COMMERCIAL BROADLOOM CARPETS · Venture Carpets MATERIAL CONTENT The Commercial Broadloom...

Venture Carpets Inc. is pleased to present this environmental product declara on (EPD) for Commercial Broadloom Carpets. This EPD was developed in compliance with CAN/CSA-ISO 14025 and has been verifi ed by Lindita Bushi from the Athena Sustainable Materials Ins tute. This LCA and EPD were prepared by Ver ma Inc. The EPD includes cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) results.

For more informa on about Venture Carpets products, visit h ps://www.venturecarpets.com/.

For explanatory materials regarding this EPD, please contact the program operator.

COMMERCIAL BROADLOOM CARPETS

VENTURE CARPETS

ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTDECLARATIONISO 14025:2006

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Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)

1 GENERAL INFORMATIONThis EPD was not wri en to support compara ve asser ons. Even for similar products, diff erences in declared units, use and end-of-life stage assump ons and data quality may produce incomparable results. Comparing EPDs with another organiza on is not recommended as there may be diff erences in methodology, assump ons, alloca on methods, data quality such as variability in data sets and results of variability in assessment so ware tools used.

EPD GENERAL INFORMATION

Program Operator

CSA Group 178 Rexdale BlvdToronto, ONCanada M9W 1R3www.csagroup.org

Product Venture Commercial Broadloom Carpets

EPD Registra on Number EPDDate of Issue EPD Period of Validity

EPD Recipient Organiza on

Venture Carpets700, 120th Street, Saint- Georges, QC G5Y 6R6(418) 227-5955h p://venturecarpets.com

EPD Content

Product System Descrip onProduct Characteris csMaterial ContentLife Cycle Assessment Stages and Reported EPD Informa onLCA Calcula on RulesLCA Results and Interpreta onAddi onal environmental informa onReferences

Venture Carpets GENERAL INFORMATION

PCR GENERAL INFORMATION

Reference PCR

PCR for Environmental Product Declarations, Flooring:Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, Wood, Version2NSF InternationalValid through May 21, 2019

The PCR review was conducted by: Jack [email protected]

Dr. Michael OvercashEnvironmental [email protected]

Mr. Thaddeus OwenOTEC [email protected]

This LCA and EPD were prepared by: Chantal LavigneVer ma Inc.www.ver ma.ca

This EPD and related data were independently verifi ed, according to CAN/CSA-ISO 14025:2006 and ISO 21930:2007.

Internal X External_____________________________ Lindita Bushi, Ph.D. Athena Sustainable Materials Ins tute

X X

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2 PRODUCT SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONVenture Carpets is a Canadian carpet manufacturer with products including broadloom carpets and carpet tiles. Its manufacturing facilities are based in Saint-Georges (QC) and Belleville (ON). The Commercial Broadloom carpets presented here are manufactured in Saint-Georges (QC).

Commercial Broadloom carpets are composed of multiple layers as illustrated in Figure 1. Components include the face yarn, primary backing, latex compound, and a secondary backing.

Figure 1: Representation of Commercial Broadloom Carpets. 1

Venture Carpets PRODUCT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

2.1 Product classifi cation and description

Commercial Broadloom carpets are made for commercial interior spaces with nonstop flow of traffi c. They meet ASTM E-648 Radiant Panel Class I [8] and ASTM E-662 < 450 Flaming Mode [9] test standards.

2.2 Applicabilty

1 Figure courtesy of Venture Carpets, 2018.

Commercial Broadloom carpets are available in different collections, which vary in color and design. Carpet density varies between 2.30kg/m2 and 2.43 kg/m2. Product descriptions can be found at https://www.venturecarpets.com/en/broadloom/. The weighted average profi le is calculated based on 2016 annual production data (on mass basis) of the fi ve Commercial Broadloom carpet collections.

Commercial Broadloom carpets have a reference service life of 15 years as declared by the manufacturer.

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3 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Style name Average Product – Commercial Broadloom System

Style number Various

Product type Broadloom

Surface texture Graphic Level Loop

Pile fi bre content 100% BCF Anti-Static Colorloc™ Nylon

Dye system Solution-Dyed

Primary backing Woven Polypropylene

Secondary backing Woven synthetic backing (PP)

Imperial Metric

Pile weight (average) 26.44 oz/yd2 896 g/m2

Gauge 1/ 10 ga.2 39.4 / 10 cm

Stiches 8.0 – 9.0 per in. 31.5 - 35.4 / 10 cm

Pile height 0.157 - 0.196 in 4.0 - 5.0 mm

Pile thickness 0.133 –0.197 in 3.4 – 5.0 mm

Density factor 6420 - 7579 10.6 - 12 ktex 3

Total weight (average) 69.71 oz/yd2 2364 g/m2

Width 12 ft 366 cm

2"ga" stands for gauge. The gauge of a tufted carpet is the number of tuft rows (rows of stitches) across a unit width of carpet. 3"ktex" stands for kilotex. Yarn linear density, expressed in tex, is defi ned as the mass per unit length.

Venture Carpets PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Table 1: Venture Commercial Broadloom Carpet Characteristics

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PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS

Flammability Meets ASTM E-648 test standards Radiant Panel Class I

Smoke density Meets ASTM E-662 test standards <450 Flaming Mode

Anti-static properties Less than 3.0 kv at 20% relative humidity & 21º C

Lightfastness L7 or Better

Resistance to wet cleaning Grey Scale 5

Tuft Blind Tuftloc Backing System

Treatment Ultrafresh Antimicrobial treatment

Venture Carpets PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Table 1: Venture Commercial Broadloom Carpet Characteristics (Cont.)

Venture Carpets Inc. reserves the right to modify these specifi cations to improve this product without prior notice and without prejudice.

WARRANTY INFORMATION

Commercial wear Limited lifetime

Against anti-static Limited lifetime

No-Zippering Limited lifetime

Colorfast to light Limited lifetime

Colorfastness to Atmospheric Limited lifetime

ENVIRONMENTAL

Indoor air quality no. Green Label Plus (GLP) 7492

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4 MATERIAL CONTENT4.1 Material Content of the Product4

Table 2: Material Content of Venture Commercial Broadloom Carpets

MaterialsAvailability Origin of

materials Mass (%)Renewable Non-renewable Recycled

Nylon 6 yarn Fossil, limited USA 38.5%

Polypropylene primary backing Fossil, limited USA 4.8%

Latex compound

Latex Fossil, limited USA 10.7%

Antimicrobial additives

Chemical product, limited

Ontario 0.01%

Filler (Calcium carbonate)

Mineral, abundant Quebec 42.6%

Froth agent

Synthetic organic

compound, limited

Quebec 0.1%

ThickenerChemical product, limited

Quebec 0.1%

Synthetic secondary backing Fossil, limited USA 3.1%

TOTAL - - - 100%

Venture Carpets MATERIAL CONTENT

The Commercial Broadloom collections have been tested and conform to the standard method of the California Depart-ment of Public Health (CDPH) v1.2-2017 Certifi cated Green Label Plus.

4Please note data may not add up to totals due to rounding.

Calcium carbonate: Mineral fi ller from limestone deposits.

Nylon 6 face yarn: Nylon 6 (polyamide 6) is a polymer of caprolactam formed by ring-opening polymerization.

Polypropylene backings: A tough, light, flexible synthetic resin made by polymerizing propylene.

Synthetic latex: A crosslink modifi ed cationic cold polymerized, high solids styrene-butadiene latex with a fatty acid emulsifi er.

4.2 Production of main materials

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Venture Carpets LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

5LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT STAGESAND REPORTED EPD INFORMATION

5.1 Sourcing/Extraction (Raw Material Acquisition) Stage

This includes the extraction of materials and production of solution-dyed yarn, primary backing, latex compound, and secondary backing. This stage also includes the delivery of materials to the manufacturing plant and their packaging.

5.2 Manufacturing StageThis stage includes energy requirements for processing and water usage, as well as transport and treatment of waste. Carpet manufacturing includes different processing steps. First, the latex compound and secondary backing are prepared, and yarn is weaved with the primary backing, which is called tufting and produces greige. The losses generated at tufting and for the overall assembly are considered as waste sent to municipal solid waste treatment or recycling centers. Waste transport and treatment is included, while only the transport of recycled content is considered. For Commercial Broadloom carpets, cardboard boxes and scrap greige is sent to recycling centers, and all other waste is send to landfi ll.

This stage also includes packaging materials to make the products ready for shipment (see Table 3), as well as the transportation of these packaging materials to the Venture Carpets manufacturing plant.

Packaging materials Material

Metal strapping Steel

Plastic wrap Polyethylene

Paper labels Paper

Cardboard roll Corrugated Cardboard

Table 3: Packaging materials for Commercial Broadloom carpets

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Venture Carpets LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

5.3 Delivery and Installation Stage

This stage included the delivery of the product by truck to the client and its installation with acrylic binder. The life cycle assessment model used a weighted average distance of about 1,500 km. Prior to installation, floor moisture emissions and alkalinity levels must be tested to cover moisture/alkalinity related issues on warranty. The floor must be clean of debris, oil, paint, grease, etc. Temperature must be kept between 15ºC and 30ºC 48h prior to installation, during installation, and 48h after installation. Check the Venture drawings sent with products to see how the designer intends the product to be installed. Venture recommends following the installation procedures from the Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) [10]. The adhesive used in the model, Ultrabond ECO810, meets the requirements of California South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule #1168. Waste generated during installation such as carpet loss, glue pails, adhesive rollers, and packaging are discarded to landfi ll. Transport and treatment of waste is included.

For the MSDS on adhesives, please contact Venture Carpets at 418-227-5955.

Table 4: Maintenance Activitiess

5.4 Use Stage

While in use, carpets are maintained by vacuuming and cleaning. It has been estimated that 1.62 MJ/m2/yr is needed to perform these tasks on a regular schedule. Vacuum energy consumption is based on Interface Americas Glasbac, Type 6 Nylon EPD [7]. Average maintenance of carpets is shown in Table 4.

5.6 End-of-Life Stage

This stage includes transport to and treatment of waste at a municipal solid waste site (i.e. landfi ll) located at an average distance of 50 km.

Maintenance activity Frequency

Vacuuming

7 times per week

52 times per year

780 times per RSL (RSF = 15 years)

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6 LCA CALCULATION RULES

Venture Carpets LCA CALCULATION RULES

The life cycle assessment (LCA) on which this EPD is based was conducted in accordance with ISO 14040 [1] and 14044 [2].

6.2 Cut-Off Criteria

According to the product category rule (PCR), section 6.3, if mass and energy flows, and environmental impacts represent less than 1% of the cumulative mass flow, energy flow, or environmental impact of the system, it may be excluded from system boundaries [4]. In addition, at least 95% of the energy usage, mass flow, and environmental impacts shall be included.

For Commercial Broadloom carpets, a total of 0.282% of product weight was excluded due to lack of data to properly represent them. Variation of the environmental impacts from the cumulative omitted mass were less than or equal to 2%.

6.3 Allocation

Data relative to energy consumption (electricity, natural gas, propane) was provided by product type for the Saint-Georges (QC) plant; hence no allocation was necessary for these processes.

As per the PCR, section 6.4, impacts of recycling packaging are excluded for this LCA as they are considered part of an open-loop product system.

6.1 Description of the Functional Unit

The functional unit for this study is 1 m2 of floor covering for 60 years. The reference service life of the carpets is 15 years.

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6.4 Background Data

Manufacturing data representative of the 2016 production year was collected from the Venture Carpets manufacturing plant located in Saint-Georges, QC. Data gathered by this questionnaire is 100% representative of the products.

When primary data was not available, the unit processes were selected either from the ecoinvent v3.3 - cut-off, database, one of the most comprehensive LCI databases currently available [5], or from the US LCI database [6] with physical allocation, that is specifi c to a North American context.

When ecoinvent unit processes were not available specifi cally for Quebec, they were adapted by replacing their electricity input process by the ecoinvent process "Market for electricity, medium voltage {CA-QC}". Quebec’s production mix is mainly from hydroelectricity (97%).

6.5 Data Quality and Data Quality Assessment

The primary data, obtained from the manufacturer, is representative of the current technologies and materials used by this company. As primary data was collected directly from the manufacturing plant where carpets are made, it can be stated that it is 100% representative of the technologies in use and of the geographical areas.

Data related to raw materials input, energy consumption at plant, packaging materials and transportation distances, installation, use, and end-of-life is from 2016.

Secondary data was used for upstream and downstream processes. For some processes, the ecoinvent database provided representative data for a Canadian context. These processes were used in priority. When necessary, the grid mix was changed for the grid mix of the province or country where production takes place.

When ecoinvent processes were not available for a North American context, processes were taken from the US LCI database.

Datasets from the ecoinvent 3.3 database were extrapolated to the year of calculation, i.e., 2016; however, their year of publication is different.

6.6 System Boundaries

According to NSF Sustainability PCR, section 6.7, the LCA modelling covers Cradle-to-Grave stages. Five (5) life cycle stages are therefore considered, namely 1) Raw materials acquisition, 2) Manufacturing, 3) Delivery and installation, 4) Use, and 5) End-of-life. Figure 2 presents the process flow diagram for the Commercial Broadloom carpets.

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Latex compound

Latex

Broadloom carpet assembly and

packaging


RAW MATERIALS ACQUISITION

Nylon 6 yarn Polypropylene primary backing

Filler Thickener Antimicrobial Additive 1

Antimicrobial Additive 2 Froth agent

Synthetic secondary backing

MANUFACTURING

Electricity

Delivery

DELIVERY AND INSTALLATION

END OF LIFE

USE

Natural Gas

Propane

Water

Packaging

Waste to recycling(cardboard and greige)

InstallationBinder Waste to landfi ll

Use

Landfi ll

Waste to landfi ll (all other)

LEGENDTransport

Figure 2: System boundaries of Cradle-to-Grave LCA of Commercial Broadloom carpets.

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Raw materials acquisition: This stage includes the extraction and transformation of raw materials needed to produce the carpets, as well as their packaging materials. This stage also includes the transportation of raw materials form Venture Carpets suppliers to the Saint-Georges plant.

Manufacturing: This stage includes water and energy consumption for the manufacturing process, production and transport of packaging, as well as production waste and its treatment.


Delivery and installation:This stage includes the transport of the carpets from the manufacturing plant to the point of use. Materials used for installation are included, as well as installation waste and its treatment.

Use:This stage includes maintenance of the Commercial Broadloom carpet during its useful life.

End-of-life:This stage includes the transport and end-of-life treatment of the used carpet.

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7 LCA RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

Venture Carpets LCA RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

The LCIA results of 1) 1 m2 of average Commercial Broadloom floor covering for raw material extraction, manufacturing, delivery and installation, and end-of-life; 2) the use stage for 1 m2 of average Commercial Broadloom floor covering for an average one-year use; 3) all life cycle stages based on the estimated replacement schedule for 1 m2 of average Commercial Broadloom floor covering over a 60-year reference service life (RSL) of a building, are presented in Table 5, Table 6, and Table 7, respectively.

In addition to these tables, life cycle stage contribution fi gures are presented as well as, when required, variation inresults for different carpet densities.

VENTURE COMMERCIAL BROADLOOM CARPETS Life Cycle Stages

Impact Category Unit Raw Material Acquisition Manufacturing Installation and

Delivery End-of-Life Total

CML baseline v.4.4

Acidifi cation potential (AP) kg SO2 eq. 4.06E-02 2.97E-03 5.21E-03 3.64E-04 4.91E-02

Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO2 eq. 1.13E+01 6.41E-01 9.89E-01 1.01E+00 1.39E+01

Depletion of abiotic resources - elements, ultimate reserves (ADP elements)

kg Sb eq. 6.76E-05 6.51E-08 5.00E-07 3.46E-08 6.82E-05

Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels (ADP fossil fuels)

MJ 1.40E+02 8.20E+00 1.22E+01 8.96E-01 1.61E+02

Eutrophication potential (EP) kg PO43- eq. 8.31E-03 6.13E-04 1.63E-03 1.05E-02 2.11E-02

Ozone depletion potential (ODP)

kg CFC-11 eq. 1.58E-08 1.60E-09 8.17E-09 6.48E-09 3.20E-08

Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) kg C2H4 eq. 1.86E-03 1.89E-04 2.39E-04 1.96E-04 2.49E-03

Cumulative Energy Demand v.1.0.1

Primary energy demand of non-renewable resources (PED-NRR)

MJ 1.60E+02 8.32E+00 1.26E+01 9.61E-01 1.81E+02

Primary energy demand of renewable resources (PED-RR)

MJ 2.44E+00 2.44E+00 8.04E-02 6.44E-02 5.03E+00

Biogenic CO2 uptakes and emissions

Global Warming Potential, biogenic (GWP, biogenic) kg CO2 eq. -1.17E-01 2.72E-02 1.96E-02 1.78E-01 1.08E-01

Table 5: The impacts for 1 m2 of average Commercial Broadloom carpet for raw material extraction, manufacturing, delivery and installation, and end-of-life

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Impact Category Unit VENTURE COMMERCIAL BROADLOOM CARPETS

Average 1-year Use and Maintenance Impacts

CML baseline v.4.4

Acidifi cation potential (AP) kg SO2 eq. 2.10E-05

Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO2 eq. 1.19E-02


kg Sb eq. 2.25E-08

Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels (ADP fossil fuels) MJ 3.82E-02

Eutrophication potential (EP) kg PO43- eq. 7.96E-06

Ozone depletion potential (ODP) kg CFC-11 eq. 6.51E-10

Photochemical ozone creation poten-tial (POCP) kg C2H4 eq. 1.29E-06


Primary energy demand of non-renewable resources (PED-NRR) MJ 8.73E-02

Primary energy demand of renewable resources (PED-RR) MJ 1.68E+00


Global Warming Potential, biogenic (GWP, biogenic) kg CO2 eq. 3.63E-03

Table 6: The impacts for the use stage for 1 m2 of average Commercial Broadloom for an average one-year use in Quebec


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VENTURE COMMERCIAL BROADLOOM CARPETS

Life Cycle Stages

Average ScenarioReference Service Life of product = 15 yrs

Installations over 60 years = 4

Impact Category Unit Raw Material Acquisition Manufacturing Installation and

Delivery Use End-of-Life Total

CML baseline v.4.4

Acidifi cation potential (AP) kg SO2 eq. 1.62E-01 1.19E-02 2.08E-02 1.26E-03 1.45E-03 1.98E-01

Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO2 eq. 4.51E+01 2.56E+00 3.96E+00 7.11E-01 4.03E+00 5.64E+01


kg Sb eq. 2.70E-04 2.60E-07 2.00E-06 1.35E-06 1.38E-07 2.74E-04

Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels (ADP fossil fuels)

MJ 5.59E+02 3.28E+01 4.90E+01 2.29E+00 3.58E+00 6.47E+02

Eutrophication potential (EP) kg PO43- eq. 3.32E-02 2.45E-03 6.54E-03 4.77E-04 4.20E-02 8.48E-02

Ozone depletion potential (ODP)

kg CFC-11 eq. 6.31E-08 6.39E-09 3.27E-08 3.90E-08 2.59E-08 1.67E-07

Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) kg C2H4 eq. 7.45E-03 7.58E-04 9.57E-04 7.73E-05 7.84E-04 1.00E-02


Primary energy demand of non-renewable resources (PED-NRR)

MJ 6.38E+02 3.33E+01 5.03E+01 5.24E+00 3.84E+00 7.31E+02

Primary energy demand ofrenewable resources (PED-RR)

MJ 9.78E+00 9.75E+00 3.22E-01 1.01E+02 2.57E-01 1.21E+02


Global Warming Potential, biogenic (GWP, biogenic) kg CO2 eq. -4.69E-01 1.09E-01 7.86E-02 2.18E-01 7.13E-01 6.49E-01

Table 7: Cradle-to-grave LCIA results for 1m2 of average Commercial Broadloom carpet used for 60 years in Quebec


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The following section details the contribution to the impacts of the different life cycle stages. Average density Commercial Broadloom was selected for this EPD.

Figure 3 presents the relative contribution of raw materials acquisition, product manufacturing, installation and delivery, use, and end-of-life to the LCIA impacts, along with energy consumption indicators. Raw materials acquisition is the main contributor to the environmental impacts (>38%). In the case of eutrophication potential, treatment of materials at end-of-life is also a signifi cant contributor (> 50%). As for ozone depletion potential, the manufacturing of acrylic binder used in installation (20%), the electricity consumption to maintain the carpet while in use (23%), and treatment of materials at their end-of-life (16%) are all main contributors.

Raw materials acquisition (87%) contributes signifi cantly to non-renewable energy consumption as well, while use (83%) of the product contributes signifi cantly to renewable energy consumption, with the electricity consumed mainly produced by hydropower.

Figure 3: Contribution of life cycle stages to the environmental impacts of 1m2 of average Commercial Broadloom for 60 years

Commercial Broadloom carpets can have different densities ranging from 2.300 kg/m2 to 2.433 kg/m2. The impact of this variation on the results is presented in Figure 4. As shown, impacts vary by a maximum of 5% for all impact categories and demand for resources.


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Figure 4: Comparison of Commercial Broadloom yarn densities

Regarding biogenic CO2, it can be seen in Table 7 that there is an uptake of biogenic CO2 for raw material acquisition. This is mainly from the wood pallets used to package raw materials for shipment. As for biogenic CO2 emissions, they originate from the treatment of municipal solid waste at end-of-life, at manufacturing, and at installation. There are also biogenic CO2 emissions during use originated from electricity produced by wood co-generation units. Interestingly, total life cycle biogenic uptakes and emissions only represent 1% of total life cycle CO2 equivalents uptakes and emissions.


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In addition, Venture Carpets has undergone a third-party verifi cation process with Vertima Inc. where Venture Carpets products and its entire supply chain were assessed. At the end of the process, they received the Validated Eco-Declaration® certifi cation summarizing verifi ed environmental claims, as well as Vertima’s Environmental Data Sheet©.

8 ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

Venture Carpets ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

Venture Carpets Inc. has published a Health Product Declaration® for its Commercial Broadloom carpets. More details are available on the HPDC public repository: https://www.hpd-collaborative.org/hpd-public-repository/.

8.1 Validated Eco-Declaration® by Vertima

8.2 Health Product Declaration® (HPD®)

[1] ISO (2006) ISO 14040. Environmental management – Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework.

[2] ISO (2006) ISO 14044. Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines.

[3] ISO (2006) ISO 14025. Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations – Principles and procedures.

[4] NSF Sustainability (2014). Product Category Rules. Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, Wood - Version 2. 48pp, valid until June 23, 2019.

[5] Frischknecht R., Jungbluth N., Althaus H.-J., Doka G., Heck T., Hellweg S., Hischier R., Nemecek T., Rebitzer G., Spielmann M., Wernet G. (2007) Overview and Methodology. ecoinvent report No. 1. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, 2007

[6] U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database." (2012). National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012. Accessed November 19, 2012: https://www.lcacommons.gov/nrel/search

[7] Interface Americas, Glasbac®, Type 6 Nylon Environmental Product Declaration, date of issue October 10, 2016, http://interfaceinc.scene7.com/is/content/InterfaceInc/Interface/Americas/WebsiteContentAssets/Documents/Technical/EPDBriefs/GlasBacNylon6/wc_am-epdglasbacnylon6oct2016.pdf

[8] ASTM E648-17a, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, www.astm.org

[9] ASTM E662-01, Standard Test Method for Specifi c Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2001, www.astm.org

[10] Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI), CRI 104/105 Carpet Installation Standards, https://www.carpet-rug.org/installation-standards.html

9 REFERENCES

vertima.ca

Venture Carpets700 120th Street, Saint-Georges, QC (418) 227-5955G5Y 6R6 CANADAwww.venturecarpets.com

EPD 604 Saint Viateur Street, Quebec, QC (418) 990-2800G2L 2K8 CANADA

This LCA and EPD were prepared by Vertima Inc.

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