Commas and Other Usage
description
Transcript of Commas and Other Usage
![Page 1: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Commas and Other Usage
Writing WorkshopWednesday, April 2nd
![Page 2: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Before We Get to Commas
What is a sentence?
S V OI love this flavor.
![Page 3: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Before We Get to Commas
You can extend it with a prepositional phrase.
S V OI love this flavor of ice cream.
![Page 4: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Before We Get to Commas
You can extend it with a subordinated clause.
S V O conj. S V I love this flavor of ice cream because it is delicious.
![Page 5: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Before We Get to Commas
And you can extend it with a coordinate clause.
S V O conj. S V I love this flavor of ice cream because it is conj.S Vdelicious, and it reminds me of home.
![Page 6: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Comma Rules
There is no limit on how many commas you can use in a sentence, as long as each comma is
following a rule.
Commas are only wrong when a rule is broken or when they are applied incorrectly.
![Page 7: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rule 1
Use commas to separate words, phrases, or clauses in a list or series.
![Page 8: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rule 1
Use commas to separate words, phrases, or clauses in a list or series.
1. A worthwhile philosophy includes honesty, industry, and kindness.
2. John, David, and Mark left the store.3. Maria bought flowers, drove to Alejandra’s
house, and gave her the flowers.
![Page 9: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Rule 2
Use a comma to set off introductory words, phrases, and clauses from the sentence.
![Page 10: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Rule 2
Use a comma to set off introductory words, phrases, and clauses from the sentence.
1. After the storm was over, we went home. 2. In 1516, soldiers were hired as mercenaries. 3. Yes, I will be there.4. Having eaten dinner, Juan fell asleep.
![Page 11: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Rule 3
Use commas to set off interrupting words, phrases, and clauses.
![Page 12: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Rule 3
Use commas to set off interrupting words, phrases, and clauses.
1. Jane, who is my best friend, has asked me to be a bridesmaid.
2. Jonathan will, in fact, serve on the committee.3. I, for one, love learning about grammar.
![Page 13: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Rule 4
Use commas before afterthoughts.
![Page 14: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Rule 4
Use commas before afterthoughts.1. She kept leaving money in my jar, not that I
had a problem with it. 2. Can we meet up sometime, maybe after
class?3. Joanna stayed at home, never realizing what
was outside.
![Page 15: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Rule 5
Use a comma with a conjunction (and, but, or, so, for, yet) to make a compound sentence.
![Page 16: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rule 5
Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) to make a
compound sentence.1. David is talking, but no one is listening.2. Protestors continue to march, yet nothing
changes.3. I hate reading, so I’m bad at writing.
![Page 17: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Rule 6
Use commas in addresses and dates.
![Page 18: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rule 6
Use commas in addresses and dates.1. Hal lives at 222 Joy Street, Dayton, Ohio.2. He was born on December 22, 1967. 3. On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese Navy
attacked Pearl Harbor.
![Page 19: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Rule 7
Use commas with direct quotations.
![Page 20: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Rule 7
Use commas with direct quotations.1. “I have to study for the math test,” my sister
complained.2. “I wish,” commented Andrea, “that you
wouldn’t call me so early in the morning.”3. David Mulroy argues, “Grammar is rarely
taught these days.”
![Page 21: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Rule 8
Use commas with words of direct address.
![Page 22: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rule 8
Use commas with words of direct address.1. Maria, come over here. 2. I wish, Xiomara, that you would come over
later.3. Are you ready, Gerardo?
![Page 23: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Rule 9
Use a comma to set off contrasting expressions or to show emphasis.
![Page 24: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Rule 9
Use a comma to set off contrasting expressions or to show emphasis.
1. Not only is the food good, but the music is fantastic.
2. The book was Frank’s, not Hal’s.3. The bigger they are, the harder the fall.
![Page 25: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Other Usage Rules
I. Form the possessive singular of nouns with 's.
David’s presentation; the dog’s bone
II. Do not break sentences in two. (Don’t use periods for commas.)
I tend to get sick a lot. Especially when it’s cold.I like her. But not him.
![Page 26: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Other Usage Rules
III. A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject. (Dangling Modifier)
*Walking home, my backpack fell. Walking home, I dropped my backpack.
IV. The number of the subject determines the number of the verb. (SV Agreement)
I walk, You walk, We walk, They walkHe walks, She walks, It walks
![Page 27: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Common Mistakes
I. There, Their, They’reI saw him there.
Have you met the Robinsons? Their house is amazing.
Help Joe and Claudia with the chores. They’re having trouble.
![Page 28: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Common Mistakes
II. Who/WhomAddress the letter to whomever it concerns.
I don’t know anyone who would like that movie.
III. To, Two, TooI want to go to the beach.I would like two raspas.
This raspa has too much ice and not enough syrup.
![Page 29: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Common Mistakes
IV. Lay/LieEveryday, I lie down on my bed.
Yesterday, I lay on my bed. Emilio, lay that book down on the table, please.
V. A, An, TheI have a book; she has an apple.
Give me the book; give me the apple.
![Page 30: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Common Mistakes
VI.This, These, That, ThoseGrab this book (close by).
Grab these books (close by).Grab that book (over there).
Grab those books (over there).
![Page 31: Commas and Other Usage](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081505/568163bf550346895dd4df07/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Common Mistakes
VII. Adverbial Conjunctions(however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, consequently, etc.) NOT although or though
I enjoy classic movies; therefore, I go on Sunday evenings.I enjoy classic movies. Therefore, I go on Sunday evenings.