Commercial Biological Control Norm Leppla UF, IFAS, IPM Florida.
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Transcript of Commercial Biological Control Norm Leppla UF, IFAS, IPM Florida.
Commercial Biological ControlCommercial Biological ControlNorm LepplaUF, IFAS, IPM Florida
Milestones in Commercialization of Milestones in Commercialization of Biological ControlBiological Control
1895- Farming 1895- Farming TrichogrammaTrichogramma proposed proposed
1926- Fillmore, mass prod. NE citrus pests1926- Fillmore, mass prod. NE citrus pests
1929- 1929- TrichogrammaTrichogramma on factitious host on factitious host
1949- 1949- ChrysoperlaChrysoperla colonization colonization
1956- Predaceous mites, mites on strawberry1956- Predaceous mites, mites on strawberry
1968- Koppert established1968- Koppert established
1975- 1975- Trichogramma, Trichogramma, European corn borerEuropean corn borer
1981- IOBC WGQC (AMRQC)1981- IOBC WGQC (AMRQC)
1988- Whitefly parasites, Europe glasshouses1988- Whitefly parasites, Europe glasshouses
1990- ANBP established in California1990- ANBP established in California
1995- Commercial artificial diet for predators1995- Commercial artificial diet for predators
1995- IBMA established in France1995- IBMA established in France
Biological Control Organizations Biological Control Organizations with Commercial Affiliationswith Commercial Affiliations
IOBC
ANBP's ObjectivesANBP's Objectives
• Strengthen the commercial natural enemy industry.
• Promote research and education on the use of natural enemies.
• Develop quality certification programs for natural enemies.
Members of ANBP are expected Members of ANBP are expected to adhere to a code of ethics to adhere to a code of ethics which encourages the highest which encourages the highest standards in the production and standards in the production and marketing of natural enemies.marketing of natural enemies.
More than 49 biological control companies provide nematodes, mites, insects, and bioinsecticides for pest management in Florida and the Southeast.
Nematodes are sold by 28 companies (5 species).
Predators are sold by 31 companies, 26 supply mites (10 species) and 31 supply insects (15 species)
Parasitic wasps are sold by 31 companies (23 spp.).
Guidelines for Purchasing and Using Guidelines for Purchasing and Using Commercial Natural Enemies and Commercial Natural Enemies and
Biopesticides in Florida and Other States Biopesticides in Florida and Other States
N. C. Leppla and K. L. Johnson
Table 1. Habitats, pests, natural enemies and reference number
Tables 2-7. Number of natural enemy products and sources
Table 2- Nematodes (8)
Table 3- Predatory mites (10)
Table 4- Predatory insects (15)
Table 5- Parasitic wasps (23)
Table 6- Biopesticides (21)
Table 7- Companies and websites (49)
Nematodes and MitesNematodes and Mites
NEMATODES
Heterorhabditidae- Heterorhabditis (2 spp)
Steinernematidae- Steinernema (3 spp)
ARACHNIDS
Laelapidae- Hypoaspis (1 spp)
Phytoseiidae- Amblyseius, Galendromus, Mesoseiulus, Neoseiulus, Phytoseiulus (9 spp)
Predatory InsectsPredatory Insects Coleoptera
Coccinellidae- Cryptolaemus, Delphastus,
Hippodmia, Rhyzobius, Stethorus
Cybocephalidae- Cybocephalus
Histeridae- Carcinops
Staphylinidae- Dalotia (also called Atheta)
Diptera
Cecidomyiidae- Aphidoletes, Feltiella
Hemiptera
Anthocoridae- Orius
Pentatomidae- Podisus
Neuroptera
Chrysopidae- Chrysoperla
Thysanoptera Thripidae- Scolothrips
Parasitic WaspsParasitic Wasps
Hymenoptera
Aphelinidae- Aphelinus, Aphytis, Encarsia, Eretmocerus (5 spp)
Braconidae- Aphidius, Cotesia, Dacnusa (5 spp)
Encyritidae- Leptomastix, Metaphycus (2 spp) Eulophidae- Diglyphus, Pediobius (2 spp)
Pteromalidae- Muscidifurax, Nasonia, Splangia (6 spp)
Trichogrammatidae- Trichogramma (3 spp)
Major Commercial Natural Major Commercial Natural EnemiesEnemies
Major Commercial Natural Major Commercial Natural EnemiesEnemies
Markets for Natural Enemies Markets for Natural Enemies
Entomopathogenic nematodes- Heterorhabditis, Steinernema
Predatory mites- Amblyseius, Galendromus, Neoseiulus, Phytoseiulus, Hypoaspis
Predatory insects- Chrysoperla, Cryptolaemus, Hippodamia, Orius, Dalotia, Coccinella, Delphastus, Feltiella, Podisus, Rhyzobius,Stethorus
Parasitoids- Aphelinus, Aphytis, Encarsia, Eretmocerus, Aphidius, Pediobius, Trichogramma
Fly parasites- Muscidifurax, Splangia, Nasonia Biopesticides- Bacillus, Beauveria, Trichoderma
Predators!Predators!
Description of U.S Companies Description of U.S Companies Serving the SoutheastServing the Southeast
Number = 49 producers and suppliers Size = 10 employees average Revenue = $20-25 million, 3 > $1.5 million Species = 56 (+ 21 microbials), 5/20
producers >3 species, ca 50% produce one, few new species.
Natural EnemyNatural Enemy Sales IncreasesSales Increases
Pesticide resistance Transgenic crops Loss of pesticides (regulatory) New more selective pesticides Cost of pesticides (registration) Alien invasive species Cropping systems (pollinators, organic)
Resistant Crop
• Competitors
• Natural enemies
• Resistant varieties Vulnerable Crop
Invasive Pest
Integrated pest management program: • Cultural practices• Scouting, ID of pests & NEs• Conservation of NEs• Augmentation of NEs• Reduced-risk insecticides• Resistance management
Pesticide program:• New insecticides• New formulations • New Application methods• Resistance management
IPM IPM TransitionTransition
Requirements for Requirements for CommercializationCommercialization
1. 1. Research teams vs. solo
2. Financial support for R&D
3. Practical technology
4. Effective against pest
5. High benefit/cost
6. Safe for the environment
Chemical Pesticides Versus Chemical Pesticides Versus Biological Control:Biological Control:
Investment and ReturnInvestment and Return
Sales
Investment
Chemical PesticidesBiological Control
30 Billion
3
600 Million100 Million
3 Billion
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Year
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Nu
mb
er o
f S
pec
ies
New Product DevelopmentNew Product Development
Amblyseius swirskii
Western Flower Thrips Control Western Flower Thrips Control in Cucumbersin Cucumbers
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
T. p
yri
A. c
ucum
eris
DP
V
E. f
inla
ndic
us
A. b
arke
ri
A. c
ucum
eris
A. d
egen
eran
s
E. s
cuta
lis
A. o
valis
T. s
wirs
kii
A. l
imon
icus
Treatment
Per
den
tag
e co
mp
ared
to
A. c
ucu
mer
is
Predatory mites
F. occidentalis larvae
Mite Species
Bemesia tabaciBemesia tabaci Control on HibiscusControl on Hibiscus
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
week
me
an
nu
mb
er
of
aliv
e p
up
ae
of
Be
mis
ia
tab
ac
i/pla
nt
0
5
10
15
me
an
nu
mb
er
of
A. s
wir
sk
ii/p
lan
t
Mean number of A. swirskii/plant A. swirskiiControl without A. swirskii
1 2 3
A. swirskii per plantB. tabaci with A. swirskiiB. tabaci without A. swirskii
Release dates
Amblyseius swirskii Amblyseius swirskii EffectivenessEffectiveness
Very high numerical response to availability of food Highly efficacious against western flower thrips,
greenhouse whiteflies and tobacco whiteflies In combination with:
• Orius spp. against western flower thrips• Whitefly parasites against whiteflies• P. persimilis or A. californicus against two-spotted
spider mites Good establishment on pollen Whiteflies can substitute for pollen in peppers Good results in North and South Europe May replace A. cucumeris, depending on release
permits
Commercial Biological Commercial Biological Control NeedsControl Needs
Expertise New Markets & Products Science and Technology
• Improved rearing and release methods• Field tests to determine efficacy• Compatibility with pesticides• Taxonomic support• Quality control
Regulations
Pesticide Side EffectsPesticide Side Effects
Global QC ProgramsGlobal QC Programs
Individual CompaniesCustomers
International StandardsISO 9000 ASTM (Amer. Soc. for Testing & Materials)IOBC Guidelines (European Community)
The Marketplace Quality Products
Customer ServiceCustomer Service
Many companies provide detailed information on how to use their products.
The best companies deliver excellent customer service for site-specific biocontrol.
The marketplace ultimately determines the usefulness of commercial natural enemies.
Information on CommercialInformation on Commercial
Biological Control Biological Control
http://ipm.ifas.ufl.eduhttp://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu