Commercial Activity - Lead Targets: Blood cells (anemia), kidney (gout), sperm (infertility)
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Transcript of Commercial Activity - Lead Targets: Blood cells (anemia), kidney (gout), sperm (infertility)
Occupational Safety and Health 1
Commercial Activity - Lead
Targets: Blood cells (anemia), kidney (gout), sperm (infertility) Nervous system most sensitive target
Adults: Occupational exposures Lead smelters, battery factories, lead additives Painters got peripheral neuropathy (wrist drop)
Children: Colic (acute) and mental retardation (chronic) Legacy of leaded paint and gasoline • Eating peeling paint (many inner cities) • Playing in contaminated yards (e.g., Oakland)
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Commercial activity – Acrylamide
Sweden 1997: Hallandsas tunnel construction halted.Acrylamide used in grouting to prevent water seepage.20 workers experienced neurological symptoms (reversible).Several cows grazing nearby showed severe neural effects.Dead fish found in hatchery supplied by water from tunnel.Acrylamide found in ground water near tunnel.
Sensitive methods developed to detect acrylamide showed high background levels in humans.
Surprisingly high levels found in fried foods (potato chips).
Potential exposures in typical labs using acrylamide gels(including DNA identification labs).
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Asbestos
Used in plaster, fire retardants, taxidermyCan can pulmonary fibrosisCan result in lung cancerOSHA Asbestos Standard:
Annual exam and termination exam History, physical Pulmonary function study Periodic chest x-ray
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Solvents
Used to clean and thin paintsCan affect skin, liver, blood (benzene),
peripheral and central nervous systemsHistory and physical examUrine for metabolitesCarbon monoxide in exhaled air, or
carboxyhemoglobin in blood for methylene chloride
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Intracellular Targets of Neurotoxins
Ion channels – Signal conductionSodiumPotassiumCalciumChloride
Synaptic region – Neurotransmitter processingReleaseReuptake of excessReceptor response (stimulate, block)
Channels and receptors - multigene familiesLocated in different parts of the nervous systemResponsible for differential effects
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Psychoactive/PsychedelicMarijuana
Short term use – relaxation; Long term – loss of motivationLoss of coordination, slow reaction time, disordered thoughtLegalized for medical use in some states (controversial)Sometimes contaminated with herbicide paraquat
LSDStrong hallucinogen, vivid colorsFlashbacks common
PCP/KetamineAt first, feelings of strength, invulnerability, detachmentThen confusion, agitation, depressionLong term – depression, suicide, schizophrenia
Natural sourcesCacti (peyote) – mescalineMushrooms – psilocybin, ibotenic acid
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DepressantsAlcohol
Responsible for about half of traffic deathsPoor job performance and disrupted family lifeHealth problems: Cirrhosis, Fetal alcohol syndrome
Barbiturates (sedatives)Sleep inducing, can induce dependenceEspecially dangerous when used with alcohol
Tranquilizers (anxiolytics)Benzodiazepines (Valium, Librium) among most usedVariants not approved include Rohypnol
Causes loss of short term memoryUsed for personal attacks
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Drugs of AbuseOpioids, Amphetamines, Cocaine
Scope of problem in USAHalf a million heroin addictsSix million cocaine usersPersonal tragedies common among usersFamilies adversely affected (vicious circle of poverty, crime)75% of crime lab evidence is drug relatedImpurities always suspect
FeaturesStimulation of reward center: Euphoria (like endorphins)
Increase dopamine in nucleus accumbensTolerance: Require increasing doses (100x, previously fatal)Continued use can lead to psychoses (paranoid schizophrenia)Withdrawal: Dysphoria, depression, craving
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Opioid Action as Analgesic
Codeine not attractive as street drug (low potency)
Maintenance: Methadone prevents withdrawal, no euphoriaSaid to obviate need for marijuana as painkiller
Research to find derivatives with only analgesic action
Only partially successful: Oxycontin used by 1 millionpatients with chronic pain, 25% abuse use
Illicit syntheses often attempted, often consequences tragic.
Poor technique → dangerous derivatives (Parkinson’s)
Cocaine derivatives in clinical useLidocaine, procaine successful as local anesthetics
Result from blocking neuronal sodium channels
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Uses of Amphetamines and Derivatives
Treatment for narcolepsy - 1930’s
Maintaining military alertness - 1940’s
Occupational alertness (students, truckers) – 1950’s
Appetite suppressant
Suppress childhood attention deficit disorder
Dietary supplement (ephedrine) as “natural energizer”
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Toxic Materials
PROTECTION :
(1) Recirculating oxygen (2) Demand compressed air/O2 (3) Recirculating self generating oxygen (4) Suits wear that made of material
impervious to the toxic material
US Department of Transportation Regulation
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Oxygen content (suffocation)
% O2 in air Signs and Symptoms
19.5 – 23.5 Recommended level for safe operation
15 – 19Decreased ability to work strenuously, May impair coordination,
early symptoms in persons with circulatory problems
12 – 17Loss of balance, dizziness. Respiration deeper, increased pulse
rate, impaired coordination, perception and judgment.
10 – 12Heavy breathing and high pulse rate, performance failure,
giddiness, poor judgment, lips blue, possibly brain damage
8 – 10
Mental failure, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of lips. 8 minutes: 100% fatal, 6 minutes: 50% fatal, 4 – 5 mins: recovery with treatment, brain damage possible
4 Coma in 40 secs, convulsions, respiration ceases, death.
O2 Requirement
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CHEMICAL THREATS
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) Mustard (HD)Nerve agents (G, V)Have seen previous terrorist use
(Aum Shinrikyo)
Toxic industrial chemicals (TICs)
Large array of materials
Reasonably accessible
Accidents have caused numerous casualties (Bhopal)
Non-traditional agents (NTAs)
Not TICs
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BIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOTERRORISM POTENTIALBIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOTERRORISM POTENTIAL
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DEFINITION1. A biological agent, such as an
infectious microorganism, or a condition that constitutes a threat to humans, especially in biological research or experimentation.
2. The potential danger, risk, or harm from exposure to such an agent or condition.
MEANING1. any bacterium or virus or toxin that
could be used in biological warfare2. hazard to humans or the
environment resulting from biological agents or conditions
BIOHAZARD
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BIOLOGICAL HAZARD SIGNS.
The biological hazard warning shall be used to signify the actual or potential presence of a biohazard and to identify equipment, containers, rooms, materials, experimental animals, or combinations thereof, which contain, or are contaminated with, viable hazardous agents.
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Bacillus anthracis
Chickenpox Gram strain of Yersinia pestis
day 1
day 2
Smallpox
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“THE COWPOCK” BY JAMES GILRAY, 1802
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ASSIGNMENT OF PATHOGENS TO BIOHAZARD RISK LEVELS 1-4Biohazard Risk Level 1:
Unlikely pathogenicity to humansNo community risk
E. coli
Hep. A
YF, Hep. C*
Ebola,smallpox
Biohazard Risk Level 2:Possible pathogenicity to humans
Unlikely community riskBiohazard Risk Level 3:
Serious pathogenicity to humansModerate community riskUsually prophylaxis / treatment
Biohazard Risk Level 4:Serious pathogenicity to humansHigh risk of spreading to communityNo available treatment or prevention
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BIOTERRORISM THREATS
AnthraxPlagueTularemiaSmallpoxBrucellosisQ feverCholera
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Ebola, Lassa, Marburg
Botulinum toxinStaphylococcus
enterotoxin B
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CutaneousAnthrax
HIGH CONSEQUENCE THREATS
Agro TerrorAgro Terror
Engineered organismsEngineered organisms
SmallpoxSmallpox
AnthraxAnthrax
Bulk Food
Contam
Bulk Food
Contam
SalmonellaFood
poisoning
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ANTHRAX
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ANTHRAX•The anthrax bacteria live in two formsThe growing bacterium -- the weapon
•causes disease because it produces very potent toxins (poisons)–The dormant spore -- the vehicle
•spreads by air •extremely resistant to many challenges •can survive in the environment for decades•Ingested by animals (herbivores) while
grazing•Humans are infected
–through contact with infected animals and their products–because of human intervention
•Spores are not made inside the living body
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Bacteria make the poison
Name: Bacillus anthracis
Bacteria multiply inside the body
Bacteria produce toxins (poisons) that cause disease
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IMPORTANT POINTS Spores are infectious -- but they are not made in a living body
Anthrax is not transmitted from person to person
Spores are extremely sturdy
Bacteria are made in the body and they produce the killing poisons
Spores must have a certain, small size to reach the lower part of the respiratory tree -- they tend to clump
Spores, once deposited, tend to stay on the ground
It takes ~ 10,000 spores to initiate an infection
Spores can sustain lots of stresses, withstand vigorous manipulation, last for very long time Antibiotics block bacteria, but not the poison. Therefore, antibiotics must be given soon after suspected exposure
Very challenging to produce large stocks of spores of small size to “optimize” infection (so-called weapon-grade) Risk of air-borne infection from deposited spores is low Anthrax tends to be rare, even where soil is contaminated
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HOW CAN A PERSON GET INFECTED WITH ANTHRAX
Spores are inhaled Inhalation anthrax
Spores enter skin through small lesions Skin (cutaneous) anthrax
Spores are ingested Gastro-intestinal (GI) anthrax
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INHALATION ANTHRAX -- BY AIR
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INHALATION ANTHRAX -- SYMPTOMS
Initial symptoms usually appear a week from exposure
Illness begins with non-specific, flu-like symptoms malaise, fatigue, fever, chest
discomfort, dry cough Abrupt appearance of respiratory
distress severe breathing problems and shock
Chest radiograph may show swelling of the soft tissues in the middle of the chest, and fluid in the chest cavity
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INHALATION ANTHRAX -- A CHEST X-RAY
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Inhalation anthrax -- the outcome As of 11/21/2001, six of 11 patients with
inhalation anthrax have survived
Prompt recognition of the early features of inhalation anthrax is important
If untreated, the disease is generally fatal within 24 to 36 hours after the onset of severe symptoms
Source: Centers for Disease Control
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SKIN ANTHRAX
Anthrax by contact Usually affects
exposed skin areas,such as arms, hands, face, neck
About 20% of untreated cases of skin anthrax result in death
Deaths are rare following appropriate antibiotic therapy
most common
least common
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Skin Anthrax Lesions usually
appear within a week from exposure
Starts as a raised itchy bump that develops into a vesicle and then a painless ulcer
The main characteristic is the black area at the center of the ulcer
The skin lesion is surrounded by very extensive swelling
Ulcer usually leaves no permanent scar
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Gastrointestinal Anthrax Anthrax by consumption of
contaminated food Initial symptoms are nausea, loss of
appetite, vomiting, and fever Later symptoms are abdominal pain,
vomiting of blood, and severe diarrhea In some cases, symptoms are swelling
and gland enlargement in the neck, accompanied by difficulty to swallow and to breath
About 25%-60% of untreated cases result in death
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How can we tell …..
that it is anthrax? By recognizing clinical signs and
symptoms By recovering spores from nasal
swabs By identifying anthrax bacteria from
nasal swabs, infected tissues or body fluids
that person A and person B have been infected by the same/different strain of anthrax? By using the genetic material of
bacteria as their “fingerprint”
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WHAT CAN DOCTORS DO TO CONTROL ANTHRAX?
Use antibiotics (after suspected exposure)
Use a vaccine (usually before exposure)
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Antibiotics and anthrax
There are three types of antibiotics approved for anthrax
Ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone) Doxycyclin (tetracycline) Amoxicillin (penicillin)
Source: Food and Drug Administration
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POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS Indicated to prevent inhalation anthrax
after a confirmed or suspected aerosol exposure
Initial therapy with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline is recommended for all adults and children Use of tetracyclines and
fluoroquinolones in children has adverse effects
As soon as penicillin susceptibility of the organism has been confirmed, prophylactic therapy for children should be changed to amoxicillin
No evidence that one drug is more or less effective than the other for prevention of anthrax infection
Source: Centers for Disease Control
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THE ANTHRAX VACCINE The current US vaccine for human use is a cell-free filtrate vaccine, i.e., it contains no dead or live bacteria
Multiple immunizations are required Six doses: 0-2-4 weeks and 6-12-18
months Yearly boosters are given to maintain
immunity Limited information on efficacy (how
protective) Limited information on safety (side effects) Problems with production and quality
control reported
In the US, anthrax vaccination is recommended for People who work directly with the
organism in the laboratory Veterinarians who handle potentially
infected animal products All U.S. military personnel (since 1998)
Pregnant women should be vaccinated only if absolutely necessary
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SMALLPOX, Variola major
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Rash Begins on face, hands, forearms &
spreads to lower extremities within 7 days
Lesions on palms & soles of feet
Smallpox - Rash
Synchronous progression: maculesvesicles pustules
scabs
SMALLPOX, Variola major
Orthopox virus DNA virus Brick-shaped structure
200 nm in diameter Incubation 8-16 days Mortality 30%
Clinical symptoms Acute
FeverHeada
cheVomiti
ngBacka
che
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Smallpox, disease
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Smallpox, disease
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Smallpox, disease
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PLAGUEYersinia pestis
Distribution Highest in 4 corners area – Western
states Prairie dog population
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PLAGUE Yersinia pestis
Transmission – Inhalation Direct contact Fleas
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PLAGUE, Clinical presentations
Bubonic Flu-like with
painful buboes (lymph nodes)
Septicemic Similar to
bubonic No swelling of
lymph nodes
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PLAGUE
Pneumonic Highest
mortality Rapid
transmission Fever Hemoptosis Lymphadenopa
thy Cough
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Biological Agents of Highest ConcernBiological Agents of Highest ConcernCategory A AgentsCategory A Agents
BIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOTERRORISM POTENTIALBIOTERRORISM POTENTIAL
Botulinum toxin (Botulism, BOTOX)Biological Toxins of 2Biological Toxins of 2ndnd Highest ConcernHighest ConcernCategory B AgentsCategory B AgentsRicin toxin from Ricinus communis
(castor bean)Epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringensStaphlococcus enterotoxin B
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Clostridium Botulinum C. botulinum spores found in soil worldwide Toxin causative agent of botulism
Types A-G; A,B&E most commonly associated with human disease
Most potent toxin known (lethal dose 1ng/kg)
Inactivated by chlorine (~20min) and sunlight (1-3hrs); destroyed by heat (5min at 85C)
Absorbed into circulation via mucosal surface or wound, not intact skin
Interferes with nerve transmission paralysis
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BOTULISM,
ENVIRONMENTAL DECONTAMINATION
Botox (botulism) is a white crystalline substance in its pure form. The route of exposure and subsequent decay rates determine the environmental decontamination required. Aerosolized botox is susceptible to environmental factors such as sunlight, humidity, and temperature. In aerosolized form, botox is inactivated when exposed to sunlight within 1-3 hours. It is rapidly detoxified in the open air (within 24 hours.)
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BOTULISM AND BIOTERRORISM Weaponized by former U.S. and Soviet
offensive BW programs Iran, Iraq, N. Korea, Syria believed to have
developed/be developing toxin as a weapon
Therapeutic botox impractical BT weapon Licensed vial of type A only 0.3%
estimated human lethal inhalational dose
Aerosol use or food supply sabotage most likely
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BOTULISM, CLINICAL FORMS
Food-borne Toxin produced anaerobically in
improperly processed or canned, low-acid foods contaminated by spores
Wound Toxin produced by organisms
contaminating wound Infant
Toxin produced by organisms in intestinal tract
Inhalation botulism No natural* occurrence,
developed as BW weapon
*3 accidental cases in veterinary personnel, W. Germany, 1962
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Clostridium botulinum, EPIDEMIOLOGY Approximately 100 reported cases
botulism/year in the U.S. Infant most common (72%) Food-borne not common
Incubation (food-borne): 12-72 hrs (range 2hr-8d) Dose dependent Could be less following a BT attack
No person-to-person transmission Death 60% untreated; <5% treated
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BOTULISM: CASE DEFINITION
Ingestion of botulinum toxin results in an illness of variable severity. Common symptoms are diplopia, blurred vision and bulbar weakness. Symmetric paralysis may progress rapidly.
Laboratory* criteria for diagnosis: Detection of botulinum toxin in
serum, stool or patient’s food (food-borne) or other clinical specimen (“botulism, other”) OR
Isolation of Clostridium botulinum from stool (food-borne) or other clinical specimen
MMWR 1997;46(RR-10)
*Assay available at CDC & some state public health labs
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BOTULISM: CASE CLASSIFICATION Botulism, Food-borne
Probable: Clinically compatible with an epidemiologic link
Confirmed: Clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed or that occurs among persons who ate the same food as persons who have laboratory-confirmed botulism
Botulism, Other Confirmed: Clinically compatible case
that is laboratory confirmed in a patient 1 yr* who has no history of ingestion of suspect food and has no wounds
*age parameter may not apply in BT
MMWR 1997;46(RR-10)
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Clostridium Botulinum, PATHOGENESIS
Toxin absorbed into circulation via mucosal surface or wound, not intact skin
Binds acetylcholine receptor irreversibly and blocks release of acetylcholine into neuromuscular junction
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BOTULISM, CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Acute, afebrile, symmetric descending flaccid paralysis Always begins in bulbar musculature -->
cranial nerve palsies Skeletal muscle paralysis follows Respiratory failure can occur in as little as
24 hours Clear sensorium: sensation and mental
status normal Afebrile patient
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Gastrointestinal symptoms May precede neurological symptoms in
food-borne botulism Thought to be secondary to other
substances contaminating the food May not occur in BT attack
Autonomic effects – dry mouth, ileus, constipation, urinary retention
BOTULISM, CLINICAL PRESENTATION
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BOTULISM, SYMPTOMS
Diplopia
Blurry vision
Dysphagia
Dysarthria
Fatigue
Dizziness
Dyspnea
GI symptoms
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BOTULISM, SIGNSPtosis (drooping
of the upper eyelids)
Gaze paralysis
Fixed or dilated pupils
Facial palsies
Diminished gag reflex
Tongue weakness
Arm and leg weakness
Decreased reflexes
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BOTULISM, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Source: Arnon et al. JAMA 2001;285:1059-1070*Electromyogram
Condition Features that distinguish condition from botulism
Guillain-Barre and variants
H/o antecedent infection; paresthesias; often ascending paralysis, early areflexia; eventual CSF protein increase; EMG* findings
Myasthenia gravis Recurrent paralysis; EMG findings; sustained response to anticholinesterase therapy
Stroke Paralysis often asymmetric; abnormal CNS image
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Condition Features that distinguish condition from botulism
Intoxication with depressants H/o exposure, excessive drug levels in body fluids
Lambert Eaton syndrome Increased strength with sustained contraction; Evidence of lung carcinoma; EMG findings similar to botulism
Tick paralysis Paresthesias; ascending paralysis; tick attached to skin
BOTULISM, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
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BOTULISM, DIAGNOSIS
Exclusionary tests to rule out other causes Normal CSF Edrophonium (“Tensilon test”)
Reverses paralysis in myasthenia gravis
May have false positive with botulism
Normal imaging Evaluate for presence of ticks
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BOTULISM, TREATMENT Ventilatory assistance and
supportive care Recovery depends on
regeneration of new motor axons and may take weeks to months
Botulinum antitoxin Most effective if given early:
does not reverse action of already-bound toxin
Trivalent equine product against types A,B, and E currently available from CDC
Heptavalent (A-G) antitoxin - investigational
Monovalent human anti-serum for infant botulism - investigational
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BOTULISM, TREATMENT Botulinum antitoxin
Single 10ml vial per patient, diluted 1:10 in 0.9% saline & administered by slow IV infusion
Screen for hypersensitivity before administering equine antitoxin and desensitize if necessary
Monitor closely during treatment
Diphenhydramine and epinephrine on hand to treat hypersensitivity reactions
Antibiotics for secondary infection Aminoglycosides and
clindamycin contraindicated: exacerbate neuromuscular blockade
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BOTULISM, TREATMENT
Ventilatory assistance and supportive care
Standard precautions Botulinum antitoxin
Most effective if given early: does not reverse effect of toxin already bound to nerve receptor
Trivalent equine product against types A,B, and E currently available from CDC
Heptavalent (A-G) antitoxin - investigational
Monovalent human anti-serum for infant botulism -investigational
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BOTULISM, PROPHYLAXIS
Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for at-risk lab
workers and military with investigational vaccine
No pre-exposure prophylaxis recommended for general public
Post-exposure: close monitoring of those exposed; treat with antitoxin at first signs of illness
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BOTULISM, DECONTAMINATIONWash exposed surfaces with
soap and water.
Decontaminate environmental surfaces with 0.1% bleach solution, if necessary. Without intervention, toxin will
degrade or dissipate over hours to days.
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BOTULISM, SUMMARY
OF KEY POINTS 1. Botulism presents as symmetric bilateral weakness or paralysis with cranial nerve abnormalities and a clear sensorium.
2. Inhalational botulism does not occur naturally, and any potential cases suggest a deliberate source of infection.
3. Gastrointestinal symptoms may not occur with inhalational botulism or with food-borne botulism (e.g., resulting from deliberate contamination of the food supply).
4. A careful dietary and activity/travel history is important when evaluating potential botulism cases.
5. An outbreak occurring with a common geographic factor, but with no common food exposure, would suggest a deliberate aerosol exposure.
6. Botulinum antitoxin must be administered as soon as possible for optimum results.
7. Contact your local health department for any suspicion of botulism.
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Ricin
The castor bean plant, Ricinus communis, is a "native of
tropical Africa cultivated in several varieties for the oil found in its leaves and for its bold foliage
Poisoning by ingestion of the castor bean is due to ricin in the bean Extracted castor oil does NOT
contain ricin Perhaps just one milligram of ricin
can kill an adult.
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RICIN POISONING
Accidental exposure to ricin is highly unlikely.
Exposure Inhalation. Contamination of water or food. Injection
If injected as little as 500 mg could kill an adult. A 500-microgram dose of ricin
would be about the size of the head of a pin.
Much more needed to kill if inhaled or swallowed
Not contagious
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RICIN POISONING The symptoms are:
abdominal pain vomiting diarrhea, sometimes bloody. Within several days there is:
severe dehydration, a decrease in urine, and a decrease in blood
pressure. If death has not occurred in 3-5
days, the victim usually recovers. Children are at high risk
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MANAGEMENT OF RICIN POISONING Decontamination Supportive medical care
depending on route of exposure Ventilation Intravenous fluids Management of seizure and low
blood pressure Activated charcoal if the ricin
very recently ingested Flushing eyes if irritated
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SUMMARY - CATEGORY A CRITICAL AGENTSDisease Transmit
Man to Man
Infective Dose* (Aerosol)
Incubation Period
Duration of Illness Approx. case fatality rate
Inhalation anthrax
No
8,000-50,000 spores
1-6 days 3-5 days (usually fatal if untreated)
High
Pneumonic Plague
High 100-500 organisms
2-3 days 1-6 days (usually fatal)
High unless treated within 12-24 hours
Tularemia No 10-50 organisms
2-10 days (average 3-5)
> 2 weeks Moderate if untreated
Smallpox High Assumed low (10-100 organisms)
7-17 days (average 12)
4 weeks High to moderate
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Moderate 1-10 organisms 2-21 days Death between 7-16 days
High for Zaire strain, moderate with Sudan
Botulism No 0.001 g/kg is LD50 for type A
1-5 days Death in 24-72 hours; lasts months if not lethal
High without respiratory support
Modified from: USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook *infectious dose may be less in certain circumstances
South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium
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Summary Category A Critical Agents
Decontamination of exposed persons Showering or washing
thoroughly with soap and water adequate for most; bleach not necessary
Infection control Standard precautions – all
cases Airborne and contact
precautions – smallpox and viral hemorrhagic fevers
Droplet precautions – pneumonic plague
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ExplosionExplosion
Definition: A reaction that produces a change in the state of matter that results in a rapid and violent release of energy.
Types: - Mechanical- Chemical- Nuclear
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ExplosiveExplosive
Definition: A material (chemical or nuclear) that can be initiated to undergo a very rapid, self propagating decomposition, resulting in:
a. formation of more stable materials b. the liberation of heat c. development of a sudden pressure effect.
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Explosions - DefinitionsExplosion: A very sudden release of energy resulting in a shock or pressure wave.
Shock, Blast or pressure wave: Pressure wave that causes damage.
Deflagration: Reaction wave speed < speed of sound.
Detonation: Reaction wave speed > speed of sound.
Speed of sound: 344 m/s, 1129 ft/s at ambient T, P.
Deflagrations are the usual case with explosions involving flammable materials.
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Explosive Materials Materials in the form of compound or mixture of
compound which suddenly undergoes a very rapid chemical transformation with the simultaneous production of large quantities of heat and gases (CO, CO2, N2, steam, O2) and always accompined by a vigoros shock and an associated noise (brisance)
Nitroglycerin, TNT, lead trinitroresorcinate (lead styphnate), lead azide Pb(N3)2, mercury fulminate (Hg(CNO)2, cyclonite (RDX), tetryl, pentraerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), dynamite
US Department of Transportation Regulation
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Dust Dusts of most combustible solids are an
explosion hazard Sufficiently small particle size Sufficient concentration dispersed in air Ignition source Secondary explosions often exceed initial explosion
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THE ORIGIN OF EXPLOSIONS
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956: Semenov and Hinshelwood: "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (English, 1897-1967)
Investigation (1927) of the H2O2 reaction.
discovery of the 1st and 2nd explosion limits
First experimental proof:Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (Russian, 1896-1986)Investigation (1926) of the phosphorus vapouroxygen reaction.
Explosion occurs, if the partial pressure of O2 is between two limits. Interpretation via a branching chain reaction.
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Chemical Explosive Reaction. For a chemical to be an explosive, it must exhibit all of the following:
Chemical Explosive Reaction. For a chemical to be an explosive, it must exhibit all of the following:
Formation of Gases.Evolution of Heat.Rapidity of Reaction.Initiation of Further Reaction.
(Chain Reaction)
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Chain carriers (also called chain centres, i.e. reactive intermediates) are generated in the initiation steps.
In the chain propagation steps the chain carriers react with the reactants, produce products and regenerate the chain carriers.
In the inhibition step the chain carriers react with the product, reactants are reformed, and there is no reduction in the number of chain carriers.
In the branching step two or more chain carriers are produced from a single chain carrier.
In the termination steps the chain carriers are consumed.
Chain reactions
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The two basic types of chain reactions
Open chain reactionsChain reactions without branching steps
Examples: H2 + Br2, reaction,, alkane pyrolysis and polimerisation reactions
Branched chain reactionsChain reactions that include branching reaction steps
Examples: H2+O2 reaction, hydrocarbonair explosions and flames
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EXPLOSIVE REACTION
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Blast Wave
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Categories of ExplosivesCategories of Explosives Low Explosives
Normally employed as propellants. Burn rapidly (up to 400 m/s).
High Explosives Detonate (1000 - 8500 m/s). Differentiated by Sensitivity:
Primary - Extremely sensitive to impact, friction & heat.
Secondary - Less sensitive. (May burn in small, unconfined quantities; otherwise will detonate.)
No sharp line of demarcation between low & high explosives.
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Two types of explosions
Another possibility:(i) exothermic reaction,(ii) hindered dissipation of heat and(iii) increased reaction rate with raising temperature, then
higher temperature faster reactions increased heat production
Presence of a chain reaction is not needed for a thermal explosion.
Branched chain reactions are • exothermic and fast• dissipation of heat is frequently hindered most branched chain explosions are also thermal explosions
thermal explosion
Branched chain explosions: rapid increase of the concentration of chain carriers leads to the increase of reaction rate and finally to explosion
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Detonation accident
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BLEVEBOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSIONCryogenenic fluids that have a high expansion rate of vaporazation
(LNG around 630 times)
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BLEVEBLEVE: Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
After vessel failure, a large amount of superheated liquid is released, which will flash explosively into vapor. If the liquid is flammable, a fireball may result.
Liquid
VaporVessel with liquid stored below its normal boiling point
Below liquid level - liquid keeps metal walls cool.
Above liquid level - metal walls overheat and lose strength.
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The train derailment emergency near Belleville, Ontario in February 2003 set a world record in distance for BLEVE of a propane tank car.
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MEXICO DISASTER19th NOVEMBER 1984- leak in LPG Storage facility- BLEVE occurred, 500 Deaths,
Loss US$ 100 Millions
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FEYZIN DISASTER
January 4th, 1966, France18 killed, 81 injured. Leak in 1200 m3 propane sphereBLEVE - further sphere toppled
- Adjacent petrol tank caught fire- 48 hrs to gain control
Sampling removable spanner(I) open fully upper valve(Ii) adjust small drain-off rate by operating the lower
valve/20mm sample valve
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U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is designed to provide both workers and emergency personnel with the proper procedures for handling or working with a particular substance. MSDS's include information such as physical data (melting point, boiling point, flash point etc.), toxicity, health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill/leak procedures. These are of particular use if a spill or other accident occurs.
U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Purpose:
Prepared by Chemical Manufacturers or Importers to describe characteristics of the product and to provide information concerning potential hazards
U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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Sections of an MSDS and Their Significance
OSHA specifies the information to be included on an MSDS, but does not prescribe the precise format for an MSDS. A non-mandatory MSDS form (see OSHA Form 174 on page 6 of this manual) that meets the Hazard Communication Standard requirements has been issued and can be used as is or expanded as needed. The MSDS must be in English and must include at least the following information.
U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Occupational Safety and Health 101
SECTIONS OF AN MSDS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE SECTION I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY SECTION II. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS SECTION III. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS SECTION IV. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD
DATA SECTION V. REACTIVITY DATA SECTION VI. HEALTH HAZARDS SECTION VII. PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE
HANDLING AND USE SECTION VIII. CONTROL MEASURES
U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETPRODUCT NAME(S) : 5 STAR Acetone
PRODUCT CODE : #5910 (GALLON)
SECTION I - MANUFACTURER IDENTIFICATION
MANUFACTURED FOR : 5-Star Autobody Products
ADDRESS : 9419 E. San Salvador Drive \x{2013} Suite 4 Scottsdale, AZ 85258
EMERGENCY PHONE : Chemtrec (800)424-9300
INFORMATION PHONE : (480) 451-4451
D.O.T. Hazardous Class : Paint, Flammable Liquid UN 1090
SECTION II - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS
REPORTABLE COMPONENTS CAS NUMBER VAPOR PRESSURE WEIGHT PERCENT
mm Hg @ temp
*ACETONE 67-64-1 185mm Hg @ 68 F 100%
*Indicates toxic chemical(s) subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 of Title III and of 40 CFR 372.
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SECTION III - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PHYSICAL FORM : LIQUID
COLOR : COLORLESS
ODOR : ACETONE
ODOR THRESHOLD : 13 ppm
SPECIFIC GRAVITY @ 20C/68F (WATER=1) : 0.79
VAPOR DENSITY (AIR=1 ): 2.0
EVAPORATION RATE (n-butyl acetate=1 ): 5.7
EVAPORATION RATE (diethyl ether=1) : 2.1
BOILING POINT : 56C/133F.
MELTING POINT : -94C/-137F.
Ph : NOT APPLICABLE
SOLUBILITY IN WATER : Complete
FLASH POINT (TAG CLOSED UP) : -20C/-4F
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT AT 25C/77F : 2.8 VOLUME %
UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT AT 24C/75F : 13.2 VOLUME %
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE (ASTM D 2155) : 538C/1000F
SENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL IMPACT : INSENSITIVE
SENSITIVITY TO STATIC DISCHARGE : MATERIAL IS UNLIKELY TO ACCUMULATE
A STATIC CHARGE WHICH COULD ACT AS
AN IGNITION SOURCE
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SECTION IV - FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA
FLASH POINT(Closed cup) -20oC/-4oF. APPROXIMATE FLAMMABLE LIMITS: 2.8%-13.2%
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA : Water Spray, Dry Chemical, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Alcohol Foam
SPECIAL FIREFIGHTING PROCEDURES: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing. USE WATER WITH CAUTION. The fire could easily be spread by the use of water in an area where the water could not be contained. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water may be ineffective in fighting the fire.
HAZARDOUS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Extremely flammable. Vapors may cause a flash fire or ignite explosively. Vapors may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Prevent backup of vapors or gases to explosive concentrations.
SECTION V - REACTIVITY DATA
STABILITY : Stable
INCOMPATIBILITY : Material can react violently with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids.
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION : Will not occur
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SECTION VI - HEALTH HAZARD DATA
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE: Extensive human experience and animal data indicate that acetone is of low toxicity. However, ingestion of very large amounts or inhalation of extremely high vapor concentrations can cause irritation, nausea, vomiting, confusion, drowsiness, convulsions and coma with possible liver and kidney injury. Based on animal data and structure-activity relationships, this product is NOT expected to cause nervous system damage.
INHALATION HEALTH RISKS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE: High vapor concentrations may cause drowsiness and irritation.
SKIN AND EYE CONTACT HEALTH RISKS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE: Eyes: Causes ittitation to the eyes. However, immediate flushing of the eyes with water will minimize any irritative effect. High vapor concentrations may cause irritation to the eyes. Shin: Prolonged or repeated contact may cause drying, cracking or irritation.
INGESTION HEALTH RISKS AND SYPTOMS OF EXPOSURE: Expected to be a low ingestion hazard.
CARCINOGENICITY CLASSIFICATION:
International Agency for Research on Canser (IARC): Not Listed
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Not Listed
National Toxicology Program (NTP): Not Listed
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA): Not Listed
Chemical(s) subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 or Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization ACT (SARA) of 1986 and 40 CFR Part 372: NONE
SARA (USA) Sections 311 and 312 hazard classification(s): Fire hazard, immediate (acute) health hazarad.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS GENERALLY AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE: Do not use this product if you have chronic lung or breathing problems.
EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES:
Inhalation: Move to fresh air. Treat symtomatically. Get medical attention if symptoms persist.
Eyes: Immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If easy to do, remove contact lenses. Get medical attention. In case of irritation from airborne exposure, move to fresh air. Get medical attention if symptoms persist.
Skin: Wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention if symptoms occur. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
Ingestion: Seel medical advice.
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SECTION VII - PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE
STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN CASE MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED: Remove all sources of ignition(sparks, flames, and hot surfaces). Avoid breathing vapors. Ventilate area. Remove with an inert absorbent and non-sparking tools.
WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD: Disposed in accordance with state, federal and local regulations. Do not incinerate closed containers.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORING: Keep containers tightly closed in a cool, dry well ventilated area away from all possible ignition sources. Store large quantities of material in buildings designed for the storage of flammable liquids.
OTHER PRECAUTIONS: Employees should be trained in safety measures that should be taken when using this product.
SECTION VIII - CONTROL MEASURES
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Avoid breathing vapors or spray mist. Wear a properly fitted respirator approved by NIOSH/MSHA (TC-23c)for use with paints during application and until all vapors are exhausted. In confined areas, or where continueuous spray operations are typical, or proper respirator fit is not possible, wear a positive-pressure supplied air respirator (TC-19c). In all cases follow respirator manufactures directions for respirator use. Do not allow anyone without protection in the area.
VENTILATION: Provide sufficient ventilation to keep contaminates below applicable OSHA requirements.
PROTECTIVE GLOVES: Neoprene gloves impervious to organic solvents recommended.
EYE PROTECTION: Use safety eyewear designed to protect against liquid splash.
OTHER PROTECTIVE CLOTHING OR EQUIPMENT: Impervious coveralls recommended.
WORK/HYGIENIC PRACTICES: Eye wash and safety showers in the work place are recommended. Wash hands before eating and smoking.
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SECTION IX - DISCLAIMER
The information contained in this safety data sheet is information from our suppliers and other sources. It is believed to be reliable. This data is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which this company assumes legal responsibility.
We appreciate your interest in 5 Star Autobody Products! For more information about these and other 5 Star Autobody Products or for the location of the 5 Star Distributor nearest you, contact us at:
5 STAR AUTOBODY PRODUCTS
9419 E. San Salvador Drive Suite #104 Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Phone: 480-451-4451
Occupational Safety and Health 108
PERALATAN KESELAMATAN KERJA
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Personal Protective Equipment
Occupational Safety and Health 110
Helm Kerja
Pelindung muka
Pelindung mataPERALATAN
KESELAMATAN KERJA
Occupational Safety and Health 111
Eye Protection When working with
chemicals, when working near someone working with chemicals, when working around chemicals, but not directly with chemicals themselves, Please! – always wear some form of eye protection!
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Types of Eye Protection
Regular safety glasses provide sub-maximum protection, and can allow splashes and chemical vapors to reach eyes.
Prescription safety glasses have corrective lenses, but provide only the same degree of protection as regular safety glasses.
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Types of Eye Protection
Goggles provide the most protection, forming a seal against the face.
Laser goggles have wavelength-specific lenses and opaque non-lens components.
Occupational Safety and Health 114
Sarung tangan kerja
Obat P3K
Respirator
Pelindung alatpendengaran
Pelindung lenganPelindung tungkai bawah
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Hand Protection
Glove materials (PVA nitrile, butyl, PVC) show different degrees of resistance to chemicals
Heavier gloves = greater chemical resistance, but less dexterity
Thin exam gloves (esp. latex) provide almost NO chemical resistance
See MSDS for proper glove selection
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OSHA Standard Respirator Use
Occupational Safety and Health 117
Alat Pelindung Kaki (foot guard)
Sepatu kerja PERALATAN KESELAMATAN
KERJA
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Pelindung Tubuh menyeluruh
COVERALLS/JACKET
PERALATAN KESELAMATAN
KERJA
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Labcoats
Labcoats provide extremely limited but critical protection from chemical splashes
Useful when working with small (i.e., research sized) quantities of hazardous chemicals
Heavily contaminated, well-worn labcoats must either disposed of or laundered, before they become sources of exposure themselves
Occupational Safety and Health 120
PERALATAN KESELAMATAN
KERJAPeralatan kerja di ketinggian
Alat bantu Angkat
Occupational Safety and Health 121
Pelindung api
PERALATAN KESELAMATAN
KERJA
Selimut tahan api
Obat luka bakar
Shower
Shower mata
TanduAlat pemadam kebakaran
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What should personnel do in the event of a spill? If a chemical has
splashed on working member, immediately wash it off with copious amounts of water, for at least 15 minutes.
Call for medical attention only after washing.
Occupational Safety and Health 123
Chemical splash in the eyes!
•Flood eyes with copious amounts of water at eyewash for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical attention.
Occupational Safety and Health 124
RAMBU KESELAMATAN KERJARambu diletakkan di tempat kerja, berfungsi sebagai pengingat tentang adanya bahaya di tempat kerja
WARNA LANTAI ATAU BAGIAN MESIN DI TEMPAT KERJASecara umum warna mengidentifikasikan kondisi tempat kerja,MERAH untuk tombol stop, mematikan mesin dalam keadaan darurat.ORANYE untuk bagian mesin yang berbahaya atau terdapat kemungkinana bahaya listrik.KUNING untuk daerah dimana pekerja harus berhati-hati.HIJAU menunjukkan tempat dimana peralatan keselamatan kerja terdapat seperti kotak P3K, peralatan pelindung.
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An Introduction to
“Fire Extinguishers” “Fire Extinguishers”
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Legal Basis for this Training
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)Occupational Safety and Health Standards
29 CFR Part 1910Subpart “L” - Fire Protection
Standard 1910.157
“Portable fire extinguishers”
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1910.157(b)(1)
Where the employer has implemented a written fire safety policy which requires the immediate and total evacuation of employees from the workplace …and which includes an emergency action plan and fire prevention plan…and when extinguishers are not available in the workplace, the employer is exempt from all requirements of this section unless a specific standard in Part 1910 requires that a portable fire extinguisher be provided.
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1910.157 (g)(1)
Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers… the employer shall provide an educational program to familiarize employees with general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting.
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OBJECTIVES:After this training you should be able to:
IDENTIFY 3 common classes of fires SELECT the proper type of extinguisher EVALUATE when it is safe to
fight an “early-stage” fire, and; APPLY the “P.A.S.S. method to
operate a portable extinguisher.
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UNTRAINED PEOPLE Cannot use a fire extinguisher safely
because they are:
UNABLE to evaluate a fire
UNAWARE of DANGER due to...
LACKING JUDGEMENT regarding: Safe and correct use of, and Limitations of portable extinguishers
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WHY UNTRAINED PEOPLECan’t use a fire extinguisher safely
(continued):
INEXPERIENCEDDon’t know about the
proper type of extinguisher Don’t know how to make
a “Fight or Flight” analysisUnfamiliar with the
“P.A.S.S. method”
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COMMON FIRE CLASSIFICATIONS
“Ordinary” combustibles Paper, wood, rubber, plastics
and textiles.
“Flammable liquids” Oil, gasoline, solvents
“Energized circuits”
Electrical equipment and computers
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HOW THEY WORK:
Works by Works by cooling.cooling. Numerical rating indicates amount of agent,
duration, and range of discharge on test fires. Area of Class A fire which a “non-expert” can Area of Class A fire which a “non-expert” can
extinguish, with proper trainingextinguish, with proper training 1-A is 1-A is equivalent on Class-A fire to five liters of waterequivalent on Class-A fire to five liters of water. . 22-A contains has -A contains has twice as muchtwice as much extinguishing agent. extinguishing agent.
Occupational Safety and Health 134
HOW THEY WORK:
Works by blanketing the fuel. Works by blanketing the fuel. Interrupts chemical reaction at fuel surface.Interrupts chemical reaction at fuel surface. Class B ratings signify the Class B ratings signify the area in square feetarea in square feet
of flammable liquid fire a unit will extinguish of flammable liquid fire a unit will extinguish when used, by a trained, “non-expert.”when used, by a trained, “non-expert.”
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HOW THEY WORK:
Class “C” units have no numerical rating.A Class “C” rating doesn’t imply any capacity. Only indicates that the extinguishing agent is Only indicates that the extinguishing agent is
non-conductivenon-conductive, safe on energized equipment., safe on energized equipment.Works by displacing oxygen, smothering fire.
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Portable Fire Extinguishers
Can be CARRIED to a fire
Weigh from 5 to 30 pounds
NFPA Class and Rating Arabic numerals according
to efficiency - 4A extinguishes
twice as much Class A fire as 2A
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Portable Fire Extinguishers
LIMITED IN:Capacity - 1.5 to 25 lbs. of
extinguishing agent
Range - Typically 3 to 15 feet
Duration - Discharge their
contents in only 5 to 30 seconds!
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Extinguisher Common features
Locking pin Carrying handle / operating lever Pressure gauge Label :
Type (Water, C02, Dry Chemical) Classification (A, B, C) NFPA capacity Rating Instructions
Discharge nozzle or horn
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COMMON TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
WATER DRY CHEMICALCO2 and Halon
Occupational Safety and Health 140
WATERWater + CO2 propellant
ONLY for Class firesONLY for Class fireswood / paper, etc.
Spreads burning liquids!DANGERDANGER of electric shock
if used on on live circuits!
Occupational Safety and Health 141
DRY CHEMICAL MULTI-PURPOSE RATED
Best for general use:Reduced risk of re-ignitionA 10 lb. unit empties in 8-10 secs.
Effective range of 6 ft. to 15 ft.
Either Or
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C02 - RatedBest on burning liquids / electricalSHORT range - 3 to 8 ft.10- pound unit empties in 5 to 10 seconds!
Use short spurts!DISPERSES QUICKLY!
Continue applying after the fire is out!
Unit gets VERY cold - hold properly
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HalonBest for computers / electronicsWeight-for-weight TWICE as effective as C02
No residue, easy clean-upVERY SHORT range, 3 to 6 ft.
Like C02, Discharges QUICKLY!
Like C02, Disperses QUICKLY! Continue after flames are extinguished
Occupational Safety and Health 144
In case of burning odor or smoke:Call 911 First!Disconnect Equipment
Remove combustibles, if you can do so without danger to yourself
Notify Floor Monitors and Emergency Safety Coordinator
Occupational Safety and Health 145
REACT upon discovery of fire or smokefire or smoke
Remove persons in immediate danger!
Ensure doors are closed! (confine fire/smoke)
Activate the building alarm !
Call the Fire Department !
Treat ALL fires as DANGEROUS! Continue a complete building evacuation Do not attempt to fight a fire UNLESS you are
OSHA certified in use of a fire extinguisher !
Occupational Safety and Health 146
Use a portable extinguisher ONLY if the:
Building is being evacuated (Fire alarm has been pulled) Fire Department has been called (Dial 911!)
Fire is NOT spreading (small and contained)EXIT IS CLEAR (fight fire with your back to an exit )
Proper extinguisher is at hand, and... You have been trained and know how to use it! You use “Buddy System” - have someone back you up!
Get assistance BEFORE trying to fight a fire!
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Remember the PASS word:
1) Keep your back to a clear escape route,
2) Stand back 6 to 8 feet from the fire,
3) Then >>:
P.A.S.S.PULL
AIM
SQUEEZE
SWEEP
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PULL the pin
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AIMLOW at the base of the fire
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SQUEEZE
the lever