Commercial Organic Fertilizer characteristics and ...
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Commercial Organic Fertilizer characteristics and fertilizer
management in intensive OGH
Dr. Kurt Möller
Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Outline
• Introduction
• Soil nutrient status of organic greenhouses
• Nutrient balances
• Nutrient uptake by vegetable crops in comparison to nutrient supply by base fertilizers
• Characteristics of selected commercial organic fertilizers
• Conclusions
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Principles of fertilization in organic farming
• Based on EC-regulations (834/2007; 889/2008) + regulations by farmers organizations
• Fertilization based on efficient cycling of nutrients and biological N2 fixation by legumes
• Off-farm inputs regulated by annexes in EC 889/2008
• No easily available mineral N and P fertilizers
• Growers organizations have additional restrictions (e.g. use of meat and bone meal, composts, etc.)
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Definitions
• Base organic fertilizers
– bulky fertilizers applied often in huge amounts,
– mostly as base dressings before crop sowing/planting,
– low nutrient concentrations
– E.g. composts, solid farmyard manures, liquid slurries
• Complementary organic fertilizers
– listed in annex I of the EC regulation,
– may be applied as base or/and top dressing during the plants growth
– E.g. keratins, MBM, vinasse
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EU-EGTOP (Expert Group for Technical Advice
on Organic Production) opinions on fertilization in
organic greenhouses
• greenhouse crops should be fertilized primarily from slow release organic fertilizer materials like compost and animal manures,
• ideally from certified organic sources,
• use of irrigation to flush surplus nutrients is not an acceptable practice consistent with the organic principles,
• When choosing the quantity and type of fertilizers, the nutrient balances must be taken into consideration to avoid salinization or leaching of nutrients.
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Main kinds of “crop rotations” in organic
greenhouses in SW-Germany
Single/few early,
main, and late crops
Very diverse with several
early, main, and late crops
Previous crop kohlrabi lamb salad, winter
lettuce
kohlrabi, spinach,
radish, chive, lettuce,
endive, onions,
parsley
Main crop tomatoes, sweet
pepper, eggplant,
cucumber
tomatoes, cucumber, sweet
pepper, eggplant, runner
bean
Tomatoes, cucumber, sweet pepper,
eggplant, runner bean,
radish, spinach, roquette
Last crop/following
crop
no lettuce Lamb salad, lettuce , radish
Salatrauke, parsley,
chive, lettuce
N (greenhouses)
2 (Demeter) 11 (6 Bioland, 5 Demeter) 9 (4 Bioland, 5 Demeter)
„main crop
accentuated“
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Field with
lowest level
0
20
40
60
o
o o
*
Open land
n = 24
Greenhouse
n = 10
c
*
* 151
227
Recommended
soil P level
Boxplot of plant available soil-P contents in organically cropped vegetable fields (von Fragstein et al. 2004)
mg
PC
AL/
10
0 g
so
il
Field with
highest level
Field with
lowest level
Field with
highest level
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Soil available P and K contents in organically managed orchards in SW-Germany (n = 402)
8
R² = 0.47
0
20
40
60
80
0 10 20 30 40
mg
KC
AL/1
00 g
soil
mg PCAL/100 g soil
y = 1.72x + 8.66
K-deficit
P-deficit
optimal
range
(i
)
(ii
)
(iii)
(v
i)
(v)
(v)
PK
surplus
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Soil available P- and K-concentration in organically managed greenhouses in SW-Germany (n = 22)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
mg K
CA
L/1
00 g
soil
mg PCAL/100 g soil
PK surplus
range
P o
ptim
um
rang
e
K optimum range
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pla
nt
avai
lab
le K
CA
L (m
g kg
-1)
Bioland N=11 N=11
Demeter level A (low) < 58 mg K kg-1
level B (adequate) 59 – 116 mg K kg-1
level C (moderate) 117 – 208 mg K kg-1
level D (high) 208 – 291 mg K kg-1
level E (very high) > 291 mg K kg-1
Levels of plant available soil K-concentration in organically managed greenhouses in SW-Germany (n = 22)
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Pla
nt
avai
lab
le P
(m
g kg
-1)
level A (low) < 22 mg P kg-1
Level B (adequate) 22 – 40 mg P kg-1
level C (moderate) 41 – 87 mg P kg-1
level D (high) 88 – 148 mg P kg-1
Bioland N=11 N=11
Demeter
Number of greenhouses
Growers´ organization
Levels of plant available soil P-concentration in organically managed greenhouses in SW-Germany (n = 22)
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Saldo = Input
• Base fertilizer
• Complementary
fertilizer
• Potting media
• Irrigation water
Output
• Yield of the
crops
• Removed crop
residues
-
N, P, K, S,
Mg, Ca, Na,
Cl
Calculation of nutrient budgets for 2010-2013
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Nutrient Input-Output balances of organically managed greenhouses in SW-Germany (n = 22)
0
100
200
300
400
500
N P K Ca Mg S Na Cl
Base organic fertilizers
Complementary organic & mineral fertilizers
Outputs
kg
ha
-1/k
g C
aO
ha
-1
Liming
effect
460
-265
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Potential nutritional disorders due to nutrient
excess and high soil pH
• Phosphorus – Lower micronutrient availability (Zn, Mn, etc.)
• Calcium: – antagonistic effects to K+, Mg+, Mn2+ and other micronutrients, etc. unbalanced nutritional composition
– calcium oxalate deposition under the skin: goldspot in tomatoes
• Sulfur: – reduced uptake of B and Mo antagonistic effects
– salinity,
– stronger product taste (glucosinulates)
• Sodium: – antagonistic effects to K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
– salinity,
– product quality (organic acids taste)
• High pH: – micronutrient deficiency (Zn, B, etc.)
– enhanced decomposition of the soil organic matter
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Fertilizer strategies of bio-organical and bio-dynamic
managed greenhouses
B ioland Demeter
MV Min Max MV Min Max
dt ha - 1 a - 1 dt ha - 1 a - 1
Base fertilizer
Compost 52 0 156 641 0 810
Solid farmy. manure 1 20 0 520 769 0 1200
liquid slurry - - - 133 0 248
Green manures - - - 83 0 250
Complementary fertlizers
Faba bean meal - - - 78 0 110
Vicia meal - - - 6,2
Fertilizer
0 18,7
MALTaflor ® 26,8 0 36,4 - - -
Vinasse 20,0 0 27,8 5,2 0 15,6
Bioilsa ® 20,7 0 41,0 15,2 0 18,2
Horn 14,2 0 56,0 25,7 0 36,9
K 2 SO 4 6,9 0 12,0 0,8 0 2,3
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Comparison of the nutrient input-output balances of organically
managed Bioland & Demeter greenhouses in SW-Germany (n = 22)
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
N P K Ca Mg S Na Cl Liming
effect
Bioland Demeter
kg
ha
-1/k
g C
aO
ha
-1
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
N Bioland N Demeter Ca Bioland Ca demeter K Bioland K Demeter
Series1 Series2
N, C
a, K
(kg
ha
-1)
N Ca K
Bioland Demeter Bioland Demeter Bioland Demeter
Base
fertilizer
Comple-
Mentary
fertilizers
Growers organization
Total nutrient inputs and ratio of base and complementary
fertilizers for N, Ca and K in organically managed Bioland &
Demeter greenhouses in SW-Germany (n = 22)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
P Bioland P Demeter Mg Bioland Mg Demeter
S Bioland S Demeter Na Bioland Na Demeter Cl Bioland Cl Demeter
Series1 Series2 Bioland Demeter Bioland Demeter Bioland Demeter Bioland Demeter Bioland Demeter
P, M
g, S
, Na,
Cl (
kg h
a-1)
Mg S Na Cl
Growers organization
P Base
fertilizer
Comple-
mentary
fertilizers
Total nutrient inputs and ratio of base and complementary
fertilizers for N, Ca and K in organically managed Bioland &
Demeter greenhouses in SW-Germany (n = 22)
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Nutrient spectra of base fertilizers (after correction of long term
plant availability) in comparison to vegetable crop NPKS uptake P
su
pp
ly /
un
it N
su
pp
ly
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur
Digestates Composts Animal manures
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Nutrient transformations and flows in a manure
heap
oxic
reactions anoxic
reactions
Rain water
K leaching
P remains!!!!!
Relative P enrichment
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Nutrient spectra of different (complementary)
organic fertilizers
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
N P
K
S
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-
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
meat meal, keratins, etc.
swine slurries, vinasse, rape-seed-expeller,
potato liquid, etc.
municipal compost
C/N ratio
N a
vaila
bili
ty (
%)
digestates from leftovers food industry
digestates from energy crops and urban organ. wastes
farmyard manure
Relationship of organic manure C/N-ratio and (apparent) N
availability in the year of application (Möller & Schultheiß 2014)
legume grist, alfalfa meal
y = -30.8Ln(x)+101
R² = 0.62
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Neto-N-Mineralization of organic fertilizers at different
incubation temperatures (Kelderer et al. 2008)
digestates
Blood meal Meat meal Vinasse
Poultry manure
Biosol expeller Soja-expeller
Bioilsa 10 compost
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 14 60 0 14 60
8 °C 16 °C
Days of incubation
Net
o-N
-rel
ease
(%
)
high N-release, low Temp-Sensitivity:
high N-release, high Temp-Sensitivity :
Moderate N-release + low Temp-Sensitivity:
Moderate N release. + high Temp-Sensitivity:
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What to do in open field????
24
R² = 0.47
0
20
40
60
80
0 10 20 30 40
mg
KC
AL/1
00 g
soil
mg PCAL/100 g soil
y = 1.72x + 8.66
K-deficit
P-deficit
optimal
range
(i
)
(ii
)
(iii)
(v
i)
(v)
(v)
PK
surplus
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Nutrient spectra of different (complementary)
organic fertilizers
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
N P
K
S
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What to do in Greenhouses???
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
mg K
CA
L/1
00 g
soil
mg PCAL/100 g soil
PK surplus
range
P o
ptim
um
rang
e
K optimum range
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Nutrient spectra of base fertilizers (after correction of long term
plant availability) in comparison to vegetable crop NPKS uptake P
su
pp
ly /
un
it N
su
pp
ly
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur
Digestates Composts Animal manures
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Keratins
• key structural component of hair and nails,
• horn & hooves, feather, wool, hair meal,
• high N and S contents, and very low in P and K,
• rapid N mineralization & low P contents well suited
for use as corrective N fertilization in intensive
vegetable systems and in greenhouses.
• Deficiency:
– However: high S! increased salinity problems.
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Meat and bone meal
• high in N and high N mineralization in the year of application often used as specific top dressing and corrective N fertilization in intensive vegetable systems,
• Deficiencies: – high P and low K contents, – not suited for use in intensive vegetable cropping
systems due to imbalanced nutrient spectrum increased imbalances in nutrient composition,
– not suited as complementary fertilizer to composts/solid farmyard manures as base fertilizers,
• best suitability to fertilize arable crops with high N demand (potatoes, cereals).
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Vinasse
• high N, K and S contents and low P contents,
• high N mineralization in the year of
application,
• well suited for use in intensive vegetable
cropping systems including greenhouses,
• Deficiencies:
– high Na contents relevant when using in
greenhouses (salinity),
– High S contents relevant when using in
greenhouses (salinity),
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Conclusions • Extremely high soil P (and K) levels in organic fields
cropped with (N-demanding) high value crops,
• Imbalances derived from base fertilization (e.g. N deficiency) resulted in new imbalances by application of complementary fertilizers (e.g. S excess),
• Risk of indirect negative impacts:
– high pH: micronutrient deficiency by immobilization,
– high P: micronutrient deficiency due to fixation,
– high S, Ca, etc.: soil salinity,
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Conclusions • Base dressings:
– Manuring in intensive organic systems need a deep redesign (P & S budget surpluses, K deficits),
– composting is related to high gaseous N losses and potentially by N and K leaching losses the main nutrients required by vegetables,
– Composts are not suited as a major source of nutrients in high value crops with high N demand and soils without legume crops (BNF),
– one approach to overcome the problems is the use of digestates instead of composts.
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Conclusions
• The higher the soil nutrient level, the lower the degree of freedom in the choice of fertilizers
• Congruence with basic organic ideas: – In GH it is impossible to get balanced nutrient input-output
relations with major amounts of composts or other slow release base fertilizer
– The current lobbing for restrictions in the use of complementary fertilizers/top dressings would increase the problem of nutrient imbalances
– Cl deficits combined with S excess KCl-fertilizer as alternative K source?
– Induced leaching to manage soil salinity?
– very intensive systems show the limitations and shortages of the concepts based on “feed the soil, and not the plant”
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Thank you very much for your
attention
34