Command Index

8/2/2019 Command Index

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Command Index

Directory

Commands

File

Commands

Misc.

Commands

cd cat awk

cp/scp cmp cal

du cp / scp card

ls cvs date

mkdir del - see rm history

mv diff kill

pwd file man

rmdir find nice

ftp / sftp passwd

grep ping

less ps

more tee

mv tex / latex

pg uname

rm whatis

touch whereis / which

wc who / who am i

Security/Access Printing Editors/Formatters

chmod a2ps emacs

crypt enscript groff

passwd lp ne

pgp lpq nedit

scp lpr nroff

sftp lprm pico

ssh lpstat sed

troff

vi

Compilers Shell-Related Cmds Mail

c / c++ bash elm

dbx csh fetchmail


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ddd ksh mail

f77 / f90 / g77 printenv mutt

g++ / gcc setenv pine

gdb sh procmail

icon ssh

sendmail

java tcsh

lint

perl

Compression Viewer Special / Local

bzip2 / bzcat acroread ftp

compress / uncompress display ezquota / quota

pack / unpack

gv(ghostview)

finger / phtar head hottip

uudeview less info

uuencode / uudecode more pbs

zcat / gzip / gunzip pg pplinfo

zcmp / zdiff tail rlogin

zip / unzip xv / xview setup

telnet

unix2dos / dos2unix

xdisk

paths & operators

List of Commands, Paths, Shortcuts, Operators

These command descriptions are only intended to provide thumbnail sketches. Command optionsand examples are provided only for fairly common instances. Otherwise, you're asked to use the

man orinfo utilities for documentation.

For related information, please see the list ofInstalled Software

. Shortcut for current directory path


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usage: . as source or destination pathoptions: none

example: cp ./temp.txt ../temp.txt copies temp.txt from the current directory.

example: ls ./ --lists all files in the current directory

.. Shortcut for parent of current working directory pathusage: .. as source or destination path

options: noneexample: cp ../temp.txt ./temp.txt--copies temp.txt from the parent directory.

example: ls ../ --lists all files in the parent directory

example: cd .. --move one directory node up

- Symbolizes stdinusage: - when used as input path, specifies that input will come from stdin which is the

keyboardoptions: none

example: cat - > newfile--whatever you enter from keyboard will be used as input to create thenew file newfile

example: gunzip -c file.tgz | tar xf- --unzipfile.tgz to stdout and send it to stdin oftar

~ (tilde): Shortcut for your home path

usage: ~

options: noneexample: cd ~ --change from current directory back to your home

> Redirect stdout to a file

usage: > to destination path (file)options: none

example: man cat > manfiles--route manpage output forcatto a file called manfiles

>> Append redirected stdout to a file

usage: >> append output to an existing file

options: none

example: man lpr>> manfiles--append manpage output forlprto the existing file calledmanfiles


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& Place a job in background

usage: & run specified job in background

options: none

example: cc fix32 & --run the C compiler in background

| (pipe) Route output of command to the left of it to input of the command to the right of it

usage: | followed by a second processoptions: none

example: $who | wc -l--count the number of users on the system

example: ls | more--list files in current directory and display them one page at a time ("pipe

stdout to more)

a2ps: Prints All (Text, PS, PDF, PCL) file types; see Printing Webpage for more options and

examplesusage: a2ps [options] [files]

options: -Pnohole (default queue) | -P3hole | -j borders | --portrait | --landscape | -2 two-up | --prologue=fontname | -ffontsize; see "info a2ps" also

example: a2ps -2 chap1.pdf--prints PDF file 2-up on no-hole paper which is default print queue

acroread: Adobe Acrobat Reader for PostScript and PDF files; requires X-Windows

usage: acroread [options][files]option: -help; there is no manpage

example: acroread chap1.pdf--displays PDF using GUI viewer

awk: Pattern scanning and processing language

usage: awk[options][file]options: -fprogfile read scan patterns from the fileprogfile

example: awk'{print $1 + $2}' file1--prints sum of first 2 fields of each line in file1

bash: Bourne Again SHell

usage:bash [options][args]

options: see "man bash" or "info bash"

example:bashscript


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bzip2 / bzcat: GNU block-sorting compression/decompression utility

usage:bzip2 / bzcat [options][files]

options: -z compress | -d decompress | -s limit blocksize to reduce memory usage

example:bashscript

c / c++ : C and C++ compilers

usage: cc [options] pgm-nameoptions: -o filename overrides default file name of a.out | -c suppress link edit | -g symbol table

fordbx orgdb | -O optimize object code | -w suppress warnings

example: cc myprog.c--compiles C program, placing executable in a.out

example: cc myout myprog.c--compiles C program, placing executable in myoutinstead ofa.out

cal: Calendar

usage: cal [[month] year]- displays the calendar for the current monthoptions: none

example: cal 1 2001--displays the January calendar for 2001

card: Prints a quick reference card for a program from its inline help

usage: card [options] programoptions: -h displays help forcard| -v display just version info | -- options fora2ps are to follow

example: card perl -- -P3hole -4--prints reference card forperlon 3-hole paper, 4-up

cat: Concatenate or display files

usage: cat [options][files]

options: -n number all lines | -b number all non-blank lines | -v output non-printing characters

example: cat -n temp.txt--outputs temp.txt and numbers all linesexample: cat -b temp.txt--outputs temp.txt and numbers all used lines

example: cat file1--displays file1example: cat file1 file2 > file3--creates file3 containing file1, then file2

cd: Change Directory

usage: cd [directory]

options: noneexample: cd public_html--sets public_html as current working directory

example: cd--change working directory to your home directory


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chmod: Change access mode (permissions) of a file or directory

usage: chmod [options][files]

options: -f suppress error reporting | -R changes permission recursively--to all subdirectories

example: chmod 777 -R public_html--changes permissions of everything in public_html to readwrite and execute for everyone

example: chmod -777 temp--removes all permissions of file temp

example: chmod a+x temp--gives All users of file temp execute accessexample: chmod go-r temp--removes read access for Group and Others users of file temp

cmp: Compares two filesusage: cmp [options][file1][file2]

options: -l print byte number and difference | -s silent except for return code

example: cmp a.out old-prog.out--compares 2 executables

example: cmp -s a.out old-prog.out--compares 2 executables but only output return codesexample: cmp stat.txt proj-132.txt--compares 2 text files and display the differences

col: Filter out reverse-linefeeds from stdinusage: col [options]

options: -b remove backspaces

example: man awk | col -b | enscript -P3hole -U2--takes manpage for awk, removes backspace

directives and prints the manpage with enscript 2-up on 3-hole paper

compress / uncompress: Compress file using Lempel-Ziv; uncompress file; output placed in

file.Zusage: compress/uncompress [options][file1][file2]

options: -c write to stdout instead of file | -f force compression/decompression

example: compress book.pdf

cp: Copy a file, creating a new fileusage: cp [file1] [file2]

options: -r recursive, copy directory | -i interactive, prompts user to overwrite.example: cp temp1.txt temp2.txt--copies temp1.txt to new file temp2.txt

example: cp -i temp2.txt temp1.txt--asks if you are sure you want to copy over temp1.txtSee alsoscp aboutcross-machine copies.


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crypt: Encodes (encrypts) or decodes a file

usage: crypt [options][file]

options:password

example: crypt key < clear.file > encrypted.file

example: crypt key < encrypted.file | lpr

csh: C Shell scripting languageusage: csh[options][args]

options: -i force interactive mode | -n parse commands without executing them | -v print inputlines as read | -x print commands as executed

example: csh -n clean-script--parse but don't run the script, looking for errors

cvs: File version-control system

usage: cvs [options][files]options: see manpage

date: Displays date and time

usage: date - displays the date according to the system clock; returns day, date, time

options: -u display Greenwich Mean (universal) Time date

dbx: Debugger for C, C++ and Fortran

usage: dbx [options][executable, core-file, or process-ID]options: see manpage

ddd: GNU GUI interface for dbx, gdb and other debuggersusage: ddd [options][executable, core-file, or process-ID]

options: see manpage

del: delis an AIX-only command; rm is the SunOS equivalent

diff: Compares files or whole directories


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usage: diff[options] [file1 or dir1] [file2 or dir2]options: -b ignore trailing blanks | -w ignore whitespace | -i ignore case of letters | -l long format,

files summarized | -r recursively compare subdirectories

example: diff-l ../printing ../archive--summarize differences between these two directories

display: ImageMagick software which displays a file (PDF, JPEG, etc.) using X-Windowsusage: display [options][files]

options: see manpageexample: display party.jpg

du: Disk Usage summary by file or directory structure

usage: du [options][files]

options: -a make an entry for each file | -s display grand total onlyexample: du -s--prints summary for current directory; also see ezquota

elm: Line-oriented mail system; reads mail on local machine only; cannot do IMAPusage: elm [options][address]


emacs: Editorusage: emacs [options][file]

options: see "info emacs"

enscript: Converts text file to PostScript and prints; see Printing Webpage for more options andexamples

usage: enscript [options][files]options: -Pnohole (default queue) | -P3hole | -j borders | --portrait | --landscape | -U2 two-up | -

ffontname_fontsize; see manpage also

example: man grep | enscript -j -U2--route manpage for grep to enscript for printing 4-up with aborder

ezquota / quota: Quota displays storage quota and usage; locally-written ezquota displays email

and storage quotas and usage amounts


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usage: ezquota / quotaoptions: -v (for quota)

f77 / f90 / g77: Fortran compiler; g77 is GNU version (see "info g77")

usage: f77

options: -o filename overrides default file name of a.out | -c suppress link edit | -g symbol tablefor dbx | -O optimize object code | -w suppress warnings

example: f77 -o fixed file.f--compile file.f and name executable "fixed"

fetchmail: Email retrieval utility; can do IMAP and POP; cannot read email (see mail orpine for

that ability)

usage: fetchmail [options][addresses]

options: see manpageexample: fetchmail--to invoke the Fetchmail email system

file: Tries to determine the type of fileusage: file [file]

option: -h don't follow symbolic link

find: Find files that match certain criteriausage: find [criteria] [options] [files]

options: see "info find"

example: find$HOME -name '#*'--find all files with names beginning with pound sign

ftp: File Transfer Protocol

See sftp

finger / ph: These commands do not exist on this system. Same functionality can be obtained

withpplinfo.

g++ / gcc: GNU version of C and C++

usage: g++ / gcc [options][files]


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options: -o filename overrides default file name of a.out | -c suppress link edit | -g symbol tableforgdb | -O optimize object code | -w suppress warnings

See manpage or "info g++" or "info gcc"

gdb: GNU debugger for C, C++ and Fortran

usage: dbx [options][executable, core-file, or process-ID]options: see manpage

grep: Search for a pattern in file or filesusage: grep

options: -b precede each line by the line number | -c count number of times found | -i ignore caseof letters | -l print only names of files with line#s | -n print line# with line of text | -x match full

linesexample: grep -c alias .cshrc--counts the number of aliases in .cshrc

example: grep -b alias .cshrc--shows where the aliases are in .cshrcexample: grep -l main *--print names of files in current directory containing main

groff: Document-formatting tool

usage: groff[options][files]


gv: Ghostview - PDF and PS previewer; requires X-Windows

usage: gv [options][file]options: see manpage

example: gs chap1.pdf

head: Display file to up to point specified

usage: head [end line] [file]

option: -n the first n lines will be displayed on stdoutexample: head -3 .cshrc--displays first 3 lines of .cshrc

history: Displays a chronologic list of the last n commands you've entered

usage: history to display historyusage: !! to recall last command (can be used for re-execution of command)


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options: see manpageexample: set history=100--to save a stack of 100 commands

hottip: Locally produced "mini-manpages" with information relevant to certain applications likeprinting, batch processing, compilers, xdiskusage.

usage: hottip displays a list for which there are hottip topicsusage: hottip [topic] displays local usage information

example: hottip Matlab

icon: Locally-written, high-level language for processing data structures and character strings;

see Icon Homepage

info: GNU Project hypertext documentation utility

usage: info [command]

options: "info c/r" gives directory of commands for which there is info; "info info" gives

documention on the use of the utilityexample: info a2ps--to get GNU's documentation on the a2ps print utility

kill: Terminate a process

usage: kill [options][process-id]options: -9 to terminate; using "0" for the PID kills all your processes

example: kill -9 0--sends kill signal to processes started since login

javac / java: Java compiler and code processorusage:javac / java [options][files]

options: see manpageexample:java jcode--execute the Java program

ksh: Korn SHell

usage: ksh [options][file]

options: see manpageexample: ksh kscript


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lint: C source program checker

usage: lint [options][file]

options: -p check for portability | -b report unreachable breaks

example: lint -p special.c--check code for portability

lp: Print file

usage: lp [-ddestination] [file] send file to line printeroptions: -m send mail after printing | -c copies file before printing

example: lp temp.txt--prints temp.txt to default printer

lpq: Display jobs in a print queue

usage: lpq [options][-Pprintqueue]; if print queue is not specified, contents of default queue isdisplayed; get print-job# with this command needed to cancel a print job (see lprm)

option: -l give long formatexample: lpq -l -P3hole--give long info on the "3hole" print queue

lpr: Print text or PostScript output to printer; see Printing Webpage for more options andexamples

options: -Pnohole (default queue) | -P3hole; see manpage alsoexample: lprchap1.pdf--prints PDF file on default print queue

lprm: Remove job from print queueusage: lprm [options][files]

options: - remove all your jobs | -Pprintqueue indicate specific queue |job# indicate specific job(use lpq to getjob#)

example: lprm -Pnohole 412--remove job 412 from the nohole print queue

lpstat: Gives status of print jobs generated via the lp commandusage: lpstat [options]options: see manpage

example: lpstat -pnohole--gives printer status of nohole print queue

ls: Displays information about a directory (including descendants) or files; wildcards supported


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usage: ls [options] [names]--names may be file or directoryoptions: -a lists all entries, including .files (hidden) | -F labels directories(/), binaries(*),

links(@) | -l give detailed info on each entry | -R recursively print subdirectories | -t displaycontents of directory sorted by time-modifi ed | -s display size in KB

example: ls -la ~/ --gives detailed info on all hidden and regular descendants of your home

directoryexample: ls -F ~/ --flags descendants as subdirectories, executables, links

mail: Send or receive email; reads mail on local machine only; cannot do IMAP

usage: mail [options] [users]


man: Display "manual" info on a command; there are multiple levels or "sections" of commands--C, Fortran, and their commands, in general, come from the section "(3C++)" but system

commands come from section "(1)"; s ee "printenv MANPATH" for the paths searched formanpages

usage: man [options] [command]

options: -kwordshows names of all manpages that contain word| -a shows all manpages for

this command from all sections | -Mmanpath shows the manpage from this specific path | -ssection# shows the manpage from this specific section

example: man a2ps | lpr--prints the a2ps manpage on the default printer (duplex, nohole)

example: man -s 1 sort--displays info onsortfrom "section 1" (the Unix system's path) instead

of "section 3C++" (the C++ path) which is the default for this commandexample: man -M /usr/share/man sort--displays info onsortfrom this explicit path (which

overrides the default and effectively does the same as the previous command)example: man -a sort--displays info onsortfrom both section "3C++" and from "section 1" (the

Unix system's path)

example: man man--gives the manpage on man for complete information on its use (there's only

a single level--no C++ version--of this command)

mkdir: Make directory

usage: mkdir[dir] - makes directory with name dir

options: -m allows you to set properties to the directory | -p allows you to create more then onedirectory at a time

example: mkdir-p ~/first_dir/new_dir--creates new_dir inside of a new directory first_dir

example: mkdirnew_dir--makes new_dir inside the current directory

more / less / pg: Display file


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usage: more [file] - displays the contents of a file in ASCII; use spacebar to advance by page,Enter to advance by line

options: -c clear before displaying | -d display error messages | "h" gives help | "b" back

example: more -c temp.txt--clears display then prints contents of file temp.txt

mutt: Mail User Agent; can do IMAP but not POPusage: mutt [options][users]


mv: Move file under a directory structure or to new file name; original (source) file will be gone

usage: mv [file] [dir]--movesfile under existing directory dir

options: -f force copy over any existing file by that name | -i prompts user to copy over files

example: mv temp.txt dir/ --moves temp.txt into directory dir/example: mv -f temp.txt dir/ --moves temp.txt into directory dir/ erasing old temp.txt if it exists

example: mv -i temp.txt dir/ --moves temp.txt into directory dir/ but asking before overwritingold temp.txt if it exists

usage: mv [file1] [file2]--movesfile1 tofile2

example: mv temp.txt temp2.txt--renames temp.txt to temp2.txtexample: mv -f temp.txt temp2.txt--renames temp.txt erasing old temp2.txt if it exists

ne: Full-screen text editorusage: ne [options][file]


nedit: GUI text editor which requires X-Windows

usage: nedit [options][file]options: see manpage

nice: Run a command with modified priorityusage: nice -n[value] [command]

options: -nn--sets priority to n--value may range from 1 to 19 with 1 being highest priority and10 the default

example: nice -n 1 mysort--run the mysort program at the highest priority


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nroff: Formats text

usage: nroff[options] [files]


example: nrofffile | more--formatfile then display it

pack / unpack: Compress/expand a file

usage:pack / unpack[options][file]--file may be an entire directory; produces output calledfile.z(versus ".Z" with compress); use unpack to expand file(s)

options: -fforce packing even if some files in directory would not benefit

example:packpdf.files/--pack the contents of the subdirectory, replacing each file with its

compressed ".z" equivalent

passwd: Change password

usage:passwd - brings up dialogue that allows you to change your passwordoptions: see manpage

pbs: Portable Batch System - allows submission, monitoring, and control of batch jobs on one ormore systems

usage: see manpage

perl: Perl language compiler

usage:perl [options][program]options: see manpage

pgp: Pretty Good Privacy encryption system for email and data filesusage:pgp [options][file]


pico: Full-screen (not GUI) text editor

usage:pico [options][file]options: see manpage

example:pico print-script--to edit the text file print-script


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pine: Program for Internet News and Email email utility; can do IMAP but not POP

usage:pine [options][addresses]


example:pine--to invoke the pine email system

ping: Sends packets to a network hostusage:ping [host] [timeout] (default for timeout is 20 seconds)

options: timeout period in seconds

example:ping 123.123.123.123 5--ping this IP address but give up after 5 seconds

pplinfo: Locally-written utility that displays whitepage people informationusage:pplinfo [search-option]

options:phone number | first and/or last names | full email address | enteringpplinfo alonedisplays help information

example:pplinfo burrito--returns whitepage info on all occurences of first or last name "burrito"

printenv: Display current settings of environment variables

usage:printenv [variable]--if no environment variable is specified, all are displayedoptions: none

example:printenv HOST--displays the name of the host on which you're runningexample:printenv MANPATH--displays the hierarchy of paths searched for manpages

procmail: Mail processor

usage:procmail [options][users]


ps: Display processesusage:ps - displays running processesoptions: -u [user] display processes foruser| -a display all processes

example:ps--displays info about your process

example:ps -u homer--displays all processes owned by homer

example:ps -a--displays all processes running


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pwd: Print working directory

usage:pwd - displays current directory path

options: none

rlogin: Remote LoginSee ssh

rm: Removes file(s)usage: rm [file]

options: -i confirms erase | -r recursive erase

example: rm -r cs120--deletes everything under cs120 and then cs120 itself

rmdir: Removes empty directory

usage: rmdir[dir] - removes directory same as "rm -r dir"

options: -p remove any parent directories which become empty because of this remove | -ssuppress error msgs resulting from -p option

example: rmdir-p cs120-1998/--remove this directory and any of its empty parents

scp: Secure remote copyusage: scp file

options:

example: scp

script: Stores current computing session in a file ("typescript" by default); Ctl_D to end logging

usage: script [options] [file]options: -a append current session info to file

example: script 6.21-log--store session log in file called 6.21-log

sed: Stream editor for text

usage: sed [options][file]options: -e efile use edit commands found in efile | -ssfile run script commands found insfile | -n

suppress outputexample: sed


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sendmail: Mail utility

usage: sendmail [options][addresses]


setenv: Set environmental variables

usage: setenv depends on shelloptions: see manpage

example: setenv SHELL=/bin/bash--override the default SHELL setting to use the bash shell

setup: Local utility that establishes the paths and libraries needed by certain installed software.

See the Installed Software list. Note that some software no longer requiressetup to run properly.usage: setup [application]

options: -h for help | -l for list of applications that can besetupexample: setup ncar

sftp: Secure file transport which performs its operations over an encrypted SSH transport

usage: sftp [options] [hostname | user@host]

options: -v raise logging level | -C enable compression | -ossh-option specify option to bepassed to SSH

example: sftp caterpillar.arizona.edu--initiate secure FTP session with the hostcaterpillar.arizona.edu

sh: Bourne Shell

usage: sh [options] [args]

options: see manpageexample: sh -u--treat unset variables henceforth as errors rather than as nulls

ssh: Secure shell for remote logins; download this software at Sitelicenseusage: ssh [-l login_name] [hostname | user@hostname] [command]


example: ssh [email protected] as my-acct on the host u.arizona.edu


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tail: Display file from a certain point

usage: tail [location] [file]

options: +n display n from beginning; -n display n from end of file

example: tail--displays last screen's worth of .cshrc

example: tail -10 .cshrc--displays last 10 lines of .cshrc

tar: "Tape Archiver"; bundles a collection of files into one unit ("tarfile") for archiving ortransmitting

usage: tar[options][tarfile][files]


example: tarcf - . | gzip -c > test.tar.gz--bundles everything in the current directory, compressesit withgzip, creating a file called test.tar.gz

example: tarxvf files.tar--extracts files fromfiles.tar

tcsh: C shell with file-name completion and command line editing

usage: tcsh [options][args]


tee: Reproduces stdout in a file so that all the commands you enter and what is displayed asresponses are logged

usage: tee [options][file]

options: -a append to output filefileexample: tee 6.21-log--begin logging what you enter into the file 6.21-log

telnet: Connect to another computer

See ssh

tex / latex: Text formatting and typesetting languages

usage: see manpages

touch: Change file access and modification times

usage: touch [options] files - creates a blank file, or updates existing fileoptions: -c do not create file if it does not exist | -t use time specified


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example: touch new.txt creates file new.txtexample: touch -c new.txt--updates new.txt node information to current time but does not create

new.txt

troff: text formatting and typesetting language

usage: see manpage

uname: Display host name and info of current system

usage: unameoptions: -r print OS release level | -a prints basic info | -s prints the name of the OS (default)

example: uname

unix2dos / dos2unix: File converters; takes Unix end-of-line characters and converts them to

DOS end-of-line characters and vice versa

usage: unix2dos [options] [file]

options: -iso (default) uses ISO characters for Unix files | -ascii uses ASCII characters for Unixfiles

example: unix2dos u-file d-file--converts ISO end-of-line characters in the Unix file u-file toDOS end-of-character files in the new file d-file

uudeview: decodes binary files encoded by uuencode and BinHexusage: uudeview [options] [files]


uuencode / uudecode: Encode/decode binary file for mail transmit; uudecode can process files

packaged by uuencode, compress and tarusage: uuencode / uuencode [source-file] [destination-file]

options:

example: uuencode fin final | mail--encode the filefin, storing the result infinaland piping that

file to the mail utility

vi: Full-screen editor (not GUI)

usage: vi [file]


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options: -r retrieve last version of file after crash | -wn set window size to nexample: vi cleanup-script

wc: Word Count

usage: wc [option] [file]

options: -l count the lines in the file | -w count the words | -c count the bytes | -m countcharacters | -lwc is the default

example: wc freditor--count the lines, words and bytes of the file

what: Displays a one-line summary (the header line) of a command's manpage

usage: what [command]

options: none

example: whatis whatis--summarizes the whatis command

whereis: Find path where source, executable or manpage reside

which: Find path of executableusage: whereis(which) [options][file]

options: -b binaries only | -m manpages only | -s source only

example: whereis c321x--locates any source, binary and manpage on c321x

example: whereis -m a2ps--look for location of manpage on a2ps

who / whoami: List people logged on to computer or how you are logged on

usage: whousage: whoami

xdisk: Allocates temporary storageusage: xdisk[options]

options: enter 'xdisk' to see list of options or see xdiskwebpage

example: xdisk create--allocates space of 100MB at /xdisk/$USER for 10 days (this amount andretention can change)

xv: Interactive image display; uses X-Windows

usage: xv [options][files]


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options:

example: xv picture.jpg

xview: OpenWindows toolkit

usage: not a command but a toolkit; see manpage

zcat / gzip / gunzip: GNU utilities to compress/uncompress files

usage: zcat / gzip / gunzip [options][files]

options: see manpages

zcmp / zdiff: Compares compressed files

usage: zcmp / zdiff[options][files]options: use the options forcmp withzcmp and fordiffwithzdiff

zip / unzip: Compress and package/extract and uncompress files

usage: zip / unzip [options][files]


Command Index

Documents

Transcript of Command Index