Commercial Building Science - Comfortable Environments Through Sustainable Design
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Transcript of Commercial Building Science - Comfortable Environments Through Sustainable Design
USGBC Course ID 90006150
Commercial Building Science -Comfortable Environments
Through Sustainable Design
CertainTeed is a Registered Provider with the AmericanInstitute of Architects Continuing Education System. Credit earned upon completion of this program will be reported to CES records for all AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members areavailable upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
This course qualifies for Sustainable Design credit.
This course qualifies for HSW credit.
CertainTeed Building Solutions
1
This presentation is protected by U.S. and international copyright laws. Reproduction and distribution of this presentation without written permission of the sponsor is prohibited. CertainTeed Corporation
Copyright
Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course you will be able to: • Understand concepts of green building through sustainable
design• Describe three principles of sustainable design• Understand credit categories for a green building rating system• Describe several factors affecting thermal comfort• Understand ways to improve indoor air quality through
controlled ventilation & material selection• Understand how to create superior acoustical environments
through sound control design practices• Understand design strategies that help create a high quality
visual environment
Contents1. Overview of Green/Sustainable Design2. Principles of Sustainable Design3. Overview of LEED green building rating system4. Thermal comfort5. Indoor air quality6. Acoustical comfort7. Visual comfort
Green Design
A Reference for Green Design Techniques
• Respects nature & natural order of things
• Minimizes negative human impacts on natural surroundings, materials & resources
• High performance over full life cycle of building
• Sustainability: Providing for present needs without compromising future needs
Sustainable Design• Basic objectives:
– Reduce consumption of non‐renewable resources– Minimize waste– Create productive environments
• Building projects should result in an optimal balance of:– Costs– Environmental benefits– Societal benefits– Human benefits– Meeting mission & function of intended facility
• May cost more initially, but can yield savings over time
Buildings in the United States
Energy Use Water Consumption
Electricity Consumption CO2 Emissions
Source: www.epa.gov/greenbuilding
39%39% 12%12%
68%68% 38%38%
Module 1
Principles of Sustainable Design
Design for People & the Environment
Life Cycle Design
Conservation of Resources
Sustainable Design
• Energy– Energy‐conscious community & site
planning– Optimal thermal performance– Passive heating & cooling– Alternative energy sources– Low‐embodied‐energy materials– Energy‐efficient equipment &
appliances• Water
– Native landscaping– Low‐flow lavatory toilets & fixtures– Rainwater collection & reuse– Water collection & recycling
• Energy– Energy‐conscious community & site
planning– Optimal thermal performance– Passive heating & cooling– Alternative energy sources– Low‐embodied‐energy materials– Energy‐efficient equipment &
appliances• Water
– Native landscaping– Low‐flow lavatory toilets & fixtures– Rainwater collection & reuse– Water collection & recycling
• Materials– Use material‐conserving
design & construction– Properly size building
systems– Rehabilitate existing
structures– Use reclaimed or recycled
materials & components
• Materials– Use material‐conserving
design & construction– Properly size building
systems– Rehabilitate existing
structures– Use reclaimed or recycled
materials & components
Conservation of Resources
• Pre‐building phase– Manufactured with renewable resources– Harvested/extracted without ecological
damage– Recycled or recyclable– Durable over time with low maintenance– Distributed with low energy costs
• Building phase– Minimize site impact on ecosystem– Provide waste water separation facilities– Use non‐toxic construction materials– Plan routine maintenance with
environmentally friendly material
• Pre‐building phase– Manufactured with renewable resources– Harvested/extracted without ecological
damage– Recycled or recyclable– Durable over time with low maintenance– Distributed with low energy costs
• Building phase– Minimize site impact on ecosystem– Provide waste water separation facilities– Use non‐toxic construction materials– Plan routine maintenance with
environmentally friendly material
• Occupancy phase– Recycle building
components & materials– Adapt existing structures
to new occupants– Develop existing land &
infrastructure
• Occupancy phase– Recycle building
components & materials– Adapt existing structures
to new occupants– Develop existing land &
infrastructure
Life‐Cycle Design
Design for People & the Environment• Minimize impact on nature
– Understand how construction affects nature
– Respect topographical contours– Do not disturb water table– Preserve existing flora & fauna
• Community site planning– Consider a scale larger than any
single structure– Avoid polluting site & surrounding
area– Promote mixed‐use development– Integrate public transportation– Create walking & bicycling paths
• Minimize impact on nature– Understand how construction
affects nature– Respect topographical contours– Do not disturb water table– Preserve existing flora & fauna
• Community site planning– Consider a scale larger than any
single structure– Avoid polluting site & surrounding
area– Promote mixed‐use development– Integrate public transportation– Create walking & bicycling paths
• Provide for human comfort & convenience– Provide thermal, visual &
acoustical comfort– Use non‐toxic, low‐emitting
materials– Create visual environments
connected to exterior– Provide fresh, clean air &
access to operable windows– Accommodate people with
differing physical abilities
• Provide for human comfort & convenience– Provide thermal, visual &
acoustical comfort– Use non‐toxic, low‐emitting
materials– Create visual environments
connected to exterior– Provide fresh, clean air &
access to operable windows– Accommodate people with
differing physical abilities
Module 2
Understanding the LEED Green Building Rating System
What is LEED?
• Independent third party rating system • Developed by U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)• Standard for measuring a building’s environmental performance
LEED Categories, Prerequisites & Credits• Five “base” categories, plus 2 “bonus” categories• Buildings earn points for meeting LEED credit criteria• Refer to LEED Reference Guides for details
Category Prerequisites Credits
* LEED NC 2009
Innovation in Design 20Indoor Environmental Quality 82Materials & Resources 71Energy & Atmosphere 63Water Efficiency 31Sustainable Sites 81
Regional Priority 10
LEED Points & Certification
Sustainable Sites, 26
Water Efficiency, 10
Energy & Atmosphere, 35
Materials & Resources, 14
Indoor Environ. Quality, 15
Innovation in Design, 6Regional Priority, 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Possible Points
CertifiedCertifiedSilverSilver
GoldGold
PlatinumPlatinum
Resources for Sustainable Design• US EPA
www.epa.gov/greenbuilding• US Green Building Council (USGBC)
www.usgbc.org• Sustainable Buildings Industry
Councilwww.sbicouncil.org
• Department of Energy Sustainable Design Programwww.pnl.gov/doesustainabledesign
• Whole Building Design Guidewww.wbdg.org/design
• US EPAwww.epa.gov/greenbuilding
• US Green Building Council (USGBC)www.usgbc.org
• Sustainable Buildings Industry Councilwww.sbicouncil.org
• Department of Energy Sustainable Design Programwww.pnl.gov/doesustainabledesign
• Whole Building Design Guidewww.wbdg.org/design
• High‐Performance School Buildings Resource and Strategy Guidewww.hpschooldesigntraining.com
• Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Environmental Design Librarywww.lib.berkeley.edu/ENVI/GreenA
ll.html• University of Michigan – School
of Natural ResourcesEnvironment, Sustainable
Architecture Module:– Introduction to Sustainable
Designwww.css.snre.umich.edu
Module 3
Thermal Comfort
Meeting Standards for Comfort• ASHRAE Standard 55
“Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy”
• ISO 7726: 1998
“Ergonomics of the thermal environment ― Instruments for measuring physical quantities”
• ISO 7730: 1994
“Moderate thermal environments ― Determination of the PMV & PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort”
Thermal Comfort Factors• Air temperature & humidity• Radiant temperatures
– Floors – Walls– Ceilings
• Vertical temperature differences
• Drafts (air velocity)• Secondary factors
– Daily & seasonal change– Occupant age (metabolic rate)– Clothing insulation
5555
Human Comfort Range
Impact of Activity on Comfort
0.81
1.2 1.21.6
2
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Metabolic Rate (m
et)
Reclining Seated,quiet
Office,school
Standing,relaxed
Lightactivity,standing
Mediumactivity,standing
Highactivity
Occupant Activity Level
Clothing Impacts Comfort
• ASHRAE Standard 55 –clothing insulation values for typical ensembles
• Clothing insulation measured in clo units
0
0.5
1
1.5
Clothing Insulation Value (clo)
Naked SummerAttire
BusinessAttire
WinterOutdoor
Clothing
Module 4
Indoor Air Quality
Creating Acceptable IAQ
• Quantity– Minimum ventilation rates
• Quality– Maximum airborne contaminant levels
• Goal: – Minimize potential for adverse health effects on occupants
62.162.1
• Ventilation– Air flow rates in breathing zones– Air distribution effectiveness– Air flow zone requirements at diffusers
• Air distribution– Exhaust duct location– Outdoor air intake– Combustion air
Quantity Control
Quality Control• Moisture management
– HVAC System• Dehumidification systems• Drain pans• Humidifiers & water spray systems
– Building envelope• Weather resistive barriers• Vapor retarders• Continuous air barriers
• Air stream surfaces– Mold growth resistance– Erosion resistance
• Contaminant capture– Particulates
• Filtration (MERV)
– Gases • Concentration monitoring• Removal (activated charcoal)
– Heat exchanger & finned‐tube coil cleaning
Humidity Impact on A/C System Design• Sensible heat loads do not consider effects of moisture in air
• Latent heat loads consider water vapor in air• Humidity ratios indicate amount of moisture in air• Geographic location determines humidity ratio
118118 112112
144144
144144
Air Classification & RecirculationASHRAE Standard 62.1
• Air quality must be evaluated for:– Contaminant concentration
– Sensory‐irritation intensity– Odor offensiveness
• Four classifications:– Class 1 – Low– Class 2 – Moderate– Class 3 – Significant– Class 4 – Harmful, Highly objectionable
Break Room
Private Toilet
Janitor Closet
Chemical Storage
Commercial Kitchen
Hood (Non‐grease)
Laboratory Hood
1
2
3
4
Spaces Airstreams
Attached Parking Garages
• Goal: Limit entry of exhaust into occupied spaces
• Garage air pressure ≤ adjacent space
• Isolate garage & use airtight vestibules – Separate garage & adjacent occupied space
Airborne Contaminants
• Moisture• Bio‐aerosols
– Bio‐organisms– Mold– Pollen
• Gaseous Contaminants – Ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
– Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
• Particles
Guidelines for Environmental Emissions• Provides guidelines on air pollution due to product emissions
• Certifies products for IAQ performance– Formaldehyde & other aldehydes– Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)– Respirable particles– Gases
• Ozone• Carbon monoxide• Nitrogen oxide
Module 5
Acoustical Comfort
Superior Acoustic EnvironmentsMinimize:• Sound reverberation time• Airborne noise• Sound transmission through ceilings
• Impact noise• Background noise
Reduce Sound Reverberation Time
• Sound absorbing surfaces
• Configure spaces to dampen sound energy
Limit Airborne Noise
• High sound transmission class (STC) assemblies
• Enclose or separate group activity spaces from common areas
Acoustically Efficient Wall
Limit Sound TransmissionThrough Suspended Ceilings
• High ceiling attenuation class (CAC) assemblies
• Extend partition heights
Reduce Impact Noise• High impact insulation class (IIC) assemblies
• Isolate finished floors & ceilings– Resilient underlayments– Absorptive floor toppings– Resilient suspension systems Acoustically Isolated Floor
Minimize Background Noise• Design HVAC system to:
– Absorb sound energy– Reduce background noise
• Isolate mechanical equipment using: – Vibration dampening techniques
– High sound transmission reduction enclosures
• Provide sound masking to reduce impact of background noise
Open Plan Acoustics• Open plan work areas –not separated by ceiling height partitions
• Speech intelligibility –dependent on1. Background noise2. Reverberation time3. Shape of space
• Speech privacy: Degreeto which speech is unintelligible
Reverberation Time
• Time (sec) required for sound pressure level in a room to decrease (decay) by 60 dB
• Shorter reverberation time = more absorptive space
60 dB drop in sound
Decibel (dB)
ReverberationTime
SoundStopped
Time (s)
60 dB
Initial Avg. Sound Pressure Level
TrTo
Impact of Reverberation Time
• Poor speech intelligibility • Concentration difficulty • Increased stress levels • Premature fatigue• Increased frequencyof mistakes
• Easier communication• Better concentration• Less stress• Greater efficiency• Healthier working environment
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Office Classroom ConferenceRoom
Theater
Rev
erbe
ratio
n Ti
me
(sec
)
Reverberation Time Influencers• Room volume• Room shape• Room surface absorption
• Number of people & objects in room
• Less than 1.0 sec for good speech intelligibility
Speech Intelligibility• Speech Transmission Index (STI)– Measure of intelligibility– Range: 0 to 1.0
• Rapid Speech Transmission Index (RASTI)– STI expressed as percentage
• Articulation Loss of Consonants (ALcons)– Percentage of consonants missed
ALconsSTI
Excellent
Unacceptable
Fair
Good
Poor
100%
33%
15%
7%
3%
0%1.0
0.75
0.6
0.45
0.3
0.0
Speech Privacy• Making speech less intelligible • Articulation class (AC)
– Rating of acoustical ceilings & sound absorbing screens for speech privacy purposes
– <150 = Low performance– >200 = High performance
• Articulation Index (AI)– Rating of speech intelligibility for completed office system
NormalPrivacy
MinimalPrivacy No Privacy Good to Excellent Intelligibility
0 0.05 0.35 0.50 1.00.20
ConfidentialPrivacy
Acoustical Performance for Schools• Equipment noise control
– HVAC systems– Electrical systems– Plumbing systems– Instructional equipment
• Background noise limit: 35 dB• Controlling reverberation
– Sound‐absorbing materials• Noise isolation
– Between interior spaces– Open‐plan classrooms– Outdoor‐to‐indoor– Impact sound– Vibrating machinery
Module 6
Visual Comfort
Visual Interest
Natural Daylighting
Artificial Lighting
Visual Comfort
Lighting Strategies• Optimize balance between daylighting & artificial lighting
• Light vertical surfaces– Increase perceived space brightness
• Balance quantity & quality of light
• Control ceiling lighting glare• Provide controlled task lighting at workstations
Integrate Natural Lighting Strategies
• Provide maximum natural daylight possible
• Use spectrally selective coatings – Avoid excessive heat loss & gain
• Use passive shading – Reduce solar loads
• Control window glare
Visual Interest• Provide view & access to outdoors• Include natural environments
between interior & exterior spaces
• Create a visually interesting environment using:– Scale– Color– Texture– Pattern– Artwork– Plants
• Avoid uniformity & visual chaos
Resources for Visual EnvironmentWhole Building Design Guide – Daylighting
www.wbdg.org/design
DOE Buildings Technology Program – Integrated Building Designwww.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/design/integratedbuilding
Illuminating Engineering Society of North Americawww.iesna.org
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Lighting Research Centerwww.lrc.rpi.edu
Energy Center of Wisconsin – Daylighting Collaborativewww.daylighting.org
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Windows & Daylighting Groupwww.windows.lbl.gov
Whole Building Design Guide – Daylightingwww.wbdg.org/design
DOE Buildings Technology Program – Integrated Building Designwww.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/design/integratedbuilding
Illuminating Engineering Society of North Americawww.iesna.org
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Lighting Research Centerwww.lrc.rpi.edu
Energy Center of Wisconsin – Daylighting Collaborativewww.daylighting.org
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Windows & Daylighting Groupwww.windows.lbl.gov
Course Summary
We have reviewed the following topics:• Three principles of sustainable design• Eight credit categories for LEED Green Building Rating System• Six factors that affect thermal comfort• Controlled ventilation design recommendations for acceptable
indoor air quality• Five sound control design practices that help create a superior
acoustical environment• How to create visually interesting spaces through controlled &
natural lighting design strategies
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