment. Every
village that receives village funds is required to
report the use of village funds as a form of
accountability for village funds and good
governance.
The results of the evaluation of the use of village
funds in the first semester of 2016 are still
experiencing problems. These problems include: the
use of village funds outside the priority areas, the
expenditure of village funds is not supported by
adequate evidence, construction work is carried out
entirely by third parties / service providers,
overpayments, collection and payment of taxes are
not appropriate, funds are stored not in Rekening Kas
Desa and expenses outside the APB Desa (Ministry
of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016: 19).
(Gamaliel, 2017), so it is necessary to control the
management of village funds in the form of good
financial accountability.
Accountability becomes a full control of the
apparatus over everything that has been done in a
government, so that the role of the government as an
agent becomes an important factor in accounting for
the performance of the government to the principal or
the people (Diarespati, 2017), so that a complete
accountability is needed. supporting factors in the
village in the form of Competencies on Performance
of Village Government Officials, transparency and
public participation.
The Competencies on Performance of Village
Government Officials is an important component in
10
the process of a government activity, these
government institutes are state administrative
instruments that are tasked with providing public
services as well as security and public order services
(Adisasmito, 2014). Faridah (2015) shows that
transparency affects the accountability of Village
Fund Allocation management, good governance and
paying attention to the principles of transparency and
accountability at the village government level as a
consequence of village autonomy. Septianis (2012)
public participation can affect the success or failure
of the Village Fund Allocation program, this is
evidenced by community activities, people
voluntarily protect and maintain their own
environment with their own responsibility and
awareness without coercion from any party.
In 2015 the Banten provincial government
distributed village fund allocations. Attachment
XXII of Presidential Regulation Number 36 of 2015
concerning Details of the 2015 FY State Budget is
Rp. 352,516,368,000, of the 4 districts mentioned
above, Lebak Regency, Pandeglang Regency,
Serang Regency and Tangerang Regency. This study
took the population in Tangerang district with a focus
on Tigaraksa sub-district because the author resides
in Tangerang Regency and wants to examine the
direct effects of village funds in Tangerang Regency
with an allocation of village funds of
Rp.75,128,048,000, so this research wants to obtain
empirical evidence and influence partially and
simultaneously on the Competencies on
Performance of Village Government Officials,
transparency, public participation Accountability of
Villages Fund Management in Tangerang Regency.
This study aims to provide empirical
evidence of the influence of Competencies on
Performance of Village Government Officials,
transparency, and community participation on
Accountability of Villages Fund Management in the
Tangerang District, Tigaraksa District partially and
simultaneously. The benefits of this research for the
villagers can encourage accountable management of
villagers funds through increasing the competence of
villagers fund management officials, transparency,
and public participation. This study uses primary data
in the form of a questionnaire. The sampling
collection technique used convinience sampling. The
object of this research is the apparatus and villagers
of Tangerang Regency, Tigaraksa District as
respondents, the responses of respondents in the form
of questionnaires will be analyzed using multiple
linear regression analysis techniques, because the
research consists of a dependent variable of one
metric and two or more metric independent variables,
the stages start from the descriptive statistical
measurement method, data quality test, classical
assumption test, t test and F count test as well as
correlation coefficient and determination..
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Agency theory is a theory explaining the relationship
between agencies that arises when the owner of the
company gives authority to management to use
company resources in running the company. This
theory was first introduced by Jensen and Meckling
in 1976 (Godrey et al: 2010). Agency theory is a
concept that explains the contractual relationship
between principals and agents. In local government
in Indonesia, consciously or not, agency theory has
actually been put into practice. In public sector
organizations, principals are the people and agents are
the government, in this case the village head and other
village officials.
UU no. 6 of 2014 concerning villages, which
contains village funds, which are funds sourced from
the state revenue and expenditure budget allocated to
villages that are transferred through the district / city
regional income and expenditure budget and are used
to finance government administration,
implementation, development, community
development, and community empowerment. Every
village that receives village funds is required to report
the use of village funds as a form of accountability for
village funds and good governance.
Darmiasih et al (2015) Village Fund Allocation
(ADD) is a stimulant aid or stimulant fund to
encourage financing of village government programs
supported by community self-help participation in
carrying out government activities and community
empowerment. Faridah (2015) ADD is a fund
allocated by the district / city government for villages,
which comes from the portion of the central and
regional financial balance funds received by the
district / city.
The Indonesian government continues to strive
to increase the implementation of National
Development so that the pace of regional
development and the pace of rural and urban
development is more balanced and harmonious. In the
implementation of village governance, it is required
that there is an aspect of good governance (Good
Governance), where one of the main characteristics or
elements of good governance is accountability.
Accountability can be interpreted as a form of
responsibility for the implementation of the
organization's mission in achieving the stated goals
11
through the accountability media which is carried
out periodically. So, government accountability is
needed to support the implementation of village
autonomy so that it can run well.
State Administration Agency and the Indonesian
Financial and Development Supervisory Agency
(2000: 12), accountability is the obligation to provide
accountability or answer and explain the performance
and actions of a person / leader of an organizational
unit to parties who have the right or are authorized to
ask accountability in the form of a report with the
principle that every village financial management
activity must be accountable to the village
community, in accordance with statutory regulations
and is important to ensure the values of efficiency,
effectiveness, and reliability in village financial
reporting which contains activities, from planning to
realization or implementation. Astuti (2016)
McClelland in Sagala and Rivai (2009) defines
competency as a basic characteristic that someone has
that directly affects or can predict excellent
performance. In other words, competence is what
outstanding performers do more often in more
situations with better results than what average
performers do.
Wida (2016) Transparency is providing open,
honest, and non-discriminatory financial information
to the public based on the consideration that the
public has the right to know openly and thoroughly
the government's responsibility in managing the
resources entrusted to it and its compliance with
laws and regulations.
Mentari (2017) public participation is one of the
factors that influence the success of development
programs and development of rural communities.
Community participation is needed to realize village
development in accordance with the needs of the
village itself. Community participation does not only
involve the community in making decisions in every
development program, but the community is also
involved in identifying problems and potentials that
exist in the community.
Table 1: Research
No Name Variable Research Result
1 Trans-
parency
and
accounta-
bility of
the finan-
cial mana-
gement of
village
X1 = transpa-
rency system,
X2 = account-
tability plan-
ning,
implementa-
tion, account-
tability and
supervision
The ADD
Planning stage
in 3 (villages)
has
implemented
the principles of
participation
and transparen-
cy. This is evi-
denced by the
fund allo-
cation
(ADD)
in achiev-
ing Good
Governan-
ce
(Hamid,
2016)
Y = ADD in
Bontomaranu
District, Gowa
Regency in
achieving
Good Gover-
nance
ethusiastic pre-
sence of the
community at
the village deli-
beration forum.
2 Accounta-
bility for
managing
the alloca-
tion of
funds in
Bongki
Lengkese
Village,
East
Sinjai
District,
Sinjai
Regency
(Riskasari,
2016)
X1 = Village
officials
Y = Accoun-
tability of
village fund
allocation
The application
of the principle
of accounta-
bility for the ma-
nagement of
village fund
allocations in
Bongki
Lengkese
Village based
on the indicator
of public policy
accountability
(policy decision
accountability)
by Nico is
sufficient with
the understand-
ding of village
officials regar-
ding their duties
and functions.
3 The
influence
of compe-
tence
and
internal
control
systems
on village
govern-
ment
accounta-
bility in
managing
village
fund
allocation
(ADD)
(Diares
pati,2017)
X1 = system
competence
X2 = internal
control,
Y = village
government
accountabili-
ty in mana-
ging village
fund alloca-
tions
Application
of competency
factors and
government
internal control
systems using
the Accountabi-
lity Framework,
Constraints
faced by village
government
officials to
improve
accountability
in managing
village fund
allocations
4 The
influence
of village
fund
manage-
ment
apparatus
competen-
ce,
X1 = Compe-
tence of villa-
ge fund mana-
gement
officers,
X2 = commit-
ment of
village
government
The competence
of the village
fund manage-
ment apparatus,
the commitment
of village
government
organizations
and community
12
commit-
ment of
village
govern-
ment
organiza-
tions and
communi-
ty
participa-
tion on
the
accounta-
bility of
village
fund
manage-
ment in
Gorontalo
District
(Gamaliel,
2017)
organizations,
X3 = society
participation,
Y = accounta-
bility for
village fund
Management.
participation
have been
accounted for.
5 Factors
that affect
the
accounta-
bility of
the mana-
gement of
village
fund allo-
cations
(study at
the village
office in
Ponorogo
Regency)
(Niken,
2017)
X1 = Appara-
tus resources,
X2 = Transpa-
rency,
X3 = society
participation ,
Y = accounta-
bility for
village fund
budget mana-
gement
Apparatus
resources have
a significant
positive effect
on accounta-
bility for ADD
management
accountability,
transparency
has a significant
positive effect
on ADD mana-
gement
accountability,
community
participation
has no effect on
ADD mana-
gement
Accountability.
2.1 The Effect of Competencies on Performance of Village Government Officials on Accountability of Villages Fund Management
Competence is a factor that can affect accountability.
To increase accountability requires competence
(Frink and Klimoski, 2014: 14). This opinion is in line
with several studies. This research was conducted by
Subroto (2009), Irma (2015), Fajri (2015), Aziz
(2016), Ferina (2016), Dewi (2016), and Makalalag
(2017). The results of the study stated that the
competence of human resources was one of the
factors that influenced the accountability
of village fund management.
2.2 The Effect of Transparency on Accountability of Villages Fund Management
Transparency is a factor affecting accountability. This
research was conducted by Faridah (2015), Riyanto
(2015), Umami (2017), and Nurodin (2017). The
results of this study state that transparency is one of
the factors that affects the accountability of village
fund management.
3 RESEARCH METHOD
This study used a descriptive method with a
quantitative approach. The population of this study
was all village in kecamatan Tigaraksa. The sampling
technique is convinience sampling. Total sample
involve this study is 10 village. Population from this
research are villagers in Kecamatan Tigaraksa
TigaTigaraksa, sampling used Tigaraksa, sampling
method use convenience sampling. The respondents
obtained is as many as 100 individuals.
Table 2: Variable Measurement
Variable Dimension
Competencies on
Performance of Village
Government Officials
- Knowledge of training
- Ability to find solution
- Initiative
Transparency - Acsessibility to
information
- Honest and no
discrimination
Public Participation - Involved in village
programme
- Involved in budgeting
- Give valuation in
budgeting trust from
villagers to
government.
Accountability of
Villages Fund
Management
- Compliance on time in
financial statement
accomplished village
aim benefit village
fund to public
The variables used in this study consisted of
dependent variable and independent variables. The
dependent variable is the variable that is target of this
study. The dependent variable examined in this study
is Accountability of Villages Fund Management.
Independent variable are variables that affects the
dependent variable, while the independent variable
13
used in this study include: Competencies on
Performance of Village Government Officials (X1),
Transparency (X2), Public Participation (X3). The
method of data analysis in this research in Multiple
Regression Analysis. The research data was
processed using SPPS.
4 RESULT
4.1 Descriptive Data Analysis
The results of descriptive statistical analysis aim to
describe the distribution of the results of questioners
regarding research variables, especially on all
indicators. In this study descriptive statistics can be
seen in the minimum, maximum, average, and
standard deviation value.
Table 3: Descriptive Variables
Variable Min. Max. Mean Std.
Deviation
X1 18 40 28,31 6,575
X2 24 40 32,61 4,483
X3 19 40 32,00 4,595
Y 31 50 41,39 5,896
All variables showed, the average value of the
respondent’s answer is greater than standard
deviation, indicating that the variables have a good
mean value which is good representation of the
research data.
4.2 Multiple Linear Regression Analyses
Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to
predict the relationship between independent
variables and dependent variables.
Table 4: Result
Variable T-Count Sig.
X1 -7,025 0,000
X2 2,872 0,005
X3 1,941 0,055
Variable F-Count Sig
Y 23,74 0,000
K/S Test 0,200
RSquare 0,421
Based on information stated in table 4, it indicates
that X1 have negatively (-7,025) and significance
influence to Y (p < 0,05). It means Competencies on
Performance of Village Government Officials still
low in kecamatan Tigaraksa, this is due to
inefectiveness of the training system from Tigaraksa
sub-district government on accountability of village
fund management and low level of competence and
education, based on the result some of the
respondents dominated by high school graduates.
The results are consistent with the previous
researchers (Diarespati, 2017)
According to X2 to Y, it can be concluded that the
higher transparency, the higher the accountability of
village management, which means that it has
significant effect on the accountability of village fund
management. The results of this study are supported
by previous research conducted by Niken (2017) and
Hamid (2016) which shows that the transparency
variable has a significant positive effect on the
accountability of village fund management. This is
caused by the community in accessing the widest
possible information about of villagers finance.
From X3 to Y, it can be concluded that the higher
public participation, the higher the accountability of
village fund management, meaning that public
participation does not have a significant effect, which
is not the main factor in the accountability of village
fund management. This is because the community
does not really understand the village fund, the
community only follows what is instructed without
knowing how much village funds are obtained and its
use. However, it is contrary to previous research
conducted by Gamaliel (2017) which shows that the
community participation variable has a significant
positive effect on the accountability of village fund
management.
5 CONCLUSIONS
Competence management officials village funds have
a negative influence and significant over the
accountability village funds management.This shown
through the result of significance an individually
shows the t hitung of -7,025 greater than t tabel of
1,985 ( t hitung & gt; t tabel ) and the level
significance of 0,000 no more than 0.05. The result of
this research supported by research before done
diarespati (2017) who showed that variable
competence management officials village funds have
a negative influence over the accountability
management significant village funds. Transparency
significant over the accountability village funds
management. It can be seen through the results of
the significance an individually shows the t hitung of
2,872 greater than tabel of 1,985 (t hitung & gt; tabel)
and the level significance 0,005 no more than 0.05.
14
The result of this research, supported by research
formerly practiced by niken (2017). Public
participation will not affect accountability village
funds management.It can be seen from the results of
the significance through an individually shows t
hitung of 1,941 smaller than t tabel of 1,985 (t hitung
& it; t tabel ) and the significance 0,055 more than
0,05.Results supported by 2017 niken (said)
community participation no effect significantly to
accountability village funds management.
Competence fund management officials village,
transparency, and community participation together
influential over the accountability village funds
management indicated through the results of the
significance simultaneous (test f to the value of f
hitung of 23,274 greater than f tabel of 2,70 and the
level significance of 0,000 are much smaller than
0.05.
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Transmigrasi., 2015. Indeks Desa Membangun. Jakarta.
Kim & Schacter., 2013. Citizen Participation in The Budget
Process and Local Government Accountability. Public
Performance and Management Review. Hal. 412.
Lembaga Administrasi Negara., 2015. Akuntabilitas dan
Good Governance. Jakarta: LAN BPKP RI.
Makalalag, Astri Juainita., 2017. Akuntabilitas Pengelolaan
Dana Desa di Kecamatan Kotamobagu Selatan Kota
Kotamobagu. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Auditing
“Goodwill”. Hal. 149-158.
Niken., 2017. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi
Akuntabilitas Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa (Studi
Pada Kantor Desa di Kabupaten Ponorogo). Hal 84.
Novia., 2015. Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pemanfaatan
Program Alokasi Dana (Studi di desa Semongan
Kecamatan Noyan Kabupaten Sanggau). Jurnal Sosiatri
Volume 4 Nomor 3.
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(ADD) Dalam Pembangunan Fisik Desa Krayan
Makmur Kecamatan Long Ikis Kabupaten Paser.
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Desa di Desa Bongki Lengkese Kecamatan Sinjai
Timur Kabupaten Sinjai. Jurnal Office, Hal 126.
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Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa (ADD) di Kantor Desa
Perangat Selatan Kecamatan Marangkayu Kabupaten
Kutai Kartanegara. Hal 119-130.
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untuk Perusahaan. Rajawali Pers.
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Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
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Sugiyono., 2015. Statistika Untuk Penelitian. Bandung:
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Wida, S. A., 2016. Akuntabilitas Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana
Desa (ADD) di Desa-Desa Kecamatan Rogojampi
Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Skripsi. Program studi S1
Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Jember
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17
The Meaning of Words in The Building Structures Field A Case Study of Comparing Conceptual Meanings with Lexical Meanings
Linda Sari Wulandari1 and Erlyn Rosalina2 1Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, Kampus Baru UI Depok
2Business Administration Department, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, Kampus Baru UI Depok
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: conceptual meaning, lexical meaning, language varieties, building structure field, civil engineering
Abstract: This research aims to identify by exposing differences in meaning in words/terms used in the field of civil
engineering, especially in building structures field, between existing meanings according to civil
engineering field and in general meaning words (based on KBBI). The method used in this study is a
descriptive qualitative method. This research was preceded by a literature study to obtain research data. The
data source of research is a list of words / terms in in SNI 032847 reinforced concrete, SNI 1729 steel,
SNI1726 earthquake, and SNI 1727 loading. Each word / term on SNI is equipped by its meaning based on
the meaning in the civil engineering field. The outcomes of this study, obtained several terms in the field of
building structures that have conceptual meaning and lexical meaning, such as base words tendon, diafragma,
partisi, and suffixes words like, tulangan, kebakaran, sambungan. The conceptual meaning of these terms has
more specific meaning towards the subject of building structure than its lexical meaning. Yet, both conceptual
meaning and lexical meaning have similarities to the concepts it is used for. Thus, it can be noted that the use
of vocabulary /term in a field has a special meaning according to the field, initially refers to a common concept
first before being interpreted in a more particular field.
1 INTRODUCTION
The language that continues to develop will continue
to live on. A living language is a dynamic language
(Afjalurrahmansyah, 2018). Dynamic means to
practice changes according to times development.
The evolution of today's times follows the
development of science as well as technology in all
areas of life. The language used today will always
adapt in line with the life development and human
needs as a speaker (Afjalurrahmansyah, 2018) Indonesian language is able to adapt and
according to the needs of language speakers. Indonesian language is dynamic. The vocabularies in Indonesian language is always growing and increasing. The vocabularies have the different meaning on each field. Use of vocabulary on certain fields have different meaning lexically. However, the conceptual meaning still refers to a similar concept.
The building structure field is a branch of civil
engineering expertise. That is the oldest field of civil
engineering. The things of building structure is
among others, such as, pembebanan ‘loading’, beton
bertulang ‘reinforced concrete’, gempa ‘earthquake’,
and baja ‘steel’. All of it is arranged by Badan
Standarisasi National (BSN) ‘National
Standardization Agency’. BSN had made Indonesian
National Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia
(SNI)) containing list of the terms and meaning
based on field of civil engineering.
Explained meanings on SNI is conceptual
meaning. Conceptual meaning on SNI is different
with lexical meaning on KBBI. Therefore,
formulation of the problem on this research: (1)
How is the difference between conceptual meaning
and lexical meaning (based on KBBI) of words on the
structures building field of civil engineering? (2)
What is conceptual meaning and lexical meaning
(based on KBBI) of the words on the structures
building field of civil engineering refers to same
concept? Then, the aims of this research are
identifying conceptual meaning and lexical meaning
of the same words on SNI.
18
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Word was language unit having a meaning; or word
was row of alphabets between two spaces having a
meaning (Chaer, 1994). A word had a concept.
Along with development of science and technology,
concept on a word can refer to more meanings.
Meaning has connection between form and thing
(what it refers to) (Soedjito, 1988). As previously
explained, a word has meaning, is a relation between
word and meaning also connected with a concept it
refers to that meaning. Meaning on the word can be
seen from point of view or some criterias so that the
meanings are different with some type of meanings,
such as lexical meaning and grammatical meaning,
denotative meaning and connotative meaning,
conceptual meaning and assosiative meaning, idiom
and proverb (Chaer, 2009). Focus of this research is
conceptual meaningPlease remember that all the
papers must be in English and without orthographic
errors.
Conceptual meaning on this research refers to
meaning of the word on terms in Indonesian
National Standard (SNI) of building structure field.
Conceptual meaning is meaning refers to referent
(Chaer, 2009). Therefore, conceptual meaning is
meaning on the word having not connected with
other words. Conceptual meaning same as referential
meaning, lexical meaning, and denotative meaning.
As example, sawah word has meaning ‘field’.
Nevertheless, this research will explain conceptual
meaning on the same word, but can be interpreted as
conceptual meaning on civil engineering field and
general meaning of the word (based on lexical
meaning of KBBI).
3 METHODS
This research used qualitative descriptive
method.The result of this research will describe the
data. Qualitative method using in this research was
supported with the other of methods and techniques
for collecting and analyzing the data. The process of
collecting data was done using the literature review.
The data source of research is a list of words / terms
in in SNI 032847 reinforced concrete, SNI 1729
steel, SNI 1726 earthquake, and SNI 1727 loading.
Each word/term on SNI is equipped by its meaning
based on the meaning in the civil engineering field.
Authors were scrutinizing and taking note for
collecting the data. The authors were scrutinizing all
words/ terms on SNI and then continues with taking
notes. The data using in this research are words
having conceptual meaning. Then, the authors ware
analyzing the data. The data were analyzed with the
referential equivalent technique.
The referential equivalent technique is using for
finding the rule step of the data analyzing with its
determinant tools outside and apart of the language
(langue) concerned (Sudaryanto, 1993). This method
was used for analyzing the meaning of words in SNI
concerned with the structures of building so that its
conceptual meaning can be known. After its
meaning had been known, the authors also checked
its words on KBBI so that lexical meaning of the
word could be known. After that, the authors
compared the two meanings, the conceptual and
lexical meaning. Finally, the authors conclude the
result of comparing these meanings.
4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Words/Terms in the field of building structures that have conceptual meaning and lexical meaning
The words/terms used in the field of building
structures contain conceptual meanings. Conceptual
meaning, which is the meaning possessed by a
word/term that is independent of any context or
association. Actually, the conceptual meaning is the
same as the lexical meaning. However, in this study,
the term lexical meaning is used to refer to the
meaning of words / terms that are in accordance with
meanings outside the field of building structures.
Therefore, the lexical meaning is more precise on the
results of the meaning based on the KBBI.
This study will only describe the results
of comparing word meanings, namely the conceptual
meaning according to the meaning contained in SNI
with its lexical meaning in KBBI. The comparing
word meaning is carried out on the words tendon
‘tendon’, diafragma ‘diaphragm’, tulangan
‘reinforcement’, partisi ‘partition’, kebakaran
‘wildfire’, and sambungan ‘connection’. The six
words were chosen as research data because they
have different meanings between the meaning in
SNI and the meaning in KBBI.
The words, tendon ‘tendon’, diafragma
‘diaphragm’, tulangan ‘reinforcement’, partisi
‘partition’, kebakaran ‘wildfire’, and sambungan
‘connection’ already have a conceptual meaning in
the field of civil engineering, but in general these
19
words also have a lexical meaning (according to
KBBI) which is different from the conceptual
meaning in the field of building structures. The
difference between the conceptual meaning in the
field of building structure and the lexical meaning in
KBBI in these words is explained as follows.
Data 1: Tendon
The word tendon ’tendon’ is a part of noun category.
The tendon has a conceptual meaning and a lexical
meaning. Tendon is a concrete noun. According to
SNI 032847 regarding reinforced concrete, a tendon
is a steel element such as steel wire, cable rod,
strand wire or a bundle of these elements which is
used to provide a prestress force to the concrete. The
lexical meaning contained in KBBI (2016), tendons
are hard veins that connect muscles to bones.
The meaning of tendon which is taken from
SNI 03-2847 is in the word wire. In KBBI (2016),
wire is a rope made of metal. The lexical meaning of
the word tendon in KBBI (2016) is contained in
the word veins. Vein means the part of the body that
resembles a thread or rope. So, the word tendon in
the term of building structure with tendon in the
lexical meaning has a conceptual meaning that is
related through the word rope.
Data 2: Diafragma
The word diafragma ‘diaphragm’ is a part of noun
category. The diaphragm is a concrete noun. In the
field of civil engineering building structures through
SNI 1727 concerning loading, the word diaphragm
means roof, floor, membrane or bracing system
which functions to transmit lateral forces to vertical
retaining elements. The lexical meaning taken from
KBBI (2016), diaphragm is a noun which means a
partition between the chest cavity and the abdominal
cavity (on the body).
The meaning of the word diaphragm contained in
SNI 1727 concerning loading, is found in the word
membrane. A membrane is thin skin, or thin sheet of
material that is a separator. The lexical meaning of
the word diaphragm in KBBI (2016) is contained in
the word bulkhead. A partition is something like a
wall, blinds, etc. to limit or separate the space (into
checkers). When the meaning is examined more
deeply, the word diaphragm has a conceptual
meaning that is related through the same root word,
namely separation in the word divider and separating
in the word membrane. So, the word diaphragm has
a conceptual meaning through the words, bulkhead
and membrane.
Data 3: Tulangan
The word tulangan ‘reinforcement’ is a concrete
noun in the structure of a building. According to SNI
03-2847 regarding reinforced concrete,
reinforcement means steel rods in plain form or in the
form of threads or in the form of pipes which function
to withstand the tensile forces on the components of
a concrete structure, excluding prestressed tendons,
unless specifically included. The lexical meaning in
KBBI (2016), reinforcement has the root word bone
which means skeleton or part of the human or
animal body.
From SNI 032847, the meaning of the word
reinforcement is in the word stem. Trunk means
bicycle frame except wheels. The word stem means
frame. In the lexical meaning, the word
reinforcement, which has the root word bone, means
frame. Thus, the word reinforcement in the term of
building structure with a lexical meaning has a
conceptual meaning that is related through the word
framework.
Data 4: Partisi
The word partisi ‘partition’ is a part of noun category.
Partition is a concrete noun. According to SNI 1726
regarding earthquakes, partition means a non-
structural interior wall that stretches horizontally
and vertically from one pedestal to another. The
lexical meaning in KBBI (2016), partition has a
dividing wall; bulkhead.
According to SNI 1726, the meaning of the word
partition is in the word wall. In the lexical meaning,
the word partition means the word wall. So, the
word partition in the term of a building structure with
a lexical meaning has a conceptual meaning related to
the word wall.
Data 5: Kebakaran
The word kebakaran ‘wildfire’ has the basic form of
burn from the verb category, which means to scorch
(ignite/destroy) with fire (KBBI). Fire gets into a
concrete noun. According to SNI 1729 regarding
steel, fire is combustion which is destructive in
nature, as indicated by one or all of the following:
light, flames, heat or smoke. The lexical meaning of
the word concrete contained in KBBI (2016), fire is
fire coverage (about burning houses and so on);
danger of fire.
The meaning of the word fire which is taken from
SNI 1729 is found in the basic word burn through
the words burning and fire. The lexical meaning of
the word fire in the KBBI is found in the root word
20
burn from the words fire and burning and fire. So,
the word fire in the term of the building structure with
fire in the lexical meaning has a conceptual meaning
related to the word burning with wildfire and burned
and the word fire.
Data 6: Sambungan
The word sambungan ‘connection’ is a part of noun
category. Connection is a concrete noun. In the field
of civil engineering building structures through SNI
1729 on steel, the word connection has a meaning
between two structural elements which are joined at
their ends to form a single, longer element.
The lexical meaning taken from KBBI (2016),
connection is a noun which means additional to
elongate. The meaning of the conjunction contained
in SNI 1729 regarding steel is in the long word. The
lexical meaning of the connection in KBBI is found
in the verb to elongate. The word lengthen has a
long root. So, the word connection has conceptual
meaning through long and elongate words.
4.2 The Same Concept Result of Comparing between Conceptual Meanings and Lexical Meanings
Based on the discussion of the six data above, namely
the words tendon ‘tendon’, diafragma ‘diaphragm’,
tulangan ‘reinforcement’, partisi ‘partition’,
kebakaran ‘wildfire’, and sambungan ‘connection’,
it can be seen that the conceptual meaning of each
term is based on the meaning in the field of building
structure refers to the same concept as word meaning
based on lexical meaning in KBBI.
The word tendon ‘tendon’ in the field of building
structure refers to the concept of wire, whereas in
KBBI it refers to the concept of veins, although wire
and vein are two different things, wire and vein still
have the same function, namely to strengthen the
structure. Furthermore, there is also the word
diafragma ‘diaphragm’, the word diaphragm in the
field of building structure refers to the word
membrane, while in KBBI it refers to the word
barrier, between membrane and bulkhead also has a
relationship in meaning, namely this membrane
functions as a barrier. Then, there is the word partisi
‘partition’, the word partition in the field of building
structure referring to the concept of a wall. The
concept of this wall is referred to by the conceptual
and lexical meaning of the word partition. The word tulangan ‘reinforcement’ in the field
of building structure refers to the concept of rods, while in KBBI it refers to the concept of a frame.
Both the trunk and the frame, in fact, both have similar functions, namely they are both used as supports. Then, the word kebakaran ‘wildfire’ in the field of building structure refers to the concept of damage due to fire, this concept is used both in the field of structure and in the lexical meaning in KBBI.
Likewise, with the word sambungan
‘connection’, the word connection in the field of
building structure refers to the concept of uniting two
elements. This concept is also the same as the lexical
meaning in KBBI, namely the concept of uniting,
adding, or making length.
Based on the explanation above, it can be seen
that the words used in the field of building structures-
civil engineering, even though the conceptual
meaning corresponds to the field show differences,
after further analysis it turns out that the meaning of
the words contained therein refers to the same
concept as lexical meaning based on KBBI. So,
based on the results of this analysis it can be seen
that the use of terms/words in the field of building
structures, in particular, words/terms tendon,
diaphragm, reinforcement, partition, wildfire, and
connection, are words that have conceptual
meanings based on their fields with still refers to the
same concept with its lexical meaning (meaning that
can be understood by public). It's just that, the
conceptual meaning in accordance with the field
makes it clearer the meaning of the words contained
in each of the terms in accordance with their function
in the field of civil engineering, in particular,
regarding building structures.
5 CONCLUSIONS
This research received a grant from PNBP internal
research funding, UP2M Politeknik Negeri Jakarta,
on a research scheme for penelitian dosen pemula
(novice lecturers).
Words or terms found in the field of civil-
engineering structures that contain conceptual
meanings in this study include basic words, such as
tendon ‘tendon’, diafragma ‘diaphragm’, tulangan
‘reinforcement’, partisi ‘partition’, kebakaran
‘wildfire’, and sambungan ‘connection’. These terms
contain conceptual meanings based on the field of
civil engineering building structures as well as lexical
meanings based on KBBI. Lexical meanings based on
KBBI in these terms are more common, while
conceptual meanings based on the meaning according
to the subject of building structure are more specific
to the field of building structure. Even so, the concept
referred to in conceptual meaning based on the field
21
of structure of the building refers to the same concepts
as the meaning contained in the lexical meaning
based on KBBI, only the concept of conceptual
meaning is more specific towards the field of building
structure. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of
words or terms in a field held special meaning
according to the field, initially refers to a common
concept before being interpreted into a more
particular field.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research received a grant from PNBP internal
research funding, UP2M Politeknik Negeri Jakarta,
on a research scheme for penelitian dosen pemula
(novice lecturers).
REFERENCES
Afjalurrahmansyah. 2018. “Bahasa Arab dalam Bahasa
Indonesia (Analisis Kritis terhadap Perubahan Makna
Kata Serapan Bahasa Arab)”. Diwan: Jurnal Bahasa
dan Sastra Arab. Vol.4 No. 1. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/diwan.v4i1.4670.
Chaer, A. 1994. “Linguistik Umum”. Jakarta: PT Rineka
Cipta.
Chaer, A. 2009. “Pengantar Semantik Bahasa Indonesia.
Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Kridalaksana, H. 1989. Pembentukan Kata dalam Bahasa
Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.
Sudaryanto. 1993. “Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis
Bahasa: Pengantar Penelitian WahanaKebudayaan
secara Linguistis”. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana
University Press.
Soedjito. 1988. Kosakata Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta:
Gramedia.
22
23
Analysis of The Impact Of Covid -19 on Seven Stock Markets
Volatility In The World
Husnil Barry1 1Business Administration Department, Jakarta State Polytechnic, Kampus UI, Depok, Indonesia
Keywords: Capital Market, Covid-19, Risk, Volatility.
Abstract: This study aims to identify the risk or volatility of the stock market from7 countries that represent the highest
61.69% of coronavirus cases in the world, namely the United States, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa,
France, and Indonesia. The data used uses daily data on stock closures from March 1 2020 - August 17 2020,
the data is taken from the uniformity of Covid 19 found in these seven countries. The results of the study
showed conditional volatility and clustering in early March, then the risk reached a peak in the second week
of early March and began to decline in early April 2020 and stabilized in May - August 2020. Of the 7 stock
markets in the 7 most affected countries, sequentially it began from Brazil, Russia, United States, France,
South Africa, Russia and Lastly Indonesia.
1 INTRODUCTION
The Corona Virus pandemic Covid-19 brought a
surprise. According to the worldometer website,
COVID-19 has infected until October 11, 2020 where
this article was written, 214 countries and has killed
1,077,428 people, and 37,458,856 people who were
confirmed positive. In addition, it also brings shocks
economically, financially and socially to the world
community.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) warned that this pandemic
also has the potential to world economic crisis. The
Covid pandemic brought about the third biggest
economic shock, financial and social shock of the
21st century after the 9/11 terror and 2008 subprime
mortgage crisis in the United States According from
various kinds of data on the world economy is
become slowdown.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) launches
and estimates that world trade will drop 13%-32%
compared to the previous year and will disrupt world
economic growth. Interestingly, based on Figure 1
below, the results of the predictions of WTO
economists can be seen that the trade volume will fall
more than the economic crisis that originated in
America in 2008. Meanwhile, the dollar value of
world trade goods exports in 2019 fell 3% to $18.89
trilion.
Figure 1: World Merchandise trade volume, 2000-2022
Figure 2: VIX Value
Meanwhile, in Figure 2 above, we can see that
the global risk condition is gradually improving,
24
although it is still relatively high. One indicator is
the VIX financial market volatility index. VIX Is an
indicator of financial market volatility released by
the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE). The
VIX was at the 18.8 level prior to the COVID-19
pandemic and during the panic in global financial
markets around the second and third weeks of March
2020 the VIX was at the highest level at 82.The
market also saw the rate of increase in COVID-19
cases gradually decreasing.
Figure 3: Index Price, S&P 500
Figure 4: Return S&P 500
The indicator of world stock market volatility is
from January it looks like an increasing trend and
peaks in the second and third weeks of March then it
drops in the third and fourth weeks. This illustrates
that in the second and third weeks there was
negative sentiment from investors.
In addition, the S&P 500 rate of return shows its
clustering volatility in the second and third weeks of
March as the highest due to the outbreak of
COVID-19 as well as the S&P 500 stock price. In
more detail the stock market sector as of March 11,
2020, the S&P 500 fell. by 5 percent and the lowest
on March 16, 2020 to decrease by 12%. Another
New York index, the Dow Jones, fell 5.86%. Nasdaq
4.7%, London FTSE 100 Exchange fell 1.4%,
Germany Frankfurt DAX 30 fell 0.35%, Paris CAC
40 fell 0.57% and the European STOXX 50 Index
also fell 0.15%.
Based on The IMF website, the economic impact
of the COVID-19 pandemic would cause a global
recession in 2020 which could be worse than the
2008 global financial crisis because investors would
attract capital flows, especially investment capital in
developing countries. Crisis indicators can be seen
from several signs, such as weakening of a country's
currency exchange rate, a widening balance of
payments and trade deficits, an increase in inflation,
a decline in the stock price index of a country
2 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Table 1: Data
No Country Ticker
Index Total Cases Cumulative
1 US
S&P
500 7,945,505 21.21%
2 Brazil B3 5,091,840 13.59%
3 India BSE 7,0515,43 18.82%
4 Russia RTS 1,285,084 3.43%
5 South
Africa JSE 690,896 1.84%
6 France
CAC-
40
718,873 1.92%
7 Indonesia IHSG 690,896 0.88%
World 37,458,856
Total Cumulative 61.69%
Source: Worldometers
The research data uses a sampling of seven stock
exchanges in countries with the highest positive
cases, representing at least a total of 61.69% of the
world's total cases. The research data is taken from
daily data on closing stock prices from each index in
7 exchanges from each country for the period
March 1 2020 - August 17, 2020. This period was
chosen because in general and evenly the early cases
of pandemic were found in each country. The data is
already in the dollar currency.
According to Chrish, 2019 volatility modeling
both univariate and multivaliate requires a long time
data, especially long run volatility modeling. This
is also in line with Engle, 1982; Bollerslev, 1986;
and Baillie and DeGennaro, 1990. Meanwhile, the
dream is that the data is not yet 1 year or even 6
25
months old, so the authors use the simplest volatility
modeling approach, Variance and Standard
Deviation. However, Volatility Clusterring has been
captured from the graph in both Figures 1 and 2.
Based on the results of table 2 and menu, it can be
seen that during a pandemic like this, the stock
exchanges that have the highest risk seen from the
standard deviation are the Brazilian stock exchange
(4.43%) followed sequentially by the Russian Stock
Exchange (3.25%), America (2.94%), India (2.78%)
and South Africa (2.5%). Meanwhile, investors can
get a very small return during the pandemic, all
below 1% on average on the stock exchanges in
sequence, namely the Brazilian Stock Exchange
(0.17%), South Africa (0.14%), while the Russian
Stock Investors (-0.06%) and the Indian Stock
Exchange -0.006%) gets a loss close to 0%. In the
Brazilian stock exchange, the concept of high risk
high return applies.
Table 2: Expected Return dan Standard Deviation World
Index (Seven Countries)
No Country Ticker
Index
Expected
Return Std. Deviasi
1 US
S&P
500 0.0754% 2.94%
2 Brazil B3 0.1747% 4.43%
3 India BSE -0.0060% 2.78%
4 Russia RTS -0.0657% 3.25%
5 South
Africa JSE 0.1487% 2.50%
6 France
CAC-
40 -0.048% 2.68%
7 Indonesia JKSE -0.003% 2.12%
Figure 5: S&P 500 (March 2020-Augs 2020)
The picture above shows volatility clustering for
all exchanges. This volatility clustering saw investor
panic in the second week of March due to negative
sentiment from investors and adjust their portfolios to
be diverted or carried out portfolio rebalancing. This
was also followed by several countries do lockdowns
or large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) or another
language is regional quarantine. In addition,
economic stimulust, both fiscal and monetary
policies, have not been completely designed so
that purchasing power continues to decline.
Figure 6: Return IHSG (March 2020-Augs 2020)
Technically and related to economic growth,
countries in the world experienced a recession such
as the US at the beginning of the 2020 quarter had a
recession of -5% and the second quarter fell at -
32.5%. Meanwhile, Brazil, which experienced a -
9.7% recession in the first quarter, fell to -11.4% in
the second quarter. Meanwhile, for Russia in the first
quarter it was still positive at 1.6% and in the second
quarter it fell to -8.5%. Meanwhile, India is the worst
country in economic growth, in the second quarter it
could be -23.9% which previously could have grown
by 2.1%. and finally South Africa, a country that
actually experienced a recession in the first quarter
with -2.6% and grew better to -0.7%. This crisis
occurs because of a health crisis which has
implications for a large-scale lockdown or restriction,
thus impacting the real sector. The real sector also has
an impact on bank defaults and reduced investment
and investors tend to withdraw their portfolios,
causing the stock market to plummet.
3 CONCLUSIONS
1. There was Volatility Clustering in mid-March
on all indices
2. All exchanges produced returns during the
pandemic that were close to zero and some
were even negative.
26
3. Pandemic crisis due to PSBB or lockdown
caused the real sector to be hampered and
tended to not grow even negatively as
evidenced by economic growth in which
several countries experienced recession which
affected share prices, in the sense that investors
withdrew portfolios due to the uncertainty of
the real sector, thereby reducing stock
investment.
REFERENCES
Books and Journal
Brooks, Crish, 2019. “Introductory Econometrics For
Finance”. Cambridge University Press, 4
Bollerslev, T., 1986 “Generalized Autoregressive
Conditional Heteroskedasticity”. Journal of
Econometrics, 31 (1986) 307-27. Jstor
Baillie dan DeGennaro, 1990. “Stock Return and
Volatility”. The Journal of Financial and Quantitative
Analysis 25 (1990) 203-214
Engle, R. F., 1982 Autoregressive Conditional
Heteroscedasticity with Estimate of Variance of
United Kingdom Inflation. Econometrica, 50 (1982),
987-1007 Jstor.
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Time varying Risk Premia in The Term Structure: The
ARCH-M Model. Econometrica, 55, 391-407.
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Bank Indonesia,
https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/jurnalekonomi/Defa
ult.aspx
IMF,https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RP
CH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD,
World Trade Organization,
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/covid
19_ e.htm
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4-183714/ekonomi-minus-114-resesi-masih-
bersemayam-di-brasil
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https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1123761/pertumbuhan-
ekonomi-kembali-minus-afrika-selatan-masuki-
resesi/full&view=ok
27
The Community Empowerment Kampung Pulo Geulis, Babakan
Pasar, Bogor City Through Coaching and Developing Savings and
Loan Business Unit and Small and Medium Entreprises (UMKM) in
Covid – 19 Pandemic
Rodiana Listiawati1, Hastuti Redyanita1, Jhonny Marbun1, and Atyanto Mahatmyo1
1Accounting Departement State Polytechnic of Jakarta
Keywords: micro business, savings and loan unit, Kampung Pulo Geulis
Abstract: The main problem faced by Babakan Pasar Kampung Pulo Geulis exactly in RW IV Bogor City is the
difficulty of getting credit for micro business so that they lend to Bank Keliling with high interest. The purpose
of this community dedication is to transfer knowledge about the importance of forming saving and loan unit
and motivate to develop saving and loan unit that has been established since last year. The method provided
to management and members of savings and loan is coaching by means of counselling to them and giving the
guidance how to develop savings and loan business unit. They are to be trained how to record and make
simple book keeping so that the members of savings and loan unit can know the amount of deposits and funds
in a year. The sample of this community dedication is all members of savings and loan that is also as owners
of micro unit who have already become the members of this unit for a year as training participants. After
coaching and counselling, this savings and loans unit can get the benefit of them and also increase the member.
The target of this dedication activity is to develop this unit and assist it by giving loan to its member as a
micro businessman.
1 INTRODUCTION
COVID infection-19 is the global pandemic/epidemic
which spreads very fast almost all over the world. The
formidable outbreak of this disease is very short so
that it needs fast medical treatment. Unfortunately,
there is no special vaccine that can cure this disease
until now. The symptoms of COVID-19 are like
influenza including fever, dry cough, fatigue, and
respiratory tract. Sometimes suspected patients don’t
know that they have been infected by COVID-19.
This fast spread of COVID-19 has radically changed
the way we go about our day-to-day lives. It has
shifted where we turn for help and support and how
we interact with friends, family and neighbours.
Covid-19 outbreak also impacts directly to economic
sector in Indonesia. It also happens in the community
of Kampung Pulo Geulis Bogor. Pulo Geulis is a
tourism kampung located in central of Bogor city.
This kampung is unique and thematic. If we see from
its location, this thematic Pulo Geulis is close to
integrated Shopping Tourism Area and Suryakancana
Culinary located in central of Bogor city. This place
also has the interesting natural charm where its
location divides the flow of the Ciliwung river and
forms kampung like small island in the middle of
river.
Kampung Pulo Geulis Bogor is densely populated
areas. With a region around 3.5 hectares Kampung
Pulo Geulis Bogor has a population of 2,500
inhabitants, in other words, the population density is
about 700 inhabitants per hectare. The livelihoods of
Kampung Pulo Geulis’ community is micro business.
They are a trader, service seller, and small household
industry. They need working capital to support their
daily business activity directly. The most of busines
problem is the difficulty to get credit facility with low
interest for their working capital besides marketing
and legality. They are difficult to get credit from legal
financial institution especially bank. Bank can’t grant
their credit application because they don’t have
permanent address for their home or business place as
one of the requirements getting credit. The most of
Kampung Pulo Geulis’ community is settler.
Therefore, to get their working capital, this
community choose illegal bank (bank gelap) or loan
28
sharks with very high interest as their way for getting
credit.
Savings and Loan Cooperation has already been
established in this area but it can’t supply credit for
whole society. RT 1 until RT 5 in RW IV has an
initiative to establish Savings and Loan business unit
since 2019 to help community around it to get loan as
their working capital besides another kind of loan
with low interest. Pandemic COVID-19 makes
economy in Indonesia instability. This condition also
influences micro businesses in Kampung Pulo Geulis.
Sales turnover decrease so that they don’t have
working capital. To help micro businesses and
Savings and Loan business unit in Kampung Pulo
Geulis, the Community Dedication from Accounting
Department State Polytechnic of Jakarta coach and
give counselling about human resources management
training periodically including coaching in making
financial statement. The programs needed to increase
micro business activities in Kampung Pulo Geulis
are:
1) Capital
Micro businesses need credit assistance with low
interest and simple in requirements. KUR interest
from government nowadays is considered too high.
2) Management Training
It is periodically including counselling in
financial statement preparation.
3) Technical Counselling in Technology
4) Product Marketing
5) The empowering institution not only companies
but also colleges that have a good coordination
and not overlap.
6) Associate
It can help continuously in giving technical and
management counselling.
2 THEORITICAL BASIS
Cooperative is an organization or group of business
which is owned and run jointly by its members who
shares the profits or benefits. The role of cooperative
is very strategic in increasing economic growth.
Government should give attention the advance of
cooperative specially savings and loan cooperative
and capital because savings and loan cooperative
needs good management like business management
which needs innovation and good management.
According to Dewi (2017) states that the amount of
credit, innovation expense, and business management
has impact significantly to ROI of savings and loan
cooperative.
In 4.0 era, all of economic performers face
strengthened competition in their business. One of
economic performer is cooperative including savings
and loan cooperative. For winning competition,
cooperative needs the right strategy. Ermaya’s
research (2019) states that cooperative should keep
either internal or external condition. Therefore, it can
solve the exact problem in developing its business.
Effective strategies for winning the competition are
concentration strategy, development strategy, and
innovation strategy according to SWOT analysis.
Unfortunately, not all cooperatives in Indonesia can
develop rapidly. There are many factors as a barrier
in developing cooperative including savings and loan
cooperative. According to Susilawetty (2013) a few
barrier factors of savings and loan cooperative are
like 1) community haven’t understood meaning of
cooperative yet. 2) community are lack of caring to
behaviour in cooperating. 3) lot of cooperative
members think that cooperative management belongs
to management. 4) the limited cooperative capital, it’s
because there is no guarantee in credit process so that
if it’s bad debt, there is no asset that can be
confiscated.
3 METHODOLOGY
We use field research in this community dedication
whereas our team visited directly to the location in
Kampung Pulo Geulis. Qualitative approach was used
in this community dedication so that we can have real
description that is suitable with the reality faced by
the community in Kampung Pulo Geulis Bogor as the
location of community dedication. Population (social
situation) used in this dedication is the whole of
community in RW IV Tourism Kampung Pulo Geulis
whose professions are as micro businesses. The
sample which is taken is about 27 persons as the
members of Savings and Loan business unit. The used
data is primary data by interviewing the members of
Savings and Loan business unit. Meanwhile, the used
secondary data is about book keeping report of
Savings and Loan unit and literature.
The used analysis technique is descriptive
qualitative method which describes facts from subject
of community dedication in the field and is
appropriate with the obtainable variables. Checking
the validity data are used credibility test to the
research data result which is presented by the
management of Savings and Loan business unit so
that the data result is credible as the research with
resource triangulation technique. It is to test
credibility data by checking the obtainable data from
29
management through many resources. The
obtainable data are analysed by dedication team to get
conclusion and next it is asked to be agreed upon
together.
4 RESULT AND STUDY
Most of savings and loan business unit members are
as micro businesses and culinary industries in
Tourism Kampung Pulo Geulis. A few of them are
service business as grocers. Their products are sold
around Kampung Pulo Geulis and outside of it at a
certain moment for example in bazaar or exhibitions
which is held by Bogor district government.
Although the micro businesseshave already been
operated for more than 5 years even 14 years but there
is no advancement significantly. It can be seen from
their undeveloped marketing and unchanged quantity
and quality. There is no motivation to increase their
business in pandemic session. Life focus is in the
issue of eviction. Dedication team needs much time
to make sure them that this dedication team comes
from State Polytechnic of Jakarta. There is nothing to
do with community rumour of eviction in Kampung
Pulo Geulis.
The members of savings and loan business unit or
micro businesses as the subject who needs
improvement by having training and coaching in
developing their businesses. The primary needs are
the access having working capital. Bank keliling
(banke) that provides credit with simple requirements
but the interest is very high should be avoided.
Savings and loan business unit should be the solving
problem of providing profitable credit needs in
Covid-19 pandemic at this time.
The Knowledge of Tourism Kampung Pulo
Geulis community is low against the important
existence of savings and loan business unit in
developing micro business although they have
already known the information about the importance
of savings and loan business unit for supporting the
development of micro business. They aren’t
motivated to be members of this unit because lot of
business have incurred losses since covid-19
pandemic.
According to Marta’s research (2013) states that
the provided information can narrow a gap of
knowledge between high status and low status. Chien
Yu’s (2013) state that there is positive relation
between knowledge sharing and individual
innovative behaviour against the ability to innovate.
Coaching and developing training from the
community dedication team for savings and loan
business unit can be as a motivation to develop the
unit and micro business if they are to be active
members of this unit in Covid-19 pandemic season.
Sajianto in his research (2012) states that education,
training, and counselling provide positive and
significant effect towards participation to be a
cooperation member. Meanwhile Mustangin et al.
(2018) states that the community can be easily to
access capital by establishing savings and loan
cooperation through community empowerment
process and there is economic change and a designed
training is to increase cooperation knowledge. This
statement is strengthened by Dewi’s research (2018)
state that the positive and significant impact of
entrepreneurship education against entrepreneurship
skill.
After community dedication, dedication team
hope that cooperative knowledge and motivation of
the community will actualize savings and loan
business unit to grow rapidly in Kampung Pulo
Geulis so that the micro business can access working
capital easily. The community of RW IV consisting
of 5 RT will accelerate the development of savings
and loan business unit Pulo Geulis. It matches with
the research of Rahmanto et.al (2018) states that
joining a community will make members gain new
insights and expand business networks. Besides that,
human resources, financial aspect, operational aspect,
market aspect, and marketing as internal variables in
company impact to micro business performance.
Small community of training and coaching
participants can be expected to transfer spirit and
motivation gradually to Kampung Pulo Geulis people
especially to young generation. Head of RW IV tells
that most of Kampung Pulo Geulis’ young generation
works as buskers. The earnings of this profession is
uncertain and it can’t secure their better quality
future.
When the community dedication was on survey
and activities, the team was assisted by kelurahan and
RW IV. Ibu Lurah was very enthusiastic and helpful
to the team while it was facing the difficulties. To
change the community custom is not easy. It needs
time and intense approach and humanly. Based on
Portal Dosen Psikologi.com (2017) there are some
methods to change individual or community custom,
they are: 1) Finding out the trigger. 2) Determining
aim and motivation. 3) Having strong motivation. 4)
Avoiding something as a trigger. 5) Having
commitment. 6) Focusing. 7) Trying new thing. 8)
Modifying a little thing. 9) Making a plan. Because of
Covid-19 Pandemic, community dedication team
can’t come to the location so that the dedication team
can’t approach Kampung Pulo Geulis’ community to
30
know what the trigger is that community don’t want
to have entrepreneurship. The activity of coaching
and developing savings and loan business unit have
positive intention so that it is expected to change
community habit and give them the exact motivation
with strong willpower. If the trigger has found out, it
should stay away from its factor. The impact of
commitment has a huge effect on change so if there is
strong commitment, a change can be achieved easily
and focus on the things that bring success to change
so the circumstances get better.
Because of Covid-19 Pandemic, Training held
through offline coaching on 2nd floor Accounting
department State Polytechnic of Jakarta, Thursday
August 27 2020 was attended only the main
management of savings and loan business unit, head
of RW IV Kampung Pulo Geulis and RT by giving
coaching and developing material and evaluation of
savings and loan business unit all at once. From the
evaluation, there are still many obstacles, like lending
money to Bank Keliling (illegal bank), lack of
community awareness to pay obligatory deposit, and
the impact of covid-19 pandemic condition to most of
members. Therefore, we gave back coaching in order
to motivate savings and loan business unit that has
already established affording credit access with
simple requirements but affordable interest rate.
Dedication team also presented the coaching material
by online for members of savings and loan business
unit about the developing of savings and loan
business unit by socializing the benefit of this
business unit. It’s about life target as choosing 1.
Success Rich Happy. 2. Rich Happy. 3. No need to be
rich but Happy. 4. Live life as it is important healthy.
5. Being able to eat is very grateful. How to get life
target by savings, business, or credit. To reach life
target and definition of reaching life target follow
money philosophy – just a little pretty much less. The
practice of financial application was online about
money philosophy. The members of savings and loan
business unit are guided to divide in small amount
based on the aim of its usage.
All of savings and loan business unit members
should have commitment to develop this business
unit by paying obligatory deposit in a disciplined
manner and credit instalment which is as agreement
of savings and loan business unit members Pulo
Geulis. Community dedication team will perform
mentoring when the team come to the management of
savings and loan business unit and assist to solve their
problems.
There is an obvious change in training participants
manner. They are spirit and motivation to give
information and ask for young generation to be
savings and loan business unit member. It is expected
this unit will be developing business unit if there are
many members from young generation kampung Pulo
Geulis so that this business unit can provide credit
assistance for micro businesses and potential micro
businesses specially young generation of Kampung
Pulo Geulis.
5 CONCLUSIONS
1. Knowledge of money philosophy
presented to members of savings and loan
business unit can remind how the
important thing to manage the financial.
2. It can be expected that savings and loan
business unit can be more advanced and
remind how this business unit is very
important so that the community can’t be
trapped by illegal bank (bank keliling)
3. The community dedication team grant fund to
increase capital and it can be used as
developing stopped micro business during
covid-19 pandemic.
APPRECIATION AND THANKS
The community dedication thanks to:
1. Ibu Lurah Kampung Pulo Geulis Pasar Kota
Bogor. Ibu Citra for her assistance so the
training achieves the target.
2. Bapak Hamzah as head of RW IV Kampung
Pulo Geulis for his involvement in this training
and to be head of savings and loan business unit
in Pulo Geulis.
3. UP2M State Polytechnic of Jakarta for it’s
assistance by granting funds as caring to
saving.
REFERENCES
Dewi, Kumala, Putri, 2018, Pengaruh Pendidikan
ewirausahaan dan Ketrampilan Berwirausaha
Terhadap Motivasi Berwirausaha, Jurnal Niagawan vol
7 no 2 e issn 2579 – 8014
Dewi, Nurma, Nuning, 2017, Pengaruh Kredit, Biaya
Inovasi dan Manajemen Usaha Terhadap Kinerja
Keuangan Koperasi Simpan Pinjam, Jurnal Bisnis dan
Manajemen vol 17 no 2 hal 29 – 34
Ermaya, Kalifatullah, 2019, Strategi Pengembangan
Koperasi dengan Analisis SWOT, Jurnal Ekonomi dan
Bisnis, vol 6 no 1, e ISSN 2684-7582
31
Marta, Fraile, 2013, Acta Politica, London vol 48 1ss 2, 119
– 143 DOI 10.1057/ap201234
Mustangin dkk, 2018, Hasil Pemberdayaan Masyarakat
Oleh Koperasi Sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan
Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Petani Daerah Cepogo
Malang, social Work Jurnal, vol 8, no 1 hal 46 – 54
Portal Psikologi Indonesia, 2017, Cara menghilangkan
Kebiasaan Buruk, https://dosenpsikologi.com/ diakses
tanggal 6 september 2019
Rahmanto, Toto, Basuki, 2018, Peran Komunitas Dalam
Meningkatkan Kinerja UKM, Jurnal Riset Manajemen
dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fak Ek UNIAT vol 3, no 1 hal 1 –
10 issn 2527 – 7502 e issn 2581 – 2165
Sajianto, Eko, agus, 2012, Pengaruh Pendidikan, Pelatihan
dan Penyuluhan Terhadap Partisipasi Anggota
Koperasi,Inferensi Jurnal Penelitian Sosial
Keagamaan,vol.6 no.2
Susilawetty dkk, 2013, Peran Koperasi Serba Usaha
Mutiara Mandiri Untuk Meningkatkan Perekonomian
Masyarakat Gunung Sindur Kabupaten Bogor, Jurnal
Ilmiah Widya vol 1 no 1 hal 22 – 30
Yu, Chien et al, 2013, Knowledge Sharing Organizational
Climate and Innovative Behavior, A Cross Level
Analysis of Effects , Sosial Behavior and Personality
Palmerston Nort vol 41 1ss 1 ,143 – 156.
32
33
Development of a Micro Hydro Power Plant Model With a Low Head
Cross Flow Turbine
Gun Gun R Gunadi1,2, Candra Damis Widiawaty1,2, Jusafwar1, Machfud Priyo Utomo1, Ramdana
Ajie Satria1, Muhammad Raihan Abimanyu1, Fachruddin1, Adi Syuriadi1, and Rosidi1 1Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
Keywords: MHPP, crossflow turbine, low head, RNG k-ε model.
Abstract: Provision of food, energy, and information with adequate and sustainable to ensure the welfare of the people
life. In 2011, 6 percent of national electricity production supplied by hydropower and 5 percent from
geothermal energy. PLN plans to increase the use of geothermal energy to 13 percent and hydropower are
still 6 percent of the national electricity production. Most of the energy availability fulfilled independently by
people with a lot of built Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHPP) waterwheel type, small enough electricity
capacity of about 100 watts. Though the area has considerable potential for abundant hydro energy. Using the
CFD method as the initial analysis for experiments has more benefits, including saving time and costs. The
variable of flow parameters and geometry can be easily developed to get the desired results. The development
begins with a numerical simulation to optimize the ratio of the width and diameter of the runners. Followed
by an experiment with the MHPP model to optimize the ratio of the width and diameter of the runner. The
preliminary case study provides results on the torque and power parameters of the crossflow turbine
simulation results of the RNG k-ε model for a fluid flow rate of 0.1 m3/s. The optimum change in runner
crossflow turbine width is 10 cm. The experimental results for the fluid flow rate of 0.053 m3/s, the optimum
at the crossflow turbine runner width 12.5 cm.
1 INTRODUCTION
Provision of food, energy supply, and provision of
information technology are the pillars of society.
Availability of supply thereof with sufficient and
sustainable to ensure the welfare of society.
Impairment of non-renewable energy sources and
the expensive development of renewable energy
technologies to encourage an increase in search of
new energy sources and the development of
technology, in order to improve the efficiency of
energy use.
In 2011, 11 percent of the national electricity
production generated by PLN comes from renewable
energy. 6 percent comes from hydropower (hydro)
and 5 percent comes from geothermal energy
(geothermal). PLN planned by the end of this decade
will increase the use of geothermal energy to 13
percent and hydropower are still 6 percent. Thus the
total renewable energy to be developed until the end
of the decade 19 percent of the national electricity
production (Alkindo, 2012).
The increased use of energy cannot be avoided.
Based on the data of the Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources of the national electricity
production has increased in 2007, reaching 140,000
GWH, in line with increasing national electricity
consumption reached approximately 120,000 GWH
in 2007.
During the first half of 2010, the Java-Bali
electricity consumption grew by 10.5%. Realization
of power production in the first half-2010 reach 83.3
Terra Watt hour (TWH) (Kontan,2012). Micro hydro
power plant (MHPP) independently built in society.
As in the District of Pamijahan Bogor Regency, West
Java, built the MHPP with a simple water wheel drive
small enough electrical capacity of about 100 watts,
just enough for home lighting. Though the area has
the potential of hydro energy are quite abundant. In
addition to the capacity of small also the construction
and installation, very easily damaged by natural
disturbances.
Results of previous research, in the development
of MHPP in Wangun Dua Village, Karang Tengah
34
Village, Babakan_Madang Subdistrict, Bogor
regency, by building MHPP the type of turbine plump
with large capacity, leaving few obstacles, among
them: because it is developed in the industry turbine
maker, makes it difficult for communities to develop
independently. Suppose when people need care due
to technical disruptions, it becomes very depending
on the industry.
Development of MHPP waterwheel type had been
done, with improved efficiency and increased
protection system. But still have weaknesses in
controlling the flow of water, as a source of energy
driving the waterwheel. When the burden of
electricity decreased water flow remains at maximum
conditions. These conditions could result in generator
the excess energy input, which could lead to over
speed to lower the age or damage the generator.
Otherwise when the load goes up, water supply can
cause generator the overload to cause a generator
caught fire (Gunadi, et.al, 2011)
Development of MHPP waterwheel type
installation is done by adding control channel at Head
tank (Tranquilizer), can maintain the stability of the
water elevation and avoid overflow on a waterwheel
when rainfall is high. Framework of the waterwheel
and the generator is made of concrete with a bearing
wood, as a cantilever axis waterwheel can keep and
suppress vibration. The addition of electrical
protection system with the addition of lightning rod
and Automatic Circuit Breaker protects the generator
from overload currents due to lightning and
overloaded electrical Usage. Power load reaches 1000
watts with a less stable voltage. Stable voltage on the
imposition of 146-283,5 watts. Above 283,5 watts,
voltage drops below 220 volts. Efisiensi increases,
along with the increase in power generation (Gunadi,
et.al, 2013).
An experimental study by extending the contact
between the flow of water and waterwheel and
decreasing the momentum due to decrease flow rate.
This experiment shows that each of 1/5 maximum
extention of pensctock with open channels enhances
the average power of 0.7% (Gunadi, et.al, 2014).
Development is carried out on axial turbine type
MHPP. With CFD modeling, for the discharge of
0.02353 m/s with the angle of attack impellers must
be < 20o. Development and testing of early models
showed optimum efficiency is 11.9% on angle of
attack impellers 18o (Gunadi, et.al, 2016)
The development has been done has some
disadvantages; MHPP Turbines Plump types require
head is still high, an obstacle irrigation community for
irrigation and agriculture, while the MHPP
Waterwheel Type has a low efficiency.
Based on these considerations it is necessary to
study the cross flow turbine type MHPP with low
head are more efficient, have a protection system and
have the system control the floodgates.
Since hydro turbines are designed individually
according to the local situation, this requires a huge
engineering effort. To reduce this effort, the CFD
tool, for optimization required. From the used
algorithms, the one based on approximated gradients
seems to be the fastest (R. Eisinger and A. Ruprecht,
2002).
Darrieus-type turbine has been proposed for
hydropower utilization of extra-low head less than 2
m. Experimental results are shown with considering
flow behaviors in the runner section (K. Shimokawa,
et.al.,2010).
Matrix of the most cost-effective penstock
solutions that systematically cover the 0.2–20kW,
and in the larger project it matches them to a modular
set of turbines. It shows how to find the relative cost-
effectiveness of alternative penstocks, and concludes
with examples illustrating the results (K. V.
Alexander and E. P. Giddens, 2008).
For two existing single tangential inlet volutes,
time-averaged radial and tangential velocity and
static pressure measurements of exitflowhave been
obtainedon a cylindrical cut plane through the radial-
inflow section using a three-port yawmeter in air. The
Reynolds numbers based on inlet pipe mean
conditions, around 105, are well into the fully-
turbulent regime and on the order of comparable
water turbines (A. M. Fuller and K. V. Alexander,
2011).
Regulation of the discharge entering in the turbine
is a key issue, which is faced adopting a shaped
semicircular segment, moved inside the main case
around the rotating impeller. The maximum
efficiency of the turbine is attained by setting the
velocity of the particles entering the impeller at about
twice the velocity of the rotating system at the
impeller inlet. If energy losses along the pipe are
negligible, closing and opening the inlet surface with
the semicircular segment allows always a constant
hydraulic head and a constant velocity at the impeller
inlet, even with different flow rate entering values.
Observed reduction of the turbine efficiency along
with the inlet surface reduction is first investigated; a
design methodology, using also CFD simulations, is
then proposed (M. Sinagra et.al., 2014).
An important component of the management cost
of aqueducts is given by the energy costs. Part of
these costs can be recovered by transfonning some of
the many existing energy dissipations in electric
energy by means of economic turbines. In this study
35
an experimental work has been carried out: 1) to lest
the perfonnanee of an economic Cross-Flow turbine
which maintains high efficiency within a large range
of water discharges. and 2) to validate a new
approximated formula relating main inlate velocity to
inlet pressure. It is proved that the proposed formula,
according to some simplifying assumption, exactly
links inlet velocity to inlet pressure according to any
possible geometry of the Cross-Flow turbine (V.
Sammartono et.al., 2014).
The development begins with a numerical
simulation to optimize the ratio of the width and
diameter of the runners. Followed by an experiment
with the MHPP model to optimize the ratio of the
width and diameter of the runner.
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Turbulence Models
This paper used the renormalization group (RNG) k-
ε turbulence models. The RNG k-ε turbulence model
also has two additional transport equations; the
kinetic energy transport equation, k, and the transport
equation dissipation, ε. Transport equation k is given
by the equation 4 and transport equation ε is given by
the equation 5 (V. Yakhot, et.al., 1992)
Where:
S is the average rate of strain, and Cµ σk, σε C1ε C2 ε η0
and β are constants.
2.2 Geometry
Development MHPP crossflow turbine type low
head, efficiency and reliability are increased, the
stages will be carried out as follows:
Figure 1a: shows a geometry of the crossflow turbine
runner.
Figure 1b: Geometry of crossflow turbine runner.
length : 0.01 m
outer blade diameter : 0,15 m
diameter ratio D1/D2 : 0.82
blade angles β1 : 88
β2 : 27
number of blades : 32
chord length S : 0.01 m
blade profile circular arc R : 0.086 m
blade thickness b : 0.004 m
2.3 Meshing and Boundary Conditions
A 3-dimensional model was used for the simulation.
The grid used was a type of structured cell with
36
dimensions 300 × 67 × 4. Construction grid is shown
in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Meshing simulation model of crossflow turbine.
The parameters data as follows:
angular speed runner : 22.61947 rad/s
Inlet water fluid flow rate : 0.1 m3/s
Crossflow turbine runner width : 5cm, 10cm, 15cm
2.4 CFD Simulation
Validation of simulation results is done by comparing
the simulation results with secondary data.
2.5 Experimental Setup
The experimental setup for the crossflow turbine test
model was carried out by changing the ratio of the
diameter and width of the turbine runner.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validation of simulation results is done by comparing
the speed contours of the simulation results with
secondary data. Figure 3 is the velocity contour of the
simulation results and Figure 4 is the velocity contour
of the simulation results that have been studied,
showing the appropriate flow pattern.
Figure 3: Speed Contour of Simulation Results for
Crossflow Turbines.
Figure 4: Contour Plot of Average Water Velocity for a
turbine of 0.53 kW (R. Adhikari and D. Wood, 2018)
Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the torque and power
curves of the crossflow turbine simulation results for
changes in the ratio of the diameter and width of the
turbine with the k-ε RNG model. The simulation
result curve shows that the optimum point of torque
and power is at the crossflow turbine runner width of
10 cm.
Figure 5: Torque curve of the simulated crossflow turbine
for changes in the ratio of the diameter and width of the
turbine.
37
Figure 6: Crossflow turbine power curve simulation results
for changes in the ratio of diameter and width of the turbine.
The crossflow turbine test model is shown in Figure
7. Experiments on changes in the ratio of the diameter
and width of the turbine were carried out with a width
of 10 cm, 12.5 cm and 15 cm.
Figure 7: Crossflow turbine model
Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the torque and power
curve of the crossflow turbine test results for changes
in the ratio of the diameter and width of the turbine.
The simulation result curve shows that the optimum
point of torque and power is at the crossflow turbine
runner width of 12.5 cm.
Figure 8: Crossflow turbine torque curve test results for
changes in the ratio of diameter and width of the turbine.
Figure 8: Power curve of the crossflow turbine test results
for changes in the ratio of diameter and width of the turbine.
4 CONCLUSIONS
A case study on a crossflow turbine with water fluid
gives the results of the torque and power parameters
of the crossflow turbine simulation results of the
RNG k-ε model for fluid flow rate (discharge) 0.1
m3/s, changes in the ratio of diameter and width of
the turbine, optimum for the width of the crossflow
turbine runner. 10 cm. The parameters of the torque
and power of the crossflow turbine were experimental
results for the discharge of 0.053 m3/s, the optimum
for the crossflow turbine runner width of 12.5 cm.
REFERENCES
Alkindo, 2012. “PLN Tingkatkan Produksi Listrik Dari
Energi Terbarukan,”. [Online]. Available:
http://www.alkindo.org.
Kontan, 2012. “Sepanjang 2010, konsumsi listrik nasional
meningkat,”. [Online]. Available:
http://www.kontan.co.id.
G. G. R. Gunadi, A. Syuriadi, Fachruddin, and S. Prasetya,
2011. “Pengembangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga
Mikro Hidro Type Kincir Air,” in Prosiding Seminar
Nasional Hasil Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada
Masyarakat (SNP2M) 2011, pp. 59–64.
G. G. R. Gunadi, Jusafwar, A. Syuriadi, and D. M. Kamal,
2013. “Development of Hydraulic Governing Valve For
Micro Hydro Power Plant Type Waterwheel,” in
Proceeding of Annual South East Asian International
Seminar (ASAIS) 2013, pp. 233–240.
G. G. R. Gunadi et al., 2014. “Developing a Penstock for
Micro Hydro Power Plant of Waterwheel Type,” in
Proceeding of Annual South East Asian International
Seminar (ASAIS) 2014, pp. 137–152.
G. G. R. Gunadi, C. D. Widiawaty, Fachruddin, Jusafwar,
A. Syuriadi, and J. Ali, 2016. “Developing a Runner for
38
Axial Turbine Type Micro Hydro Power Plant with Low
Head,” in Proceeding of Annual South East Asian
International Seminar (ASAIS) 2016, pp. 45–54.
R. Eisinger and A. Ruprecht, 2002. “Automatic Shape
Optimisation of Hydro Turbine Components Based on
CFD,” Task Q., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 101–111.
K. Shimokawa, A. Furukawa, K. Okuma, D. Matsushita,
and S. Watanabe, 2010. “Side-wall effect of runner
casing on performance of Darrieus-type hydro turbine
with inlet nozzle for extra-low head utilization,” Sci.
China Technol. Sci., vol. 53, no. 1, p. 93−99.
K. V. Alexander and E. P. Giddens, 2008. “Optimum
penstocks for low head microhydro schemes,” Renew.
Energy, vol. 33, pp. 507–519.
A. M. Fuller and K. V. Alexander, 2011. “Exit-flow
velocity survey of two single-tangential-inlet vaneless
turbine volutes,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 35, pp.
48–59.
M. Sinagra, V. Sammartano, C. Aricò, A. Collura, and T.
Tucciarelli, 2014. “Cross-flow Turbine Design for
Variable Operating Conditions,” Procedia Eng., vol.
70, pp. 1539 – 1548.
V. Sammartano, G. Morreale, M. Sinagra, A. Collura, and
T. Tucciarelli, 2014. “Experimental Study of Cross-
flow Micro-turbines for Aqueduct Energy Recovery,”
Procedia Eng., vol. 89, pp. 540 – 547.
V. Yakhot, S. A. Orszag, S. Thangam, T. B. Gatski, and C.
G. Speziale, 1992. Development of Turbulence Models
for Sher Flows by a Double Expansion Technique.
R. Adhikari and D. Wood, 2018. “The design of high
efficiency crossflow hydro turbines: A review and
extension,” Energies.
39
Volatility of Three World Stock Markets During The 2017-2019
Presidential Election
Syamsurizal1 and Husnil Barry2 1,2Business administration Department, Jakarta State Polytechnic, Kampus UI Depok, Indonesia
Keywords: Capital Market, Election, Risk, Volatility.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine whether there has been a change in volatility in the capital markets of
3 countries in the world that have held elections in the last 3 years with the most election participants poll.
Elections create political uncertainty throughout the pre-election period, during general elections (elections)
and several periods after the election. The limitation of the election period in this case is the direct presidential
election held by 3 countries in the world that have active capital markets starting from 2017-2019. The
motivation for this research is that there are not many studies that discuss the influence of political uncertainty,
especially in Indonesia, Brazil and South Korea during
1 INTRODUCTION
Election conditions are a condition of political uncertainty that occurs because you do not know who is the winner of the election, security in election conditions and the uncertainty of economic and security conditions after the election. Reporting from the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), there were 26 countries in 2019 that conducted direct presidential elections including Indonesia, 24 countries in 2018 and 14 countries in 2017 so that a total of 64 countries conducted presidential elections throughout 3 last year.
Basically, the volatility of stocks in the capital market is influenced by several elements, such as according to Schwert, 1989, the volatility of stock returns is influenced by macroeconomics, financial leverage, and trading volume. Bialkowski et al., 2008 conducted an investigation of 27 OECD countries to test whether political elements influence the volatility of stock returns. As a result, stock volatility increases during the election period. Ramesh, 2015 found that investors get abnormal returns during the political presentation process or political conditions are unstable due to reactions from changes in leadership. General elections (Elections) present uncertainty to the financial sector, especially the capital market. The performance of the capital market is influenced by the economic performance of a country and the economic performance is influenced by the political uncertainty of the country whether the elected leaders and cabinet
ranks can support the investment climate or vice versa. Shaikh, 2016 said in his research that in the 2016 US election that won President Trump, investors get an abnormal return in the election spanning period. In the period before the election there was a bearish condition in the capital market. On the day of debate and voting the market reacts with increased volatility. Finally, a few days after the voting day, investors took short positions in anticipation of the decline in stock prices as a result of uncertainty about who won and who lost in the election process. This is also in line with Goodell and Vahama's 2012 research which states that the presidential election makes investors feel anxious and constantly revises their expectations regarding future macroeconomic policies. Li et all, 2017 in his research examined the performance of companies in 39 countries from 1982 to 2012, that in the elections in these countries, stock prices dropped drastically during the election and would decline even further after the election took place on the condition that political uncertainty occurred in that country. Political uncertainty affects company risk.
The motivation of this research is whether the elections in 64 countries of the world which contain elements of political uncertainty have an influence on the volatility of the capital markets in 64 countries of the world. Election coverage in this case is direct presidential election by the people.
This study will only discuss 3 countries that hold general elections closest to a large voter population each year starting from 2017-2019.
40
This study also wants to examine whether the long-term and short-term volatility of the capital market when the election is influenced by any factors.
This research is still very little so that it provides novelty, especially in the implementation in the context of elections in 3 complex and long countries and is followed by many parties and election participants plus the 2017-2019 election is the most updated range of research.
The capital market is a forum where business players, both individual and institutional, channel their excess funds to companies in need of funds. Investors in this case must first be aware of the risks that exist before investing, especially political uncertainty which is one of the major risks that must be faced. This research is expected to be able to create signs and models for identifying the risk of political uncertainty that aim to guide investors in investing in countries that are conducting general elections. The guide includes, models and types of risk so that it is one of the innovative service products resulting from applied research which in the end can be sold and has additional value.
2 LITERATUR REVIEW
Investment is a sacrifice for consumption in the present to get greater returns in the future, the results that will be obtained depend on how long we invest and what the rate of return of the investment is. Investment is closely related to saving, both investment and saving are both carried out to anticipate needs that will arise in the future.
The main difference from saving is that it anticipates needs that arise in the short term, while investing has a longer term and the expectation of greater returns. Savings are usually easy to withdraw, while investments are difficult to withdraw and usually impose penalties for withdrawing funds.
“Investment is the commitment of money or capital to purchase financial instruments or other assets in order to gain profitable returns in form of interest, income, or appreciation of the value of the instrument” (O 'Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003, p. 271). Based on this explanation, investment is a commitment to place money or capital in financial assets or other (non-financial) assets with the hope of getting results in the form of interest, an increase in asset value or income.
The definition of investment from other sources is: “An investment involves the choice by an individual or an organization such as a pension fund, to place or lend money in a vehicle, instrument or asset, such as property, commodity, stock, bond, that has certain level of risk and provides the possibility
of generating returns over a period of time 5 ”(Graham, Benjamin, and Dodd, 1951).
The explanation above explains that the results a person will get when investing in various assets will depend on the level of risk and the period of investment he makes. The longer the investment period, the higher the expectation will be to get a greater return as well as the risk.
Investments can be in the form of lending money or owning a business (owning). Lending is a form of investment that can be said to be conservative because the goal is to get a risk-free income or have a small risk of losing its initial investment, this kind of investment is usually in the form of savings, bonds, and money market instruments. Meanwhile owning is almost always related to investing rather than just saving. Investments of this kind usually take the form of company holdings, stocks, and mutual funds.
Investment has the risk of losing part or all of the initial investment (initial / principal investment), an investment that is not properly analyzed will be much more risky because the potential risk is unknown in advance and is beyond the control of investors.
In investing, speculation usually appears subtle and sometimes difficult to distinguish. This difference will depend on the mind set of investors whether their investment objectives are for the purpose of taking profits in a short way without using analysis, only depending on their luck. Graham and Dodd (1934) distinguish speculation from investment, where investment is carried out using a variety of analyzes that guarantee initial investment and a suitable rate of return and with medium or long term investment objectives.
In this discussion, the author will focus on investing in financial assets, especially stocks in the form of portfolios. The investment yield obtained is in the form of the difference between the purchase price and the price that will occur in the future (in the form of an increase or decrease) plus the amount of dividends. If the difference is positive, the result is profit and vice versa, when there is a decrease, the investor suffers a loss. The potential for an increase or decrease in the return on this investment is a risk that must be borne by investors, the higher the level of volatility, the higher the rate of return.
2.1 Return
According to Jones (2000: 124), return is yield and capital gain (loss) where yield is the cash flow that is paid periodically to shareholders (in the form of dividends), capital gain (loss) is the difference between the share price at the time of purchase and the price shares at the time of sale. This means that there are two types of returns for investors, namely dividends and capital gains (loss). It should be noted
41
that the rate of return of a stock is not always positive. When the current stock price is lower than the stock price when the investor made a purchase, the return on the stock is negative (capital loss).
The rate of return is a compensation desired by investors for time, inflation rate and the uncertainty of the results to be obtained. The results obtained from investing will of course be related to changes in investment wealth.
For a best viewing experience the used font must be Times New Roman, on a Macintosh use the font named times, except on special occasions, such as program code (Section 2.3.7).
2.2 Risk
Risk is the uncertainty that an investor will get the
expected return. This risk can be higher or lower than
expected. The difference between the results obtained
and the results expected is called a deviation.
There are five risks that are always related to and
affect investment, these risks are:
1. Interest Rate Risk:
The risk that the interest rate will be higher than
the level of fixed income an investor will receive
will make the investment or saving less
valuable. This kind of risk is usually faced by
investors who invest in bonds, because the value
of the bonds they buy will fluctuate with
changes in interest rates
2. Inflation Risk:
Risk of loss of ability or purchasing power.
Usually this risk will greatly affect investors
who invest with relatively small fixed income,
so that the investment value will be eroded by
increased inflation.
3. Economic Risk
The risk that a country's economy will decline,
so that it will pull down all existing investment
in that country. Politics, war and weather are
external factors that can influence economic
risk.
4. Business Risk
The risk that the business or industry will fail.
Bad news about a company will cause the
company's stock price to drop, often even
impacting the entire market.
5. Financial Risk
The risks associated with the company, or the
government's ability to pay its obligations.
2.3 Stock
Shares are proof of ownership of a company. Shares
can be owned by individuals or a business entity. By
including this capital, the party has a claim on
income, assets, dividends, and is entitled to attend the
General Meeting of Shareholders. Shares are divided
into two groups, namely common stock and preferred
stock.
The potential benefits that investors can enjoy are
unlimited, while the potential losses are limited to the
capital used to buy the shares.
When someone owns shares, in this case common
stock, there are two potential benefits that he will get,
namely:
1. Dividends
Dividends are distributed by the company to
shareholders after going through the GMS
mechanism, and are given to shareholders who
have been registered as entitled to receive
dividends. Investors must hold their ownership
for a certain period of time so that they are
registered by the company and are entitled to
receive dividends. Dividends themselves are
divided into two, namely cash dividends and
stock dividends.
2. Capital gain
Capital gain is obtained by investors through
trading transaction mechanisms in the
secondary market.
Owning stocks is one way to fight inflation
because the average return resulting from
investing in stocks consistently exceeds the
average inflation rate. In addition there is an
advantage over income tax that comes from
capital gains income. Income derived from
capital gains will not be charged before
investors realize / sell their shares.
When it comes to stocks, of course there are
various kinds of shares circulating in the market.
Each type shows the investment style that the
investor has, whether the investor is a risk taker
or a risk averter.
2.4 Data
In this study the data used are shares of 3 stocks in the
world denominated in dollars ($) for the 2017-2019
election period. The election period consists of
a) Pre Election
This period starts from registration for elections
and open and closed campaigns (Jan-March)
b) At the time of the election
This period is during the voting month
c) Post Election
The period starts from the results of the quick
count, recapitulation of the real count by the relevant
institutions, the determination of the winner of the
42
election to the working cabinet or minister announced
by the president.
All election periods vary from country to country,
so election schedules are searched for from searches
for official news issued by the EMB for each country.
The following table lists the countries holding
elections in 2019, 2018 and 2017
3 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Based on the calculation of volatility, which is
captured simply, namely the calculation of variance
and standard deviation which represents the volatility
that the holding of the election did not increase the
rate of return on shares of the three exchanges,
namely the Indonesia Stock Exchange, the Brazilian
Stock Exchange and the South Korean Stock
Exchange. The following results from the risk of
several exchanges.
Based on the table below, the implementation of
such a long election raises investor concerns about
political instability in the country so that in general
investors hold back until the election is over. In
several countries until the working cabinet was
announced. This is seen in the consistent returns in
the three countries that do not exceed 1% even though
the risk is also between 1-2%. The stock market that
investors are reluctant to attract yields returns that
may be equivalent to savings or bank deposits. Of the
three countries, it can be said that the election went
well, even though, especially in Indonesia, there was
some acceptance from the constants who lost by
complaining on a formal way, namely the
constitutional court. Indonesia is the longest and most
complex election with the largest population.
Meanwhile, the Brazilian election is a critical point
for its citizens because starting from 2000 Brazil has
always been synonymous with an economic crisis and
a crisis of integrity in the form of corruption and high
crime rates. Even Brazil is the 7th cruelest country in
the world because of frequent murders. Meanwhile,
in South Korea the implementation of elections was
carried out on the impeachment of the previous
president in December 2016 due to acts of corruption
so expect fresh air for the next government to
continue the government and improve relations with
North Korea.
Table 1: Tabel Return and Standard Deviation.
Indicies Period Return Standar
Deviasi
Korea
(Kospi)
2/03/2017 –
31/07/2017 0.13% 0.5643%
Brazil
(Bosova)
1/08/2018 –
29/10/2018 0.11% 2.165%
Indonesia
(IHSG)
14/08/2018 -
4/04/2019 0.15% 0.88%
Figure 1: Return IHSG, 2019
Figure 2: Return Bosova, 2018
Figure 3: Return Kospi, 2017
4 CONCLUSIONS
1. There is volatility clustering on the stock
market during the election
2. Investors refrain from investing during the
election period starting from balloon
announcements, registration, campaigns,
elections, determination of winners to the
elected work cabinet
43
3. Return and standard deviation were both
consistently small at the time the election was
held for the three countries.
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Stock Market Volatility Around Nasional Election.
Journal of Banking & Finance 32 (2008) 1941–1953
Bodie, Alex Kane, dan Alan J. Marcus. 2005. Investment,
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Brooks, Crish, 2008. “Introductory Econometrics For
Finance”. Cambridge University Press, 2
Bollerslev, T., 1986 “Generalized Autoregressive
Conditional Heteroskedasticity”. Journal of
Econometrics, 31 (1986) 307-27. Jstor
Baillie dan DeGennaro, 1990. “Stock Return and
Volatility”. The Journal of Financial and Quantitative
Analysis 25 (1990) 203-214
Engle, R. F., 1982 Autoregressive Conditional
Heteroscedasticity with Estimate of Variance of United
Kingdom Inflation. Econometrica, 50 (1982), 987-1007
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Time varying Risk Premia in The Term Structure: The
ARCH-M Model. Econometrica, 55, 391-407
Elyasiani dan Mansyur, 1998. “Sensitivity of The Bank
Stock Returns Distribution to Changes in the Level and
Volatility of Interest Rate: A GARCH-M Model.
Journal of Banking and Finance 22 (1998) 535-56
Fama, Eugiene F., French, Kenneth. (2004). The Capital
Asset Pricing Model: Theory and Evidence. Journal of
Economic Perspective Volume 18 No 3, Summer 2004,
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French, K. R., G. Schwert dan R. F. Stambaugh, 1987. “
Expected Stock Return and Volatility’. Journal of
Financial Economics, 19, 3-29
Goodell, John., Vahama Sami, 2012. US Presedential
Election and Implied Volatility: The Role of Political
Uncertainty. Journal of Banking and Finance 37 (2013)
1108- 1117
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Tail Risk: International Evidence. Journal of Banking
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Evidence From India. Procedia Social and Behavioral
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between the Expected Value and the Volatility of The
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https://www.idea.int/.
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45
Harmonic Distortion and Effects on The Performance of Transformer
Power Distribution 20 Kv / 400v
Raden Nursjamsu1, Tossin Alamsyah2 and Kusandi2 1 Student of Applied Master Program in Electrical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Jakarta, Kampus UI Depok, Indonesia 2,3 Teaching Staff of Applied Master of Electrical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Jakarta, Kampus UI Depok, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Distortion, Harmonics, Performance, Transformer, Distribution, Electric Power.
Abstract: The increasing emphasis on the efficiency of the electric power system has led to an increase in equipment
that has high efficiency, such as the use of power electronics-based equipment. The use of this equipment
can result in an increase in the harmonic level which can reduce the capability of the electric power system.
Harmonics are disturbances that occur in the electric power distribution system due to the distortion of
current and voltage waves due to the use of nonlinear loads which are generally electronic equipment. One
of the common effects of harmonic disturbances is an increase in temperature on the transformer which will
damage the insulation of the medium and low voltage mounts and a decrease in viscosity or breakdown
voltage of transformer oil. The transformer is always affected by harmonics because it is designed according
to its working frequency. Loss-loss caused by current and voltage-dependent harmonics, an increase in
frequency causes an increase in loss and loss. The results showed, the higher the total harmonic current in
each phase, the higher the load losses (PLL), the I2R loss and the Eddy Current loss and the overheating of
the 20kV / 400V transformer. Before installing the active filter, the Loss I2R Cu is 0.11. pu (146,896 kW)
and Eddy Current Loss 0.051 pu (68.11 kW), while after installation of the active filter there was a decrease
of 0.00057 pu (0.76 kW) and 0.01 pu (13.36 kW). The transformer oil breakdown voltage before treatment
is an average of 25.01 kV which indicates less than the standard value, while after treatment it is 72.8 kV
according to the standard value set by IEC. With the installation of the Active High Filter (AHF), there is a
reduction in the current THD% from 47.96% to 4.12% and an energy saving of 215.006 kW with an
economic value lost per month of 17.40%.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The existing electricity system at PT Mekar Armada Jaya (MAJ) is supplied from PLN with a voltage of 20 kV reduced to 400 V with an installed power capacity of 1600 kVA. Almost every year there is damage to the distribution transformer due to overheating, which damages the packing list on the transformer, which causes oil leakage. The main load of the welding machine transformer that works continuously. Continuous operation of the rectifier with non-linear loads can cause harmonic distortion. Harmonics are disturbances that occur in an electric power distribution system due to distortion of current and voltage waves, so that they are no longer pure sinusoidal form. This is particularly disruptive to electrical equipment designed to operate in a
sinusoidal voltage waveform which can cause losses, including failure of operation, decreased reliability, increased losses and decreased efficiency. Harmonics are current sources which are expressed as THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) currents, while harmonic currents after passing through the system impedance will generate a voltage known as THD. The recommended voltage by the IEEE-Standartd year 1992 is ≤ 5%.
The effect of harmonic impacts on the electric power system is very wide, one of which is the multifunction / damage to the transformer. The transformer plays a very important role in distributing power to the load center and is the most sensing equipment for harmonics, because it is closer to non-linear loads. Current harmonics cause heating of the transformer, resulting in decreased efficiency and also damage to transformer insulation which causes oil leaks out of the packing. The heat that arises also destroys the insulation of the medium voltage (TM)
46
seat / terminal, tap-changer, as well as the insulation of the low-voltage (TR) side terminal. Damage to transformer insulation can result in reduced oil functioning as an insulator and if it is not anticipated it can result in a short circuit between phases which can cause an explosion, and of course will damage the transformer
1.2 Problem Formulation
The problem formulation in research is the extent to which the harmonic influence is caused by the load in the form of the welding machine will experience heating so as to increase the increase in losses on the 20 kV / 400 V transformer, including load losses (PLL), Cu losses and eddy current losses, causing insulation damage and reducing oil which functions as an insulator.
1.3 Objectives of the research
1. To obtain harmonic parameters in the form of voltage and current harmonic numbers, THD% V and THD% I, on a 20 kV / 400V transformer.
2. Get current harmonic analysis of Cu losses and Eddy currents in a 20kV / 400V transformer before and after using active filters.
3. Obtain transformer oil breakdown voltage parameters according to IEC 156 / ASTM D8777 SPLN-8 1978 / SPLN 49-1-1982 due to the presence of harmonics before and after installation of active filters.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Three Phase Full Wave Rectifier
Rectifiers is a static ac-dc converter that converts the alternating voltage into direct voltage using switching techniques, which are used for welding machines, stamping, power supplies and DC motor control. There are a variety of rectifier circuits from small to large sizes that work with single-phase and three-phase systems.
Figure 1: Power Circuit Full Wave Three Phase Rectifier
[Sutisna, D., & Hariansyah, M., 2012]
Figure 2: Waveforms of Voltage and Current on the Input
Side of the Grid
The current waveform on the input side of the rectifier grid will be non-sinusoidally distorted and form a symmetrical square wave (iA) The distorted current will contain a THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) value which depends on changes in the ignition angle. Harmonic current spectrum with a frequency of 50Hz, 250Hz, 350Hz, 550Hz, 650Hz, 850Hz and 950Hz.
One of the most common ways to express the amount of harmonic distortion that occurs in a system is THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), which states the amount of distortion caused by all harmonic components.
This method of calculating harmonics is known as harmonic distortion. This calculation is used by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) in America [Sankaran, 2002]. THD states the amount of distortion caused by all harmonic components. To determine the amount of THD used the following equation:
(1)
With THD = Total Harmonic Distortion (%) I1 = Fundamental frequency current (A) Ih = Hth harmonic current (A H = Integer number 2, 3, 4, 5, ....
This THD value is used to measure the magnitude
a deviation from a periodic waveform containing harmonics from a sinusoidal wave, for a perfect sinusoidal wave the value of THD is 0%. A harmonic frequency that is higher than its working frequency will result in a decrease in the efficiency of power losses and will cause additional losses due to increased Cu losses and Eddy currents in the core, increasing losses will increase the temperature of the transformer. Similarly, in the transformer winding conductors, the skin effect will be greater and increase the resistance of the conductors, increasing the resistance of the winding conductors will increase
47
the power dissipation in the windings which will ultimately increase the temperature of the conductors.
2.2 Harmonics
Standards The harmonic standards used in this study are the IEEE 519-1992 standards. There are two criteria It is used to evaluate harmonic distortion, namely the harmonic limit for current (THDI) and the harmonic limit for voltage (THDV).
The limit for current harmonics is determined by the Isc / IL ratio. Isc is the short circuit current in the PCC (Point of Common Coupling), while IL is the fundamental load current. For the harmonic voltage limit, it is determined from the amount of voltage in the system installed or used. The allowed harmonic standards for current and voltage based on IEEE Std519-1992 can be seen in tables 1 and 2. There are two criteria used in the harmonic distortion analysis:
Table 1. Standard [IEEE Std. 519-1992]
ISC/
ILOAD
Order of Harmonics
(in%)
Harmonic
Distortion
Total
Harmonic
Distortion
<11 11-
16
17-
22
23-
24
> 35
<20 4 2 1.5 0.6 0.3 5
20-50 7 3.5 2.5 1 0.5 8
> 1000 15 7 6 2.5 1.4 20
Wherein: The first SC : short circuit current at the PCC (Point
of Common Coupling) IlOAD : the load current nominal fundamental
THD : Total Harmonic Distortion in%
2.2.1 Calculation of Short Circuit Current [Arrilaga J., Bradley D. A, Bodger P, 2003]
IFL = (7)
ISC = (8)
ISC is the short circuit current present in the PCC
(Point of Common Coupling) IFL is the nominal
fundamental load current. Whereas for the standard
harmonic voltage is determined by the system voltage
used as shown in table 2
Table 2. Voltage Harmonic Standards [7]
(Source: IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements, 2004: 78)
2.3 Active Filters
The basic principles of the Active Harmonic Filter use power electronics technology to produce components specific currents that aim to fail the harmonic current components generated by non-linear loads [Elih Mulyana, et al., 2008]. Active Filter is an electronic device that can improve the quality of power transmitted from source to load. Power system filters usually consist of Active Harmonic Filters and Passive Filters. The use of the Active Harmonic Filter in the electric power system is more flexible than the Passive Filter because in terms of performance the Active Harmonic Filter is more economical. According to [H. Akagi, 2006], basically the Active Filter in the power system is divided into 2 topologies, namely the topology in parallel called the Shunt Active Filter and in series called the Series Active Filter [H. Akagi, 2006].
2.3.1 Active Filter Parallel (Shunt Active Filter)
The basic principle Parallel Active Harmonic Filter is to filter out the harmonic currents by generating current compensation filter (ifilter) which is directly inversely load harmonic currents (ibeban). When the phase currents AHF Shunt and phase load current has the same phase or the phase opposite to the frequency harmonics, the second phase will cancel each other out so that the number of vector currents to zero in the current supply (isuplai) at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) so that the supply current approach sinusoidal, as shown in Figures 3 and 4 is a Parallel Active Harmonic Filter (Shunt) topology and its waveform.
Bus Voltage at
PCC
Individual Voltage
Distortion (%)
THD
(%)
69 kV and below 3.0 5,0
69,001 kV through
161 kV
1.5 2,5
161,001 kV and
above
1.0 1.5
48
Figure 3: Parallel active filter topology (Shunt) [H. Akagi,
2006]
Parallel Active Filter consists of an LC converter installed in parallel with loads containing harmonic currents so that current compensation occurs.
Figure 4. Waveforms After Installation of Parallel Active
Harmonic Filters, Source Current, Non-Linear Load
Current and Compensated Current [H. Akagi, 2006]
The circuit of parallel active filters can use a three-phase converter whose working principle is the same as a single-phase converter, namely by changing the direct voltage to back and forth with various frequencies. Where the direct voltage generated by the rectifier power circuit is then converted again into an alternating current voltage. While the signal processing given to each switch device (IGBT) is different in phase by 60o and each semiconductor device (IGBT) is conducted for 180o.
3 METHODOLOGY
Method used in this research is a case study of harmonics and their effects on the 20kV / 400V transformer at PT MAJ Bekasi. The flowchart is shown in
Figure 5: Research Flowchart
The circuit diagram before installing the active filter (AHF) is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Series diagram of Harmonic Measurement
Tools Used in Research Before the Installation of
the Active Harmonic Filter (AHF)
a. Transformer : 3 Phases Brand : Unindo Capacity : 1600 kVA HV Voltage : 20 kV LV Voltage : 400 V Serial Number : 77678 Oil Volume : 860 kg / 1011 lt
Connection : Dyn5 Impedance : 4%
a. Transformer Oil Penetration Tension Test Tool b. Fluke435 Power Quality Analyzer c. LV-MDP Panel + Capacitor Bank
49
d. Converter e. Welding machines
3 phase transformer, 20 kV / 400 V, 1600 kVA
supply electrical energy to the three-phase rectifier used for welding machines. The impact of the operation of the 3 phase rectifier will cause harmonic disturbances on the secondary side of the transformer. To get harmonic parameters on the transformer, you can use a harmonic meter.
3.1 The Research Diagram with Active Filter (AHF)
THD% I = 47.96% exceeds the standards set by the IEEE by less than 8%, so a solution is needed to reduce THD I% to comply with the standards set by IEEE, by installing an active filter in the form of Active High Filter (AHF) shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Measurement Circuit Diagram with Active Filter
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The identification was carried out by observation with visual data collection methods on a 20 kV / 400V transformer panel at PT MAJ before and after Active Harmonic Filter installation. In addition, the measurement of current and voltage harmonics on a 20 kV / 400V, 1600 kVA transformer is also carried out using the Fluke 435 Power Quality Analyzer. Display of measurement results in the form of: harmonic number of voltage and current, THD% of voltage and current carried out at the Power House Building of PT MAJ Bekasi.
4.1 Harmonic Content of Current and Voltage (%, A, V) Before and After Installation of AHF
Figure 8: Harmonic Content of Current and Voltage
Before and Active Filters
after installation of the test results on a 20 kV / 400 V transformer after installing the filter (AHF) show that the harmonic content is the largest of the three-phase rectifier operation occurred at harmonic 3, amounting to 1.84% with a current of 37.36 A and
the resulting frequency of 250 Hz. By installing an active filter, there was a decrease in the THD% of the current by 43.32% (47.98% -4.66%).
4.2 Transformer Oil Breakdown Voltage Before and After AHF Installation.
The oil breakdown voltage test was carried out 6 times with a total time of 15 minutes. Data in Figure 4.10. Shows the breakdown voltage of the transformer is 20 kV / 400 V, the average value is 2.5 m / m = 72 kV while the average 1 Cm = 291.4 kV, this shows that according to the standard value recommended by IEC 156 / ASTM D877 SPLN-8 -1978 / SPLN 49-1-1982.
Figure 9: Transformer Oil Breakdown Voltage Before and
After Treatment
The test results show that there is excess heat in the transformer which shows the average value of the oil breakdown
voltage test of 23.205 (before treatment) and after treatment of 74. So that the average deviation before and after treatment is equal to 68%.
Figure 10: Current Harmonic Content (%) When the filter
is installed Filter (AHF)
50
The test results show the average deviation for the current harmonics of the 20 kV / 400 V transformer in phase R due to operation of the three-phase rectifier on the welding machine prior to filter installation (AHF) amounting to 21.41% and after installing the filter by 1.84%, with an error percentage of harmonic currents of 91.4%.
Figure 11: Load Losses on the Transformer
The test results show the average deviation for the load losses of the R phase transformer due to operation of the rectifier on the welding machine before and after installing the filter by 7.8% (pu), and will result in an increase in temperature at transformer. Load losses (PLL) occur in I2R (copper losses): and Eddy current losses.
Figure 12: Losses I2 Ron the Transformer
The test results show the average deviation for the I2R losses on the transformer before and after
installing the filter by 99%. I2R losses (copper losses) before installing the filter: Pcu = 0.06 pu x 1336.43 =
80.19 kW, while after installing the filter the I2R losses (copper losses): Pcu = 0.00057 pu x 1336, 43 = 0.76 kW.
Figure 13: Eddy Current Losses on Transformer
The test results show the average deviation for Eddy current losses on the transformer before and after filter installation by 99%. Eddy current losses before filter: Pec = 0.036x 1336.43 = 48.11 kW. Eddy current losses after filter installation: Pec = 0.01x 1336.43 = 13.36kW.
5 CONCLUSIONS
With the installation of active filters on the transformer, there is a reduction in THD% Current of 43.84% from before the installation of AHF THD% I of 47.97% and after installation to 4.13% and a decrease in I2R losses of 0.0057 pu (0,20 kW) and an Eddy current of 0.01 pu (0.113 kW). Reduction of THD% Current in a 20 kV / 400 V transformer from
47.97% to 4.13%, there is an energy saving of 128.30 kW at a higher cost. lost per month 17.40%.
Suggestions For the development and additional load on the
transformer, it is better to test and analyze the voltage and current harmonics in order to avoid temperature increases that cause damage to the transformer and other equipment.
REFERENCES
IEEE Std. 519-1992, IEEE Guide for Harmonic Controland
Reactive Compensation of Static Power Converter.
Internet.
M. Rukonuzzaman, E and M. Nakaoka, (2001) “Single
Phase Shunt Active Filter With Novel Harmonic
Detection”, IEEE PEDS, Indonesia
Sankaran (2002), Power Quality, USA: CRC Press LLC.
[33].
Roger C. Dugan, Mark F Mc.Granaghan, Surya Santoso,
2003, Electrical Power System Quality, Second
Edition, Mc.Graw Hill
Arrilaga J., Bradley D. A, Bodger P, 2003, Power System
Harmonics, John Willey & Sons, Singapore.
De La Rosa, Francisco C. (2006). Harmonics and Power
Systems. New York: Taylor & Francis, LLC
H. Akagi, (2006) “Modern active fi lters and traditional
passive fi lters,” Bulletin of the Polish Academy of
Sciences Technical Sciences, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 255-
269.
Elih Mulyana, et al. (2008), Analysis of Current and
Voltage Harmonics in the TIKUPI Building,
Competitive Research, UPI
51
Tobing, Cristof NFF, (2008), The Effect of Harmonics on
Distribution Transformers, Depok, University of
Indonesia
Muhamad H. Rashid, 2010, Power Electronincs Hand
book-Device- Circuit-and Applications, Second
Edition, Ebooksclub
Kusnadi, (2012), Controlled Three Phase Converter to
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in Lab-View Based
Inductive Load, Thesis S2 UI
Sutisna, D., & Hariansyah, M. 2012. Analysis Power
Losses on Distribution Transformers 15 kVA, 20 kV /
400 Volt Due to Harmonics Effect
Suheta, T. & Haryudo, SI 2013. Effects of Harmonics on
200 kVA Power Pole Transformer Substation at PT.
PLN (Persero) APJ North Surabaya
Tumpak Dolok, Stepan Simarmata, 2017, Harmonic
Analysis of the effect of temperature on the 400KVA
distribution transformer at FT Riau University, F
Engineering, volume 3 no 1 Feb
52
53
An Overview of Computer Hard Skills Requirements for Finance and
Banking Applied Study Programs, State Polytechnic of Jakarta
Rahmanita Vidyasari1 and Rodiana Listiawati2 1,2 Accounting Department, State Polytechnic of Jakarta, Kampus UI Depok, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: hard skills, computer, finance and banking applied study program.
Abstract: This research is motivated by the need for competence in the use of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) in the world of work to face of the ASEAN free market competition (MEA) and the
industrial revolution that has been in the industry 4.0 era which demands high competence in industrial human
resources leading to information technology and computers. The purpose of this study is to determine the hard
skills needed by graduates of finance and banking applied study programs based on several practicum courses
in the curriculum. This type of research is a descriptive research by distributing questionnaires to graduates
students to get information, opinions, data, and their input about the needs, usefulness, suitability and
adequacy of computer hard skill. The questionnaire used was made online which was distributed to graduates
in 2017-2018. All data collected were analyzed using qualitative research analysis techniques consisting of
data reduction, presentation of data in the form of tables and graphs then conclusions. The results showed that
it was necessary to review some material and practicum subjects to be added according to recommendations,
a certificate of expertise in the field of computers was needed to support graduates when applying for jobs
and the suitability and adequacy of the material practicum currently meets industry needs.
1 INTRODUCTION
In the era of ASEAN free market competition (AEC),
higher education, especially vocational education
which is directed at the application of certain skills, is
required to produce graduates who can compete with
graduates from various countries. With the AEC,
labor competition has increased and labor recruiters
want professional people who are experts in their
fields.
With the demands of a career in the world of work
today, which is increasingly developing, it has an
impact on the skills needed to achieve a better career.
There are two main types of skills, namely hard skills
and soft skills. In the world of work, hard skills and
soft skills greatly affect employee performance and
achievement. Both of them are very important and
complement each other.
It is undeniable that computer hard skills are
currently needed by every graduate, not only the
agility of using computers and certain software but
also the need to explore the computer itself, so that if
an employee is ordered to complete a task (computer)
he can quickly and correctly completes the task of
completing computer skills even though it is not his
forte, so the employee finds out for himself how to
complete the task by exploring himself in cyberspace
(skilled at finding information in cyberspace and
skilled at reading guidelines for using certain
software).
In addition, the challenges of the fintech (financial
technology) industry that have touched the banking
world encourage the need for skills to use certain
applications (software) in their operations. Young
people and millennials are required to have
experience in transacting using this technology using
smartphone or computer.
Several previous studies have been conducted on
the importance of hard skills in the workplace.
(Patacsil & Tablatin, 2017) emphasized that
teamwork and communication skills are very
important soft skills for IT graduates to have as
perceived by respondents. Furthermore, the results
reveal that there is no significant difference in
respondents' perceptions in terms of the importance
of soft skills. However, these findings contradict the
results in terms of hard skills, there is a large amount
of disagreement about the importance of hard skills.
IT students consider that hard skills are very
important, while the industry considers hard skills to
54
be somewhat important. This study shows that
universities must enrich the soft skill component and
the hard skill component in the curriculum.
Furthermore (Scaffidi, 2018) explained in his
research that he revealed the hard skills and soft skills
desired for computer science graduates in the
Northwestern United States region. The interviews
with 11 entrepreneurs, including managers and
recruiters, highlighted the importance of skills related
to web development, relational database and testing.
Apart from that, it highlights not only widely
recognized soft skills such as those related to
collaboration and communication, but also on skills
related to personal attributes such as innovating,
overcoming ambiguity and learning fast. The results
provide insight into what hard and soft skills should
be included in the curriculum and further research.
2 RESEARCH METHODS
This research is a descriptive study where
(Sukmadinata, 2006) states that descriptive research
is a form of research that aims to describe existing
phenomena, both natural phenomena and man-made
phenomena. This phenomenon can be in the form of
forms, activities, changes, changes, relationships,
questions, and differences between one phenomenon
and another. The framework of this research is to first
identify the hard skills possessed by alumni based on
the Finance & Banking Applied Study Program
curriculum, then look for information on hard skills
and competency certifications that are in accordance
with the study program curriculum. Furthermore, the
results of both are used as the basis for making
questions on the questionnaire, then the data is
analyzed qualitatively, namely data reduction, data
presentation and drawing conclusions.
The results of this study try to analyze and
describe the need for computer hard skills from
alumni so that the current industry needs are known
and evaluate the results of the curriculum of study
programs related to subjects related to the practice of
computer hard skills. From the results of the
conclusions, it can provide recommendations for
changes/additions to the curriculum for supporting
courses (computers) according to industry needs.
The objects in this research are alumni of the
Finance and Banking study program who work at
financial institutions or banking companies. Data
collection is as much as possible because the number
of alumni of the applied undergraduate study program
in Finance and Banking has only been around 104
people from 2017-2018 (2 batches) with details of the
number of graduates in 2017 are 47 people and the
number of graduates in 2018 is 49 people. With a
population of 96 people, the calculation of the number
of samples using an error rate of 5%, the number of
samples is around 75 people according to Nomogram
Herry King (Sugiyono, 2014).
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
During the 2 months of data collection, the
respondents achieved 83% (80 people filled out a
questionnaire out of a total of 96 graduates students).
This number is in accordance with the expected
number of samples, namely 75 respondents with a
population of 95 with an error rate of 5% (Sugiyono,
2014) . The details of the number of graduates in 2017
who filled out the questionnaire were 42 people and
the number of graduates in 2018 who filled out the
questionnaire was 38 people.
From the data of the respondents who entered, it
was found that most of the alumni had worked,
namely 77 people who were already working, 2
people who were self-employed and 1 person who
had not yet found a job. These results illustrate that
almost all alumni of the applied undergraduate study
program in Finance and Banking have worked.
The suitability of the field of work was also asked
in this study, and there were three categories, namely
Absolutely Appropriate, which means that alumni
work at a bank or financial institution, Appropriate
means that their job or position is still in the financial
sector, and Absolutely Inappropriate means that their
job or position is completely unrelated with
competence, some examples are secretaries, service
staff, marketing admin, including entrepreneurs and
so on.
Figure 1: Number of alumni based on suitability with their
field of work
In accordance with the RPS (Semester Learning
Plan) course curriculum given to students of the
Bachelor of Finance and Banking Applied study
55
program, it is found that there are four courses that
support students' computer hard skills, namely:
Table 1: Practical Courses that support Hard skill
No Courses Course Description
1 Business
Computer
Applications
1
Practical courses that teach the
use of Microsoft Excel and
Microsoft Word tools in making
accounting information and
presenting it automatically.
2 Business
Computer
Applications
2
Practicum course that teaches
the use of Microsoft Access
tools in the creation of an
Accounting Information
Database and Simple
Accounting Applications.
3 Accounting
computer
Practical courses that teach the
use of accounting software tools,
namely MYOB / ABSS in
making accounting reports.
4 Bank
Practices
Practical courses that teach bank
practice simulations, including
using a bank recording
application.
From the results of the questionnaire about the
software used when working in accordance with the
courses that have been obtained in the curriculum, it
was found that almost all respondents' jobs used
Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel, but there was 1
respondent who only used Microsoft Word, and there
were 5 respondents who used Microsoft Excel alone,
so almost all respondents definitely use both or one of
these tools. In addition to the two software, the
respondents also used Microsoft Access in
accordance with the Business Computer Application
2 course, which studied the use of databases with
Microsoft Access, as many as 14 out of 80
respondents. For the MYOB application, only 2
respondents use it in their work, and it turns out that
many respondents use Microsoft Outlook in their
work, namely 44 respondents.
Figure 2: Number of respondents for each application in
accordance with the study program curriculum
From these results, it can provide
recommendations to insert additional material about
Microsoft Oulook into the curriculum in the Business
Computer Application 1 or 2. In addition, it is
necessary to think about the Computer Accounting
course which discusses the use of MYOB
applications because it turns out that it is only used
very little in the industrial world. There are several
software that respondents use in their work, including
SAP, Oracle, Accurate, Zahir, Google Sheet, and
several financial applications that are built by their
respective companies.
Furthermore, it will also be compared regarding
the suitability of the curriculum of all practicum
courses given in relation to the current alumni's work
which is divided into four categories, namely
Absolutely Appropriate, Appropriate, Slightly
Inappopriate, Inappropriate (Figure 3) of the 80
respondents who had worked, only 4 respondents said
it was absolutely appropriate, 63 people answered
appropriate, 14 people answered slightly
inappropriate and only 1 person felt inappropriate.
Figure 3: The suitability level of practicum course
material for the respondent's job
They were also asked about the adequacy of the
material from all practicum courses that had been
given, whether Very Less, Inadequate, Enough or
Very Enough which is depicted in the graph in Figure
15. Of the 82 respondents who have worked, only 3
respondents said Very Enough, 45 people answered
Enough, 29 people answered that it was not enough
and only 5 people felt that it was very lacking.
56
Figure 4: Adequacy level of practicum course material for
the respondent's job
For computer skills certificates, the respondent’s
are given choices including Microsoft Office
certification (Word and Excel), MYOB Application
or Financial Reporting based on ETAP nor needing
both certificates as a companion diploma that can
help when applying for jobs. He was also asked if
there was a recommendation from the respondent for
computer skills certificates needed in the industry.
The results of the 60 respondents said that they
needed M. Office (Word & Excel) certificates, 70
said that they needed Financial Reporting based on
ETAP certificates and only 34 respondents needed
MYOB computer skills certificates to support their
expertise when applying jobs.
Figure 5: Computer Certificates Requirement based on
Practicum Course
In addition, the respondents recommended several
certificates of computer competence or bank or
financial competence that might be added, including
Accurate, Zahir, SAP, Brevet, Taxation, TOEFL, as
well as certificates on banking organized by LSPP
(Banking Professional Certification Institution) such
as Customer Service, General Banking and Teller.
For computer practicum courses that need to be
added, including practicum that studies Accurate,
Zahir, SAP, Oracle / SQL software, and there are 3
respondents who said there is no need to add other
computer practicum materials or courses.
4 CONCLUSIONS AND
SUGGESTIONS
1. All respondents use M. Office software in their work, especially M. Word, M. Excel, followed by M. Outlook then M. Access.
2. For the Business Computer Application 1 course, additional material about Microsoft Outlook is required to be inserted into the curriculum because it is widely used in industry and has not been included in the material curriculum.
3. For the Computer Accounting course that studies the use of the MYOB application it needs to be reviewed because it turns out that it is only used very view in the industrial world.
4. Adequacy and suitability of practicum subject matter is sufficient and in accordance with industry needs.
5. Computer competency certification is needed as a companion to a diploma that can add value to alumni when applying for jobs.
6. Computer competency certificates or bank financial competence that may be added include Accurate, Zahir, SA P, Brevet, Taxation, TOEFL, as well as certificates on banking held by LSPP (Banking Professional Certification Institution) such as Customer Service, General Banking and Teller
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you for the PNJ Community Service Research
Center who has funded this research and alumni who
are willing to fill out the research questionnaire.
REFERENCES
Alam, 2012. Analisa Pengaruh Hard skill, Soft skill dan
Motivasi Terhadap Kinerja Tenaga Penjualan (Studi
Pada Tenaga Kerja penjualan PT. Bumiputera Wilayah
Semarang), Semarang: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis,
Universitas Diponegoro.
Bringula, R. P., Balcoba, A. C. & Basa, R. S., 2016.
Employable Skills of Information Technology
Graduates in the Philippines: Do Industry Practitioners
and Educators have the Same View?. Kamloops,
Thompson Rivers University, p. Article 10.
57
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https://www.belajaroffice.com/pengertian- microsoft-
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2019].
Dini, 2015. 7 Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Software MYOB.
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https://dosenit.com/software/akuntansi/kelebihan-dan-
kekurangan-software-myob [Accessed 4 September
2019].
Farouk, M. & Djaali, 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Sosial.
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Gultom, S., 2009. Implementasi Soft Skill dalam
Pembelajaran: Upaya yang Strategis dalam
Meningkatkan Kualitas Pendidikan, Medan:
Universitas Negeri Medan.
Komputer, T., 2014. Pengertian Microsoft Word dan
Fungsinya. [Online] Available at:
http://www.teorikomputer.com/2014/03/pengerti an-
microsoft-word-dan-fungsinya.html [Accessed 27
Maret 2019].
LSP-IPI, 2017. Kompetensi Sebagai Kunci Masuk Dunia
Kerja. [Online] Available at: http://www.lsp
ipi.org/kompetensi- sebagai-kunci-masuk-dunia-kerja
[Accessed 27 Maret 2019].
McKay, D. R., 2009. Everything Practice Interview Book:
Make The Best and Get The Job You Want. Amerika:
Adams media.
Moleong, 2011. Metodologi Penelitian Kualititatif Edisi
Revisi. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Mustikawati, R. I. et al., 2016. Analisis kebutuhan Soft
Skill dalam Mendukung Karir Alumni Akuntansi.
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20.
Patacsil, F. F. & Tablatin, C. L. S., 2017. Exploring The
Importance of Soft and Hard Skills as perceived by
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GAP Analysis. Journal of Technology and Science
Education, pp. 347-368.
Prastomo, N. D., Prabowo, T. J. W. & Muid, D., 2016.
Analisis Kualifikasi yang Dibutuhkan Lulusan
AKuntansi untuk Memasuki Dunia Perbankan di
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Radermacher, A., Walia, G. & Knudson, D., 2014.
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58
59
Monitoring and Evaluation of Village Funds in Fulfilling The
Principles of Management Village Funds and Accountability
Titi Suhartati1, Nedsal Sixpria2 and Sabar Warsini3 1,2.3 Accounting Department, State Polytechnic of Jakarta, Kampus UI Depok, Indonesia
Keywords: monitoring, evaluating, village, fund, management
Abstract: The village funds management included planning, implementation, administration, reporting, and village
financial accountability. Monitoring and the stages of the stages are essential to ensure that the allocation of
village funds can be an instrument of income distribution in the village and improve the village community's
welfare. The problems arise from the new regulations that regional supervisors have not implemented the
rules. This approach uses to obtain a comprehensive picture of the management and evaluation of village fund
management. The types of data used in this study are primary and secondary data. The data collection
technique uses interviews, observation, and documentation. The research objects were twenty villages in the
Bogor area. Accountability and evaluation reports that are evaluated in 2019 so that information is recent. The
results show that monitoring and evaluation were carried out with supervision starting from planning,
implementation, post-program reports, and annual reports, both physical and non-physical programs. The
Regional Government carries out control through DPMD. The monitoring and evaluation mechanism shows
from the availability and disclosure of village fund files, the clarity of the files, the regulations used in
managing village funds, accountability reports, and the impact. The accountability of village fund
management has been considered sufficiently. The four village fund principles management has been fulfilled,
particularly relating to transparency to the general public in planning, implementing, and accountability.
1 INTRODUCTION
This village fund (DD) is a burden on the public, so it
should be transparent and accountable. Therefore, the
village government must have a mechanism under the
central government regulations, apart from managing
village funds in the rules collected to aim at the
people's welfare and are not misused. Village fund
management will not be carried out and appropriately
implemented if there is no evaluation in its
implementation, which involves the community to
prevent public distrust of the village fund budget
manager. For this reason, it is hoped that the village
apparatus will be transparent in the management of
village funds to the community.
The Regulation of the Minister of Villages,
Development of Disadvantaged Areas, and
Transmigration Number 11 of 2019 concerning
Priority for the Use of Village Funds in 2020, implies
the regulation of Priority for the Use of Village
Funds, which aims to provide a reference. First: the
government, provincial government, and district/city
government in monitoring, evaluation, mentoring
village communities, coaching, and facilitating the
priority use of Village Fund Allocation. Second:
district/city government and village government in
facilitating the implementation of village authority
based on rights of origin and village-scale local
source; Third: the village government in determining
priorities for the use of Village Funds in village
development planning activities.
Monitoring and evaluation are crucial to ensure
that the allocation of village funds can be an
instrument of income distribution in the village and
improve the village community's welfare. The
government can reduce the development gap between
community areas can be reduced. Monitoring and
supervision are also aimed at identifying any
irregularities early on. The monitoring process
involves all stakeholders managing village funds,
both at the central and regional levels. In 2019 the
government was more focused on improving the
quality of human resources. The village heads and
village assistants have more insight into creating
ideas and are more innovative (Detik News, 2019).
Still in the PDTT Permendesa, Number 11 of 2019,
60
priorities for use are explained. Village funds in 2020
must provide the most significant possible benefit for
village communities in improving rural communities'
quality of life. The village funds' focus in 2020 is
funding the implementation of programs and
activities in essential social services that directly
impact life quality. It is increasing the village
community's welfare. It is prioritized funded by
cross-activity programs, creating sustainable
employment opportunities, increasing economic
income for low-income families, and growing village
original income. Tends to be lower than other
business activities (Candra & Ratih, 2016).
The main problem occurred in the 2020 budget,
which was very different from the previous budget
planning. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating the
use of village funds is very urgent to do. The cause of
potential problems that will arise from village funds
management is a relatively new regulation that is not
fully understood by regional implementers, namely
the village government, district, and city governments
as supervisors and supervisors at the same time.
Besides, the amount of funds that must be managed
by the village government is not in line with the
capacity of the human resources in the various
villages, the geographical conditions are extensive,
and the number of inhabitants and the area varies.
According to (Larasati and Adhitama, 2017), the
problem on monitoring and evaluation are carried out
in various stages that are not easy for village officials,
namely conducting supervision starting from
planning, implementation, and reports after the
program are implemented and annual reports, both
programs that are physical and non-physical.
Supervision is carried out by DPMD and the Regional
Government, in this case, represented by the
Inspectorate. Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms
are based on the availability and presentation
(openness) of documents, clarity of forms,
regulations used in management, accountability
reports, and seeing the impact. Meanwhile, according
to previous research (Meutia and Liliana, 2017),
reporting and accountability are still problems for
several villages. Not all villages studied have human
resources who master the aspects of reporting and
accountability.
2 METHODOLOGY
The research used a qualitative descriptive approach.
The data used are primary data obtained from direct
interviews from research objects in the field and
secondary data obtained from written data sources
such as book sources, laws and regulations,
documents, reports, archives related to the problems
studied.
The study population was villages in the Bogor
district area. Based on 2019 data, there are more than
four hundred villages in the Bogor Regency area. This
study used a sample of twenty villages from two
districts, namely Ciomas (eleven villages) and
Babakan Madang (nine villages).
From distributing by a hundred questionnaires to
village officials, seventy-nine village officials were
willing to be interviewed and filled out the
questionnaire completely. The data obtained were
tabulated, analyzed, and concluded concerning
previous research references and village fund
management regulations.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results showed that some 97% of respondents
thought that the monitoring mechanism carried out on
village funds (DD) fulfilled the criteria outlined,
starting from the files' completeness to the
transparency of everything related to the DD's
allocation. In general, the monitoring and evaluation
mechanism for the DD's management has been
implemented according to the central government's
procedures and regulations.
Monitoring and evaluation are implemented when
the program is run, after the program has been
implemented, and accumulated report at the end of
the year. However, it noticed that DD's management
impact so far has not been maximally seen, especially
concerning non-physical programs such as
empowerment and poverty alleviation.
The principles of good governance, such as
transparency and accountability related to DD use's
accountability report, have been carried out with
several efforts. Transparency has been carried out
under the principle of openness, which requires the
principles of opening oneself to the community's right
to obtain correct, honest, and non-discriminatory
information about village financial management.
While still paying attention to personal and group
rights and the principle of responsibility, which
obliges the recipient of the trust to be accountable for
the management and control of resources and the
village fund management policies.
One form of village government accountability in
managing DD is a report called an accountable
reporting represented by the Village Head to the
general public. Budget reporting is preparing once a
year, which is a form of transparency of the Village
61
Government in disclosing information, mostly DD, to
the public. This report intended to provide an
overview as evidence of the Village Government's
implementation for a year.
This research shows that DD's management has
prepared well based on the value of money's
principles (economic, effective, efficient). The
village government's planning based on Development
Planning Consultation results from the low level to
the village government level, including all social
elements. The conclusion that DD's management
principles in the villages sampled have been
implemented, particularly transparency and
accountability. The transparency requires to open
oneself to the community's right to obtain correct,
honest, and non-discriminatory information about
village financial management. This study is in line
with (Soleh and Rochmansjah, 2014) that the village
financial manager must pay attention to personal and
group rights by being accountable for managing
village funds transparent and accountable.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Monitoring and evaluation are conducted in several
ways, namely by conducting control starting from
planning, implementation, and annual reporting, both
physical and non-physical. Control management is
carried out by DPMD and the Regional Government,
in this case, represented by the Inspectorate. The
monitoring and evaluation mechanism is based on the
availability and appearance (openness) of DD files,
clarity of DD files, DD's management regulations,
accountability reports, and the outcome.
The accountability of DD management has been
assessed as adequate by looking at the four principles
of DD management that have been fulfilled,
especially those related to openness (transparency) to
the general public both in planning, implementing,
and accountability. In DD's management,
transparency can be proven by exposure both verbally
and in print using a Village office banners/flyers.
Thus, all society elements can access, monitor, and
evaluate discrepancy as planned.
This study also revealed that the village's
obstacles in managing DD were limited human
resources qualified in technology. There was an
obligation to report on DD’s management through
specific online applications. Besides, talented human
resources in accounting, especially government
accounting, are needed to understand the reports
related to village financial management.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Gratitude goes to all parties who supported this
research. To the Director and Vice Director of PNJ,
Head of the Accounting Department, and the UP2M
Unit, who has provided opportunities, and financial
support (DIPA PNJ for the fiscal year of 2020) to
implement this research. To the entire Research Team
(lecturers and students), Bogor District Government
Officers and Services (Kesbangpol and DPMD),
Babakan Madang and Ciomas District Officers,
Village Officers and Bogor District community who
have supported and participated in this study.
REFERENCES
Candra Kusuma Putra, Ratih Nur Pratiwi Suwondo. 2016. Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa Dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa. Jurnal administrasi Publik. (JAP), Vol 1, No 6. Hal 1203-1212.
Ismail, M., Widagdo, A. K., & Widodo, A. 2016. Sistem Akuntansi Pengelolaan Dana Desa. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 19(2), 323–340.
Kementerian Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal, dan Transmigrasi (PDTT), Surat Edaran No 8 Tahun 2020 tentang Desa Tanggap Covid-19 dan Penegasan Padat Karya Tunai. Indonesia.
Kusuma, Aji Ratna, 2017, Evaluasi Penggunaan Alokasi Dana Desa Dalam Pembangunan Desa di Kecamatan Teluk Pandan Kabupaten Kutai Timur, Jurnal Administrative Reform, Vol 5, No. 2, Juni , Hal. 112-127.
Larasati, Dewi Citra dan Adhitama, Muhammad Okto, 2017, Monitoring dan Evaluasi Program Dana Desa (DD) sesuai dengan UU Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa (Studi di Desa Landungsari Kecamatan dan Kabupaten Malang Jawa Timur), Reformasi, Volume 7, No. 2, hal. 44-50.
Meutia, Inten & Liliana,. 2017. Pengelolaan Keuangan Dana Desa. Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, Vol. 8 No.2, 23-28.
Soleh, Chabib dan Rochmansjah, Heru. 2014. Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa. Fokusmedia. Bandung
Peraturan Menteri Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal, dan Transmigrasi Nomor 11 Tahun 2019 tentang Prioritas Penggunaan Dana Desa Tahun 2020,
Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa
Republik Indonesia. Dana Desa yang Bersumber dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara.
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Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 60. (2014c). Indonesia.
Republik Indonesia. Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 113. (2014a). Indonesia.
Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 43. (2014b). Indonesia.
Republik Indonesia. Perubahaan atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 60 Tahun 2014 Tentang Dana Desa yang Bersumber dari APBN. Indonesia
Republik Indonesia. Perubahan Pengelolaan Dana Desa. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 20 Tahun 2018. Indonesia.
www.bpk.go.id www.kemendesa.go.id www.bps.go.id
63
Literation and Perception as Determinants Decision to Choose Sharia
Banking Products
Darna1 and Fanny Damayanti1 1Sharia Banking and Finance Study Program, State Polytechnic of Jakarta, Kampus UI Depok, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Literacy, Perception, Consumer Decisions
Abstract: The low literacy of the Muslim community towards sharia banking and their negative perception is a problem
in marketing banking products. This study aims to analyze these two variables in relation to their decision to
choose Islamic bank products. The population in this study is the Muslim community of DKI Jakarta and 100
people were selected as the research sample using purposive sampling technique. Methods of data analysis
using a correlation approach with cross tabulation. The results of data analysis show the chi-square number
for literacy towards the decision to choose a syariah bank χ 2 = 7,296, which means that the level of literacy
has a significant relationship with the decision to choose sharia products and the chi-square number for
perceptions of χ 2 = 29.808 means that people's perceptions have a positive and significant relationship to the
decision to choose Islamic products. The results also show that the level of literacy of the Jakarta Muslim
community towards Islamic banking is quite high and their perceptions of Islamic bank products are quite
high.
1 INTRODUCTION
Based on data from the Financial Services
Authority (OJK, 2020), the market share of
Indonesian sharia finance also only reached 8.98% in
March 2020. The Islamic banking market share only
reached 5.99% and the rest is owned by conventional
banks or 94.01. %. Even though Indonesia is a
country with the largest number of Muslims in the
world by 2020, Indonesia's Muslim population is
estimated to reach 229.62 million or 87% of the total
national population (Global religious futures, 2010).
However, in reality, the current performance of
Islamic banking in Indonesia is not optimal. The low
level of public understanding and awareness of the
services offered by banks causes a lack of interest in
the use of Islamic banking products and services. A
person tends to be interested in becoming a customer
of an Islamic bank if he can provide many benefits.
Research conducted by Handida (2019) on the
behavior of the Muslim community in Yogyakarta
found that decision making to use Islamic banking
products is influenced by the level of Islamic
financial literacy. Islamic financial literacy is the
level of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of a person
towards Islamic finance. When a person has more
knowledge and understands finance in all its aspects,
he will be better at making decisions to improve his
welfare.
According to the results of the third National
Financial Literacy Survey (SNLIK) conducted by the
OJK in 2019, the level of access to products and
services or inclusion of Islamic finance in Indonesia
has only reached 9.1%. For the level of literacy
towards Islamic finance the result is 8.93%. This
figure is still low compared to the conventional
financial literacy rate which is at 37.72%.
Research conducted by Annisa (2016) shows that
perceptual factors also influence consumer decisions
to purchase Islamic banking services in Magelang
district. Perception is a process used by individuals to
manage and interpret the impressions that are
captured by one's senses in order to give meaning to
an object. So the public perception of the decision to
use banking is a process of interpreting the object of
perception, namely Islamic banking. The perception
made by a Muslim about Islamic banking should be
in line that the involvement of Islamic teachings in
Islamic banking is the best thing, and also as a
Medium to increase the values of worship.
The city that has the potential to develop Islamic
banks is DKI Jakarta. The capital city of Indonesia is
the province with the highest population density in
64
Indonesia. The inter-census population survey
(SUPAS) projects the population of DKI Jakarta in
2020 to be 10.57 million people. The population of
DKI Jakarta who embraced Islam reached 83% of the
total population in 2017 (Integrated Data Portal
Pemprov DKI Jakarta, 2018).
The capital city of Jakarta is a province with the
highest Human Development Index (HDI) score in
Indonesia, namely 80.76% (Statistics Agency, 2020).
HDI is an important indicator to measure success in
efforts to build the quality of human life. This means
that this province has a better welfare level than other
regions. Therefore, it is also hoped that the public's
understanding of Islamic banks will also develop and
will encourage the use of Islamic bank products
The development of Islamic banks in the capital
city of Jakarta continues to increase every year, with
the number of Islamic bank offices in Jakarta
recorded as of March 2020 totaling 76 branch offices,
165 sub-branch offices, and 40 cash offices. Based on
the Sharia Banking Statistics data, as of March 2020,
the position of Islamic banking assets in Jakarta
reached 233.8 trillion. Meanwhile, the collection of
third party funds reached a portion of 118.6 trillion
and distribution of financing reached 86.7 trillion.
This figure shows Jakarta as the province with the
largest number of Islamic bank customers in
Indonesia.
The rapid development of assets and the number
of offices is a good progress towards the popularity of
Islamic banking in Jakarta. However, based on the
Indonesian Banking Statistics report, the amount of
third party funds (DPK) for commercial banks in DKI
Jakarta for the March 2020 period was 3,173.5
trillion, so the share of Islamic banks was only 5.9%
of the national total. This is in stark contrast to the
potential of the Jakarta area, where 83% of the
population is Muslim and the highest level of
provincial financial literacy in Indonesia is held by
DKI Jakarta, which reaches 40% (OJK, 2017).
Based on the background description above, the
researcher is interested in conducting research on the
relationship between literacy and muslim perceptions
towards the decision of the Muslim community in
DKI Jakarta to use Islamic bank products with the
following questions: 1) Does literacy with one's
decision to use Islamic bank products have a
significant relationship? and 2) Does the perception
of a person's decision to use Islamic bank products
have a significant relationship?
2 METHODOLOGY
This research is a survey research to find out about
the perceptions of the muslim community in DKI
Jakarta regarding Islamic banking and their level of
literacy towards its products. This research survey
activity emphasizes on investigating and describing a
phenomenon that exists in the Muslim community in
DKI, namely their decision to use Islamic bank
products. This research is included in the type of
associative research, namely research that aims to
determine whether there is a relationship between two
or more variables. The data analysis technique used
in this study was the correlation analysis of two
variables with Chi-square or cross tabulation. The
population of this research is adult Muslim
community who live in Jakarta. The number of
samples taken was as many as 100 people using
purposive sampling technique. This purposive
technique was chosen because it makes it easier for
researchers to obtain survey data where members of
the population are so scattered. This type of research
data is primary data obtained by distributing
questionnaires to the people of DKI Jakarta and is
supported by secondary data through document
reports, previous research journals and other
publications related to research material. This
research data collection method is a survey method
that is supported by secondary data to support the
discussion of the results.
The documentation method is a record of events
that have passed (Sugiyono, 2013). Collecting data
through journals, mass media, important documents
from OJK publications, the Central Bureau of
Statistics of DKI Jakarta Province. For the survey
method, it was carried out through data collection
techniques using a questionnaire to the research
sample. The measurement scale used is the Likert
scale. The Likert scale is used to measure attitudes,
opinions, and perceptions of a person or group of
people about social phenomena (Sugiyono, 2013).
Alternative answers in this study are strongly agree
(SA), agree (A), disagree (D), and strongly disagree
with (SD).
The instrument testing method used to obtain
qualitative data to examine the relationship between
literacy and perception of the decision of the Muslim
community in DKI Jakarta to use Islamic bank
products includes: a) Instrument testing is used to
determine whether the instrument compiled is a good
instrument for research. The instrument is said to be
good when it meets two requirements, namely valid
and reliable. For the validity test, measurements were
taken to test the accuracy of the items in the
65
questionnaire to perform the measuring function, the
smaller the error variant, the more valid the
measuring instrument (Wijaya, 2013). The basis for
decision making is if the calculated r-value> r-table
then the instrument or statement items are declared
valid. If r-count <r-table, the instrument or statement
items are declared invalid; 2) Reliability test which
shows that a measurement can give relatively the
same results if re-measurement is done on the same
subject, the smaller the difference in the results
obtained, the more reliable the test (Wijaya, 2013).
The basis for the decision making of the literacy and
perception variables in the reliability test is if the
Cronbach alpha (α) value> 0.60 then the
questionnaire statement is declared reliable or
consistent. If the Cronbach alpha (α) value <0.60 then
the questionnaire statement is declared not reliable or
consistent. According to Tri hendradi (2011), cross
tabulation (crosstabs) is a simple analysis method that
has sufficiently strong explanatory power to explain
the relationship between variables. Cross tabulation
analysis (Crosstabs) is the simplest method of
analysis but has sufficiently strong explanatory power
to explain the relationship between variables. This
method examines the relationship between two
categorical variables, namely the column variable and
the row variable in a cross tabulation. In this study,
the cross tabulation method describes the relationship
between literacy and perceptions of the decision to
use Islamic bank products. the instructions closely in
order to make the volume look as uniform as possible
(Moore and Lopes, 1999).
Please remember that all the papers must be in
English and without orthographic errors.
Do not add any text to the headers (do not set
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named times, except on special occasions, such as
program code (Section 2.3.7).
Table 1: Cross Table Framework
The basis for the decision is that if x² counts < x ²
table, then there is no relationship between rows and
columns. If the calculated x² value > x² table, then
there is a relationship between rows and columns.
Decision making can also be done by comparing
Asymp. Sig. with a critical limit of 5%. If the value is
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) < 0.05, it can be said that there
is a relationship between row variables and column
variables. If the value is Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) > 0.05,
it can be said that there is no relationship between row
variables and column variables.
The measurement criteria for the decision
variable to use Islamic bank products are divided into
two, namely "Yes" to use or "No" to use. For the
literacy variable, the researcher classified it into 4
levels. Because the measurement is carried out on a
Likert scale with the highest value of 4 points and the
number of questionnaire statements for the literacy
variable as many as 10 questions, the largest score
that can be generated is 40 points. Respondents are
declared well literate if the value of the questionnaire
score obtained is greater than 30 points. Respondents
were declared suff literate if the questionnaire score
was between 20 points and 30 points. Respondents
are declared less literate if the questionnaire scores
obtained are between 10 points to 20 points.
Respondents are declared not literate if the
questionnaire score is below 10 points
To measure the perception variable is divided into
three. Because the measurement is carried out with a
linkert scale with the highest score of 4 points and the
number of questionnaire statements for the perception
variable of 12 questions, the largest score that can be
generated is 48 points. Respondents who have
positive perceptions have a questionnaire score
greater than 32 points. Respondents who have a
perception of doubt have a questionnaire score
between 32 points to 16 points. Respondents who
have negative perceptions have a questionnaire score
below 16 points.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results of the validity test obtained that the
calculated r value of all statements on the literacy (x1)
and perception (x2) variables was greater than the r
table, namely 0.1966, so it can be concluded that all
items of the statement are valid so that they are
suitable for use as data collectors, can be analyzed
further.
Table 2: Validity Test Results
Item r-count
Literasi Item
r-count
Persepsi inf.
1 0,633 1 0,741 Valid
Independent
Variable (x)
Dipendent Variable (y)
Total y Y1 Y2
X1 X1Y1 X2Y1 Total X1
X2 X1Y2 X2Y2 Total X2
Total Y Total Y1 Total Y2 Total XY
66
2 0,423 2 0,857 Valid
3 0,626 3 0,593 Valid
4 0,522 4 0,692 Valid
5 0,473 5 0,800 Valid
6 0,623 6 0,588 Valid
7 0,524 7 0,653 Valid
8 0,603 8 0,659 Valid
9 0,649 9 0,723 Valid
10 0,622 10 0,764 Valid
11 0,644 11 0,669 Valid
12 0,566 12 0,824 Valid
Source: Result of data processing
The results of the reliability test showed that the
Cronbach alpha literacy value was 0.767, and the
perception value was 0.917. Both variables are
suitable for use as a measuring tool because the
Cronbach alpha value is greater than 0.60. This shows
that the instrument is trusted to be used as a data
collection tool.
The results of the cross tabulation test between
literacy and the decision to use Islamic bank products
show a positive relationship. Of the 100 respondents
the score obtained only divides the level of literacy
into two, namely well literate and suff literate. If
depicted in a cross table it will look like this:
Table 3: Cross tabulation between literation and the
decision to use sharia bank product
Source: Result of data processing
The results of the cross tabulation analysis test using SPSS 26 are as follows:
Tabel 4: The result of cross tabulation test between
literacy and decision
Chi-Square Tests
Value
Df
Asymptotic
Significance
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-
Square 7,929 1 0,005
Source: Result of data processing
The pearson chi-square value shows the calculated x² value, then the table above shows the
calculated x² value of 7.929. Based on the output table above the Asymp value. Sig. (2-sided) of 0.005. Because x² count (7,929) is greater than x² table (3,841) and the value of Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) 0.005 < 0.05, it can be concluded that there is a literacy relationship with a person's decision to use Islamic bank products. The results of the cross tabulation test between perceptions and the decision to use Islamic bank products also show a positive relationship. Of the 100 respondents the score obtained only divides the perception into two, namely positive and doubtful. If depicted in the cross table it will look like this:
Tabel 5: Cross tabulation between perception and the
decision to use sharia bank product
Perseption
(x)
decision (y) Total
No Yes
doubtful 21 2 23
Positive 21 56 77
Total 42 58 100
Source: Result of data processing
The results of the cross tabulation analysis test using SPSS 26 are as follows:
Tabel 6: The result of cross tabulation test between
perception and decision
Chi-Square Tests
Value
Df
Asymptotic
Significance
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-
Square 29,808 1 0,000
Source: Result of data processing
The pearson chi square value shows the calculated
² value, then the table above shows the calculated ²
value of 29.808. Based on the output table above the
Asymp value. Sig. (2-sided) of 0,000. Because x²
count (29,808) is bigger than x² table (3,841) and the
value of Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) 0.000 < 0.05, it can be
concluded that there is a relationship between
perceptions and a person's decision to use Islamic
bank products.
The research findings indicate that there is a
positive relationship between the literacy on the
decision to use Islamic bank products. The level of
public literacy regarding Islamic finance shows that
most people have the ability to consider everything
they want to buy, pay attention to the halal and haram
aspects of the money they have and always set aside
money for savings. However, there is still a doubtful
attitude from the public regarding the belief in Islamic
Literation (x) decision (y)
Total No Yes
Suff Literate 18 10 28
Well Literate 24 48 72
67
bank products that can meet the needs of the
community
The results of the Chi-square analysis are in line
with the research theory conducted by Cahyanti
(2018). This study shows that the level of Islamic
financial literacy partially has a positive and
significant effect on the use of Islamic banking
services. Handida (2019) also supports this research.
The results of his research indicate that the level of
Islamic financial literacy has a positive influence on
decision making using Islamic banking products. The
literacy rate of the muslim community in capital city
of Jakarta is high when compared to other provinces.
Based on the research, the level of Islamic financial
literacy will influence the decision to use Islamic
bank products. So a strategic plan is needed in order
to realize a nationally literate Islamic financial
community, the government should fully support
activities related to providing Islamic financial
literacy to the public. Islamic banking and the public
also help raise awareness of others regarding financial
literacy.
Discussing the perception of Islamic banks,
means describing the public's understanding and
views of the existence of Islamic banks and their
products and services. Research conducted by
Nurlinda (2018) states that the interest in using
Islamic bank products has a positive influence. This
means that customer perceptions have a direct
influence with the decision to choose a sharia bank,
or in other words, the higher the customer perception,
the more influential it will be on the decision to
choose a sharia bank, and vice versa, if the customer
perception is lower, it will cause the syariah bank
decision to lower. The results of the analysis of
research data on 100 Muslims who were selected as
respondents showed that the majority of the Muslim
population of Jakarta has a positive view or
perception regarding Islamic banks and their
products. The results showed that there was a positive
relationship between the perception variable on the
decision making of the Muslim community in Jakarta
using Islamic banking products. Most people agree
with the existence of a sharia bank that applies the
principle of profit sharing in accordance with Islamic
law and agrees that the Islamic banking system is
different from the conventional banking system.
However, there is still an attitude of doubt from the
public that Islamic bank products can meet people's
needs. Also, the quality of service and variety of
products offered by Islamic banks are no better than
conventional banks.
The results of this calculation are in accordance
with the theory of research conducted by Annisa
(2016) which shows that perceptions have an effect
on purchasing decisions for Islamic banking services.
Meanwhile, this is not in line with the research
conducted by Rahmawaty (2014). The conclusion of
this study states that the perception of Islamic bank
products does not affect the interest in using Islamic
bank products. However, the perception of bank
interest and the profit sharing system has a positive
and significant effect on the interest in using Islamic
bank products.
The perception of the Muslim community in DKI
Jakarta towards Islamic banks is positive. Because
perceptions have a relationship with the decision to
use Islamic bank products, the public perception of
Islamic banking must be maintained. To be able to
maintain public perceptions about Islamic banking, it
is necessary for the role of the community itself to
always try to dig up information about the world of
banking. Islamic banks also need to socialize about
Islamic banking to the public so that they understand
all operations that are carried out in Islamic banking.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of data analysis, it can be
concluded that the level of literacy has a positive and
significant relationship with the Muslim community's
decision to use Islamic bank products. Therefore,
what should be done by Islamic banks and financial
service authorities to increase market share is to
educate the Muslim community in a sustainable
manner to increase literacy for Islamic banking
products.
The perception of the Muslim community in the
city of Jakarta has a positive and significant
relationship to their decision to use Islamic bank
products. Therefore, if the Muslim community has a
positive perception of Islamic banking, it will
increase the opportunity for people to choose Islamic
banking products. For this reason, there must be
efforts by the Islamic banking and financial services
authorities to provide continuous enlightenment or
introduction so that negative perceptions become
positive perceptions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers thank to the Accounting Department
and the Jakarta State Polytechnic Research and
Community Service Unit (UP2M), which has
provided opportunities and facilitated researchers to
68
conduct this research. Furthermore, the researcher
also expressed his deep gratitude to the Jakarta State
Polytechnic Director, who had provided funding for
this research activity.
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69
Drowsiness Classification Using Microsleep Based on Convolutional
Neural Network
Sulis Setiowati1 and Mohammad Hiro2 1 State of Polytechnic Jakarta, Prof. Dr. GA. Siwabessy, Kampus UI Depok, Indonesia
2 Department of Instrumentation and Industry Control, State of Polytechnic Jakarta, Kampus UI Depok, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Microsleep, Object Detection, Convolutional Neural Network, Classification, Drowsiness
Abstract: Driving accidents due to drowsiness have become a problem in various countries. In Indonesia, around 21%
of the total traffic accidents recorded by Jasa Marga, the toll road operator in Indonesia, were caused by
drowsiness. The conditions when a person tries to hold back drowsiness will result in a person experiencing
micro sleep. Microsleep becomes dangerous when this condition is experienced by someone who is driving,
therefore, there is a need for a system that can detect the driver's condition and warns him before an accident
occurs. In this study, we propose microsleep as drowsiness parameter and the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) method for clasification. The proposed methodology is to detect objects from the driver's incoming
video, detect and localize open and closed eyes. CNN MobileNet's architecture with Single Shot Multibox
Detector (SSD) is used for this object detection task. A separate algorithm is used to detect driver drowsiness
based on output from the MobileNet-SSD architecture. The result shows the training process can reach up to
90% in an accuracy. It means that the proposed method can classify the drowsiness bette
70
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