Comic Commentators: Contemporary Political Cartooning in Australia

7/23/2019 Comic Commentators: Contemporary Political Cartooning in Australia

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Lcst hn Cllustrotchis

Kjoptfr 2

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Kjoptfr 6

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?6 Ou`ust ?3:2 >0

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Kjoptfr :

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Khmck Khmmfitothrs x



Kjoptfr 3

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?330 ?4;‚Iotosjo uijoppy wctj Mf` nhr sprfodci` “sthrcfs”, Qftfr

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Khmck Khmmfitothrs xc



Kjoptfr ?1

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‚Qoul Efotci` oid Ghji Jfwshi korryci` tjfcr rfspfktcvf burdfis–, Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , : Nfbruory ?33; ?66

‚Efotci` ncids Jhword o dcnnckult iut th kroke–, Qftfr Ickjhlshi,

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‚Bfozlfy oid Jhword lhsf tjfcr mhrol khmposs–, More Eic`jt,Jfrold [ui , 24 Hkthbfr 211? ?6:

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‚Nrosfr oid Jowef sjopf up th nc`jt Hpphsctchi Lfodfr–, BcllMctkjfll, Oustrolcoi , : Nfbruory ?3:; ?>?

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2 Guly ?3:0 ?>;‚Qrcmf Mcicstfr Jhword–s lh`ckol khitrodcktchi–, @fhnn Qryhr,

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Khurcfr-Mocl , ;1 Ou`ust 2114 ?>:‚Jhword–s ifwly nhr`fd ollcfs–, More Eic`jt,

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Rfvcfw , : Hkthbfr 2114 ?>3‚Ghji Jhword odvcsfs Tcm Ncskjfr, Qftfr Rfctj, Qftfr Khstfllh

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6 Morkj ?331 ?0?

Khmck Khmmfitothrs xcc



‚Tjf hpcichi phllstfr nokfs vhtfr rfolcty–, [foi Lfojy,Khurcfr-Mocl , 23 [fptfmbfr 2114 ?02

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‚^htfr kyickcsm–, @fhr`f Mhlior, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold ,6 Morkj ?3:; ?04

‚^htfr opotjy–, Lfs Toiifr, O`f , ;1 Ihvfmbfr ?3:4 ?04

Kjoptfr ??

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‚Tjf lc`jt hi tjf jcll–, Bcll Lfoe, Oustrolcoi , 2114 ?:;‚@hd oid Odom–, Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , 2114 ?:4

Kjoptfr ?2

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‚Tjf rotbo` flfmfit8–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ;1 Morkj ?3>> ?3:‚@hhd Nrcdoy–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 24 Morkj ?3>0 ?33‚Tjf pullhut–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 2; Oprcl ?301 211‚MkMojhi “stoid by” hi Kjcio phlcky–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi ,

;? Guly ?30; 21?‚[upfr@hu`j–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ?4 Ihvfmbfr ?302 21;‚[clly Bclly–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ?6 Ihvfmbfr ?302 21;‚Cs tjot oll8–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 6 Guif ?30; 214‚Bforci` tjf rfsphiscbclcty–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ; Moy ?30; 21>‚Hcl sjhke–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 6 [fptfmbfr ?30; 210‚Rfdcstrcbutchi koi–t wfotjfr tjf sthrm–, Brukf Qftty,

Oustrolcoi , 2> Hkthbfr ?304 21:‚[hkcolcsts `cvci` kopctolcsts o bod iomf–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi ,

6 Guly ?306 213‚Khiihr oid Pjctlom ci tjf rucis–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi ,

2> [fptfmbfr ?306 2?1‚Tuiifl ot tjf fid hn tjf lc`jt–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi ,

?: Hkthbfr ?306 2??‚[jomf, Oustrolco, sjomf–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 6 Dfkfmbfr

?306 2?2‚Hikf oid nuturf eci`–, Brukf Qftty, O`f , ?0 Dfkfmbfr ?300 2?4‚Krusodfs–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 2; Guly ?30? 2?6

Khmck Khmmfitothrs xccc



Citrhduktchi7

Khitrhvfrscol Cmo`fs

Joydhi Moiici` oid Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi

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Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2

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Citrhduktchi ;



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tjf htjfr joid, jf fxplocis jhw fdcthrs shmftcmfs jovf thfikhuro`f tjf korthhicsts th usf mftopjhrs lcef Qcihkkjch–s ihsfrotjfr tjoi o dftoclfd oid dcrfkt bluitifss tjot mc`jt `ft tjfm cithtrhublf) Os o khisfqufikf hn bosck koutchi, korthhis koi bf o mfoisnhr soyci` tjci`s ghuriolcsts oid khlumicsts dorf iht rcse nhr nfor hn dfnomotchi kjor`fs)

Tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold –s Oloi Mhcr prhvcdfs shmftjci` bftwffi o jcsthrckol okkhuit oid o moicnfsth hi tjf rc`jts hn

korthhicsts os jf sffs oid proktcsfs tjfm) Ci dhci` sh, jf hpfis tjf`rfy orfo hn cinhrmol prfssurfs, hif tjot wcll worroit nurtjfrcivfstcòtchi by okodfmcks) Jf fxplocis tjot, fxkfpt nhr ‚ihtchiollcifs hn dfnomotchi low oid hn “tostf”–, korthhicsts rorfly fxpfrcfikf kfishrsjcp but jf ihtfs cistoikfs wjfrf ottfmpts wfrfmodf nrhm jc`j phlctckol hnnckf th kfishr) Jf prhvcdfs o whidfrnulsthry nrhm forly ci jcs korffr wjfi jf whrefd nhr Brcsboif–s Khurcfr-

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oid Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi, ci tjf mhst khmprfjfiscvf okkhuit oidcitfrprftotchi yft ottfmptfd, orùf tjot tjcs df nokth cmmuicty vfry prhbobly mcrrhrs tjf lfòl stotus hn korthhis cn oiy hnnfidfd porty fvfr brhu`jt o kosf th khurt)

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durci` 211> ci tjf Oustrolcoi , Bcll Lfoe korthhifd strhi`ly ci tuif wctj tjot popfr–s krusodf oòcist tjf mocitfioikf hn rfmhtf Obhrc`ciol khmmuictcfs) Tjcs wos gust o khcikcdfikf hn vcfw, oidLfoe cs hntfi ot hdds wctj jcs popfr–s fdcthrcol lcif, but tjfkhcikcdfikf wos rfmoreobly phwfrnul) Ct bfkomf vfry jord nhr okhiscstfit rfodfr hn tjot popfr th rfscst tjf hvfroll orùmfit tjotrfmhtf khmmuictcfs orf bfostly) Tjf fmhtcvf fnnfkt wos wfll cifxkfss hn tjf rfol fvcdfikf odvoikfd)

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Tjf klforfst rfkfit fxomplf jos bffi tjf rfsphisf th tjf Tompo

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Citrhduktchi 6



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hn korthhis ci wcdfr tjfmfs hn phlctckol lcnf, phlctckol oktcvcsm oidtjf slhw cincltrotchi hn whmfi cith sfichr phlctckol phsctchis) [owfrnhkusfs hi tjf prfsfikf hn korthhis ci `hvfrimfit dhkumfits os omfois by wjckj tjf burfoukroky ottfmpts th ‚`ft tjfcr mfsso`fokrhss ci dcsormci` but fnnfktcvf woys–) Jfr citfrfst ci tjcs rflotcvfly rfkfit fxtfischi hn korthhici` dfrcvfs nrhm o effiifss th khiscdfrjhw tjf cinlufikf hn ifw shkcol mhvfmfits hi `hvfrimfit phlcky cs proktckolly moicnfstfd ci brhkjurfs oid phlcky bhhelftskhikfrici` shkcol fqucty oid jumoi rc`jts) Pjclf o khitrost hn tjflor`fly jhstclf dfpcktchi hn whmfi ci tjf forly twfitcftj kfitury sunnro`cst mhvfmfit sjhws tjot korthhis orf iht cifvctobly olcìfd wctj tjf fòlctorcoi oi`fls, [owfr orùfs tjot tjf `rfot vcrtuf hn korthhici` nhr fquolcty ci `hvfrimfit dhkumfits lcfs wctj tjf‚phwfr hn vcsuol jumhur th prhmhtf tjfcr mfsso`f, htjfrwcsf hntfi

ci doi`fr hn dcsoppforci` uidfr `hvfrimfit spfoe–) Ct cs jord thdfskrcbf tjcs rfsult os oiytjci` htjfr tjoi o `hhd tjci` nhr korthhisth dh, but Moiici` lhhes th sff wjftjfr tjfrf mc`jt bf o dorefrscdf th korthhici` ci tjf stfrfhtypfs ct tfids th fmplhy oidmocitoci) Jf pckes up o khitrhvfrsy stortfd ci ?333 by tjfi LobhrQorty Dfputy Lfodfr, Gfiiy Mokelci, wjfrf sjf klocmfd tjot whmfiphlctckcois orf typckolly dfpcktfd by molf fdcthrcol korthhicsts osnfmolf sfxuol stfrfhtypfs rotjfr tjoi os ‚tjf phlctckcoi tjot cs tjf

whmoi–) Jf tjfi fxomcifs tjf dfnfikf korthhicst, Bcll Lfoe,mhuitfd hi bfjoln hn jcs brftjrfi, oid tjf dfbotf hvfr wjot csshkcolly okkfptoblf korckoturf wjfi opplcfd th nfmolf phlctckollfodfrs) Ot nokf voluf ct–s iht dcnnckult th sff jhw shmf korthhis

Khmck Khmmfitothrs >



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cs o sfichr kurothr ot tjf Iotchiol Musfum hn Oustrolco wjh jos putth`ftjfr oiiuol fxjcbctchis hn korthhis scikf tjf forly ?331s) Jfrfsphids wjfi khinrhitfd, os jf hntfi cs, wctj tjf ‚bfst ci tjf whrld– ossfssmfit, tjot ct–s bfttfr th soy tjot Oustrolcoi korthhicstsorf tjf bfst ot bfci` Oustrolcoi korthhicsts) Tjf uidfrlyci` ossumptchi jfrf cs tjot tjfy sjhuld bf volufd nhr wjot tjfy soy thoid obhut us, iht bfkousf hn oiy fssfitcolly uivfrcncoblfcitfriotchiol roieci`) Ct cs, cidffd, rfmoreoblf jhw lcttlf kurothrcoloid skjhlorly ottfitchi jos bffi pocd th Oustrolcoi korthhis hn tjflost joln kfitury, o pfrchd hn rfmoreoblf okjcfvfmfit tjot civctfskhmporcshi wctj tjf `lhry doys hn tjf Bullftci nrhm tjf ?:31shiwords) Joisfi–s kjoptfr dfskrcbfs jcs fxpfrcfikf ci khllfktci` korthhis nrhm rfkfit dfkodfs nhr o moghr iotchiol cistctutchi, oidfxplhrfs gust wjot obhut tjf iotchiol lcnf jf cs ottfmptci` th kopturfci dhci` sh) Jf olsh brhokjfs tjf dfbotf obhut wjftjfr korthhissjhuld bf vcfwfd os ort hbgfkts hr os phlctckol khmmfitory) Orf tjfy bloke-oid-wjctf ort hr khivficfit pokeo`ci` nhr ncsj oid kjcps8 Ct–s

iht rfolly o rfshlvoblf cssuf, but ct cs citfrfstci` th tjcie tjrhu`jjhw dcnnfrfit tjf korthhis wf rfod hi ifwsprcit hvfr brfoenostbfkhmf wjfi jui` hi o woll ci o òllfry)

Iht hily dhfs Oustrolco jovf potkjy khllfktchis hn korthhihrc`ciols *oid ih dotobosf hn kurrfit korthhis th motkj tjf Brctcsjoid Ihrtj Omfrckoi dc`ctol khllfktchis#, but wf orf olsh cll-prhvcdfd wctj jcsthrckol okkhuits hn korthhicsts oid tjfcr cmpokt durci` rfkfit dfkodfs) Tjrff kjoptfrs ci tjcs khllfktchi sffe th oddrfss tjcs

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Citrhduktchi 0



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Lcidsoy Nhylf whres hi o wcdfr koivos, summorcsci` tjf korffrshn oll tjf moghr korthhicsts wjh jovf whrefd ot tjf Oustrolcoi scikf?3>4) Os o korthhicst ot tjf popfr jcmsfln, jf jos jod o proktctchifr–sokkfss th eihwlfd`f hn jhw fmplhymfit ci tjf mfdco whres, oidjos bffi orhuid tjf trops lhi` fihu`j th jovf jford o rckj orroy hn sthrcfs) Jcs skrupulhusly rfsforkjfd kjoptfr, bosfd hi fxtfiscvfcitfrvcfws wctj korthhicsts oid tjfcr fdcthrs, cs tjf ncrst lhi`ctudciolstudy wf jovf hn korthhici` ot oi Oustrolcoi docly ifwspopfr, oidct sjhws wjy tjfrf sjhuld bf mhrf sukj studcfs) Gust jhw tjf rhlfhn tjf korthhicst koi rfnlfkt o popfr–s ftjhs—Qftty ci tjf swci`ci` ?3>1s, Qckefrci` nhr tjf hcl-sjhkefd phlcty hn tjf ?301s, Mctkjfll nhrtjf rcsf hn mhiftorcsm ci tjf ?3:1s, oid Ickjhlshi oid Lfoe nhr tjf

skjczhpjrfickolly phstmhdfri oid fkhihmckolly rotchiolcst ?331s— cs o rckj sfom nhr kulturol os wfll os phlctckol jcsthry)

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Khmck Khmmfitothrs :



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shmftjci` hbgfktcvf obhut fkhihmck lcnf, Khhe rfmcids ‚jcs rfodfrstjot tjfrf cs ih sukj tjci` os oi hbgfktcvf korthhi–)

Cidffd, korthhis orf iht obhut boloikf ci oiytjci` lcef tjf somf woy ghuriolcsm cs) Tjfy orf obhut sto`ci` oid tjcieci` tjrhu`jkhinlckt, sh tjfy rfmoci hi tjf wcld nrhitcfr hn tjf mfdco, oid ctsffms ifkfssory th khikludf tjcs citrhduktchi wctj o rfossfrtchi hn tjfcr voluf ci hur cikrfosci`ly `rhhmfd oid khitocifd mfdcofivcrhimfit) Qhlctckol portcfs oid `hvfrimfits jovf lforit tjf

lfsshis hn ^cftiom oid Potfròtf, oid khrphrotchis tjf lfsshi hn bc` thbokkh5 fvfi tjf kjurkjfs orf bf`ciici` th lfori tjf lfsshi hn tjf Jhllci`swhrtj soò oid orf sfllci` fmpty kjurkjfs th put publckrflotchis ncrms hi rftocifrs) Pf orf rfokjci` o sto`f wjfrf tjf hldlc`jt bulb ghef khuld bf rfwhrefd os ‚Jhw moiy civfstcòtcvfghuriolcsts dhfs ct toef th wrctf o sthry8 Hif, plus 24 publck rflotchishnnckfrs oid nhur bfoutcnully prfsfitfd, cn mfidokchus, cinhrmotchipokeo`fs–) Korthhis orf hif hn tjf lost nrhitcfrs nhr prhduktplokfmfit oid khitrhllci` tjf mfsso`f)

Tjf spci dhkthrs hut tjfrf wcll jovf ihtckfd jhw mukjkorthhicsts koi odd th oi orùmfit, jhw tjfy koi brhokj dcnnckultcssufs ci oi cmo`f oid o nfw whrds, jhw tjfy koi rcdckulf pfhplf,ottctudfs, hr fvfi tjot jhly-hn-jhlcfs, tjf broid) Tjf publck rflotchisprhnfsschiols orf brc`jt, wfll rfshurkfd, oid moy fvfi ihw bftjcieci` hn woys th kultcvotf sukj cinlufitcol hpcichi-mhuldfrs)Fvfry korthhicst wf eihw cs o ncfrkf cidcvcduolcst, phsctcvfly jhstclfth bfci` shld o lcif, but tjfcr Okjcllfs– jffl cs tjf nfor tjot dh`s tjfm

oll7 tjot tjf popfr wcll jovf th rui wctj o bloie spokf wjfrf tjfcrkorthhi sjhuld bf) Qrhdukt plokfmfit ci korthhis8 Ct cs dcsturbci`ly phsscblf) Lft korthhicsts oid tjfcr fdcthrs bf worifd th bf hi ùord,oid lft us oll, os kctczfis oid lhvfrs hn phlctckol korthhis, fisurf tjot wf supphrt tjfm ci tjfcr docly bottlf th moef hur publck lcnf gust obct mhrf jhifst)

Citrhduktchi 3



QORT C

Tjf Korthhicst–s Lcnf



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Tjf Phreci` Korthhicst

@fhnn Qryhr

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Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?4

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th o mystfrchus rjytjm hn tjfcr hwi) [hmf doys orf sh pokefd wctj

@fhnn Qryhr ?6



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Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?>



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Pjot th soy

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@fhnn Qryhr ?0



ot my korthhis nhr os lhi` os C–vf bffi drowci` tjfm, tjfy–d

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cinhrmfd `ufss) Pctj shmfbhdy os secllfd ci phlctcks os Ghji

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o`fido cs hi o `cvfi cssuf)

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nocrifss7 tjf low hn dfnomotchi cs shmftjci` th bf khiscdfrfd)

Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?:



Jhw th soy ct

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@fhnn Qryhr ?3



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sjhw ct) [cmclorly, cn tjfrf orf o iumbfr hn flfmfits tjot orffssfitcol th tjf uidfrstoidci` hn tjf phcit C–m tryci` th moef, tjfitjf khmphsctchi jos th cikhrphrotf tjfm ci o ioturolcstck woy) Cimoiy woys, my opprhokj cs iht dcsscmclor th tjf moeci` hn okcifmotck sjht—cn C ncid tjot my kjhsfi cmo`f cs iht whreci` tjfict koi bf scmply o mottfr hn mfitolly wcidci` tjf oktchi bokewordshr nhrwords o nfw nromfs uitcl C ncid tjf skfiorch tjot whres) Tjcskoi sovf jovci` th guie tjf cdfo) @fifrolly, C dhi–t stort tjf oktuol

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kjoi`f o tjci`) Oid C sjhuld ifvfr tjcie tjot C om fvfr `hci` th fxfrt oi

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o prhtfktfd spfkcfs) Shu soy tjf tjci`s yhu dh obhut tjf phlctckcoisoid tjfy woit tjf hrc`ciol drowci` th joi` hi tjf woll) C soy tjfsomf tjci`s, oid tjfy woit my jcdf th joi` hi tjf woll)– C–m iht shsurf obhut tjot) Ct whuld bf ickf th eihw tjot yhu–rf nforfd)

@fhnn Qryhr 2?



2

Tcmfs, Tfkjihlh`y oid Tolfit

Pord H–Ifcll

Tfkjihlh`y oid cdfos th`ftjfr sjopf ortcstck fxprfsschi, oid tjcs cs

portckulorly truf hn tjf `fifrotchi hn Oustrolcoi ifwspopfr ortcsts

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hur khuitry–s loiùcsjci` trodctchi hn fxkfllfikf ci bloke-oid-wjctf

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kjorts, dfscìfd typf-nokfs oid modf tjrff-dcmfischiol mhdfls th

bf pjhth`ropjfd) [hmf hn tjfm olsh drfw khmck strcps oid

korthhis hr, lcef mf, cllustrotchis oid korckoturfs) My dfkcschi th

spfkcolcsf ci tjf lottfr wos osscstfd by oi oweword korffr scìol) Ci

hif ihtoblf pjhth rf-thukj hn oi cidcstcikt oid `rociy rodch`rom—

tjf po`f hif splosj pck—C pocitfd ci tjf mcssci` fxtrfmcty hn wjot

wos ci nokt o hif-ormfd survcvhr hn tjf Tosmoi Brcd`f dcsostfr ciJhbort ci ?306)

Tjf mhst hutstoidci` Oustrolcoi ifwspopfr ortcst th dfvflhp,

cidffd nlhurcsj, ci tjf hld multc-secllfd systfm wos @fhr`f Ncify, o

*prfdhmcioitly# prf‛[fkhid Phrld Por ortcst hn moiy proktckol

okkhmplcsjmfits, rfmfmbfrfd ihw nhr jcs phlctckol korthhis oid

fvfi `rfotfr korckoturfs) Ncify wos o Ifw Wfoloidfr oid vftfroi hn

tjf @rfot Por) Jcs phlctckol korthhis wfrf oi`ry oid kuttci` butbflhi`fd shlcdly wctjci tjf prfvoclci` `ropjck khivfitchis hn tjf

doy) Ct cs jcs korckoturfs, ihtobly tjhsf hn Lobhr prcmf mcicstfr Gcm

[kullci oid I[P Lobhr prfmcfr Goke Loi`, tjot orf rfmfmbfrfd




ihw bfkousf hn tjfcr obclcty th khivfy o strhi` phlctckol mfsso`f,`ropjckolly oid whrdlfssly) Ncify wos o sfmciol cinlufikf hi my `fifrotchi hn ifwspopfr ortcsts)

Forly ci my korffr, oid tjhsf hn my khitfmphrorcfs, ortcstck secllshi ifwspopfrs bfkomf mhrf spfkcolcsfd, nhr bhtj tfkjihlh`ckol oidphlctckol rfoshis, oid o dcstciktchi dfvflhpfd bftwffi prfss ortcsts, wjhsf whre jfld tjf popfr th`ftjfr ci o `ropjck sfisf, oidcllustrothrs oid korthhicsts, wjh flobhrotfd o popfr–s phlctckol oidkulturol khvfro`f)

Pctjci tjf trodctchi hn Oustrolcoi bloke-oid-wjctf ort,cllustrotchi oid korckoturf jovf `fifrolly sthhd slc`jtly th hif scdf,

dfnfrrci` th tjf phwfr oid phpulorcty hn wfll-krontfd phlctckolkorthhis) But cllustrotchi oid korckoturf jovf nlhurcsjfd fvfr scikfprcitci` tfkjihlh`y ncrst pfrmcttfd tjf krfotchi hn fi`rovfd cmo`fs)[trcktly spfoeci`, tjf rhlf hn cllustrotchi oid korckoturf cs th prhvcdfoi cmplckct `ropjck khmmfitory th omplcny oid flukcdotf tjfghuriolcsm ct okkhmpoicfs) By khitrost, phlctckol korthhis orf o nhrmhn stoid-olhif fxplckct khmmfitory iht ottokjfd th oiy portckulorpcfkf hn ghuriolcsm) Ci my tcmf os o korckoturcst oid cllustrothr,jhwfvfr, tjf lcifs bftwffi tjf twh jovf bfkomf blurrfd bfkousf hn fioblci` tfkjihlh`ckol kjoi`f, oi fikhuro`ci` phlctckol klcmotf oidtjf ciihvotcvf cinlufikf hn portckulor ortcsts)

Ci tcmfs post, ct wos tjf cllustrothr wjh brhu`jt th lcnf tjf`ropjck dftocl hn sukj subgfkts os sjcpwrfkes hr tjf @lfirhwoiscf`f) Tjfrf wos o lhi` trodctchi hn sfidci` cllustrothrs th wor thrfkhrd cts fvfits, vcsuolly, nhr ifwspopfr rfodfrs, oid korckoturcsts wfrf olwoys wflkhmf os krctcks hn tjf lfss-novhurfd phlctckcois hn tjf doy) Jhwfvfr, pjhth`ropjy supfrsfdfd utclctorcoi cllustrotchi

bfkousf ct wos bfttfr ot kopturci` moiy subgfkts ci o lctfrol woy) Nhrtjcs rfoshi, omhi` htjfrs, by tjf ?361s bhtj cllustrotchi oidkorckoturf ci Oustrolcoi ifwspopfrs wfrf ci dfklcif) Ifwspopfrs ottjot tcmf wfrf olsh strocici` nrhm tjf khmpftctchi tjot komf nrhmtjf ifw ifws mfdcum hn tflfvcschi) Cllustrotchi oid korckoturf dcdiht fitcrfly dcsoppfor—Thiy Ronty oid Nfref ci tjf Nocrnox popfrs wfrf o khuplf hn survcvhrs—but ct wos tjf phlctckol korthhi wjckjrfolly efpt tjf bloke-oid-wjctf trodctchi olcvf durci` tjhsf yfors)

Oihtjfr khusci, tjf khmck strcp, wos olsh o jordy survcvhr) O dfkodf hr sh lotfr tjf tfkjihlh`ckol kjoi`f oid shkcol nfrmfit

hn tjf ?3>1s rfvcvfd cllustrotchi oid korckoturf) Hnnsft prcitci` rfplokfd tjf hld jht mftol tfkjihlh`y, scmplcncfd tjf prhduktchi



prhkfss oid modf ct phsscblf nhr smollfr publckotchis th ovhcd tjfjc`j khst hn blhke-moeci` nhr oll `ropjcks) Rotjfr tjoi moefcidcvcduol blhkes hn fokj cmo`f th bf rfprhdukfd, tjf wjhlf po`f—

typf, pjhth`ropjs oid drowci`s—wos rfprhdukfd th krfotf o ‚mot–nrhm wjckj fokj po`f wos prcitfd)

Tjcs usjfrfd ci oi fro ci wjckj ct wos phsscblf nhr publckotchisth usf o `rfot dfol mhrf ortwhre, cidffd cmo`fs hn oll ecids, wctjhutscìcnckoitly oddci` th prhduktchi khsts) Khcikcdfit wctj tjcs kjoi`f wos tjf shkcol oid phlctckol uirfst hn tjf ?3>1s, wjckj nhstfrfd tjf`rhwtj hn studfit oid uidfr`rhuid publckotchis fvfrywjfrf, nrhmQroùf th Lhidhi, [oi Nroikcskh oid tjf Oitcphdfs) Shui` pfhplf

bfkomf oll shrts hn tjci`s—wfoltjcfr, bfttfr fdukotfd, mhrfcidfpfidfit, oi`rcfr oid lfss fiò`fd wctj khivfitchi) Tjfy wfrfolsh citfrfstfd ci tjf phlctckol ort hn ifwspopfrs)

Tjf khmbciotchi hn tfkjihlh`ckol oid shkcol kjoi`f brhu`jtobhut o troisnhrmotchi ci tjf kulturf hn ifwspopfr oid moòzcifprhduktchi) Nhr tjf rfodfrs hn tjf ifw prfss, tjfrf wos o rf-bcrtjoid rf-civc`hrotchi hn cllustrotchi oid korckoturf, os wfll oskorthhici`, ci tjf fxpoidci` iumbfr hn publckotchis ci tjf ?3>1s) O ifw `fifrotchi hn ortcsts wos prhpfllfd cith tjf po`fs hn Hz ,Brhodscdf , Iotchi Rfvcfw , Tjoruieo , Jhic [hct oid Lht–s Pcnf ) TjfMhiosj Vicvfrscty studfit ifwspopfr Lht–s Pcnf jod sukj o strhi` `ropjck prfsfikf tjot ct lfnt cts rfodfrs wctj ciey nci`frs, lctfrolly) Cn oiy studfit hr oltfriotcvf ifwspopfr wos o bfifnckcory hn hnn-sfttfkjihlh`y, ct wos tjcs publckotchi) Bfkousf tjf `ropjck whre hn tjcsifw `fifrotchi hn ifwspopfr ortcsts prhvcdfd o skcitcllotci` brfoe nrhm tjf hldfr khivfitchis, ct nhuid o wflkhmci` jhmf ci tjfsfpublckotchis) Tjcs whre brhodfifd tjf cmo`ciotchi hn tjf rfodfr

oid klorcncfd oid fxpoidfd tjf purphsf hn ghuriolcsm)[hmf hn tjf mhst cinlufitcol pfhplf ci tjf voiùord hn tjcs

kjoi`f khitciuf th jovf oi cmpokt thdoy) Twh hn tjfm, Mortci[jorp oid Mckjofl Lfuic`, jovf prhdukfd sukj o wcdf roi`f hn whre tjot tjfy dh iht khmnhrtobly nct cith oiy iorrhw ortcstckkotf`hry) Tjfsf twh mfi koiiht bf strcktly dfncifd os korthhicsts) Tjfy brhef tjf khivfitchiol bloke bhrdfr hn tjf phlctckol korthhioid prhdukfd wcdf-roi`ci` cllustrotchi oid sotcrf—Mortci [jorp–s

‚@os Losj– nhr cistoikf—tjot rf-dfncifd bloke-oid-wjctf ort ci Oustrolco)

Thdoy, Lfuic` oid [jorp orf bhtj eihwi nhr tjfcr `fitlf, fvfinfy, jumhur, but ci tjfcr forly yfors tjfy khuld bf quctf vfihmhus)

Pord H–Ifcll 26



Lfuic`–s forly whre wos sh ciihvotcvf tjot ct dfncfd pc`fhi-jhlci`)Jcs drowci`s cikhrphrotfd phftry, wjcmsy, oid oiorkjck oidihisfisckol jumhur) Ci tjf lotf ?3>1s jcs korthhis oppforfd ci tjf

sotcrckol moòzcif Brhodscdf ) Ct wos publcsjfd by tjf O`f ifwspopfroid wos fdctfd by tjfi finoit tfrrcblf *lotfr nfdfrol OLQ phlctckcoi#Qftf [tffdmoi) Lfuic`–s drowci`s nhr Brhodscdf wfrf o sovo`f mcx hn shkcol oid phlctckol sotcrf, drowi ci oi fmpjotckolly krhss-jotkjfdstylf) Tjf row motfrcol nhr tjf moòzcif wos prhvcdfd by tjfbfllckhsf khisfrvotcsm hn tjf ^ckthrcoi prfmcfr, [cr Jfiry Bhltf,oid jcs kjcfn sfkrftory, [cr Ortjur Ryloj)

Lfuic` subsfqufitly whrefd nhr tjf dhhmfd Ifwsdoy , oi

ontfrihhi popfr prhdukfd by tjf O`f ) Ct wos hily ot @hrdhiBorthi–s popfr, Tjf [uidoy Hbsfrvfr —wjckj mftomhrpjhsfd cithtjf nhidly rfmfmbfrfd Iotchi Rfvcfw —tjot Lfuic` dfvflhpfd cithtjf ortcst wf orf nomclcor wctj thdoy) Tjcs cs tjf shmftcmfssfitcmfitol krfothr hn Mr Kurly, ôskh Qygomo, dukes, tfophts,proyfrs oid phfms) Nrhm tcmf th tcmf, jhwfvfr, Lfuic` koi stcllstortlf jcs prh`rfsscvf oudcfikf by, nhr cistoikf, nloyci` mhtjfrs wjhlfovf tjfcr kjcldrfi ci kjcldkorf) Durci` jcs tcmf ot Iotchi Rfvcfw Lfuic` wos ghcifd by korthhicst Qotrcke Khhe oid cllustrothrsMckjofl Nctzgomfs oid ^ckthrco Rhbfrts)

Mortci [jorp–s whre, olhi` wctj tjot hn ihw moghr Oustrolcoiortcst @orry [jfod, oppforfd ci Hz , o sotcrckol moòzcif ihtdcsscmclor th Brctoci–s Qrcvotf Fyf ) Hz hstfitotchusly kjollfi`fd tjfkfishrsjcp lows oid moiy hn tjf okkfptfd khivfitchis osshkcotfd wctj phlctcks, sfx, dru`s, rokf oid kulturf) Otthrifys-`fifrol oidkjcfn sfkrftorcfs—oeci ci tfmpfromfit th tjf [jfrcnn hn Ihttci`jom—prhsfkutfd tjf moòzcif nhr hbskficty) Tjf dfnfikf

hn tjf moòzcif by Ifvcllf Proi *tjfi o borrcstfr oid lotfr Qrfmcfrhn Ifw [hutj Polfs# oid htjfrs krfotfd o phlctckol kcrkus oid o kousf kãlêbrf )

Hz mhvfd th Lhidhi oid bfkomf port hn tjf dyiomck khuitfr-kulturol mhvfmfit hn tjf ?3>1s) Tjfrf, tjf iou`jty bhys nhuidnomf oid rf-dcskhvfrfd cinomy) Ct oll `rfw nrhm oi ciihvotcvfmftjhd hn kjollfi`ci` tjf fxcstci` mhrol hrdfr7 Rupfrt Bfor–s pfics) Tjf portckcpotchi hn Mory Pjctfjhusf–s Nfstcvol hn Lc`jt ci tjf

fisuci` dfbotf obhut tjf hnnfiscvfifss hn Rupfrt–s hròi fisurfdtjot tjf lfòl oid mfdco nrokos wos rf-bhri ci Fi`loid) O ihtoblfportckcpoit ci tjf moòzcif–s dfnfikf wos tjf borrcstfr oid outjhr, Ghji Mhrtcmfr) [jorp–s ort ci tjcs ihw cinomhus moòzcif bfkomf

Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2>



oi fxtfidfd oid civfitcvf nhrm hn shkcol oid kulturol khmmfitory)Nrhm tjcs komf olbum khvfrs nhr Krfom, phstfrs nhr tjf Icmrhd Tjfotrf oid Odflocdf Nfstcvol, Mh bod`fs oid o ifvfr ncicsjfd nclm

hi tjot stroi`f mcistrfl, Tciy Tcm) [jorp wos, ci nokt, o Qhp ortcstdrowci` cispcrotchi nrhm o wcdf vorcfty hn shurkfs, nrhm ^cikfit voi @h`j, Luio Qore ci [ydify, Bhhnjfod, oid bloke-oid-wjctf ortci `fifrol)

Tjf sc`icnckoikf hn [jorp oid Lfuic` wos tjot tjfy brhodfifdtjf ifwspopfr koivos oid fikhuro`fd fdcthrs th usf drowci`s hn ollecids wjckj wfrf dcnnfrfit, dcnnckult oid qucrey) Tjfcr whre fijoikfd tjf phtfitcol nhr cllustrotchi oid korckoturf, os wfll os

korthhici`, th bf ciihvotcvf oid uikhivfitchiol) Tjf moghr vfjcklf nhr tjf rfcivc`hrotfd ifwspopfr ort skfif wosoihtjfr ihw dfnuikt wffely popfr, tjf Iotchiol Tcmfs *wjckj fidfd

Pord H–Ifcll 20

‚Oll tjf woy wctj LBG–, Mortci [jorp, Hz Mo`ozcif , Moy ?3>6



cts lcnf os tjf Tcmfs hi [uidoy #) Tjcs Nocrnox publckotchi wos fdctfd citjf mcd-?301s by Mox [uckj, ot tjot sto`f oi uiusuolly fbullcfitkjoroktfr ci o `fifrolly stocd moio`fmfit kulturf)

Durci` tjcs pfrchd, [uckj jod os khitrcbuthrs tjf Oustrolcoi Ncioikcol Rfvcfw –s korthhicst Qotrcke Khhe oid Mflbhurif cllustrothr Ghji [phhifr) *[phhifr–s ncrst publcsjfd whre jod oppforfd ci Lht–s Pcnf )#

[uckj oid jcs dfputy, Fvoi Pjctthi, khitciufd th fxpoid tjfiumbfr hn ortcsts wjh whrefd hi tjf popfr) Tjcs hpfiifssprhvcdfd mf wctj ifw hpphrtuictcfs wjfi C rfturifd nrhm trovfloid whre ci Furhpf ci lotf ?30>) C wos hif hn o lcvfly `rhup hn cllustrothrs oid korckoturcsts tjot fvfituolly cikludfd MckjoflNctzgomfs, Gfiiy Khhpfs, Ifcl Mhhrf, Dovcd Brhmlfy oid Thiy Fdwords) Nctzgomfs–s flf`oit scljhufttfs, Khhpfs–s sjorp jumhur,Mhhrf–s klossckol mhdfllci`, Brhmlfy–s whhd-kut-lcef skropfrbhord,

Fdword–s fxhtck zc``urots oid my korckoturfs oll bfkomf nomclcornfoturfs hn tjf Iotchiol Tcmfs(Tcmfs hi [uidoy )

Pctj tjf fxkfptchi hn phlctckol korthhicst Qotrcke Khhe, oll tjfmfmbfrs hn tjcs `rhup wfrf cllustrothrs oid(hr korckoturcsts)

Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2:

‚Iotcvf Tctlf–,Mckjofl Nctzgomfs, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , 2114



Fdcthrs kjoi`fd, but tjf `rhup prhvcdfd hi`hci` vctolcty ci tjf whrld hn ifwspopfr ort iht hily ot Nocrnox, but olsh bfyhid) Tjffdcthrs hn tjf Iotchiol Tcmfs(Tcmfs hi [uidoy —Trfvhr Efiifdy,

Mox [uckj, Fvoi Pjctthi, Brcoi Thhjfy, Rhbfrt Joupt oid ôlfrcfLowshi—jod oi oktcvf opprfkcotchi hn bloke oid wjctf ort oidkhitciufd th moef ct o prhmcifit nfoturf hn tjf ifwspopfr) Oltjhu`j tjf ortcsts prfnfrrfd th tjcie hn tjfmsflvfs os shmfjhw obhvf kross khmmfrkf *tjcs wos tjf ?301s oid ?3:1s#, tjf cllustrotcvfprfsfikf wos o krukcol khmphifit hn tjf popfr–s moreftci )

C lfnt tjf Iotchiol Tcmfs ci ?303 th ghci Oustrolcoi KhishlcdotfdQrfss–s Bullftci os oi cllustrothr oid korckoturcst) Pjfi tjf Iotchiol

Tcmfs(Tcmfs hi [uidoy surrfidfrfd cts lcnf ci ?3::, tjf ifwspopfrjod krfotfd o wjhlf ifw moreft nhr ort, cllustrotchi oid cdfos) Htjfrpopfrs cijfrctfd tjf dfkfosfd popfr–s ossfts) Ghji Olfxoidfr, tjfidfputy fdcthr hn tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , rfkructfd MckjoflNctzgomfs oid Dovcd Brhmlfy) Thiy Fdwords oid Gfiiy Khhpfs wfit th tjf [ui-Jfrold but olsh khitrcbutfd th tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold ) Nocrnox–s ort dfportmfit wos nurtjfr fxpoidfd uidfr dfscìfdcthr Ghji [oidfmoi) C rf-ghcifd tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold ci ?3:0oid wos nhllhwfd by Ghji [joefspforf, Rhkkh Nozzorc, Efrry Lfcsjmoi, Omoido Vpthi, Qoul Ifwmoi, Ghke Olfxoidfr oid BcllLfoe, oi cmprfsscvf khjhrt tjot prhvcdfd tjf Nocrnox popfrs wctj okhmprfjfiscvf roi`f hn tolfit tjot klforly dcstciùcsjfd tjotifwspopfr `rhup nrhm cts rcvols)

Iht surprcsci`ly, tjf Oustrolcoi , tjf nlo`sjcp ifwspopfr hn IfwsLcmctfd, rfkhìcsfd tjf odvoito`fs hn o `hhd ort dfportmfit oidlotfr fmplhyfd ncvf ortcsts nrhm Nocrnox) Tjfy wfrf Bcll Lfoe, Ghke Olfxoidfr oid Qoul Ifwmoi) Tjf htjfr twh, [turt Ery`smoi oid

Ghji Tcfdfmoii, wfrf nhrmfr `ropjck ortcsts nrhm Nocrnox wjh wfrf fikhuro`fd by tjf Oustrolcoi th usf tjfcr cllustrotci` seclls) Tjfprfsfit `ropjck strfi`tj hn tjf Oustrolcoi hwfs mukj th tjfciihvotchis pusjfd ot Nocrnox, os wfll os cmo`ciotcvf dfkcschis modfby tjf popfr)

Hn tjf mocistrfom ifwspopfrs hn tjf ?3>1s, ct wos tjf Oustrolcoi wjckj wos mhst citfrfstfd ci ciihvotchi, korrcfd th odf`rff by tjf rcsci` phlctckol tcdf hn tjf tcmfs) Durci` cts mhst lcvfly

pfrchd ct wos fdctfd by Odrcoi Dfomfr uidfr wjhm korthhicstBrukf Qftty nlhurcsjfd os jf morefd hnn tjf doys oid dfboklfs hn tjf nciol yfors hn Lcbfrol Qorty rulf) Mortci [jorp olsh whrefd nhrtjf Oustrolcoi nrhm tcmf th tcmf, oid Qjclcp Bur`hyif, scìfd os

Pord H–Ifcll 23



‚Bh`h–, olsh prhvcdfd flf`oit cllustrotchi oid korckoturf nhr tjfpopfr) Tjf drowci` oid loyhut hn tjf hp-fd po`fs hi wjckj tjfy oppforfd wfrf jfovcly cinlufikfd by tjf stylf hn tjf Ifw Shre Tcmfs )

Mflbhurif–s O`f ifwspopfr cs shmftjci` hn o `fh`ropjckfxkfptchi th tjf mocily [ydify-kfitrfd or`umfit C jovf dfvflhpfdjfrf) Tjf rfbfllchus Rhmoi prhvcikf hn tjf Nocrnox `rhup, tjf O`f jos krfotfd cts hwi ortcstck spjfrf hn cinlufikf) Cts cllustrothrs,

korckoturcsts oid korthhicsts, cikludci` Lfs Toiifr, Rhi Toidbfr` oid Qftfr Ickjhlshi, jovf krfotfd o bhdy hn whre tjot csfmblfmotck hn tjf ifwspopfr) Tjf mhst cinlufitcol khitrcbuthr thtjcs rfputotchi cs Ghji [phhifr, jcs korckoturf oid cllustrotchi o

Khmck Khmmfitothrs ;1

‚Lhrd Qokefr–, Pord H–Ifcll, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , 2 [fptfmbfr ?3:3



stfodcly fvhlvci` strfi`tj tjrhu`j tjf lottfr port hn tjf O`f –sturbulfit publcsjci` jcsthry) Tjf ortcst wjh wos o prcikcpolcinlufikf hi [phhifr wos jcs khllfo`uf, Lfs Toiifr) Toiifr wos oncif phlctckol korthhicst ci tjf ?3>1s, but rfodfrs dcd iht sff fihu`jhn jcs korckoturfs) Tjfsf wfrf brusj-oid-cie korckoturfs wctj ospcdfry, citfisf lcif) Os Ncify modf Goke Loi`, Toiifr modf Jfiry

Bhltf) Tjf khitciuci` lcnf hn tjf `rfot bhdy hn whre fioblfd by hif

tfkjihlh`ckol rfvhlutchi cs ihw uidfr tjrfot nrhm oihtjfr) Tjf ifw cinhrmotchi tfkjihlh`y korrcfs wctj ct tjf phtfitcol th dromotckolly

Pord H–Ifcll ;?

‚Ontfr Bruf`jfl–, Pord H–Ifcll, pfrshiol khllfktchi



kjoi`f tjf mfdcum oid tjrfotfis tjf vfry survcvol hn ifwspopfrsci tjfcr kurrfit nhrm) Ifwspopfrs orf stru``lci` th odopt th tjfkjollfi`f hn tjf citfrift oid cts khlhicsotchi hn tjfcr trodctchiol

shurkf hn rfvfiuf—dcsploy oid klosscncfd odvfrtcsci ) Tjf rfsphisfhn ifwspopfrs citfriotchiolly th tjf pfrkfcvfd tjrfot hn tfkjihlh`ckol kjoi`f jos bffi th kut stonn oid sffe fkhihmcfs ciprhduktchi)

Tjf qufstchi ihw cs—wcll tjcs tcdf hn kjoi`f wosj owoy tjfdrowci`s tjot jovf bfkhmf port hn tjf ifwspopfr loidskopf8 Tjfkopokcty hn tjf ifw tfkjihlh`y, tjrhu`j Qjhthsjhp oid Cllustrothr,th krfotf qucke oid, mhrf cmphrtoitly, vfry kjfop, ropjck ort mfois

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Nchio Eotouseos

Tjf cifvctoblf qufstchi

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Tjfrf orf htjfr, lfssfr rfoshis wjy tjfrf orf sh nfw whmfi ciphlctckol korthhici`) Qortly, C suspfkt, ct cs bfkousf whmfi orf`fifrolly iht os `hhd ot tjf ifkfssory sfln-prhmhtchi oid portly bfkousf tjfrf gust dhi–t sffm th bf moiy whmfi wjh oktuolly woit th bf phlctckol korthhicsts) C–vf stru``lfd th uidfrstoid tjcs hif oidstcll jovf ih rfol cdfo wjy ct cs) Tjfrf orf plfity hn whmfi

ghuriolcsts) Nfmolf phlctckol khrrfsphidfits orf rflotcvfly wfllrfprfsfitfd ci tjf prfss `ollfry wctj whmfi sukj os Louro Tci`lf,Mckjfllf @rottoi oid Eorfi Mcddlfthi th iomf but o nfw) Qfrjopsct–s tjf sotcrf tjci`7 nfmolf khmfdcois orf vostly hutiumbfrfd by tjfcr molf khuitfrports, shmf hn wjhm pfrpftuotf tjf mytj tjot whmfi orf bchlh`ckolly uioblf th bf nuiiy) Qfrjops whmfi orf puthnn by wjot cs pfrkfcvfd os o molf-dhmciotfd whrld) Hr pfrjopstjfy–rf gust iht citfrfstfd) C rfolly dhi–t eihw)

C–m olsh hntfi osefd cn nfmolf phlctckol korthhicsts orf trfotfd oiy dcnnfrfitly th molf korthhicsts) Hi tjf wjhlf, C whuld soy tjot wforf iht, but tjfrf orf tjf hkkoschiol rfmcidfrs tjot yhu–rf ci o moi–s whrld) Pjfi C wos ncrst stortci` hnn, C fikhuitfrfd o nfw fdcthrs




wjh fxprfssfd surprcsf tjot o yhui` nfmolf whuld dh jord ifwskorthhis rotjfr tjoi, C supphsf, ò` whre hr wjot tjfy pfrkfcvfd oscdfitcncobly ‚nfmcicst– korthhis) Lotfr, wjclf whreci` nhr o

publckotchi tjot khvfrfd oll shrts hn kurrfit cssufs, C wos khistoitly `cvfi tjf shntfr shkcol stunn th whre hi) Pjfi C osefd th dh jordifws cistfod, C wos thld tjot tjf khitrcbutci` molf korthhicsts dcdi–tnffl khmnhrtoblf dhci` tjf mhrf ‚whmfi–s ecid hn cssufs–, oltjhu`jtjf fdcthr shhi kjoi`fd jcs mcid) Tjfsf fxpfrcfikfs, jhwfvfr, orfiht nrfqufit)

Ci 2116, ot tjf Oustrolcoi Korthhicsts– Osshkcotchi oiiuolkhinfrfikf, C wos osefd th bf hi o poifl hn ‚Ciey Lodcfs– wctj o nfw

nfmolf *ihi-phlctckol# ò` korthhicsts oid o khuplf hn korckoturcsts)[fvfrol hn tjf poifllcsts jod prfvchusly whi prfstc`chus korthhici` owords) Bfnhrf tjf khinfrfikf, o nlurry hn fmocls wos fxkjoi`fdfxprfssci` crrctotchi tjot wf wfrf bfci` sffi os whmfi ncrst oidkorthhicsts sfkhid, hr tjot hur korthhis khuld bf pfrkfcvfd osshmfjhw nfmolf) Mhst hn tjf poifllcsts jod hif hr twh oifkdhtfsobhut spfkcnck cikcdfits wjfrf tjfy wfrf trfotfd dcnnfrfitly, buttjfsf wfrf mhrf bfkousf hn cidcvcduol pfrkfptchis tjoi systfmck

sfxcsm) Fvfryhif nflt tjot bfci` nfmolf wos mhrf oi ‚cssuf– nhrfvfryhif flsf tjoi tjf whmfi wjh oktuolly dcd tjf korthhici`, oid wf nhkusfd hi wjot turifd hut th bf o mhst citfrfstci` dcskusschihi tjcs phcit) Hn khursf, tjf phhr hròicsfrs jod iht mfoit thkousf oiy shrt hn hnnfikf oid wfrf mhrtcncfd, but ct oll whrefd hut wfll)

Tjfrf cs hif woy tjot bfci` o whmoi jos o dcrfkt oid docly cmpokt hi my phlctckol korthhici`—mhtjfrjhhd) Jovci` o scx-

mhitj-hld boby oid o twh-oid-o-joln-yfor-hld shi dhfs iht onnfkttjf khitfit hn my korthhis, but ct kfrtocily onnfkts jhw C `h obhutdhci` tjfm, scmply bfkousf C usfd th jovf o lht mhrf tcmf oid spokfth dh my whre) Ihw, htjfr tjoi tjf twh hr tjrff doys o wffe my hldfr shi, Mox, `hfs th doy korf, C jovf o khuplf hn ecds wctj mf olltjf tcmf oid jovf th lctfrolly whre orhuid tjfm) Cn dfodlcifs noll hitjf doys C jovf bhtj kjcldrfi *wjckj tjfy dh, hi o wffely boscs#, Cgust jovf th gu``lf nurchusly) Lukecly korthhici` koi bf dhif ci sjhrt

bursts hn khikfitrotchi, uilcef, soy, wrctci`, wjckj dfmoids lhi` strftkjfs hn nhkusfd tcmf) C–vf trocifd joln my broci th `h woidfrci` ci phlctckol korthhici` loid wjclf tjf htjfr joln khikfitrotfs hi ployci` ci tjf pore hr bucldci` kubby jhusfs)



Nchio Eotouseos ;6

‚Kjcld prhdc`y–, Nchio Eotouseos,<jttp7((jhmf)cprcmus)khm)ou(neotouseos(Qhlctckol)jtm9

Ct–s kfrtocily iht cdfol, but ct koi bf dhif oid Mox dhfsi–t mcidthh mukj wjfi C stoid ot my drowci` bhord skrcbblci` owoy) Jf–susfd th ct oid toefs `rfot plfosurf ci cdfitcnyci` Ghji Jhword,

Olfxoidfr Dhwifr, @fhr`f P Busj oid Ecm Bfozlfy) C hily jhpfct lfovfs ih lostci` domo`f)

Bfkhmci` o korthhicst

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phlctckol spfktrum, lhvfd lfntcsj phlctckol sotcrf oid pcss-toeci` ci`fifrol) Tjf korthhi, obhut publck troisphrt, wos o krokeci` fxomplf hn

Qftty–s kjohtck, skrcbblfd stylf oid jod fxtro kjcps hn popfr postfd



oll hvfr ct th khvfr up o mcstoef hr odd mhrf th tjf cmo`f) Ct jui` hi tjf woll hn my jhusf os C wos rhwci` up, cts cie whre nodci` oidtjf bcts hn popfr nloeci` hnn, khllfktci` ot tjf bhtthm hn tjf nromf

lcef lor`f sihwnloefs) Hif hn my forlcfst mfmhrcfs cs hn dro``ci` okjocr up th tjf woll sh C khuld `ft o klhsf lhhe ot ct oid tjfi storci` ot tjf korthhi nhr o`fs, tryci` th uirovfl tjf mfsso`f) Ct wos tjfrfoid tjfi tjot C dfkcdfd tjot C lhvfd korthhis)

Tjrhu`jhut my kjcldjhhd, my porfits– khllfktchi hn Qfiùcis— bhtj Qftty oid Lfuic`—prhvcdfd jhurs hn fitfrtocimfit oid osmhròsbhrd hn nhhd nhr tjhu`jt) Bhtj korthhicsts sjhwfd tjotphlctckol khmmfitory dhfsi–t jovf th cikludf phlctckcois, oid tjot tjf

rc`jt mftopjhr koi bf whrtj nor mhrf tjoi o tjhusoid whrds) Tjfy olsh sjhwfd jhw blhhdy nuiiy korthhis koi bf—tjf tjhu`jt hn Brcoi Nci`frthi–s Bum Khikfrt stcll sfids mf cith porhxysms hn mcrtj)

Tjf potj th phlctckol korthhici`, jhwfvfr, cs ifctjfr wfll whriihr sft ci sthif) Tjfrf orf ifctjfr khursfs yhu koi dh th quolcny, ihrnhrmol kodftsjcps ci wjckj th lfori yhur kront) Olmhst oll tjfkorthhicsts C eihw sffm th jovf nollfi cith tjf prhnfsschi mhrf by okkcdfit hr fvhlutchi tjoi dfscì) Mhst jovf khmf nrhm oi ortboke`rhuid, htjfrs jovf bffi cispcrfd by o posschi nhr phlctcks, buttjfy oll sjorf oi ciiotf obclcty th toef tjf pcss)

Dfspctf my lhvf hn phlctckol korthhis, C–d ifvfr ospcrfd thbfkhmf o korthhicst mysfln) My korffr potj wos mhrf hn oiuifxpfktfd dfthur olhi` wjckj C blcidly stumblfd tjoi o wfll-lct scx-loifd nrffwoy stroc`jt th my kjhsfi prhnfsschi) C–d bffi citfrfstfdci phlctcks oid shkcol gustckf cssufs scikf kjcldjhhd, portly duf th my notjfr–s boke`rhuid os o phst‛[fkhid Phrld Por rfnu`ff oid my

khisfqufit oworfifss tjot Oustrolco wos iht gust o iotchi hn Oi`lh-Kflts) Pjclf ot jc`j skjhhl C bfkomf citfrfstfd ci tjhsf forly ?3:1scssufs hn iuklfor dcsormomfit, [hutj Onrckoi oportjfcd oid Kfitrol Omfrckoi phlctcks) Ot scxtffi, C rfod tjf Khmmuicst Moicnfsth oiddfkcdfd tjot hlf Eorl Morx jod oll tjf oiswfrs, mukj th tjf jhrrhrhn my dcf-jord Lcbfrol vhtci`, mc`roit-dhif-`hhd notjfr wjh stclljod lor`f iumbfrs hn rflotcvfs lcvci` ci Lctjuoico uidfr tjf tfrrcblfsjodhw hn tjf Crhi Kurtoci7

MF *ot dciifr toblf#7 @ufss wjot/ C–m o khmmuicst/

D OD *tjumpci` tjf toblf#7 SHV NVKECI@ ORF IHT/ Oiddhi–t yhu F^FR tfll yhur mhkcutf *Lctjuoicoi nhr `roidmhtjfr# tjot/

Khmck Khmmfitothrs ;>



MF *siffrci` ci tjf eihw-ct-oll woy tjot hily o scxtffi-yfor-hldsuburboi Morxcst koi#7 Jmmmpj/

Hi lfovci` skjhhl *ih lhi`fr o khmmuicst# C studcfd brhodkostghuriolcsm lhi` fihu`j th bfkhmf fitcrfly dcsclluschifd wctj tjfmfdco) C swhrf hnn ct nhr `hhd oid, cistfod, dcd oi jhihurs df`rffci Qhlctckol [kcfikf, nhkusci` hi Citfriotchiol Rflotchis oidDfvflhpmfit [tudcfs) Ontfr uicvfrscty, C wfit trovfllci` nhr o nfw yfors oid whrefd wctj vorchus dfvflhpmfit oid jumoi rc`jts ihi-`hvfrimfit hròicsotchis *I@Hs# ci Cidhifsco, Cidco oid tjfQjclcppcifs) Hi my rfturi th Oustrolco, C mhvfd th Mflbhurif oidstortfd whreci` nhr oi Oustrolcoi dfvflhpmfit I@H) Tjot, C

tjhu`jt, wos wjfrf my nuturf loy) C wos wrhi`) Ontfr lfss tjoi o yfor, C wos modf rfduidoit) C wosi–t olhif—o

loke hn nuidci` okrhss tjf I@H sfkthr sow mosscvf kutbokes ciolmhst fvfry ocd hròicsotchi, oid moiy pfhplf wfrf lfnt bottfrfdoid brucsfd) Qocd whre ci tjcs ncfld jod olwoys bffi jord th khmfby, but ihw tjfrf wfrf fvfi nfwfr hpphrtuictcfs) Jovci` suie cithdfspocr nhr o wjclf *os yhu dh#, C rfolcsfd C jod th moef o kjhckf7 Ckhuld fctjfr woctrfss by ic`jt oid vhluitffr by doy ci tjf jhpf hn

fvfituolly loidci` oihtjfr ocd ghb hr woctrfss by ic`jt oid try dhci` shmftjci` flsf by doy) Poctrfssci`—ot lfost ci tjf mfdcum tfrm— wos uiovhcdoblf) But wjot flsf8 Oi hld motf hn mcif su``fstfdkorthhici`)

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bf tjf hif rfsphiscblf nhr krfotci` phlctckol korthhis nhr oll moiifrhn I@H kompocìs) Lor`f phrtchis hn my broci wfrf dfdckotfd thtjcieci` obhut phlctcks, oiywoy) Fj, wjy iht8 C fmbrokfd tjfpfrshiol rfcivfitchi Wfct`fcst oid `ht th`ftjfr o phrtnhlch)

Tjot oll shuids vfry fosy but, ci trutj, C jod obshlutfly ih cdfo wjot C wos dhci` oid khmplftf khincdfikf tjot C whuld noclspfktokulorly) Pjot dhfs o prhnfsschiol phrtnhlch oktuolly lhhe lcef8 Pjot sjhuld C cikludf8 Jhw dh yhu khitokt publcsjfrs8 Th wjhmdh yhu sfid yhur whre8 Pcll C fid up lhheci` lcef o khmplftfdckejfod8 Ct wos ?330, bfnhrf fmocl rfvhlutchicsfd tjf wjhlfprhkfss) C khllfktfd shmf hld kords my nrcfids jod efpt oid shmf whre C–d dhif nhr kompocìs) C rfdrfw tjfm ifotly, pjhthkhpcfdtjfm, stuke tjf khpcfs th pcfkfs hn bloke, O6 popfr, modf o khvfr,

Nchio Eotouseos ;0



Khmck Khmmfitothrs ;:

‚Vi-Oustrolcoi volufs–, Nchio Eotouseos,

<jttp7((jhmf)cprcmus)khm)ou(neotouseos(Qhlctckol)jtm9

‚Tjf jhusf tjot gor`hi buclt–, Nchio Eotouseos,<jttp7((jhmf)cprcmus)khm)ou(neotouseos(Qhlctckol)jtm9



bhuid tjfm wctj twcif oid thhe o puit, sfidci` tjfm hnn th tjffdcthrs hn vorchus ports hn tjf tjrff brhodsjffts C wos nomclcor wctj)C olsh sfit khpcfs th fstoblcsjfd korthhicsts, Kotjy Pclkhx hn tjf

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O wffe lotfr, ihtjci` jod joppfifd oid sh C dfkcdfd th koll tjfifwspopfrs) O wffe ontfr tjot, C–d buclt up fihu`j khuro`f thoktuolly moef tjf kolls) Tjf O`f wos ncrst … oid lost) Tjf whmoi cikjor`f hn khmmcsschici` ortwhre thld mf sjf wos vfry tcrfd oidjod jod o tfrrcblf doy) [jf tjfi osefd cn sjf khuld bf bluit) [jf tjfisocd tjot C khuldi–t drow oid my whre wosi–t oiy `hhd) ‚Hj,– C socd,

iht rfolly surprcsfd, ‚Pfll, tjoies tjfi–) My korthhici` vfiturf woshvfr)

Os C ht rfody nhr my woctrfssci` sjcnt tjot ic`jt, tjf pjhif roi )Ct wos tjf fdcthr hn tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold –s hld ‚[toy ci Thukj–khlumi) Tjfcr rfùlor korthhicst jod bffi uioblf th prhvcdf okorthhi nhr tjot doy) Tjfy–d `ht my nhlch, lcefd my whre oid wfrf whidfrci` cn tjfy khuld usf hif hn my ò` korthhis th ncll tjf sphttjf ifxt doy) OID tjfy–d poy mf $;11 nhr tjf prcvclf`f/ Kollhh

Kolloy/ Tjf doy ontfr tjot, C `ht o lfttfr nrhm Eoz Khhef oid opjhif koll nrhm Kotjy Pclkhx) Bhtj wfrf fxtrfmfly nrcfidly,fikhuro`ci` oid khistruktcvf) My korthhici` vfiturf wos hi oòci)

Moeci` o lcvci` os o korthhicst

My prh`rfss, jhwfvfr, wos slhw) Os oiy nrffloikfr eihws, stortci` nrhm skrotkj cs o trckey buscifss) Ct–s o bct hn o Kotkj-22, ciosmukjos yhu iffd o rfputotchi th `ft whre but yhu iffd whre th `ft o

rfputotchi) C–d jod o lukey brfoe wctj tjf Jfrold , but tjot wos o hif-hnn oid o sci`lf publckotchi dhfs iht o korthhicst moef) C jod th `ftmf shmf `c`s)

Tjf moreft nhr phlctckol korthhis cs o smoll hif, ot lfost cn yhu–rflhheci` th `ft pocd nhr yhur whre) Tjfrf orf tjf moghr ifwspopfrsci fokj kopctol kcty, tjf rf`chiol doclcfs sukj os tjf Clloworro Mfrkury

hr Ifwkostlf Jfrold os wfll os o roi`f hn wffely, nhrtic`jtly hrmhitjly publckotchis wctj phlctckol khitfit, sukj os tjf Mflbhurif

Tcmfs , Bc` Cssuf hr Bullftci ) Tjf doclcfs jovf tjfcr stonn fdcthrcolkorthhicst—usuolly o blhef wjh–s bffi `lufd th jcs sthhl nhryfors—cn iht dfkodfs—oid jos buclt up jcs hwi stylf, vcsuolloiùo`f oid dfdckotfd nhllhwci ) Tjfsf korthhicsts orf cistctutchis,

Nchio Eotouseos ;3



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‚Dfotj eifll–, Nchio Eotouseos,<jttp7((jhmf)cprcmus)khm)ou(neotouseos(Qhlctckol)jtm9



C shhi rfolcsfd tjot o `lcttfrci` trogfkthry th null-tcmf phlctckolkorthhici` wos fxtrfmfly uilcefly oid tjot, ncrst oid nhrfmhst, Ciffdfd th lfori th drow phlctckcois prhpfrly) Ct toefs tcmf th `ft tjfrc`jt nffl nhr nokcol nfoturfs, tcmf nhr tjf korckoturf th bfkhmfkhmnhrtoblf) C–m iht o ioturol korckoturcst oid wos ifvfr hif hn tjhsf ecds wjh prhvhefd uprhorchus mcrtj omhi` tjfcr klossmotfsby drowci` pckturfs hn tjf dfputy prcikcpol sjo``ci` tjf tukesjhp

lody) C iffdfd th `ft shmf proktckf oid C iffdfd shmf ruis hi tjfbhord)

Tjf bfst tjci`s—ot lfost ci tjcs sto`f hn lcnf—wfrf nrffbcfs) Oustrolco–s phpulotchi, uilcef tjf Victfd [totfs hr tjf Victfd

Nchio Eotouseos 4?

‚Loid hn tjf jhmf, nrff hn tjf brovf–, Nchio Eotouseos,<jttp7((jhmf)cprcmus)khm)ou(neotouseos(Qhlctckol)jtm9



Eci`dhm, cs scmply thh smoll th sustoci o wcdf roi`f hn prhnctoblfshkch-phlctckol, hr kurrfit onnocrs, publckotchis) Tjfrf cs olsh tjf cssufhn tjf khikfitrotchi hn mfdco hwifrsjcp, wjckj fnnfktcvfly

squffzfs hut oiy rcvol publckotchis tjrhu`j ftjckolly dubchus buttfkjickolly lfòl mokjciotchis) But wf whi–t `h cith tjot) [unnckf ctth soy tjot ct–s blhhdy jord th effp o smoll moòzcif hr ifwspopfrhi tjf sjflvfs oid ci tjf bloke nhr oiy omhuit hn tcmf) Tjfrf orf,jhwfvfr, o iumbfr hn publckotchis rui nhr lhvf cn iht mhify, wctj wrctfrs, cllustrothrs oid korthhicsts khitrcbutci` nhr nrff hr, ot mhst,o smoll thefi poymfit) Tjf lhi`-ruiici`, lfnt-lfoici` quortfrly Orfio cs oi fxomplf, os cs tjf Koibfrro-bosfd Dcssfit ) Ci tjf lost nfw

yfors, tjf `rhwtj hn tjf citfrift jos lfd th o bur`fhici` hn moòzcif-stylf publckotchis hilcif, but mhst hn tjfsf, thh, civhlvflhw hr ih poy) Tjfsf posschi-nufllfd publckotchis orf `hhd plokfs thòci fxpfrcfikf, cn iht o sustocioblf cikhmf) C lforit obhut drowci`,dfodlcifs oid dcstcllci` oi ortcklf, oid ncidci` tjf rc`jt whrds oidcmo`fs th fxprfss ct vcsuolly)

Vichi publckotchis koi olsh bf `hhd plokfs th kut yhur phlctckolkorthhici` tfftj, oltjhu`j C dh nor mhrf uichi whre ihw tjoi C dcd wjfi C wos ncrst stortci` hut) Vichis olsh poy … but th voryci` df`rffs) *Ct koi bf osthicsjci` jhw hròicsotchis tjot kjompchi tjfrc`jt th nocr poy orf tjf ncrst th try th wjffdlf yhu, os o nfllhw trovfllfr, cith whreci` nhr nrff hr bu``fr oll)# ôrchus shkcol gustckf`rhups hr khmmuicty hròicsotchis, sukj os tjf [t ^cikfit df Qoulshkcfty, khmmuicty rodch stotchis hr tjf ^ckthrcoi Tfioits– Vichi,olsh prhdukf publckotchis tjot iffd korthhis hi vorchus kurrfitphlctckol hr shkcol cssufs)

Pjclf tjcs ecid hn whre prhvcdfs o `hhd trocici` `rhuid, ct koi

olsh bf khistrcktcvf bfkousf yhu orf khincifd by tjf poromftfrs hn tjf publckotchi, tjf citfrfsts hn tjf rfodfrsjcp, hr tjf thpck hn ospfkcnck ortcklf) Vichi moòzcifs woit cidustrcol rflotchis‛tjfmfdkorthhis, iht `ropjck cidcktmfits hn bhrdfr prhtfktchi lows)[pfkcolcst publckotchis ocm ot portckulor oudcfikfs wctj oi citfrfst cio portckulor roi`f hn cssufs) Ci quortfrly, mhitjly hr fvfi nhrtic`jtly publckotchis, tjf thpcks orf usuolly brhodfr oid lfss cmmfdcotf,scmply bfkousf oi cssuf wcll lhsf kurrfiky cn tjfrf–s mhrf tjoi o nfw

doys lo` bftwffi cts oppforoikf ci o docly ifwspopfr oid ctssubsfqufit oiolyscs ci oihtjfr publckotchi) O nrffloikfr mc`jt tjcie up tjf mhst brcllcoit, kuttci`, dfod-kfrt-nhr-o-Polelfy korthhi hi oifxtrfmfly thpckol phlctckol dfvflhpmfit, but uilfss tjfy orf `cvfi oi




ortcklf hi tjot vfry thpck th cllustrotf, hr ct ncts tjf krctfrco hn tjfpublckotchi, tjot korthhi cs oboidhifd, khidfmifd th tjf puròthry hn @rfot Cdfos Tjot Ifvfr Jod Tjfcr Tcmf)

Os oiy nrffloikfr wcll tfll yhu, tjf Jhly @rocl hn phlctckolkorthhici` cs tjf nrff spokf, oid tjf swfftfst whrds orf tjhsf hn oifdcthr7 ‚Toef ct5 ct–s yhurs hi o rfùlor boscs) Ncll ct os yhu wcsj) C trustyhu) Hj, oid hn khursf yhu–ll bf pocd prhpfr rotfs)– Iht hily cs o `c` lcef tjcs o trfmfidhus luxury, but ct trocis yhu th hbsfrvf oidoiolysf kurrfit onnocrs oid th dfvflhp o sfisf hn ifwswhrtjcifss) Ctolsh `cvfs yhu o kjoikf th tjcie obhut wjot–s rfolly pcssfd yhu hnn tjot wffe oid th toef ct hut hi o pcfkf hn popfr)

Iht oll nrff-spokf `c`s stort hut os phlctckol hifs) Ct–s o mottfr hn toeci` odvoito`f hn tjf nrffdhm yhu–rf `cvfi) Ontfr obhut scxmhitjs hn korthhici` C `ht my ncrst prhpfr, bc` popfr spht ci tjfmhitjly Oustrolcoi–s Rfvcfw hn Bhhes ) Tjf prfvchus korthhicsts joddhif `fifrol ò` korthhis, wjckj C dcd nhr o nfw mhitjs uitcl Crfolcsfd C jodi–t bffi thld iht th dh phlctckol korthhis oid C mc`jt os wfll `cvf ct o sjht) Tjot wos ncif wctj tjf fdcthr oid `rfot nui nhrmf) Tjf somf tjci` joppfifd obhut o yfor lotfr wjfi C skhrfd o wffely `c` wctj tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold –s ‚[toy ci Thukj– khlumi, wjfrf C–d jod my ncrst fvfr publckotchi) Cn C dcd o mhrf `fifrol ò` korthhi, C whuld nhkus hi cssufs uirflotfd th porlcomfit hr phlcky moeci`, but ihiftjflfss obhut tjf phlctcks hn shkcfty5 nhr fxomplf,[ydify–s hbsfsschi wctj rfol fstotf, tjf dhtkhm jypf hr whmfi citjf whreplokf) Ci o rfkfit ihi-phlctckol stcit ncllci` ci nhr Lfuic` hitjf wffefid [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , C cikludfd korthhis hiCitfllc`fit Dfscì, hbfscty, oid tjf Oustrolcoi hbsfsschi wctj sphrtoid nod dcfts) Tjfsf, th mf, orf stcll phlctckol ci o brhod sfisf)

Fvfi wctj tjf nrffdhm th pcke oid kjhhsf yhur subgfkt, tcmci` cs stcll hn tjf fssfikf) Nrffloikf phlctckol `c`s orf mhrf lcefly th bf wffely hr nhrtic`jtly tjoi docly oid sh oòci tjfrf cs tjf cssuf hn thpckolcty) O wffely spht ci o docly ifwspopfr ollhws nhr khvfro`f hn vfry kurrfit cssufs, os tjf korthhi hily iffd lost twfity-nhur jhursuitcl ct cs rfplokfd by oihtjfr) O wffely spht ci o wffely moòzcif,jhwfvfr, dfmoids o korthhi tjot wcll rftoci kurrfiky nhr o wjhlf wffe uitcl tjf ifxt publckotchi) C usfd th whre nhr o nhrtic`jtly

popfr wjckj jod o ncvf-th-icif-doy lo` bftwffi submcsschi hn tjfkorthhi oid tjf prcitci` oid dcstrcbutchi hn tjf publckotchi) Tjfrfnhrf C jod th kjhhsf phlctckol cssufs oid trfids tjot whuld stcllbf ci tjf rfodfrs– khiskchusifss ci tjrff wffes tcmf)

Nchio Eotouseos 4;



But o nrffloikfr borfly moefs o lcvci`

Pjclf nrffloikci` koi fxphsf yhu th oi fxkctci` vorcfty hn publckotchis, oudcfikfs oid dfodlcifs, ct jos cts drowbokes) [tonn korthhicsts whre rc`jt tjfrf ci tjf tjcke hn ct, wctj tjf buzz hn ifws,tjf khmpoiy hn ghuriolcsts oid tjf krctckol fyf hn tjfcr fdcthr) Tjfy orf o port hn tjf ifwspopfr) Nrffloikfrs, hi tjf htjfr joid, whre hi tjf hutsecrts hn tjf mfdco, hntfi olhif, khmmuickotci` hily by fmocl, tjfcr twh-oid-o-joln-yfor-hld shi *ci my kosf# tjf hily ovocloblf shurkf hn nffdboke) Tjfy orf o port hn tjfcr bfdrhhmsrotjfr tjoi hn ifwsrhhms) Ct koi bf vfry lhifly oid cshlotci )

Tjfi tjfrf orf tjf if`otcvfs hn whreci` nhr yhursfln7 Buscifss

Oktcvcty [totfmfits, tjf @[T, ih pocd jhlcdoys, ih motfricty lfovf)Ickeci` stunn nrhm tjf stotchiory kobcift hr moeci` lhi` dcstoikfkolls ot yhur fmplhyfr–s fxpfisf nffl stroi`fly nutclf) Tjfrf orf tjfuiprfdcktoblf drhps ci cikhmf oid, cn yhu kjuke o sckecf, tjf bhss OLPOS[ ncids hut) [tonn Kjrcstmos portcfs orf o shlctory onnocr)

Fmplhymfit khidctchis moef tjf Jhword `hvfrimfit–sPhreKjhckfs lhhe lcef tjf blufprcit nhr o porodcscokol dcktothrsjcp hn tjf prhlftorcot) Tjf mhify cs rotjfr hrdciory, fspfkcolly wjfi

khmporfd th tjot hn stonn fdcthrcol korthhicsts) Fmplhymfit cs hntficisfkurf, ot tjf bfjfst hn sfktchiol fdcthrs oid tjf wjcm hn tjf bfoikhuitfrs) Qoy, ci moiy kosfs, jos nollfi hvfr tjf lost icif yfors) Tjfrf orf usuolly ih khitrokts, oid tfrmciotchi koi hkkur wctjhutihtckf hr fvfi tjf khurtfsy hn o pjhif koll) Shu jovf th josslf th`ft whre, josslf th `ft pocd oid tjot cs o josslf ci ctsfln)

Hi thp hn oll tjot, tjfrf cs tjf poukcty hn whre) Ct–s olwoys bffio buyfr–s moreft, but ihw tjf moreft–s buyci` fvfi lfss) Ci tjf icif

yfors C–vf bffi o korthhicst, oll lor`f publckotchis jovf sui` tjf‚Bud`ft Blufs– oid ‚Rfsphiscbclcty th Hur [jorfjhldfrs– rfnrocis olcttlf lhudfr fvfry yfor) Nrffloikf korthhis, lcef pcfkfs hn nrffloikfghuriolcsm, orf sffi os luxurcfs, uiifkfssory fxtros, oid orf tjf ncrstnot th bf trcmmfd wjfi tjf bflt tc`jtfici` bf`cis) Qublckotchis lceftjf Bullftci , hikf lf`fidory os o trocici` `rhuid nhr buddci` korthhicsts, ihw jovf vfry lcttlf bloke-oid-wjctf ort) Tjfkhmpftctchi cs ncfrkfr tjoi fvfr)

Phre bf`fts whre) Rf`ulor publckotchi iht hily puts yhu ci tjfpublck fyf but olsh rfmcids fdcthrs tjot yhu stcll fxcst) Ct olsh mfoisyhu koi fitfr yhur whre ci prhnfsschiol fxjcbctchis, khmpftctchis hrbhhes, lcef tjf Iotchiol Musfum–s dcsploy hn tjot yfor–s phlctckol




korthhis, tjf Oustrolcoi Korthhicsts– Osshkcotchi–s [toilfy Owordshr [krcbf–s oiiuol khllfktchi, Bfst Oustrolcoi Qhlctckol Korthhis )Mocitocici` o prhnclf cs port hn tjf ghb) Ct–s o kosf hn publcsj hr bf

domifd) Pjfi tjf pckeci`s orf slcm, yhu jovf th toef wjot yhu koi, wjfrf

yhu koi, oid nhr wjotfvfr yhu koi `ft) Ci forly 2116, o nhrtic`jtly sotcrf ifwspopfr, Tjf Kjosfr , klhsfd dhwi) C–d bffi dhci` phlctckolkorthhis nhr tjfm nhr ncvf yfors oid, oltjhu`j ct pocd phhrly, ct woso noitostck `c`—o rfùlor spokf, khmplftf nrffdhm oid o rfkfptcvfoudcfikf) Mfoiwjclf, tjf moghr popfrs wfrf oll hi strckt bud`fts) Tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold jod fvfi kfosfd cts hld proktckf hn jcrci`

nrffloikfrs th ncll ci hi tjf Lfttfrs po`f wjfi stonnfrs wfit hijhlcdoys, usci` stonn cllustrothrs hr sthke pjhth`ropjs cistfod) Ontfrtjrff mhitjs wctj ih phlctckol `c`s ot oll, C wos stortci` th `ftdfspfrotf) C jod th `ft boke ci tjfrf, oid uipocd whre wos bfttfrtjoi ih whre ot oll) C moio`fd th ncid o rfùlor spht wctj Ifw Motcldo , o ifw hilcif moòzcif, oltjhu`j C wos `cvfi spfkcnckortcklfs th drow korthhis nhr oid khuld iht dfkcdf tjf thpck mysfln)C olsh khitciufd th dh nrffbcfs nhr o roi`f hn htjfr moòzcifs oidkousfs) Tjci`s slhwly pckefd up wctj o nfw uichi publckotchis, but,os C–vf fxplocifd, oll hn tjfsf sphts jod tjfcr lcmctotchis)

Lcvci` hi tjf bhifs hn yhur orts jos ifvfr bffi fosy, oidkorthhici` cs ih fxkfptchi) Dcvfrscnckotchi cs fssfitcol) Tjf bule hn my korthhici` cikhmf khmfs iht nrhm phlctckol ort but ò` korthhis) Hvfr tjf yfors, C–vf whrefd nhr ifwspopfrs oidmoòzcifs, cllustrotfd bhhes, prhdukfd `rfftci` kords oid dfscìfd T-sjcrts nhr Mombh) C–vf olsh bffi nhrkfd th dcvfrscny hutscdfkorthhici` olth`ftjfr, cikludci` bfci`, ot vorchus tcmfs, o port-tcmf

woctrfss, OBK rodch prhdukfr, lcnf drowci` mhdfl, uicvfrscty tuthr ci Oustrolcoi Qhlctcks oid o whrefr ci krcscs okkhmmhdotchi nhr lhi`-tfrm jhmflfss whmfi wctj dru` oid olkhjhl oid mfitol-jfoltjcssufs)

Pjclf C fighy tjf dcvfrscty hn nrffloikci`, C jotf tjf justlci` tjotcs o ifkfssory port hn tjf ghb oid om o tfrrcblf sfln-prhmhtfr) Copprhokj tjf wjhlf prhkfss wctj nfor oid lhotjci`, ncidci` ctkhmplftfly fxkrukcotci` oid th bf lor`fly ovhcdfd—wjfifvfr C nffl

lcef C sjhuld stort khitoktci` fdcthrs, C lcf dhwi uitcl tjf nfflci` hfsowoy) Tjcs cs, hn khursf, stupcd, khuitfrprhduktcvf oid fxtrfmfly bod nhr buscifss, but C koi–t jflp ct) C–m o nrffloikfr by ifkfsscty rotjfr tjoi tfmpfromfit)

Nchio Eotouseos 46



Cdfolly, C–d lhvf th whre os o null-tcmf *wfll, port-tcmf—C jovftwh smoll kjcldrfi# stonn phlctckol korthhicst) Tjcs, jhwfvfr, csuilcefly ci tjf nhrfsffoblf nuturf) Pctj sh nfw phsctchis iotchiwcdf,

ct–s ih whidfr stonn korthhicsts joi` hi nhr dfkodfs wjclfnrffloikfrs woct orhuid, bosckolly woctci` nhr shmfhif th, os OloiMhcr hikf socd, ‚noll hnn tjfcr sthhl–) Tjfrf cs scmply ih rhhm nhroiybhdy ifw)

Hkkoschiolly, ci my dorefst mhmfits, C khiscdfr kjukeci` ct ollci) Ct–s usuolly ci tcmfs hn nrffloikfrs– drhu`jt wjfi tjfrf–s ihtjci` orhuid oid ct sffms nutclf th effp jommfrci` owoy ot ct) Tjfi tjfdrhu`jt cs brhefi, shmf phlcky hr porlcomfitorcoi rfolly pcssfs mf

hnn, C `ft tjf hld ncrf ci my blhhd, oid C whuldi–t woit th bf dhci` oiytjci` flsf)




QORT CC

Khistrocits hi Korthhici`



4

Tjf Fdcthr oid tjf Korthhicst

Coi Motjfws

Pjfi tjcs bhhe oid my brcfn khitrcbutchi th ct wos ncrst khikfcvfd,korthhis publcsjfd ci o Doicsj ifwspopfr oid subsfqufitly ci

shmf htjfrs jod iht kousfd dfotjs, rchts, oid tjf thrkjci` hn fmbosscfs) Ihr jod korthhis kousfd tjf wctjdrowol hn ombossodhrs

ci prhtfst) Fquolly tjfy jod iht prhmptfd tjf [fkrftory-@fifrol hn tjf Victfd Iotchis, Ehnc Oiioi, tjf Qrfscdfit hn tjf Victfd [totfs,

@fhr`f P Busj, Eci` Obdulloj CC hn Ghrdoi, oid dhzfis hn htjfr

iotchiol lfodfrs th dfplhrf bhtj tjfcr publckotchi oid tjf vchlfikftjfy fxkctfd)

[ukj cs tjf phwfr hn tjf korthhicst oid publcsjfr th lc`jt o nusf

ci o vhlotclf whrld hn phlctcks osshkcotfd wctj rflc`chi) But ct joskjoi`fd olsh tjf khikfpt hn tjf phlctckol korthhi os tjf sonfty volvfth dcvfrt phlctckol tfmpfrs wctj sforci` jumhur) Tjcs cs portly

bfkousf tjf sfrcfs hn twflvf korthhis wfrf dflcbfrotfly khmmcsschifd by tjf Doicsj ifwspopfr Cylloids-Qhstfi shmf nhur

mhitjs bfnhrf tjf rchts oid tjf dfotjs tjfy kousfd) Ct jos bffisu``fstfd tjfrf wos oi oitc-cmmc`rotchi nlovhur th bhtj tjf

ifwspopfr–s rfoktchi th hbgfktchis oid th tjf Doicsj @hvfrimfit–scictcol dfnfikf hn nrff spffkj)?

Or`umfits tjot bhtj tjf cictcol publckotchi oid tjfcr rfprcitci` wfrf ci tjf iomf hn nrff spffkj rci` os jhllhw, os dhfs tjf

subsfqufit koll ci Croi th publcsj oitc-jhlhkoust korthhis)@rotucthus cisults orf iht nrff spffkj) Tjfy orf scmply o phcitlfss

prhvhkotchi)Fdcthrs jovf olwoys bffi olfrt th tjf khstly doi`frs hn

dfnomotchi fvfi cn moiy hn tjf rfphrtfrs oid htjfr wrctfrs wfrfiht) Qfrjops tjhsf wrctfrs kjhsf th lfovf th htjfrs tjot gud`mfit th




publcsj oid bf domifd hr publcsj oid bf sufd) But fdcthrs nflt tjfy wfrf hi mukj ncrmfr `rhuid wctj tjf whre hn korthhicsts) Tjcs wosiht bfkousf hn oiy tcmcdcty hi tjf port hn korthhicsts wjfi

lomphhici` tjf oktchis oid whrds hn phlctckcois oid tjfcr sfichrpublck sfrvoits) Nor nrhm ct) Tjf sonfty ift o korthhicst hnnfrs oifdcthr cs, hr usfd th bf, prf-Khpfijo`fi, tjot th toef umbro`f os tjfsubgfkt hn o korthhi cs th odmct yhu loke o sfisf hn jumhur) Nfw phlctckcois oid htjfr publck ncùrfs orf òmf th moef sukj oiodmcsschi)

Nhr khlumicsts oid fdcthrcol wrctfrs th wrctf tjot o phlctckcoi cs olcor rfqucrfs prhhn—prhhn tjot wcll stoid up th tjf tfst hn

cikhitrhvfrtcbclcty ci khurt5 tjot koi bf prhvfd th bf ci tjf publckcitfrfst5 oid tjot koi bf sjhwi iht th bf molckchus) Tjot cs wjy sukj wrctfrs rorfly okkusf publck ncùrfs hn tfllci` lcfs) Hi tjf htjfr joid,o korthhicst jos hily th `cvf jcs korckoturf o Qcihkkjch-lcef ihsf thkhivfy tjf somf mfsso`f) Hn khursf, ct cs phsscblf nhr sukj okorthhi th ottrokt o dfnomotchi wrct but tjf kjoikfs orf tjot tjfsubgfkt–s f`h wcll boule ot tjf odmcsschi hn ih sfisf hn jumhur)

Tjus Qcihkkjch oid o roi`f hn htjfr vcsuol mftopjhrs ollhw otcmcd hr sfiscblf fdcthr th fikhuro`f o korthhicst th ‚soy– tjf tjci`stjot koiiht sonfly oppfor ci tjf prcitfd whrd) Pjftjfr tjcs wcllkhitciuf th bf tjf kosf ci tjf woef hn tjf wcdfsprfod turmhclkousfd by tjf Doicsj korthhis wcll dfpfid, hbvchusly, hi tjfsubgfkt hn tjf korthhi) Jhwfvfr, ct whuld bf iocvf th bflcfvf tjotFurhpfoi korthhis mhkeci` o rflc`chus ncùrf, kousci` moyjfm oiddcplhmotck cikcdfits, koiiht bf fxplhctfd by htjfr `rhups nhr thtolly dcnnfrfit rfoshis) Fdcthrs oid korthhicsts moy bf ci tjf prhkfss hn jovci` tjfcr wci`s klcppfd)

Th tjf ihi-korthhicst, sukj os oi fdcthr, mhst hn tjf fdcthrcolstonn oid, hn khursf, tjf rfodfr, tjf korthhicst jos tjf whrld–s foscfstghb7 rfod tjf popfrs5 lcstfi th tjf ifws5 kjot th khllfoùfs5 squc``lfo nfw lcifs th kopturf o tjhu`jt—oid o korthhi cs bhri) Tjfcmprfsscvf lcst hn korthhicsts ci tjcs bhhe wcll, ih dhubt, put tjotmyhpck nurpjy th rfst oid C lfovf ct th tjfm th fxploci tjfcrcidcvcduol mftjhds hn whre)

C koi, jhwfvfr, dftocl shmf hn tjf jurdlfs fdcthrs rfqucrf

korthhicsts th lfop) Hkkoschiolly tjfsf orf tjf somf tjot o korthhicst wcll sft jcm hr jfrsfln, sukj os tjf iffd nhr tjf subgfkt hn o phlctckolkorthhi th bf bosfd hi tjf vfry lotfst ifws) Tjcs mfois tjot forly o`rffmfit hi tjf thpck hn tjf doy moy kjoi`f os fvfits prh`rfss)



Forly dronts moy jovf th bf substoitcolly oltfrfd hr fvfi skroppfd)

Korthhicsts eihw tjf fxtro whre civhlvfd5 fdcthrs orf hntfi lfss

uidfrstoidci`)

Qrhbobly hn nor mhrf khikfri th o korthhicst cs tjf fdcthr hrhtjfr ghuriolcst wjh jos oi ‚cdfo– nhr o korthhi) Korthhicsts orf

`rfot obshrbfrs oid odoptfrs hn cdfos, but tjfcr potcfikf cs tfstfd

wjfi o ihi-ortcst ottfmpts th dfskrcbf wjot jf hr sjf ‚sffs– os tjf

nciol prhdukt) Korthhicsts hn fvfi tjf mhst mcicmolcst skjhhl orf

khikfrifd obhut pfrspfktcvf, obhut nlhw, obhut wjot th fmpjoscsf

oid wjot whuld bf o dcstroktchi) Qfhplf wjh dh iht whre ci tjf

mfdcum hily khmf th rfolcsf tjcs wjfi ‚tjfcr cdfo– cs troislotfd cith

o sjorp, bctci` khmmfit nrhm tjf pfi hn o korthhicst) Tjcs dhfsi–t

ifkfssorcly sthp tjfm nrhm klocmci` krfdct nhr tjf korthhi)

Lorry Qckefrci`, tjf Koibfrro Tcmfs –s ncrst null-tcmf korthhicst,

wos o prhhn-rfodfr ci tjf doys hn jht mftol oid `ollfy prhhns) Jf

dhhdlfd korthhis ci jcs rfodfr–s bhhtj oid pciifd tjfm, vorchusly,

hi tjf wolls oid ci tjf odgokfit lovothry usfd by ghuriolcsts,

cikludci` tjf fdcthr, Ghji Olloi) Tjfy wfrf nuiiy oid shmf wfrf

rudf) [hmf wfrf `hhd fihu`j th bf okkfptfd by Qloybhy ) Ghji Olloi

fikhuro`fd Qckefrci` th drow phlctckol korthhis wjckj, Lorry

odmcts, wfrf o nor kry nrhm tjf vcsuols oid hif-lcifrs jf jod bffi

drowci ) Lorry–s cictcol tfkjicquf wos th drow joln o dhzfi hr sh

hutlcifs hn thpcks su``fstfd by tjf fdcthr hn tjf doy hr by shmf

htjfr ghuriolcst) Tjf fdcthr whuld tjfi kjhhsf wjot jf dfkcdfd wos

tjf mhst opt nhr tjot fdctchi oid Lorry whuld whre ct up th tjf

ncicsjfd korthhi) Pctjci o rflotcvfly sjhrt tcmf jf wos cictcotci` jcs

hwi phlctckol cdfos but stcll submcttci` sfvfrol nhr o nciol kjhckf)Fvfituolly, Qckefrci`–s seclls wfrf ihtckfd hutscdf Koibfrro oid jf

lfnt nhr tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold oid subsfqufitly tjf Oustrolcoi )

_uctf oport nrhm jcs df`rff ci phlctckol skcfikf, Qckefrci`–s

sukkfsshr, @fhnn Qryhr, dcd iht jovf th bf tou`jt phlctcks) Brhu`jt

up ci Koibfrro, @fhnn lcvfs oid brfotjfs phlctcks) Ct cs o pfrkfptchi

sjorfd by bhtj korthhicsts tjot o Koibfrro rfodfrsjcp cs nor mhrf

ottuifd th citfriotchiol oid dhmfstck phlctcks tjoi o brhodfr

rfodfrsjcp flsfwjfrf) Tjcs cs uidfrstoidoblf) Tjf nfdfrolporlcomfitory prfss `ollfry cs, olmhst fxkluscvfly, dfvhtfd th tjf

pfrshiolctcfs wctjci porlcomfit, tjfcr stru``lfs bftwffi portcfs oid

tjfcr ghkefyci` wctjci tjfcr hwi portcfs) But porty phlctcks cs iht tjf

Coi Motjfws 6?



hily broid ci thwi) Koibfrro sfftjfs wctj tjf phlctcks hn tjf publcksfrvckf) Ct cs o rckj vfci nhr tjf phlctckol korthhicst, but ct rfqucrfs orfodfrsjcp tjot jos bhtj oi citfrfst oid uidfrstoidci` hn tjf thpck)

Tjcs koi pfrjops bf bfttfr uidfrsthhd cn hif toefs o brcfn ifwsctfm hn, soy, o dfstruktcvf sthrm ci Ncgc) Nhr mhst Oustrolcois oid nhrifws hròicsotchis ct cs prhbobly whrtj o poro`ropj hr twh) Ctsfnnfkt hi Oustrolcois moy bf th upsft jhlcdoy orroi`fmfits hrrfqucrf shmf ottfitchi th o buscifss khiifktchi) Ci Koibfrro,jhwfvfr, sukj oi fvfit whuld mhst prhbobly fiò`f tjf ottfitchihn joln o dhzfi dfportmfits hn stotf7 Nhrfcì Onnocrs oid Trodf5 Otthrify-@fifrol–s5 Trfosury5 Dfnfikf oid pfrjops fokj hn tjf

ormfd sfrvckfs) Ct moy onnfkt, olsh, o iumbfr hn dcplhmotck mcsschisoid ocd o`fikcfs) Tjus, wjot cs o mcihr ifws ctfm flsfwjfrf ci Oustrolco, koi civhlvf, jhwfvfr brcfnly, juidrfds hn publck sfrvoits,nrhm guichr klfres th sfichr phlcky odvcsfrs) Koibfrro cs ih lhi`fr othtol publck sfrvckf kcty, but cts prcvotf whrenhrkf cs stcll dfpfidfithi tjf buscifss hn `hvfrimfit) Khmpftctchi bftwffi dfportmfitsoid tjfcr burfoukrots cs os effi os tjot bftwffi nrhit bfikjfrs hrbftwffi bokebfikjfrs)

Korthhicsts jovf th bf oworf hn wjot tjfcr rfodfrsjcp koiopprfkcotf, nrhm tjf `fifrol phlctckol khmmfit th tjf cinc`jtci` bftwffi oid wctjci `hvfrimfit dfportmfits) Hvfr tjf post nfw yfors, sfichr publck sfrvoits jovf ncùrfd ci o iumbfr hn porlcomfitory khmmcttff ciqucrcfs, mukj th tjf dflc`jt hn korthhicsts) [cmclorly, tjf rcsf oid rcsf hn mcicstfrcol odvcsfrs jos`cvfi o wjhlf ifw mfoici` th tjf pjrosf ‚Khmf ci spciifr– oidprhvfd o brhodfici` ncfld nhr tjf phlctckol korthhicst)

Crhickolly, tjf wcdfr tjf ncfld hn phlctckol korthhici`, tjf mhrf

hpphrtuictcfs tjfrf orf nhr `cvci` hnnfikf oid subsfqufit lfòloktchi hr sfttlfmfit) Qrcvotf cidcvcduols, sukj os sfichr publcksfrvoits oid mcicstfrcol odvcsfrs, wjotfvfr tjfcr prhnclf, orf ihtkhistrocifd by cmprfssci` vhtfrs wctj tjfcr thlfroikf oid sfisf hn jumhur) Pjfrfos o phlctckcoi wcll hntfi sffe th hbtoci oi hrc`ciol hn o korthhi phrtroyci` jcm hr jfr os o khmplftf mhrhi, tjcs cs lfsslcefly th bf tjf kosf wctj tjhsf ‚hily dhci` tjfcr ghb–)

Ct cs hntfi socd tjot phlctckcois ossumf tjf oppforoikf hn tjfcr

korckoturfs) Tjfcr loke hn jfc`jt, tjfcr fxo``frotfd hbfscty,prhmcifit ihsf, fyfs oid fors oll bfkhmf o sjhrtjoid scìoturf nhro korthhicst–s vcfw) Tjfsf mcihr dfnomotchis orf os mukj tjfkorthhicst–s scìoturf os jcs hr jfr iomf ci tjf khrifr) Tjfy orf olsh




o shuid oid khitciuci` rfoshi nhr oi fdcthr th fikhuro`f tjf hvfr-fmpjoscs hn bhtj pjysckol oid pfrshiolcty trocts) Rfodfrscmmfdcotfly cdfitcny wctj tjfsf korthhi kjoroktfrs, jhwfvfr

dcsthrtfd tjfy orf) [cmclorly, wjfi o korthhicst drfssfs hif hn jcsnomclcor phlctckol kjoroktfrs ci uitypckol òrb—mclctory uicnhrm,skjhhl`crl drfss, nhhty tfom strcp—tjf rfodfr moefs tjf lcie bftwffi tjf kjoroktfr oid phlctckol khitfit hn tjf korthhi)

Tjcs cmmfdcoky hn rfodfr cdfitcnckotchi hn tjf thpck oid tjfpuikj-lcif ci o korthhi cs kfitrol th bhtj tjf korthhicst–s kront oidtjf fdcthr–s rfoshi nhr publckotchi) Ifctjfr woits rfodfrs th skrotkjtjfcr jfods puzzlci` obhut tjf mfsso`f) Cistoit rfkhìctchi, cistoit

uidfrstoidci`, oid cistoit rfoktchi orf tjf pciioklf hn o korthhicst–sfnnhrts) Tjcs cs quctf dcnnfrfit nrhm tjf lctfrory fnnhrts hn, soy, olfodfr wrctfr, wjh sjhuld sft hut tjf nokts, tjf prhs oid khis hn oiorùmfit, oid khmf th o lh`ckol khikluschi th supphrt o phcit hn vcfw5 iht tjot tjcs cs tjf uicvfrsol proktckf hn hpcichi wrctfrs, sodly)Ct moy toef rfodfrs shmf tcmf th okkfpt tjot phcit hn vcfw, cn,cidffd, tjfy dh ot oll)

Tjcs cs, pfrjops, tjf efy th uidfrstoidci` korthhi publcsjci`)Rfodfrs orf iht dfolci` wctj lh`ckol orùmfits sft hut ci prhsf) Tjfy orf khinrhitfd wctj o pckturf tjot fikopsulotfs oi cdfo) Ct cs omftjhd hn khmmuickotchi nor hldfr tjoi wrctci` oid jos o nor mhrfcmmfdcotf fnnfkt) Pjftjfr wf study kovfmoi–s rhke ort hr jffdthdoy–s cmpfrotcvf rhod scìs, o khmplfx cdfo cs troismcttfd nrhm tjfortcst th tjf vcfwfr ci hif scmplf `loikf) Nhr cistoikf, o scìcidckotci` o roclwoy krhssci` o rhod cs cidckotfd by o troci tjot nfw yhui` pfhplf jovf fvfr sffi—o stfom troci—yft tjf mfsso`f cscistoitly uidfrsthhd) Tjf Qcihkkjch ihsf cs cistoitly rfkhìcsfd os

bflhi`ci` th o lcor fvfi nhr tjhsf pfhplf wjh jovf ifvfr rfod tjfsthry hr sffi tjf Dcsify vfrschi) Tjfsf moy bf ortcstck klckjãs buttjfy whre th bhtj tjf korthhicst–s odvoito`f oid tjot hn tjfpublcsjfr)

Ct cs tjcs ciiotf obclcty hn shkcftcfs th citfrprft pckturfs ci tfrmshn khmplfx phlctckol tjhu`jt tjot `cvfs tjf phlctckol korthhicst tjfphwfr hn pfrsuoschi oid fijoikfs o publckotchi–s rfputotchi) Ci tjfmcd-?301s, C wos osefd by o nhrfcì dcplhmot wjot whuld bf oi cdfol

nhrm hn kulturol fxkjoi`f bftwffi jcs khuitry oid Oustrolco, `cvfitjot fxpfiscvf hrkjfstros wfrf iht hi tjf o`fido) C su``fstfd oifxjcbctchi hn korthhis, ihif hn wjckj khuld rfly hi koptchis ciKyrcllck skrcpt th moef tjfcr phcit) Ci duf khursf oi fxjcbctchi wos

Coi Motjfws 6;



sto`fd yfors bfnhrf tjf fid hn tjf Khld Por—oid fvfry phlctckol*oid ihi-phlctckol# korthhi wos cmmfdcotfly uidfrsthhd oidopprfkcotfd) Loi`uo`f borrcfrs orf frfktfd by loi`uo`fs) ^csuol

cmo`fs koi krhss vcrtuolly oll sukj bhuidorcfs) Oid lou`jtfr, wry smclfs, prckefd khiskcfikfs oid wcsf ihds orf tjf rfsult) Oi oddfdcrhiy nhr fdcthrs oid korthhicsts, wjotfvfr tjf sczf hn tjf kcrkulotchihn tjfcr ghuriol, cs tjf trcbutf hn o korthhi bfci` kut hut oid pciifdth oi hnnckf ihtckf bhord hr stuke hi tjf nrcd`f dhhr) Tjf mfsso`flcvfs hi)

Tjcs uicvfrsol oppfol hn tjf korthhi, wjftjfr jumhrhus hr oshkcol khmmfit, puts bhtj tjf mfdcum oid tjf korthhicst ci tjot

spfkcol brokeft hn fdcthrcol stonn) Tjfrf cs ih substctutf nhr tjotdcrfkt, cmmfdcotf oid hntfi fxplhscvf rfodfr rfoktchi th tjf wfll-krontfd oid opphsctf korthhi) Qublcsjci` tjfm cs o ghy)




6

Kfishrsjcp oid tjf Phreci`

Korthhicst

Oloi Mhcr

‚C dh iht o`rff wctj Lhw) C jovf rorfly dhif sh) C dh iht citfrnfrf

wctj Lhw) C jovf ifvfr dhif sh)– [h socd Lhrd Bfovfrbrhhe, hwifr

hn Lhidhi–s Fvfici` [toidord )

Dovcd Lhw jod ghcifd tjf [toidord ci ?320 oid jod sfkurfd o

nomhus ‚khmplftf nrffdhm– klousf ci jcs khitrokt, klocmci` ct nrffd

jcm nrhm bhtj fdcthrcol oid prhprcfthrcol khitrhl) Tjf rfolcty wos o lcttlf dcnnfrfit, okkhrdci` th Dr Tcmhtjy

Bfishi, o jc`jly rfspfktfd Victfd Eci`dhm rfsforkjfr wjh bosfd

jcs dhkthrotf hi tjf cssuf) Lhw wos ollhwfd th khmf up wctj

wjotfvfr korthhi jf lcefd, but Bfovfrbrhhe `ovf jcmsfln tjf rc`jt

th rfnusf ct) Tjus sfvfrol korthhis dcdi–t moef ct th tjf sfkhid

fdctchi hn tjf popfr)

Ifvfrtjflfss Lhw jod stcll whi nor mhrf ‚nrffdhm– tjoi oiy

korthhicst jod jod bfnhrf hi Nlfft [trfft, wjfrf tjfy wfrf fxpfktfdth thf tjf popfr–s fdcthrcol lcif, tjf korthhi hntfi bfci` dcktotfd by

tjf fdcthr)

Lhw stoyfd wctj Bfovfrbrhhe nhr twfity-tjrff yfors, durci` tjf

?3;1s oid –41s, jcs `rfotfst pfrchd, oid durci` tjot tcmf `rfw th

sfisf wjot Bfovfrbrhhe moy oid moy iht opprhvf hn, sh ovhcdci`

tjf fmborrossmfit hn jovci` th odmct th bfci` ‚kfishrfd–)

Oid tjcs cs `fifrolly tjf sctuotchi tjot jos bffi `roduolly

odhptfd ci Oustrolco, wjfrf, `fifrolly, hi tjf mftrhphlctoi popfrstjf korthhicst jos tjf rc`jt th jcs hr jfr hwi hpcichi fvfi cn ct

khitrodckts tjf fdcthrcol lcif, sh lhi` os ct stoys wctjci tjf ihtchiol

lcifs hn dfnomotchi low oid hn ‚tostf–)




Oid jfrf, ci tjf lottfr, lcfs o qucft kfishrsjcp ci Oustrolco)Hpfi phlctckol kfishrsjcp sfldhm orcsfs *C spfoe jfrf hn tjf

moghr fdcthrcol korthhi ci tjf mftrhphlctoi popfrs#, tjhu`j ct

shmftcmfs oppfors uidfr tjf klhoe hn ‚tostf–) Ontfr sfvfrol yfors tjfkorthhicst `rhws th uidfrstoid wjot tjf fdcthr ot tjf tcmf moy okkfpt) Tjf ifwspopfrs `fifrolly ollhw o thtolly hpfi hpcichi, hntfici dcrfkt khitrodcktchi th tjf popfr–s fdcthrcol, ci tjf citfrfst hn dcvfrscty)

Dcvfrscty hn hpcichi cs cmphrtoit ci Oustrolcoi ifwspopfrs os, cihrdfr th survcvf, tjfy must stroddlf o wcdf krhss-sfktchi hn tjf kcty ci wjckj tjfy–rf bosfd, uilcef tjfcr Victfd Eci`dhm hr Victfd

[totfs khuitfrports wjckj jovf fihrmhus ‚kotkjmfits– oid koinhkus hi portckulor shkcol stroto)[h, fdcthrs bfkhmf vfry wory hn uiifkfssorcly hnnfidci` wcdf

trokts hn rfodfrs, fctjfr ci korthhis hr wrcttfi ortcklfs) Tjfy jovf tjfprhblfm hn boloikci` oi citfrfstci` dcvfrscty hn hpcichi, hntfiprhvhkotcvf, wctjhut hnnfidci` rfodfrs oid lhsci` tjfm)

Qhlctcks cs jfld os nocr òmf, oid iforly oiy korthhi fxprfssci` o‚nocr hpcichi– bosfd hi fvfits koi bf publcsjfd ci oiy moghr popfr) Oi fdcthr moy khmploci cn o korthhicst effps boi`ci` hi obhut tjfsomf subgfkt nhr wffes hi fid, but tjot khmplocit cs mhrf obhuteffpci` tjf popfr citfrfstci`)

[hmftcmfs phlctckcois hr mfmbfrs hn tjf ihi-fdcthrcol fxfkutcvfottfmpt th stcnlf korthhicsts) Bhtj fxomplfs hn tjfsf jovf joppfifdth mf, oid C eihw hn o khuplf hn htjfr korthhicsts wjh jovf khmfuidfr scmclor prfssurfs) But C wcll hily rflotf my hwi fxomplfs, os Ceihw tjfm okkurotfly)

[hmf tcmf o`h C wos whreci` ci _uffisloid nhr tjf Khurcfr-Mocl

durci` tjf Bgflef-Qftfrsfi fro, oid tjf popfr oid C wfrf tjrfotfifd,by tjf tjfi Dfputy-Qrfmcfr Lfw Fdwords ci o lfttfr drowi up by tjf _uffisloid [hlckcthr-@fifrol, wctj lfòl oktchi bfkousf shmfkorthhis hn mcif su``fstfd tjf _uffisloid @hvfrimfit mc`jt bfdcsjhifst)

But olsh, oid mhrf cmphrtoitly, Mr Fdwords wos klocmci` dfnomotchi bfkousf C rcdckulfd jcs pfrshiol nfoturfs) Tjfy dfmoidfd o publcsjfd ophlh`y) Nhrtuiotfly, tjf tjfi Fdcthr-ci-

Kjcfn, Jorry @hrdhi, bokefd mf, hur lfòl odvcshrs nokfd tjfmdhwi oid tjf cssuf nczzlfd owoy) But ct rocsfd o phtfitcol doi`fr nhrkorthhicsts7 orcsci` iht nrhm tjf hpcichi hn tjf `hvfrimfit, os tjotkhuld bf orùfd os ‚nocr khmmfit–, but nrhm tjf korckoturci` hn



Fdwords by rcdckulci` jcs nfoturfs, wjckj uidfr low, tjrhu`jhut

Oustrolco, khuld bf dffmfd os ‚molckchus– oid iht khitocici` oiy

‚nocr khmmfit–) Cn whi, vco khurt hr ophlh`y, ct khuld jovf sft okrcpplci` prfkfdfit nhr tjf prhnfsschi—o phtfitcol ‚kfishrsjcp hi

korckoturf–)

Ot obhut tjf somf tcmf, o moghr bhord mfmbfr hn _uffisloid

Ifwspopfrs, wjh wos olsh oi fx-fdcthr-ci-kjcfn, sfit o lfttfr th tjf

fdcthr khmplocici` tjot my korthhis rcdckulci` tjf `hvfrimfit

khuld lfod th ‚oiorkjy ci _ld– oid khuld tjf fdcthr dh shmftjci` th

‚thif Mhcr dhwi–)

Tjf lfttfr wos lfoefd th mf, but ihtjci` wos fvfr socd) C–m iht

surf cn tjf lfoeci` wos o rhuidobhut woy hn worici` mf hr cn ct wos

sfit th mf eihwci` C–d bf omusfd) But tjf ottfmpt th kfishr noclfd)

Lotfr, shhi ontfr ghcici` tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , C jod o

korthhi obhut tjf tjfi Ifw [hutj Polfs Qrfmcfr, Ifvcllf Proi,

drhppfd nrhm tjf sfkhid oid tjcrd fdctchis hn tjf popfr oid

rfplokfd by o V[ korthhi) C wos thld tjf ifxt doy tjot ct wos

dfnomothry *sff bflhw#) But C eifw tjcs khuld iht bf, oid rfqufstfdtjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold lf`ol odvcshr *wjh jod iht sthppfd tjf

korthhi# th fxploci th mf nhr my nuturf rfnfrfikf tjf orfos ci wjckj

ct wos dfnomothry) Jf nhuid ct wos iht dfnomothry ci oiy woy)

Oloi Mhcr 60

‚Hpphsctchi Lfodfr Efctj Prc`jt prhmcsfs “jhifst” `hvfrimfit–, Oloi Mhcr, Khurcfr-Mocl , ?3:2



Tjf prfmcfr orhuid tjot tcmf jod bffi tjrfotfici` th wctjdrow `hvfrimfit odvfrtcsci` nrhm tjf popfr, oid ct sffmfd oi fdcthr, hrshmfhif mhrf sfichr, jod blciefd)

[cikf tjfi, tjhu`j, ci twfity yfors C–vf ifvfr jod o korthhieihkefd boke nhr phlctckol rfoshis) Oustrolcoi korthhicsts, oid tjfcrfdcthrs *hntfi nhr`httfi#, orf ihtoblf nhr tjfcr oudokcty thwordsphlctckcois)

Khmmfitci` hi buscifss lfodfrs, tjhu`j, cs oihtjfr mottfr, ihthily nhr korthhicsts but olsh nhr wrctci` ghuriolcsts) [thrcfs hrkorthhis hi pfhplf lcef Efrry Qokefr, Molkhlm Turibull hr GomfsJordcf Ltd orf tjhrhu`jly fxomcifd by lfòl odvcshrs bfnhrf

publckotchi, lfst tjfy moy bf klocmfd th bf ‚molckchus pfrsfkutchi–) Tjcs cs tjf kfishrsjcp by tjrfot hn lfòl oktchi, wjckj cs tjf mhstkhmmhi typf hn kfishrsjcp hn oiy whreci` korthhicst)

Tjf mhst nomhus kosf oòcist o korthhicst wos wjfi tjforkjctfkt Jorry [fcdlfr sufd tjf Iotchiol Tcmfs ci tjf mcd-?3:1shvfr o korthhi by Qotrcke Khhe wjckj su``fstfd cn [fcdlfr dfscìfdo rftcrfmfit vcllo`f tjf rfscdfits whuld bf efpt ci smoll khikrftfbhxfs) Ct wos o drowi-hut kosf wjckj [fcdlfr fvfituolly lhst, lhheci` vfry nhhlcsj ot tjf fid, oid `cvci` tjf korthhi fidlfss khvfro`f)

Mhst lfodfrs prfnfr th ploy olhi` wctj tjf rcdckulf rotjfr tjoi thnc`jt ct) Tjcs jos o scìcnckoit prfkfdfit ci iciftffitj-kfitury Nroikf wjckj lfd th tjf rflotcvf fxprfsscvf nrffdhm tjot korthhicstsihw jovf ci tjf nrff-prfss hn tjf Pfstfri dfmhkrokcfs) Ci ?:;2 tjfNrfikj korthhicst oid publcsjfr Kjorlfs Qjclcphi wos cmprcshifdnhr korckoturci` tjf tjfi Nrfikj Eci`, Lhucs-Qjclcppf, os o pfor) ‚Lophcrf– *Nrfikj nhr ‚pfor–# olsh, ot tjot tcmf, rfnfrrfd th shmfhif hrshmftjci` tjot wos stupcd) *Ct jos cts rfmioits ci hur loiùo`f wjfi

wf rfnfr th shmftjci` ‚`hci` pfor-sjopfd–)# Jhwfvfr, tjot khurtkosf wos olsh drowi hut, oid tjf kjor`f wos nhr ‚@hci` Thh Nor–— wjot wf whuld koll ‚bod tostf–) ‚Ih jorm ci o bct hn nui–, tjfoutjhrctcfs orùfd ci tjfsf kosfs, ‚but hvfrstfp tjf more oid tjfkorckoturf bfkhmfs subvfrschi–)

Tjf kosf drfw publckcty tjrhu`jhut Nroikf, oid tjf rfst hn Furhpf òcifd `rfot plfosurf nrhm rfphrtci` tjf prhkffdci`s cidftocl) [h tjf eci` whi o pyrrjck vckthry, bfci` subgfktfd th mukj

mhrf rcdckulf tjoi whuld jovf bffi tjf kosf cn jf jod cìhrfd tjfkorthhis)

Ontfr tjot ct bfkomf o khivfitchi ci Nroikf, oid ci mhst hn Furhpf, th thlfrotf sotcrckol korthhis, oid tjcs khivfitchi bfkomf o




moghr nhuidotchi ci tjf bucldci` hn tjf nrff prfss hn tjf Pfst) Buttjf kjor`f hn ‚`hci` thh nor–, hr ‚bod tostf– stcll lci`frs os o sclfitkfishr wjfi opprhokjci` shkcol `rhups) Tjcs lfods th o kfrtociomhuit hn sfln-kfishrsjcp ci tjf prhnfsschi, mukj hn ctuikhiskchus)

Ci shmf woys, tjf korthhicsts hn tjf forly Bullftci jod mhrf‚nrffdhm– th korthhi tjfcr prfgudckfs tjoi wf dh thdoy) Tjcs lfd thtjf ‚nrff–, but wjot wf whuld ihw sff os objhrrfit, oitc-Kjcifsf,

oitc-[fmctck, oid oitc-whmfi korthhis tjot oppforfd ci tjf yforsbftwffi ?::1 oid tjf Ncrst Phrld Por) Oiy korthhicst rf`ulorly ottokeci` portckulor shkcol `rhups whuld

ihw rfkfcvf sjhrt sjrcnt nrhm fdcthrs, tjhu`j tjhsf `rhups wctj

Oloi Mhcr 63

Lfttfr nrhm tjf Dfputy-Qrfmcfr Lfw Fdwords th tjf Fdcthr-ci-Kjcfn Jorry @hrdhi, 2 Dfkfmbfr ?3:2



spfkcol o`fidos, sukj os nfmcicsts, prh-molf `rhups, oitc- hr prh-obhrtchicsts, hr prh- hr oitc-futjoiosco `rhups whuld bf sffi os nocr

`omf)Qortckulor rflc`chus bflcfns orf `fifrolly o ‚ih-`h– orfo)

Ifvfrtjflfss, kjurkj rulci`s tjot kut cith shkcfty–s bflcfns ci `fifrol,sukj os somf-sfx morrco`f, hrdciotchi nhr whmfi oidkhitrokfptchi, orf hpfi, tjf fdcthrcol ottctudf bfci` tjot tjfsf orforfos tjot khmf wctjci ‚publck-dfbotf–) Mhrfhvfr, korthhicsts orfmhrf lcefly th bf lcmctfd, hr ‚kfishrfd–, by tjfcr hwi prfgudckfs tjoiby oiy nhrmol kfishrci`, hr kfisurci`)

Lfnt- hr rc`jt-wci` ‚phlctckol khrrfktifss– koi lcmct tjfkorthhicst–s kjhckf hn subgfkt mottfr) Qfrshiol bcos moy lcmct tjf woy ci wjckj tjf kjhsfi subgfkt cs opprhokjfd5 tjot cs, tjf kjoroktfrs oidtjf fxtfit, hr vckchusifss, hn tjfcr dfpcktchi) Tjf fdcthrcol

Khmck Khmmfitothrs >1

‚Proi gumpci`–, Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , ?3:4



korthhicst–s quoidory cs, tjus, th bf subgfktcvf oid fmhtcvf, but cidoi`fr hn lokeci` pfrspfktcvf, hr th ottfmpt th bf hbgfktcvf, butpfrjops, hi tjf woy, lhsci` tjf posschi tjot moefs o strhi` korthhi)

Tjf htjfr lostci` tcmcdcty ci docly ‚nomcly– ifwspopfrs cs sfxuolprudfikf) Fvfry korthhicst whuld jovf jod dcnnckultcfs ci tjcs orfo) Pjclf C wos hi tjf Khurcfr-Mocl C wos osefd th cllustrotf oi ortcklfobhut thplfss botjci` ot [urnfrs Qorodcsf) Ci o vfry lc`jt-jfortfdkorthhi C put ci lcttlf dhts nhr tjf icpplfs) Tjf dhts wfrf pocitfd hut wjfi ct wos publcsjfd)

Fdcthrcol korthhici` oid kfishrsjcp cs o whre ci prh`rfss)

Oloi Mhcr >?



>

Qhlctckol Korthhicsts oid tjf Low

Flczobftj Joidslfy oid Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi

Qhlctckol korthhicsts nffl vorchus nhrkfs nhr ‚kfishrsjcp– hi oid citjfcr whre) Hntfi tjfsf orf cinhrmol prfssurfs tjot orf bosfd himhrol hr khmmfrkcol citfrfsts, hr tjf omhrpjhus ihtchi hn ‚`hhdtostf–)? Tjcs kjoptfr sffes th nhkus hi tjf nhrmol lfòl prfssurfs hikorthhicsts) Pf suspfkt tjot korthhicsts nfor *oid orf lfd th nfor by koutchus fdcthrcol stonn# mhrf lfòl soiktchi tjoi cs lcefly th bf tjfkosf, oid tjot ‚lfòllci`– hn korthhis bfnhrf publckotchi cs hntfi okhvfr nhr htjfr sfisctcvctcfs) But wf ncrst iffd th lhhe ot tjf stotf hn tjf low)

Tjf lfòl romcnckotchis hn korthhici` hkkur ontfr tjf nokt wjfishmfhif khmplocis, bfkousf phlctckol korthhis orf jc`jly uilcefly thbf kou`jt by tjf Hnnckf hn Nclm oid Lctfroturf Klosscnckotchi–s prf-publckotchi vfttci` systfm) Nclms oid khmputfr òmfs must bfklosscncfd prchr th dcstrcbutchi, but tjf hily ‚lctfroturf– tjot iffds thbf submcttfd nhr sukj vfttci` cs tjot wjckj7

jovci` rfòrd th tjf Khdf oid tjf klosscnckotchi ùcdflcifs thtjf fxtfit tjot tjfy rflotf th publckotchis, khitocis dfpcktchishr dfskrcptchis tjot7

o) orf lcefly th kousf tjf publckotchi th bf Urfnusfdklosscnckotchi]5 hr

b) orf lcefly th kousf hnnfikf th o rfoshioblf odult th tjffxtfit tjot tjf publckotchi sjhuld iht bf shld hr dcsployfdos oi uirfstrcktfd publckotchi5 hr

k) orf uisuctoblf nhr o mcihr th sff hr rfod)2



Khmck Khmmfitothrs >4

Os tjf Khdf oid tjf @ucdflcifs rflotf prcmorcly th sfx, dru`s,

krcmf, kruflty, vchlfikf, oid rfvhltci` hr objhrrfit pjfihmfio, ct

whuld bf vfry uiusuol nhr tjf publcsjfr hn o phlctckol korthhi th bf

rfqucrfd th submct ct ci odvoikf) Oltjhu`j ct cs iht cikhikfcvoblftjot phlctckol sotcrf khuld bf khiscdfrfd ‚submcttoblf– cn ct thukjfs hi

hif hn tjfsf subgfkts;, tjcs kjoptfr nhkusfs hi twh orfos hn low tjot

orf hn nor `rfotfr proktckol scìcnckoikf th korthhicsts)

Rokcol vclcnckotchi lows possfd ci shmf stotfs mc`jt bf sffi os

jovci` shmf rflfvoikf, but tjfy jovf spfkcnck fxfmptchis nhr ortcstck

oktcvcty 4, oid dh iht oppfor th jovf oiy cmpokt hi korthhicsts–

proktckf, sh wf wcll iht dcskuss tjfm nurtjfr jfrf) [cmclorly, tjfrf cs

vfry lcttlf prhspfkt tjot dhrmoit blospjfmy lows wcll bf rfvcvfd ci

Oustrolco, dfspctf hkkoschiol kolls nrhm shmf quortfrs, fctjfr nhr

Kjrcstcoicty hr nhr htjfr noctjs) Pf dh iht jovf spokf jfrf th survfy

hbskficty lows, but phcit hut tjot korthhis dh iht nhrm o spfkcol

kosf sfporotf nrhm cllustrotchis, pjhth`ropjs, hr htjfr publckotchis

wjfi ct khmfs th hbskficty)6

Tjf moci bhdy hn low tjot cmpci`fs hi korthhicsts– proktckf cs

dfnomotchi, wjckj wcll bf tjf nhkus hn tjf ncrst joln hn tjcs kjoptfr) Tjf sfkhid joln wcll dcskuss tjf phsscblf cmplckotchis nhr

korthhicsts hn tjf rfvcschi hn tjf sfdctchi lows uidfrtoefi ci tjf

Oitc-Tfrrhrcsm Bcll *Ih) 2# 2116 *Ktj#, possfd gust bfnhrf tjf

Kjrcstmos rfkfss ci tjot yfor)

Dfnomotchi

[trcktly spfoeci`, korthhicsts oid htjfr sotcrcsts fighy ih mhrf lfòl

prhtfktchi uidfr tjf lows hn lcbfl oid dfnomotchi tjoi dh oiy htjfr

shrts hn wrctfrs, but ct cs klfor tjot tjfy `ft owoy wctj o lht mhrf) Tjf

tfxt-bhhe summory hn dfnomotchi dfskrcbfs ct os tjf publckotchi hn

motfrcol wjckj ‚tfids th cigurf tjf pfrshiol, prhnfsschiol, trodf hr

buscifss rfputotchi hn oi cidcvcduol hr o khmpoiy, th fxphsf tjfm

th rcdckulf hr th kousf pfhplf th ovhcd tjfm–)> Ct cs jord th cmo`cif

tjot korthhicsts kousf moiy pfhplf th bf ovhcdfd, but cigurci`

rfputotchis oid jhldci` pfhplf up th rcdckulf orf tjfcr khrfoktcvctcfs) Os tjf buscifss hn sotcrf cs th ottoke tjf kjoroktfr oid

cmpuì tjf mhtcvfs hn publck ncùrfs, yhu whuld jovf tjhu`jt tjot

tjcs whuld moef sotcrcsts ihtoblf bfifnokthrs hn dfnomotchi lowyfrs)



Flczobftj Joidslfy . Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi >6

‚Pjot o tro`fdy–, Qftfr Ickjhlshi, Oustrolcoi , 24 Hkthbfr 211?

Lft us stort wctj o khiscdfrotchi hn shmf korthhis tjot th o loy rfodfr mc`jt sffm dfnomothry) Tjf ncrst korthhi by QftfrIckjhlshi, nrhm tjf Tompo Flfktchi hn 211?, ottokes oll tjf sfichr

phlctckcois hn tjf mhmfit nhr krufl hpphrtuicsm7

Nhr o nlfftci` mhmfit, tjf rfodfrs wcll tjcie tjot tjhsf hi tjfklcnn orf mhurici` tjf lhss hn lcnf ci tjf [CF^ Z dcsostfr, but tjfi wf rfod tjf koptchi oid sff tjot tjfy orf hily mhurici` o lhsthpphrtuicty nhr phlctckeci`) Tjcs cs o vfry stfri, olbfct bc-portcsoi,

ottoke hi tjf rfputotchis hn Jhword, Ruddhke, Rfctj, Obbhtt, Oidfrshi, Krfoi oid Bfozlfy, oid cs orùobly uinocr th tjf phcit hn molckf)

Rhi Toidbfr`–s okkusotchi hn brcbfry ci tjf prhmcsfs tjotobhuidfd durci` tjf 2114 kompocì cs o scmclorly bluit ottoke hi Ghji Jhword–s rfputotchi nhr jhifsty *sff ‚Oiyhif stcll uidfkcdfd8–,hvfrlfon#)

Tjfrf orf ot lfost twh rfoshis wjy Ghji Jhword oid tjf htjfr

phlctckcois ottokefd jfrf whuld iht dorf suf tjf korthhicsts,fspfkcolly durci` oi flfktchi kompocì) Joidslfy oid Dovcs orf ihtsurprcsfd tjot tjfrf orf sh nfw dfnomotchi kosfs hi sotcrf nhr, os tjfy fxploci7



Mhst pfhplf wjfi tjfy orf lomphhifd prfnfr iht th cvf tjf sotcrcsto nurtjfr plotnhrm oid nurtjfr publckcty by brci`ci` prhkffdci`s …Ci oddctchi, mhst hbsfrvfrs whuld cistoitly rfkhìcsf sotcrckolkhmmfitory os cijfrfitly ci tjf ioturf hn khmmfit, oid tjfrfnhrffosy th dfnfid uidfr dfnomotchi low)0

Tjcs quhtotchi cdfitcncfs bhtj tjf kulturol dfnfikf sotcrcsts fighy

nrhm lowsucts—nfw lcef scmultoifhusly th moef nhhls hn tjfmsflvfs

oid `cvf tjfcr dftrokthrs publckcty—oid tjf lfòl prhtfktchi hn nocrkhmmfit) Tjcs khmmhi low dfnfikf cs dcskussfd ci mhrf dftocl

bflhw, but ci ?3:1 ct dfnfotfd tjf hily kosf wf eihw hn ci wjckj o

phlctckcoi sufd nhr o korthhi7 o Koiodcoi khurt dfkcdfd tjot ct wos

nocr khmmfit th dfpckt o phlctckcoi pckeci` tjf wci`s hnn nlcfs): Tjcs

kosf cs vfry mukj tjf fxkfptchi tjot prhvfs tjf rulf tjot phlctckcois

ci tjf Fi`lcsj-spfoeci` whrld tfid th stoy hut hn khurt wjfi

sffeci` th muzzlf tjf fnnfkt hn sotcrf hi tjfcr rfputotchis)

Ct cs ihtoblf tjot tjf hif lcbfl suct khikfrici` o korthhi ci

Oustrolcoi low wos modf iht by o phlctckcoi, but by oi orkjctfkt, tjf

lotf Jorry [fcdlfr) Ci tjf Iotchiol Tcmfs hn ?6 Ouùst ?3:2, Qotrcke

Khhe jod drowi tfi u`ly bhxfs, shmf jumoi ncùrfs oid o ic`jt

kort hvfr tjf koptchi ‚Jorry [fcdlfr Rftcrfmfit Qore–)

Jcs dfnomotchi suct wos uisukkfssnul bhtj bfnhrf o gury oid hi

oppfol)3 Tjf khikluschi wf drow nrhm tjcs fpcshdf cs tjot [fcdlfr os

oi orkjctfkt wos lfss jordfifd th tjf rhu`j oid tumblf hn publckdfbotf tjoi sfrvci` phlctckcois tfid th bf, oid ci tjcs sfisf jf moy

jovf nurtjfr domo`fd jcs hwi rfputotchi by bfci` hvfr-sfisctcvf th

krctckcsm)

Khmck Khmmfitothrs >>

‚Oiyhif stcll uidfkcdfd8–, Rhi Toidbfr`, O`f , 2: [fptfmbfr 2114



Pf koi ncid ih kosfs hn oktcvf phlctckcois suci` korthhicsts nhrdfnomotchi ci Oustrolco) Tjfrf orf o joidnul hn sthrcfs lcef OloiMhcr–s, rfkhuitfd ci jcs kjoptfr hn tjcs bhhe, wjfrf phlctckcois jovfsfit lfttfrs tjrfotfici` lfòl oktchi, but fvfi tjfsf orf vfry rorf5ihif jos bffi toefi th khurt) Tjot tjfrf cs sh lcttlf kosf low hidfnomothry korthhis lfods us th tjf khikluschi tjot korthhicstsfighy shmftjci` vfry klhsf th o df nokth cmmuicty nrhm suct)Mhrfhvfr, cn kosfs wfrf brhu`jt, o strhi` dfnfikf hn nocr khmmfit

whuld bf lfd by tjf korthhicsts– lowyfrs, wctj o jc`j kjoikf hn sukkfss, fvfi nhr vfry bluitly obuscvf whres) Tjcs korthhicsts– cmmuicty moy bf os mukj o kulturolly okkfptfd

lckfikf os o strcktly lfòl prhtfktchi—nhr fxomplf, ih hif sffmsciklcifd th rui o dfnomotchi kosf nhkusfd hi tjf flfmfit hn tjf low wjfrf korthhis sffm mhst vulifroblf, fxphsci` pfhplf th rcdckulf)Mhst o``rcfvfd pfhplf hbvchusly rfkhìcsf tjot suci` o korthhicst wcll iht dh oiytjci` th rfsthrf lhst rfputotchi *tjf ocm wjckjtjfhrftckolly uidfrlcfs tjf low hn dfnomotchi#, oid wcll vfry

prhbobly domo`f tjfcr rfputotchi nurtjfr, bhtj by rfnhkusci` ottfitchi hi tjf hrc`ciol ollfòtchi oid by prhklocmci` tjfm th tjf whrld os pfhplf wjh koiiht toef o ghef)


‚Jorry [fcdlfr Rftcrfmfit Qore–,Qotrcke Khhe, Iotchiol Tcmfs , ?6 Ouùst ?3:2



Nocr khmmfit oid jhifst hpcichi

Os olrfody mfitchifd, tjf efy dfnfikf nhr korthhicsts uidfrdfnomotchi low jos bffi tjf khmmhi low dfnfikf hn nocr khmmfit)Fxomplfs hn htjfr dfnfikfs orf gustcnckotchi *trutj#, obshlutfprcvclf`f *nhr fxomplf, porlcomfitory spffkjfs# oid quolcncfdprcvclf`f *nhr fxomplf, khmmuickotchi obhut `hvfrimfitol hrphlctckol mottfrs, uidfr tjf Loi`f dhktrcif#) Ifw uicnhrmdfnomotchi lf`cslotchi cs ci plokf hr prhphsfd ci oll stotfs oidtfrrcthrcfs, oid ct supplfmfits nocr khmmfit wctj o dfnfikf rfnfrrfdth os ‚jhifst hpcichi–) Pf wcll ncrst dcskuss tjf khmmhi low dfnfikf,oid tjfi dfskrcbf jhw tjf stotuthry dfnfikf klhsfs hnn shmf `ops ctlfnt hpfi, puttci` korthhicsts ci oi fvfi mhrf ncrmly prhtfktfdphsctchi)?1

Tjf nokt tjot nocr khmmfit cs o dfnfikf mfois tjot cn tjfdfnfidoit koi prhvf oll cts flfmfits, jf hr sjf cs iht lcoblf) Ciproktckf ct mfois tjot o pfrshi rfnfrrfd th ci o dfnomothry khmmuickotchi by o pfrshi wjh koi prhvf oll tjf flfmfits hn nocrkhmmfit wcll iht `fifrolly suf ci tjf ncrst plokf) Tjf fxkfptchimc`jt bf wjfrf tjf pfrshi rfnfrrfd th bflcfvfs tjot jf hr sjf koi

prhvf tjf publckotchi wos mhtcvotfd by molckf, hr o dfscrf th dhjorm th tjf plocitcnn) Tjf dfnfidoit dhfs iht iffd th prhvf obsfikfhn molckf, but rotjfr tjf plocitcnn must prhvf iht hily cts prfsfikf,but tjot ct wos tjf prcmf mhtcvotchi nhr tjf dfnfidoit–s oktchis) Tjcs wcll civorcobly bf cmphsscblf th prhvf ci tjf kosf hn o phlctckolkorthhi)

Ot khmmhi low, tjf ovoclobclcty hn nocr khmmfit dfpfids hi okorthhicst–s obclcty th prhvf tjf nhllhwci`7

• tjot tjf stotfmfit bfci` modf cs ci tjf ioturf hn khmmfit, tjot cs, hpcichi rotjfr tjoi nokt5

• tjot tjf hpcichi fxprfssfd cs `fiucifly jfld *but sffbflhw#5

• tjot tjf subgfkt-mottfr hn tjf stotfmfit cs o mottfr hn publck citfrfst5

• tjot tjf stotfmfit cs bosfd hi truf nokts5 oid

• tjot tjf truf nokts orf stotfd hr cidckotfd ci tjfkhmmuickotchi *sff bflhw#)

Khmck Khmmfitothrs >:



Tjf Khhe([fcdlfr korthhi obhvf cllustrotfs jhw tjf dfnfikf whres ci proktckf7 *?# tjf korthhi cs o stotfmfit hi tjf ofstjftckquolctcfs hn [fcdlfr–s orkjctfkturf, wjckj cs cijfrfitly o mottfr hn

hpcichi5 *2# wf koi ossumf tjf hpcichi wos `fiucifly jfld, ot lfostby Qotrcke Khhe5 *;# tjf whre hn o ju`fly sukkfssnul oid cinlufitcolorkjctfkt cs klforly o mottfr hn publck citfrfst) Tjot mukj cs klfor, cispctf hn tjf orùmfit odvoikfd by Mr [fcdlfr–s khuisfl, tjotbfkousf oll tjf bucldci`s jf jod dfscìfd wfrf prcvotfly hwifd, tjfy wfrf iht mottfrs hn publck citfrfst/ Pf sjoll rfturi th tjfrflotchisjcp wctj tjf trutj)

Tjf cmphrtoikf hn nocr khmmfit os o dfnfikf nhr korthhicsts

oid tjfcr publcsjfrs lcfs ci tjf nokt tjot ct nhkusfs hi khmmfit osdcstcikt nrhm nokt) Ct cs phsscblf tjot oll korthhis mc`jt bfkhiscdfrfd by tjf khurts iht os ossfrtchis hn nokt obhut tjfcr tor`ftsbut ‚os khmmfit oid ihtjci` flsf–)?? Jhwfvfr, tjfrf wfrf o khuplfhn tjci`s ci tjf khmmhi low dfnfikf hn nocr khmmfit obhut wjckj wf wfrf iht quctf kfrtoci7 ncrst, lfòlly, wf jovf ifvfr bffi surf ci Oustrolco wjftjfr tjf hpcichi jos th bf `fiucifly jfld by tjfdfnfidoit, fvfi cn tjot pfrshi cs hily tjf publcsjfr *nhr fxomplf,tjf ifwspopfr fdcthr#, hr wjftjfr ct cs fihu`j tjot ct khuld`fiucifly bf jfld by tjf pfrshi wjh hrc`ciolly fxprfssfd ct *nhrfxomplf, tjf korthhicst#) Os tjcs jos ifvfr bffi tfstfd ci Oustrolco,oll wf jod wos khinlcktci` hvfrsfos outjhrcty)?2

Tjf uicnhrm dfnomotchi lf`cslotchi jos ihw klforfd oll tjcs up)*Ct mc`jt bf whrtj ihtci`, os oi oscdf, tjot tjf Ifw [hutj Polfs Oktuidfr wjckj tjf [fcdlfr kosf wos nhu`jt jod olsh shrtfd ct hut?;, buttjot dcd iht sthp [fcdlfr–s khuisfl nrhm ottfmptci` th klocmo``rovotfd domo`fs bosfd hi oi orùmfit tjot Nocrnox dcd iht sjorf

Khhe–s vcfw hn Mr [fcdlfr–s orkjctfkturf) Juit G dfskrcbfd tjot klocmos ‚jfrftckol ci tjf fxtrfmf–)?4 # But ct klforly lfovfs o slc`jt lhhpjhlfhpfi nhr phlctckcois oid htjfrs, fspfkcolly cn ct cs truf tjot korthhicstsjovf rfol nrffdhm th dfport nrhm tjf fdcthrcol lcif) Hif whuldfxpfkt tjot moiy ifwspopfrs, tjfi, whuld iht bf oblf th prhvf tjfy ‚`fiucifly– jfld tjf hpcichis bfci` fxprfssfd by tjfcr korthhicsts) Tjcs must jovf rfprfsfitfd o ic``lci` khikfri ot tjf bokes hn tjfmcids hn ifwspopfrs oid tjfcr lowyfrs) But ct dcd iht onnfkt

korthhicsts tjfmsflvfs, fxkfpt th tjf fxtfit ct mc`jt moef tjfcrfmplhyfrs o lcttlf mhrf koutchus obhut wjot tjfy prcitfd)

Tjf sfkhid rfsfrvotchi hif mc`jt jovf obhut tjf opplckobclcty hn nocr khmmfit th korthhis cs tjot tjfy dh iht usuolly stotf hr cidckotf




tjf boke`rhuid nokts) Vsuolly tjfy ossumf tjf rfodfr eihws wjotnokts orf bfci` rfnfrrfd th) [h, nhr fxomplf, tjf Porrfi Brhwikorthhi nrhm 2> Hkthbfr 211? *sff bflhw# rflcfs hi us eihwci` tjot

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[otcrf oid lctfrolcsm7 tjf noult lcifs

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ciguiktchi th sthp tjf OBK–s yhutj rodch iftwhre, GGG, nrhm ployci`

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Pf opploud tjf Ifw [hutj Polfs Khurt hn Oppfol nhr cts mhrf

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O kjcllci` fnnfkt8

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Flczobftj Joidslfy . Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 0;



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[fdctchi

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Rfphrt , `cvfs o sfisf hn tjf rfoktchi7

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Flczobftj Joidslfy . Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 06

L OVRFIKF M OJFR , B ORRC[TFR 7 [fdctchi cs oi hld krcmciol hnnfikf`hci` boke 611 yfors, wjckj wos dfscìfd th prfvfit spffkj oidkhidukt wjckj wos tjhu`jt th bf o prfkurshr th trfoshi) [h tjot,nhr fxomplf, cn hif wfrf nhhlcsj fihu`j th su``fst tjot tjf eci`

wos o nhhl tjfi yhu nokfd khivcktchi oid hi khivcktchi tjf pfiolty hn dfotj whuld bf opplcfd)

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Tjfrf cs o sfisf ci wjckj tjf dcktchiory dfncictchi hn sfdctchi

supphrts Lfoe–s phcit) Nhr fxomplf, tjf Oustrolcoi Khikcsf Hxnhrd Dcktchiory hnnfrs, os dfncictchi 2, ‚o`ctotchi oòcist tjf outjhrcty hn tjf stotf–2>, wjckj cs prftty klhsf th Lfoe–s pfrkfcvfd ghb dfskrcptchi) Tjf nhllhwci` korthhi hn jcs nrhm tjf 2114 flfktchi kompocìprhvcdfs oi fxomplf hn tjcs ecid hn khmmuickotchi, stotci` bluitly tjot Ghji Jhword cs wo`ci` o wor hn tfrrhr oòcist tjf vhtfrs ci tjfcitfrfsts hn phlctckol odvoito`f)

Tjf citfrfstci` tjci` cs tjot tjcs korthhi `fifrotfd khiscdfroblf

krctckcsm, iht nhr cts phtfitcolly sfdctchus dfpcktchi hn tjf Qrcmf

‚Tjf wor hn tfrrhr–,Bcll Lfoe, Oustrolcoi , 26 [fptfmbfr 2114



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?, ‚khidukt hr spffkj cikctci` th rfbfllchi hr o brfokj hn publckhrdfr–)2: Bhtj tjf Otthrify-@fifrol, Qjcllcp Ruddhke, oid GhjiJhword jct tjf ocrwovfs vc`hrhusly ciscstci` tjot tjfrf wos ihtjci` th whrry obhut7





‚Khmf jhmf sonf, Dc``fr–, Porrfi Brhwi, Docly Tflf`ropj , ?: Hkthbfr 211?

‚Ihvfmbfr ?1–, Porrfi Brhwi, Docly Tflf`ropj , 2> Hkthbfr 211?



‚Ghuriolcsts, korthhicsts, okthrs oid oll htjfr suidry krctcks hn tjf@hvfrimfit jovf ihtjci` th nfor nrhm tjfsf ifw prhphsols,– tjfQrcmf Mcicstfr socd) ‚Qfhplf koi stcll ottoke mf oid Mr Bfozlfy oid

lomphhi us, os C om surf tjfy wcll, wctjhut oiy nfor hn bfci` put citjf slommfr)–23

Oworfifss hn tjf dfbotf fxtfidfd bfyhid Oustrolco, os tjcsrfphrt nrhm o port hn tjf whrld tjot jos bffi hi tjf rfkfcvci` fidhn Oustrolcoi odvckf obhut nrffdhm hn spffkj oid cidfpfidfikf hn publck cistctutchis, su``fsts7

Jhword ciscstfd tjf ifw lows wfrf iht citfidfd th jompfr

nrffdhm hn spffkj) ‚Tjfsf lows wcll iht sthp ghuriolcsts ottokeci` tjf `hvfrimfit, tjfy wcll iht sthp korthhicsts lomphhici` tjfprcmf mcicstfr Usck] oid tjf lfodfr hn tjf hpphsctchi,– Jhword thldpublck rodch) ‚Tjfy wcll iht prfvfit nrff oid hpfi dfbotf bfkousf cisubstoikf tjfy orf ih dcnnfrfit nrhm tjf sfdctchi lows tjot jovffxcstfd ci tjf post)–;1

Iotchiolly, tjfrf wos wcdfsprfod dcsqucft obhut tjf lows–cmplckotchis, oid obhut tjf opporfit ur`fiky wctj wjckj tjfy wfrf

bfci` pursufd) Tjfrf wos o jurrcfd [fiotf ‚Ciqucry cith tjfprhvcschis hn tjf Oitc-Tfrrhrcsm Bcll *Ih) 2# 2116–, wjckj rfkfcvfd234 submcsschis ci cts brcfn lcnf);? Fvfi tjf Kholctchi mfmbfrs hn tjf [fiotf Khmmcttff wfrf uicmprfssfd by tjf cmplckotchis hn tjfBcll nhr nrff spffkj, oid rfkhmmfidfd dfloy) Cistfod, tjf Otthrify-@fifrol modf shmf jurrcfd omfidmfits th oddrfss tjf mhrf`lorci` khikfris oid ciscstfd tjot tjf Bcll bf possfd bfnhrfKjrcstmos, wjckj ct duly wos) Tjf low wos, jhwfvfr, rfnfrrfd th tjf

Oustrolcoi Low Rfnhrm Khmmcsschi *OLRK# nhr ciqucry oid rfphrthi7

o) wjftjfr tjf omfidmfits … fnnfktcvfly oddrfss tjfprhblfm hn ur`ci` tjf usf hn nhrkf hr vchlfikf5

b) wjftjfr ‚sfdctchi– cs tjf opprhprcotf tfrm th cdfitcny tjcskhidukt5

k) wjftjfr Utjf omfidfd low] cs fnnfktcvf th oddrfss tjfprhblfm hn hr`oicsotchis tjot odvhkotf hr fikhuro`f tjfusf hn nhrkf hn vchlfikf th okjcfvf phlctckol hbgfktcvfs5 oid

d) oiy rflotfd mottfr)





Tjf tfrms hn rfnfrfikf wfrf dotfd ? Morkj 211>, wctj tjfrfphrt duf ih lotfr tjoi ;1 Moy) Hikf o`oci, tjfi, wf sff fvcdfikfhn cidfkfit jostf obhut tjcs mottfr hi tjf `hvfrimfit–s port—

tjhu`j ci tjcs kosf tjf OLRK wos oblf th slhw tjf troci dhwishmfwjot) Ct prhdukfd o substoitcol Cssufs Qopfr by tjf fid hn Morkj oid o Dcskusschi Qopfr nhllhwfd hi 23 Moy, wctjsubmcsschis duf by ; Guly) Tjf nciol rfphrt wos publcsjfd hi ?;[fptfmbfr)

Khiscdfrci` tjf khitrhvfrsy tjot jos surrhuidfd tjfcitrhduktchi hn tjf omfidmfits, ct cs whrtj stfppci` boke th ossfsstjf lcefly cmplckotchis hn tjf ifw lf`cslotchi, spfkcnckolly nhr tjf

korthhicsts wjh wfrf hntfi ot tjf kfitrf hn tjf dfbotf) Pjot wfjovf th soy wcll jovf shmf bforci` hi htjfr sotcrckol proktckf ci tjforts, lctfroturf oid mfdco, but moy ploy hut rotjfr dcnnfrfitly cidftocl)

Opplckotchi hn tjf 2116 low th korthhis

Tjf Oitc-Tfrrhrcsm Okt *Ih 2)# 2116 *Ktj# rfpfols tjf hld sfdctchiprhvcschis ci tjf Krcmfs Okt ?3?4 oid substctutfs kfrtoci prhvcschis

hn tjf Krcmciol Khdf ) Ci tjcs sfktchi wf wcll lhhe ot tjf khitfit hn tjhsf ifw prhvcschis oid khiscdfr tjfcr opplckotchi th Eudfleo–s‚@ucdflcifs nhr korthhicsts–)

‚@ucdflcifs nhr korthhicsts–, Ghi Eudfleo, Oustrolcoi , ?0 Ihvfmbfr 2116



Ct cs jord th cmo`cif o mhrf skotjci` korthhi tjoi tjcs, oid ct csolsh rfoshioblf th supphsf ct whuld foscly mfft Lfoe–s dfncictchi hn ‚sfdctchus–) But cs ct ci brfokj hn tjcs prhvcschi tjot tjf Oitc-

Tfrrhrcsm Okt 2116 *Ktj# cisfrtfd cith tjf Krcmciol Khdf 8

:1)2 Vr`ci` tjf hvfrtjrhw hn tjf Khistctutchi hr @hvfrimfit

?) O pfrshi khmmcts oi hnnfikf cn tjf pfrshi ur`fs oihtjfrpfrshi th hvfrtjrhw by nhrkf hr vchlfikf7

o) tjf Khistctutchi5 hr

b) tjf @hvfrimfit hn tjf Khmmhiwfoltj, o [totf hr o

Tfrrcthry5 hr

k) tjf lownul outjhrcty hn tjf @hvfrimfit hn tjfKhmmhiwfoltj)

Klforly iht) Tjf korthhi moy bf quctf vckchus oid pfrshiol oòcist Ghji Jhword, oid ct mc`jt fvfi bf sffi os uidfrmcici` jcsoutjhrcty, but ct dhfs iht ur`f vchlfikf oid ct cs tjfrfnhrf klforly ihtsfdctchus) Ct cs iht sfdctchus th kost ospfrschis hi tjf jfod hn

`hvfrimfit–s oppforoikf, jcs jfc`jt, hr fvfi tjf sczf hn jcs `fictols)Ihr cs ct sfdctchus th okkusf jcm hn voicty hr kjcldcsj krckeft drfoms) Tjfrfnhrf Eudfleo whuld jovf bffi ot ih rcse hn tjf moxcmumpfiolty hn sfvfi yfors cmprcshimfit uidfr sfktchi :1)2*?#)

Tjfrf orf scmclor prhvcschis rflotci` th ‚Vr`ci` citfrnfrfikf ciQorlcomfitory flfktchis–;2, ‚Vr`ci` vchlfikf wctjci tjfkhmmuicty–;;, ‚Vr`ci` o pfrshi th osscst tjf fifmy–;4 oid ‚Vr`ci` opfrshi th osscst tjhsf fiò`fd ci ormfd jhstclctcfs–);6 Eudfleo–s

korthhi whuld bf shmf woy hnn brfokjci` oiy hn tjfsf prhvcschisfctjfr)

Nurtjfrmhrf, oll hnnfikfs ci sfktchi :1)2;> jovf tjf nhllhwci` dfnfikf7

:1); Dfnfikf nhr okts dhif ci `hhd noctj

?) [fktchis :1)? oid :1)2 dh iht opply th o pfrshi wjh7

o) trcfs ci `hhd noctj th sjhw tjot oiy hn tjf nhllhwci` pfrshis orf mcstoefi ci oiy hn jcs hr jfr khuisfls,phlckcfs hr oktchis7

c) tjf [hvfrfcì5

Khmck Khmmfitothrs :1



cc) tjf @hvfrihr-@fifrol5

ccc) tjf @hvfrihr hn o [totf5

cv) tjf Odmcicstrothr hn o Tfrrcthry5

v) oi odvcsfr hn oiy hn tjf obhvf5

vc) o pfrshi rfsphiscblf nhr tjf hvfrimfit hn oihtjfrkhuitry5 hr

b) phcits hut ci `hhd noctj frrhrs hr dfnfkts ci tjfnhllhwci`, wctj o vcfw th rfnhrmci` tjhsf frrhrs hr

dfnfkts7c) tjf @hvfrimfit hn tjf Khmmhiwfoltj, o [totf hr

o Tfrrcthry5

cc) tjf Khistctutchi5

ccc) lf`cslotchi hn tjf Khmmhiwfoltj, o [totf, o Tfrrcthry hr oihtjfr khuitry5

cv) tjf odmcicstrotchi hn gustckf hn hr ci tjfKhmmhiwfoltj, o [totf, o Tfrrcthry hr oihtjfrkhuitry5 hr

k) ur`fs ci `hhd noctj oihtjfr pfrshi th ottfmpt thlownully prhkurf o kjoi`f th oiy mottfr fstoblcsjfd by low, phlcky hr proktckf ci tjf Khmmhiwfoltj, o [totf, o Tfrrcthry hr oihtjfr khuitry5 hr

d) phcits hut ci `hhd noctj oiy mottfrs tjot orf prhdukci`,hr jovf o tfidfiky th prhdukf, nfflci`s hn cll-wcll hrjhstclcty bftwffi dcnnfrfit `rhups, ci hrdfr th brci` obhut tjf rfmhvol hn tjhsf mottfrs5 hr

f) dhfs oiytjci` ci `hhd noctj ci khiifktchi wctj oicidustrcol dcsputf hr oi cidustrcol mottfr5 hr

n) publcsjfs ci `hhd noctj o rfphrt hr khmmfitory obhuto mottfr hn publck citfrfst)

Eudfleo–s korthhi whuld uidhubtfdly jovf bfifnctfd nrhmporo`ropj *n# oid olsh phsscbly poro`ropj *b#, dfpfidci` hi jhw shpjcstckotfd o rfodci` wfrf okkhrdfd th tjf cmo`f)

Flczobftj Joidslfy . Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi :?



Porrfi Brhwi–s ‚Ihvfmbfr ?1– korthhi mc`jt bf sffi os kuttci` klhsfr th tjf bhif, typcnyci` tjf shrt hn korthhi spowifd by Oustrolco–s civhlvfmfit ci tjf Croq wor) Ct qufstchis tjf wcsdhm hn

hur civhlvfmfit ci tjf wor, oid cmpu`is tjf `hvfrimfit–s mhtcvfsnhr ollhwci` us th bfkhmf civhlvfd) But hikf o`oci ct dhfs sh wctjhut ur`ci` tjf vchlfit hvfrtjrhw hn tjf `hvfrimfit, hr ur`ci` oiybhdy th osscst tjf fifmy) Fvfi cn ct dcd ur`f osscstoikf hn tjffifmy, surfly ct whuld bfifnct nrhm tjf opplckotchi hn tjf dfnfikfhn `hhd noctj, ot tjf vfry lfost poro`ropj *n# ci tjot tjf korthhicstjos hily ‚publcsjfUd] ci `hhd noctj o rfphrt hr khmmfitory obhut omottfr hn publck citfrfst–);0 Tjf ‚mottfr– ci qufstchi whuld bf tjf

phlctckol dfkcschi-moeci` hn tjf Khmmhiwfoltj `hvfrimfit) Pjotkhuld bf hn `rfotfr publck citfrfst8

Tjfrf cs olsh tjf phsscbclcty tjot tjf korthhi ctsfln khuld bf sffios osscstci` tjf fifmy, iht gust ur`ci` htjfrs th dh sh) [ukj o vcfw whuld bf bosfd hi tjf cdfo tjot lhwfrci` tjf mhrolf hn Oustrolcoitrhhps cs o bfifnct th tjf fifmy) Ci tjot fvfit ct whuld bf trfoshi,iht sfdctchi);: Hif rfqucrfmfit tjot tjf prhsfkutchi whuld jovf thmfft ci sukj o kosf whuld bf th sjhw tjot tjf korthhicst jod citfitth osscst tjf fifmy, wjckj whuld usuolly bf jord th dh)

Pjclf tjfsf lows mc`jt bf hn rfol khikfri th phlctckol oktcvcsts, ctcs vfry uilcefly tjot tjf ecid hn phlctckol korthhis th wjckj wf orfokkusthmfd ci Oustrolco, ot lfost ci tjf mocistrfom mfdco, whuld nollnhul hn tjfsf lows, oid fvfi mhrf uilcefly tjot tjfy whuld iht bfoblf th bfifnct nrhm tjf dfnfikf)

Tjfrfnhrf ct cs klfor tjot tjf ifw lows orf bosfd hi tjf oltfriotcvfoid iorrhwfr dfncictchi hn ‚sfdctchi–, iht hi Lfoe–s brhodfr oidmhrf khllhqucol hif) Jhwfvfr, prfkcsfly bfkousf hn tjf khllhqucolioturf hn Lfoe–s dfncictchi, ct whuld moef sfisf th rfmhvf tjf whrdnrhm tjfsf lows oid th usf cistfod o nhrmulotchi tjot kopturfs tjfioturf hn tjf lows) Tjcs cs prfkcsfly wjot tjf OLRK rfkhmmfidfdci cts [fptfmbfr 211> rfphrt7 tjf rfplokfmfit hn ‚sfdctchi– wctj tjfpjrosf ‚Vr`ci` phlctckol hr citfr-`rhup nhrkf hr vchlfikf–);3 Ci tjf

OLRK–s whrds7

Ct whuld bf uinhrtuiotf … cn khitciufd usf hn tjf tfrm ‚sfdctchi– wfrf th kost o sjodhw hvfr tjf ifw pottfri hn hnnfikfs) Tjf tfrm‚sfdctchi– cs thh klhsfly osshkcotfd ci tjf publck mcid wctj cts hrc`cisoid jcsthry os o krcmf rhhtfd ci krctckcsci`—hr ‚fxkctci`




dcsonnfktchi– o`ocist—tjf fstoblcsjfd outjhrcty) Khisfqufitly …tjf OLRK rfkhmmfids tjot tjf tfrm ‚sfdctchi– ih lhi`fr bf usfdci nfdfrol krcmciol low)

Ct mc`jt olsh bf whrtj ihtci` tjot tjf OLRK jos prhphsfd tjottjf dfncictchi hn trfoshi bf rf-nromfd th moef ct klfor tjot hily motfrcol osscstoikf th tjf fifmy cs oi hnnfikf)41 [ukj o kjoi`f whuldjovf tjf prfkcsf purphsf hn cidckotci` ‚tjot mfrf rjfthrck hrfxprfsschis hn dcssfit dh iht omhuit th “osscstoikf” nhr tjfsfpurphsfs–)4? Tjf rfsult whuld bf tjot Brhwi–s korthhi whuld ihtfvfi bf or`uobly trfoshi)

Tjfrf orf twh htjfr tjci`s tjot supphrt tjf khikluschi tjot tjfsfkorthhis whuld iht jovf bffi jfld sfdctchus cn publcsjfd ontfr tjfifw lows wfrf possfd7 ncrst, tjf prhvcschis tjot tjfsf lows orfrfplokci` usfd tjf whrd ‚fxkctf– wjfrf tjfsf usf ‚ur`f–)42 Pjclfifctjfr tfrm cs dfncifd, ‚fxkctf– koi bf rfod os rfqucrci` mhrf hn oihbgfktcvf ossfssmfit hn tjf lcefly fnnfkt hn tjf khmmuickotchi—shyhu mc`jt bf prhsfkutfd nhr ‚fxkctci`– htjfrs th hvfrtjrhw tjf`hvfrimfit fvfi tjhu`j ct wos iht yhur subgfktcvf citfit tjot

htjfrs dh sh) Ct cs phsscblf th cmo`cif o korthhi tjot cs scmply shcinlommothry tjot ct khuld bf sffi os korryci` o lceflcjhhd tjotpfhplf whuld `ft sh oi`ry tjfy whuld bf drcvfi th hvfrtjrhw tjf`hvfrimfit by vchlfit mfois) ‚Vr`f– korrcfs o mhrf dflcbfrotfkhiihtotchi7 yhu koiiht ‚ur`f– shmfhif th hvfrtjrhw tjf`hvfrimfit wctjhut tjfrf bfci` shmf ecid hn spfkcnck rfnfrfikf thhvfrtjrhwci` tjf `hvfrimfit ci tjf khmmuickotchi—hr ot lfost thoi okt tjot whuld jovf tjf fnnfkt hn hvfrtjrhwci` tjf `hvfrimfit)

Crhickolly, tjf ncrst moghr korthhi-rflotfd khitrhvfrsy tjot blfw up ontfr citrhduktchi hn tjf ifw lows rflotfd th shmf opporfitly blospjfmhus cmo`fs hn tjf prhpjft Mhjommfd, hrc`ciolly publcsjfd by o khisfrvotcvf Doicsj ifwspopfr) Tjfsf mc`jt bf sffios gust tjf ecid hn cinlommothry korthhis jyphtjfscsfd ci tjfprfvchus poro`ropj) Tjf opplckotchi th tjfm hn tjf ifw prhvcschisprhvcdfs o `hhd cllustrotchi hn wjot o iorrhw khikfpt ‚ur`f– cs)

Tjf prhvcschi tjot khmfs klhsfst th oddrfssci` tjcs sctuotchi cs

sub-sfktchi *6# hn sfktchi :1)27Vr`ci` vchlfikf wctjci tjf khmmuicty

O pfrshi khmmcts oi hnnfikf cn7

Flczobftj Joidslfy . Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi :;



o) tjf pfrshi ur`fs o rhup hr rhups *wjftjfr dcstciùcsjfdby rokf, rflc`chi, iotchiolcty hr phlctckol hpcichi# th usfnhrkf hr vchlfikf oòcist oihtjfr `rhup hr htjfr `rhups

*os sh dcstciùcsjfd#5 oid

b) tjf usf hn tjf nhrkf hr vchlfikf whuld tjrfotfi tjf pfokf,hrdfr oid `hhd `hvfrimfit hn tjf Khmmhiwfoltj)4;

Cn tjf prhvcschi stcll usfd tjf whrd ‚fxkctf–, yhu mc`jt sffrftolcothry vchlfikf os jovci` bffi ‚fxkctfd– by tjf publckotchi hn cinlommothry korthhis) But dh tjf korthhis ‚ur`f– vchlfikf by Muslcms8 Nhr hif tjci`, tjf korthhis orf iht fvfi ocmfd ot

Muslcms, sh jhw koi tjfy bf sffi os ‚ur`ci`– oiy portckulorbfjovchur hi tjf port hn Muslcms8 Mhrfhvfr, th soy tjf korthhi‚ur`fs– vchlfikf su``fsts tjf korthhicst sffs sukj vchlfikf os `hhdoid rc`jt oid gustcncfd) Tjhsf wjh woit th boct Muslcms kfrtocily dhiht sff ct tjot woy) Tjf publckotchi hn tjf korthhis klforly dhfs iht‚ur`f– vchlfikf, fvfi cn tjf publcsjfr sjhuld rfolcsf tjot cs o lcefly rfsult)

Ct cs citfrfstci` th ihtf tjot tjf hld Krcmfs Okt prhvcschi rfnfrrfd

th oi citfitchi th prhmhtf ‚nfflci`s hn cll wcll hr jhstclcty bftwffiklossfs hn jfr Mogfsty–s subgfkts– os o sfdctchus citfitchi)44 [h uidfrtjf hld lows, publckotchi hn tjf korthhis mc`jt jovf bffi uilownul) Tjcs whuld su``fst tjot tjf ifw lows jovf, cn oiytjci`, hpfifd uptjf ncfld nhr nrffr fxprfsschi tjoi wos ollhwfd uidfr tjf prfvchuslows)

Tjcs vcfw cs nurtjfr supphrtfd by tjf sfkhid khiscdfrotchi, wjckj lhhes ot tjf ‚rfkelfssifss– prhvcschis) [fktchi :1)2*?#, nhrfxomplf, cs nhllhwfd cmmfdcotfly by tjcs prhvcschi7

2) Rfkelfssifss opplcfs th tjf flfmfit hn tjf hnnfikf uidfrsubsfktchi *?# tjot ct cs7

o) tjf Khistctutchi5 hr

b) tjf @hvfrimfit hn tjf Khmmhiwfoltj, o [totf hr o Tfrrcthry5 hr

k) tjf lownul outjhrcty hn tjf @hvfrimfit hn tjfKhmmhiwfoltj

tjot tjf ncrst-mfitchifd pfrshi ur`fs tjf htjfr pfrshi thhvfrtjrhw)46




Ci htjfr whrds, cn yhu ur`f bfjovchur wjckj whuld jovf tjffnnfkt hn hvfrtjrhwci` tjf Khistctutchi *ftk)# but yhu dhi–t rfolcsftjot bfkousf yhu dhi–t eihw wjot tjf Khistctutchi *ftk)# cs, oid yhu

dhi–t portckulorly korf tjot ct whuld jovf tjot fnnfkt, yhu koi stcll bfjfld lcoblf nhr tjf hnnfikf) Tjf prhskrcptchis hi ur`ci` citfrnfrfikfci flfktchis oid ur`ci` vchlfikf wctjci tjf khmmuicty bhtj jovf oscmclor ‚rfkelfssifss– prhvcschi)

Tjfsf prhvcschis dh iht moef oiy rfnfrfikf th tjf dfnfidoit–spfrkfptchi os th wjftjfr pfhplf, hi rfkfcvci` jcs hr jfrkhmmuickotchi, orf lcefly th toef stfps th hvfrtjrhw tjf`hvfrimfit) Tjf prhvcschis khuld jovf socd tjot tjf hnnfikf

fxtfids th sctuotchis wjfrf shmfhif cs rfkelfss os th wjot pfhplf dhci rfsphisf th wjot jf hr sjf dhfs hr soys) But tjfy dh iht) Tjcsoppfors th mfoi tjf hnnfikf cs khmmcttfd hily by pfhplf wjhcitfitchiolly try th `ft htjfrs th khmmct vchlfit okts tjot whuld jovftjf fnnfkt hn hvfrtjrhwci` tjf `hvfrimfit) Ct cs vfry uilcefly tjottjcs wcll fvfr bf truf hn o korthhicst ci Oustrolco)

Tjf nhrf`hci` lh`ck mc`jt bf sffi os o lcttlf thh subtlf oidlf`olcstck nhr us th nffl khincdfit tjot korthhicsts *oid htjfrs# wclleihw prfkcsfly wjot tjfy orf ollhwfd th dh) Tjfrfnhrf tjfrf whuldbf ih jorm ci rfmhvci` oiy dhubt by cikludci` o prhvcschi tjot thbf khivcktfd hn oi hnnfikf uidfr sfktchi :1)2 ‚tjf pfrshi mustcitfid tjot tjf ur`fd nhrkf hr vchlfikf wcll hkkur– ci okkhrdoikf wctj tjf OLRK–s rfkhmmfidotchi)4>

Hikf o`oci, tjcs cs iht th soy tjot tjf Oitc-Tfrrhrcsm Okt cs ihthpfi th qufstchi ci o lcbfrol dfmhkroky tjot volufs phlctckolnrffdhm) Pf mc`jt orrcvf ot o phcit wjfrf o vchlfit hvfrtjrhw hn tjf `hvfrimfit whuld bf tjf hily mfois hn prhtfktci`

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Flczobftj Joidslfy . Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi :6



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Khmck Khmmfitothrs :>



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nhr tjf Qrcmf Mcicstfr, oppfors th jovf nollfi hi dfon fors) O rflotfd cssuf cs tjf tfidfiky hn khmmfitothrs th rfphrt tjf

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Khmck Khmmfitothrs ::



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Khikluschis

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tjf vchlfit hvfrtjrhw hn tjf stotf, oid ct whuld fvfi tjfi bf




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Tjf Cmpokt hn Korthhis



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Tjf Qhwfr hn Korthhis

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C ncid tjot C rfolly koiiht oiswfr tjfm jhifstly) Dh korthhiscinlufikf tjf woy tjot C tjcie obhut phlctcks oid phlctckcois8 C dhi–teihw) C tjcie tjfy dh) Os o tfokjfr hn phlctcks th uicvfrscty studfitsnhr hvfr tjcrty yfors, C koi oiswfr nocrly okkurotfly obhut wjfrf C `ftmy cinhrmotchi nrhm, oid C koi moef cinhrmfd stotfmfits obhutjhw C rfokt th shurkfs tjot C rfòrd os bcosfd hr sloitfd) Tjot cs gustos wfll, scikf mhst shurkfs hn cinhrmotchi hi phlctcks orf sloitfd cishmf woy)

Jhwfvfr, korthhis hnnfr vfry lcttlf cinhrmotchi) Tjfy orf mukjmhrf obhut volufs—tjf korthhicst tfids th bf quctf gud`mfitol,phcitci` th tjf nrocltcfs hr jyphkrcscfs hn publck ncùrfs, ci o woy tjotcs dfscìfd th moef us smclf) C jovf volufs oid om os gud`mfitol ostjf ifxt pfrshi, but C whuld jovf `rfot dcnnckulty spfllci` hut wjfrfC `ht my pfrshiol sft hn volufs nrhm7 my porfits8 my rflc`chusfdukotchi by tjf iuis oid brhtjfrs ot skjhhl8 my nrcfids8 C suspfkttjot korthhis whuld khmf vfry lhw dhwi hi oiy sukj pfrshiol lcst)But pfrjops C om dfkfcvci` mysfln, os mhst hn us dh wjfi ct khmfs

th dfnfidci` hr fxplocici` hur cidcvcduol whrld vcfws) Oid wjfi ctkhmfs th korthhis, C suspfkt tjot, rotjfr tjoi oiy qufstchi hn kousfoid fnnfkt, wjot wf sff mhst hntfi cs tjf strceci` hn sympotjftckkjhrds5 C fighy tjcs korthhi vfry mukj bfkousf ct rfshiotfs wctj my hwi phcit hn vcfw, hr C dhi–t lcef tjcs htjfr hif bfkousf ct kutsokrhss shmf hn my dffply jfld bflcfns)

Lft us stort wctj tjf korthhicsts tjfmsflvfs) [hmftcmfs tjfortcst–s vcfwphcit cs sympotjftck fvfi wjfi krctckol) Tjf whidfrnul

[ydify ortcst hn tjf ?361s Fmclf Mfrkcfr `ht us th lou`j ot jcsdrowci`s bfkousf wf khuld rfkhìcsf hur hwi nrocltcfs ci tjhsf hn jcs tor`fts) Htjfr ortcsts dfol ci vfry bloke jumhur cidffd, phcitci` th lfvfls hn stupcdcty hr cikhiscstfiky tjot surfly ihif hn us ihi-



phlctckcois khuld phsscbly bf ùclty hn) C ncid tjot my hwi rfoktchisth phlctckol korthhis rflotf strhi`ly th wjftjfr C tjcie tjot tjfy orfnocr hr iht th tjf tor`ft phlctckcoi) [hmf phlctckcois orf jyphkrctckol,

hr dcsjhifst, hr lozy, oid dfsfrvf th bf modf tor`fts) Jhwfvfr,shmftcmfs C tjcie tjot oi ortcst cs toeci` tjf lozy rhutf, to``ci` tjcshr tjot phlctckcoi wctj o noult tjot cs thpckol hr nosjchioblf *sukj os,kurrfitly, bfci` phll-drcvfi hr hkkupyci` o phlcky vokuum# ci o woy tjot cs nocr ifctjfr th tjf cidcvcduol phlctckcoi ihr th tjf khmplfxctcfshn fnnfktcvf dfmhkrotck phlctcks) Jovf yhu ihtckfd tjot ci olmhst oiy flfktchi kompocì tjf dfnoult thpck nhr korthhicsts *wjfi tjfrf csiht oi foscfr tor`ft ci thdoy–s ifws# cs o vorcotchi hi tjf

Twfddlfdum oid Twffdlfdff tjfmf8 Tjf cmplckotchi cs tjotphlctckcois ci hpphsfd phlctckol portcfs sjhuld olwoys hnnfr o klforphlcky kjhckf—sjhuld olwoys dcso`rff wctj fokj htjfr) Sft, ci nokt,oid hn khursf, oll hur phlctckol lfodfrs o`rff hi mhst nuidomfitolphlcky mottfrs) Tjfy tfid th dcso`rff hily hi strotf`cfs nhr okjcfvci` nuidomfitolly scmclor rfsults) Tjot cs tjf ioturf hn tjf dfmhkrotckphlctckol prhkfss ci o lor`fly khisfisus shkcfty sukj os hurs) Oid,yfs, hn khursf C uidfrstoid jhw dcnnckult ct must bf nhr oiy korthhicst th khmf up wctj shmftjci` hrc`ciol doy ontfr doy)Jhwfvfr, tjf qufstchi C om oseci` mysfln jfrf cs iht sh mukj wjftjfr tjf ortcst cs nocr hr uinocr, but wjftjfr jf hr sjf cscinlufikci` tjf woy C tjcie obhut tjf phlctckcoi khikfrifd hr tjf woy phlctcks whres)

Jhw koi wf ncid hut cn korthhis cinlufikf—oid cn sh, jhw mukj—tjf woy wf tjcie obhut phlctcks hr phlctckcois8 Tjfcistrumfits ovocloblf th shkcol skcfitcsts orf wfll eihwi, oid nocrly rfstrcktfd) Nhr fxomplf, wjfrfos mukj hn pjysckol skcfikf cs

civfstcòtfd by khiduktci` fxpfrcmfits, hn oll tjf shkcol skcfikfshily psykjhlh`y usfs fxpfrcmfitotchi th oiy `rfot fxtfit, oid tjfict cs usuolly wctj rots) Fxpfrcmfitci` wctj oktuol jumoi bfci`s csnrhwifd uphi, oid nfw prhphsols wcll `ft post tjf ftjcks khmmcttffstjot skrutcicsf mhst shkcol rfsforkj ci o khuitry lcef Oustrolco) Tjfmhst phpulor thhl nhr shkcol skcfitcsts cs tjf shkcol survfy, wjfrfqufstchis orf put th o somplf *jhpfnully o stotcstckolly roidhmsomplf, but hntfi iht# hn tjf phpulotchi, wctj tjf rfsults

oiihuikfd ci tfrms hn pfrkfito`fs) Tjf roi`f hn shpjcstckotchi cisurvfy rfsforkj cs vost, nrhm tjf pjhif-ci rfsphisfs th tole-boke rodch th tjf mosscvf oid prhjcbctcvfly fxpfiscvf qufstchiiocrfsurvfys khiduktfd by `hvfrimfits hr lor`f khrphrotchis) Tjf

Mckjofl Jhòi 36



fxpfisf hn khiduktci` oiy whrtjwjclf survfy jos lfd, ci rfkfityfors, th tjf phpulorcty hn o sjhrt-kut mftjhd—tjf usf hn nhkus`rhups, wjfrf o somplf os smoll os joln o dhzfi pfhplf tole tjhu`j

tjf cssufs civhlvfd ci shmf prhblfm) Vsfnul cinhrmotchi koi olsh bffxtroktfd nrhm oi oiolyscs hn hbgfktcvf doto sukj os cs òtjfrfd by tjf rfùlor Oustrolcoi Kfisus)

Hif scmplf oid sffmci`ly dcrfkt woy hn khiduktci` o survfy whuld bf th ose o phpulotchi hn pfhplf mukj tjf somf qufstchi tjotC jovf bffi oseci` mysfln) Cn tjf qufstchi cs spfkcnck, sh mukj tjfbfttfr) [h, o vfry krudf qufstchi mc`jt ose7 ‚Dh korthhis cinlufikfyhur hpcichi hn Brfidoi Iflshi8– Sfs, ct cs krudf) Jhwfvfr, lft us

iht prftfid tjot shmf survfys orf iht pctkjfd ot obhut tjot lfvfl hn shpjcstckotchi) Fvfry ic`jt hi T^ yhu wcll ncid shmf kurrfit onnocrsprh`rom oseci` vcfwfrs th rfsphid th gust sukj o qufstchi) Hn khursf, tjf rfsphisfs wcll bf whrtjlfss) Iht hily cs tjfrf ih`fiucifly rfprfsfitotcvf somplf, wctj nfw hr ih khitrhls hvfrmultcplf rfsphisfs nrhm shmf hròicsfd prfssurf `rhup khikfrifdobhut korthhicsts hr Brfidoi Iflshi, but olsh tjf qufstchi prhmptstjf rfsphidfit th cistoit sfln rfnlfktchi tcfd up wctj sfln gustcnckotchi) Ose yhursfln tjf somf qufstchi) Tjf fxpfktfd hvfrollrfsphisf by mhst hn us whuld bf o strhi` dficol7 my hpcichi hiBrfidoi Iflshi cs bosfd hi my ossfssmfit hn jcs phlckcfs oid jcslfodfrsjcp ci o rotchiol, khiscdfrfd woy5 C om iht swoyfd by oiytjci` os fmhtcvf os o korthhi *oltjhu`j C fighy tjfm#) Jhw moiy hn us whuld odmct, fvfi th hursflvfs, tjot hur phlctckolhpcichis orf nckelf8

C koi jfor my shkcol skcfitcst siffrci` ot mf) Ct cs phsscblf th `fto rfprfsfitotcvf somplf oid th sft ci plokf khitrhls nhr bcos) Qrhpfr

shkcol survfys orf mukj mhrf shpjcstckotfd tjoi tjot krudf fxomplf) Tjf qufstchi koi bf modf mhrf hblcquf oid subtlf, pfrjops lhd`fdci tjf mcddlf hn o survfy obhut moreft rfsforkj sh tjot tjfrfsphidfit dhfs iht rfolcsf wjot cinhrmotchi cs bfci` shu`jt, wjckj whuld tjus lfovf lfss skhpf nhr sfln dfkfptchi) Oid hn khursf tjotcs khrrfkt) Hif woy hn `fttci` ot tjf thpck mc`jt bf th ose7 ‚Khuldyhu dfskrcbf tjf mhst rfkfit korthhi tjot yhu sow obhut BrfidoiIflshi8– oid tjfi7 ‚Khuld yhu dfskrcbf tjf mhst rfkfit ifws sthry

yhu rfod ci tjf prfss obhut Brfidoi Iflshi8– Oi oiolyscs hn rfsphisfs th sukj o pocr hn qufstchis mc`jt flckct shmf citfrfstci` cinhrmotchi) Vinhrtuiotfly, tjf cinhrmotchi whuld iht bf dcrfktly obhut tjf cinlufikf hn korthhis) Ct whuld bf obhut tjf rfsphidfit–s




mfmhry, oid C eihw ci my hwi kosf tjot my mfmhry hn phlctckolfvfits cs mukj bfttfr tjoi my `ropjck mfmhry) *C whuld bf o mukjbfttfr omotfur ortcst cn C khuld mostfr `ropjck mfmhry/# Cn C khuld

rfkoll yfstfrdoy–s sthry hn o Iflshi stotfmfit hi cidustrcol rflotchismhrf foscly hr okkurotfly tjoi tjf phcit hn tjf mhst rfkfit cmo`f hn oi forifst, vokuhus, oid jormlfss Hpphsctchi lfodfr, tjot whuld ihttfll mf oiytjci` obhut jhw cinlufitcol tjf korthhi cs) But woct5 wjy dcd C usf tjf odgfktcvfs ci tjot lost sfitfikf8 Ct moy iht bf lost Tufsdoy–s korthhi tjot cs cinlufikci` mf) Rotjfr ct cs tjf kumulotcvffnnfkt hn tjf juidrfds hn korthhis C jovf sffi—oll rfcinhrkci` tjfsomf vcsuol cmo`f hn tjf pfrshi, wctj tjf somf `ropjck but

uisphefi cmplckotchis obhut jcs kjoroktfr oid lfvfl hn phlctckolnhrkfnulifss) Jhw dh C pjrosf o subtlf oid shpjcstckotfd survfy qufstchi tjot wcll shlvf tjot prhblfm8

Hif hn tjf mhst usfnul thhls ci survfy rfsforkj cs tjf usf hn okhitrhl `rhup th moef citfrfstci` khmporcshis bftwffi sf`mfitshn tjf phpulotchi) [h, ci tjf qufstchi tjot C om oseci`, ct whuld bf vfry jflpnul cn wf khuld ncid port hn hur somplf, hr port hn tjfphpulotchi, tjot wos iht fxphsfd th korthhis, sh tjot wf khuldkhmporf tjfcr hpcichis hr volufs wctj pfhplf wjh orf fxphsfd)Vinhrtuiotfly, ct cs vfry dcnnckult th ncid sukj o khitrhl `rhup) Tjfrforf shmf pfhplf wjh ifvfr rfod ifwspopfrs, oid tjus prhbobly orfuinomclcor wctj korthhicsts) But cn tjfy dhi–t rfod ifwspopfrs, tjfitjfy orf iht cinlufikfd by prcit ghuriolcsts fctjfr, oid tjot cs hif hn tjf efy pcfkfs hn cinhrmotchi tjot cs bfci` shu`jt7 orf wf cinlufikfdmhrf by whrds hr by cmo`fs8 Mhrfhvfr, cn tjfy dhi–t rfodifwspopfrs, tjfi tjfy orf olmhst kfrtocily rflyci` hi T^, wjfrf whrds oid cmo`fs orf khmbcifd, nhr tjfcr ifws) Ci Oustrolco wf

koi–t fvfi dcskrcmciotf bftwffi ifwspopfrs tjot usf korthhis oidtjhsf tjot dhi–t) Pjclf ci Brctoci tjf Ncioikcol Tcmfs kotfrs nhrbuscifss oid publck onnocrs rfodfrs wctj po`fs hn prcit oid stotcstckoldoto uirflcfvfd by trcvcolcsci` drowci`s, tjf Oustrolcoi Ncioikcol Rfvcfw cs cllustrotfd by o tfom hn vfry ncif korthhicsts) ^crtuolly oll Oustrolcoi ifwspopfrs jovf korthhis) Fvfi rfvfrsci` tjf woy hn oseci` tjf qufstchi dhfs iht jflp7 rotjfr tjoi lhhe nhr pfhplf wjhrfod tjf ifws but dhi–t lhhe ot korthhis, tjfrf whuld iht bf mukj

ghy ci lhheci` nhr pfhplf wjh hily lhhe ot tjf korthhis wctjhutrfodci` tjf ifws) Ihr koi C tjcie hn oiy woy tjot wf khuld usfKfisus doto th moef oi or`umfit)

Mckjofl Jh`oi 30



Nhkus `rhup qufstchici` cs stcll khitrhvfrscol omhi` shkcolskcfitcsts) Klforly, tjf hpcichis hn o somplf hn joln o dhzfirfsphidfits, ih mottfr jhw kuiici`ly kjhsfi, koi ifvfr scmply bf

fxtfidfd th o mukj wcdfr phpulotchi) Fvfi cn oll tjf mfmbfrs hn my nhkus `rhup o`rff tjot tjfy orf, hr orf iht, cinlufikfd by korthhis ci tjfcr fvoluotchi hn Brfidoi Iflshi, ct cs cmphsscblf thscmply ossfrt tjot, tjfrfnhrf, tjot wcll bf tjf kosf nhr oll hr mhst Oustrolcois) Nhkus `rhups orf usfnul, but iht nhr dfmhistrotci` oiytjci`) Pjot tjfy dh wfll cs th prhvcdf hif cistoikf hn jhw pfhplf citfrokt ci fxprfssci` tjfcr hpcichis *wjckj cs oi cmphrtoitospfkt hn jumoi bfjovchur cìhrfd ci mhst survfy rfsforkj#) Tjfy

prhvf ihtjci`, but tjfy orf vfry `hhd ot su``fstci` jyphtjfsfs tjotmc`jt bf whrtj nurtjfr civfstcòtchi) C om onrocd tjot tjfy wcll ihtbf mukj jflp ci oiswfrci` my qufstchi)

Ci moiy woys, tjf prfkfdci` dcskusschi cs oi odmcsschi hn noclurf) C dhi–t eihw jhw hif khuld dfmhistrotf, sotcsnokthrcly, wjftjfr korthhis jovf oi cmpokt hi hur hpcichis hr iht) C suspfkttjot ct whuld bf vfry dcnnckult, cn iht cmphsscblf, but tjfi C mc`jt bf wrhi`) [h lft mf lfovf tjf skcfitcnck prhhn th shmfhif ci tjf nuturf wjh wcll bf mhrf khmpftfit) Pjot C whuld lcef th dh, cistfod, cs thprfsfit tjot nuturf shkcol skcfitcst wctj o iumbfr hn jyphtjfsfs tjotmc`jt bf whrtj tfstci`) Os wctj oll jyphtjfsfs ci shkcol rfsforkj,tjfrf cs ih iffd nhr tjfm th jovf oiy skcfitcnck hrc`ci) O juikj, osuspckchi, hr o mfrf pfrshiol hpcichi cs o pfrnfktly okkfptoblf plokfth stort tjf prhkfss) Jfrf orf o nfw hn my juikjfs) Khmporf tjfm wctj yhur hwi)

Tjf ncrst cs tjot C suspfkt tjot korthhis dh iht jovf o `rfotcmpokt hi phpulor hpcichi obhut portckulor phlckcfs hn `hvfrimfits

hr phlctckol portcfs) My twh khllfoùfs òvf o ncif fxomplf ci tjfolmhst uioicmhus krctckcsms by korthhicsts hn tjf Jhword`hvfrimfit–s khidukt hn tjf ‚kjcldrfi hvfrbhord– cikcdfit oid tjfstcnnfici` hn cmmc`rotchi phlcky ci 211?, oid tjcs cs olsh my rfkhllfktchi hn tjf fvfits)2 Sft tjf nhrmfr prcmf mcicstfr oid tjfcmmc`rotchi mcicstfr jod ih dcnnckulty ot oll ci khivcikci` o moghrcty hn tjf phpulotchi tjot tjfcr `fifrol stoikf ci prhtfktci` Oustrolco–ssjhrfs nrhm o supphsfd jhrdf hn cllfòl cmmc`roits wos tjf rc`jt

hif) Tjf olmhst uioicmhus su``fstchis hn phlctckol korthhicsts ottjf tcmf tjot `hvfrimfit lfodfrs wfrf ployci` nost oid lhhsf wctjtjf trutj sffmfd th jovf ih cmpokt ot oll) C suspfkt tjot tjf rfoshinhr tjcs dcsrfòrd hn korthhicsts ci phlcky mottfrs cs bfkousf publck




hpcichi hi phlcky cs swoyfd mhrf by oktuol cinhrmotchi hr tjf loke hn cinhrmotchi *wjckj, hn khursf, koi bf moicpulotfd by phlctckcoishr by ghuriolcsts# tjoi by oiy fmhtcvf cmpokt wjckj cs tjf dhmoci

hn `ropjck ortcsts) Ct cs iht tjot wf orf thh shpjcstckotfd th bfcinlufikfd by korthhicsts hi phlcky) Rotjfr, ct cs tjot wf orf mukjmhrf foscly swoyfd by prcit ghuriolcsts, rodch sjhke ghkes, hr tjfsffmci`ly outjhrctotcvf dfklorotchis hn phlctckol lfodfrs ci tfi-sfkhid shuid bctfs hi T^)

My sfkhid juikj cs tjot korthhicsts dh jovf oi cmpokt hi tjf woy wf tjcie obhut tjf pfrshiolctcfs hn cidcvcduol phlctckcois) Tjffxomplf tjot C jovf usfd obhvf—Brfidoi Iflshi—cs prhmptfd by

my khivcktchi tjot tjf mhst dcnnckult ghb ci Oustrolcoi phlctcks cs tjothn tjf lfodfr hn tjf Hpphsctchi) Pjftjfr ci tjf Nfdfrol Qorlcomfithr ci tjf stotfs oid tfrrcthrcfs, tjf Hpphsctchi lfodfr, hn wjotfvfrporty, ncids ct dcnnckult th `ft ottfitchi ci tjf prcit hr flfktrhickmfdco, fxkfpt wjfi jf hr sjf jos modf shmf bluidfr) Oid wjfitjot joppfis, tjf korthhicst ncids o lf`ctcmotf tor`ft) Hif rfsult cstjot tjfrf tfids th bf mhrf ifòtcvf publckcty tjoi phsctcvf) Oid o`rfotfr prhphrtchi hn tjot publckcty *khmporfd wctj o prcmfmcicstfr hr prfmcfr# cs tjf `ropjck khitrcbutchi hn korthhicsts)Jhwfvfr, th su``fst tjot korthhis jovf oi cmpokt dhfs iht cmply tjot tjf cmpokt cs sh phwfrnul os th bf dftfrmcici`) Hpphsctchilfodfrs dh shmftcmfs wci flfktchis, dfspctf oiy ifòtcvf publckcty tjfy rfkfcvf) Nhrmfr Qrcmf Mcicstfr Ghji Jhword wos prfvchusly Hpphsctchi lfodfr, wjfi jcs cmo`f nhr mhst korthhicsts wos tjot hn o phlctckol ihi-fitcty) Jf prhvfd, hn khursf, th bf oiytjci` but tjot)Cidffd, jcs cmo`f os ‚lcttlf Ghjiicf– wctj hif fyf hr o Qcihkkjch ihsfdcd iht sffm th jorm jcm ot oll)

My tjcrd su``fstchi cs tjot, bfyhid tjf cmo`f hn cidcvcduolphlctckcois, korthhici` onnfkts tjf woy wf tjcie obhut phlctckcois ci`fifrol, oid tjf kront hn phlctcks ci portckulor) Tjfrf cs lcttlf dhubttjot Oustrolcois jovf o lhw hpcichi hn phlctckcois, wjh tfid th roie ci publck fstffm wctj usfd kor solfsmfi, poporozzc, oid kjcldmhlfstfrs) Moiy phlctckcois dh iht jflp th flfvotf tjfcr hwiprhnfsschi, ifctjfr by tjfcr hwi khidukt ihr by krctckcsm hn tjfcrhpphifits) Tjfrf jovf bffi shmf lcors oid khrrupt pfhplf *fvfi

tjf hkkoschiol murdfrfr# omhi` Oustrolcoi phlctckcois, but tjfrf csih fvcdfikf tjot tjfy orf mhrf hr lfss jhifst tjoi tjf khistctufitstjfy rfprfsfit) Pjfrfos prcit ghuriolcsts wcll hkkoschiolly `cvf krfdctth phlctckcois hr phlctckol portcfs nhr `hhd cdfos hr `hhd

Mckjofl Jhòi 33



odmcicstrotchi, ct cs olmhst cmphsscblf th ncid o phsctcvf cmo`f hn phlctckcois hr phlctcks ci Oustrolcoi korthhici`) [hmf hn tjf if`otcvfrfputotchi hn phlctcks koi prhbobly bf ottrcbutfd th tjf korthhis tjot

mhst hn us fighy) Jhwfvfr, ct cs dcnnckult th `h oiy nurtjfr tjoi tjotth ossfss jhw `rfot cs tjfcr cinlufikf hr *mhrf khitrhvfrscolly# wjftjfr korthhicsts hu`jt th kjoi`f tjfcr woys th prhvcdf mhrfboloikf)

Nciolly, tjfrf cs o rfputotchiol opprhokj th tjf qufstchi hn wjftjfr korthhis jovf oiy cmpokt hi publck hpcichi obhut phlctcks)Dh pfhplf tjcie tjfy jovf oiy fnnfkt8 Dh korthhicsts tjfmsflvfstjcie tjot tjfy orf cinlufitcol8 Fvfi cn tjf oiswfr th bhtj tjhsf

qufstchis cs ‚yfs–, wjy sjhuld wf toef sukj o rfputotchi sfrchusly8Qfrjops C koi ncicsj wctj o mhrf pfrshiol opprhokj7 cn yhu dh ihttjcie tjot korthhis koi jovf oi cinlufikf, wjy orf yhu rfodci` tjcsbhhe8 Dh yhu lhhe ot korthhis hily nhr tjfcr ortcstck voluf8 Hr dhyhu lhhe ot tjfm bfkousf tjfy lc`jtfi up tjf ifws wctj jumhur8 Cdhubt yhu whuld oiswfr ‚yfs– th fctjfr qufstchi) But C koi–t prhvf ct)




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tjf Jumoi Rc`jts oid Fquol Hpphrtuicty Khmmcsschi ci 2111)

Tjf khmmcsschi wos prfporci` o ifw sft hn ùcdflcifs hi jhw th

moio`f prfìoiky ci tjf whreplokf) Tjcs prhmptfd mf th tjcie

jhw mukj `hvfrimfit o`fikcfs ci Oustrolco ci rfkfit dfkodfs jovf

rflcfd hi korthhicsts th `ft tjfcr mfsso`f okrhss ci dcsormci` but

fnnfktcvf woys) Tjf usf hn korthhicsts by `hvfrimfit o`fikcfs wctj

fqucty rfsphiscbclctcfs sffms oi citfrfstci` cidckotchi hn tjf

cinlufikf hn ifw shkcol mhvfmfits hi tjf rfpfrthcrfs hn tjfsf

o`fikcfs) Tjf fxtfit th wjckj Oustrolcoi shkcol mhvfmfits ‚lhhe th

tjf stotf– jos hntfi bffi ihtfd) Ci okjcfvci` tjf krfotchi hn ifw

`hvfrimfit bhdcfs, tjfsf mhvfmfits jovf olsh cmphrtfd shmf ifw

nhrms hn symbhlck dcskhursf cith `hvfrimfit khmmuickotchi)

Tjot prhkfss hn cmphrtci` shkcol mhvfmfit rfpfrthcrfs cith

`hvfrimfit cs dfolt wctj ci tjf lottfr port hn tjcs kjoptfr) C bf`ci,

jhwfvfr, by hutlcici` tjf jhstclf dfpcktchi hn nfmcicsts by

prhnfsschiol korthhicsts ot tjf tcmf hn wjot cs hntfi kollfd tjf ‚ncrst

wovf– hn tjf whmfi–s mhvfmfit ci tjf lotf iciftffitj oid forly

twfitcftj kfiturcfs) Tjfmfs dfvflhpfd by Quikj korthhicsts ci

Brctoci oid Oustrolco oid by ‚Jhp– *Lcvci`sthif Jhpecis# ci tjf

Bullftci rfoppforfd oòci oid oòci hvfr tjf ifxt juidrfd yfors)Hif portckulor trhpf tjot C fxomcif mhrf klhsfly cs tjot hn ‚tjf moi

ci tjf oprhi–—dfpcktci` tjf rcscblf khisfqufikfs hn whmfi–s

fquolcty)




Ci tjf Victfd Eci`dhm, tjf prhtroktfd ioturf hn tjf stru``lf nhr

tjf vhtf lfd th tjf whmfi–s sunnro`f mhvfmfit opprhprcotci` tjf

mfdcum hn tjfcr hpphifits oid hròicsci` tjf prhduktchi hn prh-

sunnro`f korthhis, nhr usf os phstfrs oid phstkords os wfll os ci prcitmfdco) Ci Oustrolco tjf rflotcvfly forly `roitci` hn whmfi–s sunnro`f

nhrfstollfd tjf dfvflhpmfit hn o scmclor rfpfrthcrf hn shkcol oktchi)

Tjf orrcvol hn whmfi–s lcbfrotchi ot tjf bf`ciici` hn tjf ?301s lfd,

jhwfvfr, th tjf dfvflhpmfit hn ifw symbhlck vhkobulorcfs) Tjfsf

wfrf toefi by oktcvcsts cith `hvfrimfit oid tjfcr usf th prhmhtf

fquol hpphrtuicty cs tjf moci subgfkt hn tjcs popfr)

Boke`rhuid

Ot tjf tcmf hn tjf kompocìs nhr tjf vhtf sunnro`csts wfrf rfùlorly

dfpcktfd ci tjf Fi`lcsj-spfoeci` whrld os sjorp-nfoturfd oid sjhrt-

sc`jtfd tfrmoòits) Hntfi tjfy wfrf ormfd wctj umbrfllos nhr

ottokeci` mfi) Pjclf molf korthhicsts dfpcktfd whmfi wjh woitfd

tjf vhtf os vcifòry oid uiottroktcvf, tjfy prfsfitfd whmfi wjh

wfrf iht citfrfstfd ci tjf sunnro`f os rhuidfd oid buxhm)

Quikj moòzcif, wjftjfr tjf VE hrc`ciol hr cts khlhicoliomfsoefs, prhmhtfd bhtj vcsuolly oid vfrbolly tjf mfsso`f tjot

‚whmfi wjh woitfd whmfi–s rc`jts olsh woitfd whmfi–s kjorms–)?

Tjf su``fstchi tjot kompocìci` nhr fquolcty modf whmfi sfxuolly

uiottroktcvf wos o usfnul woy hn dcskhuro`ci` tjfm nrhm ghcici` tjf

kousf) Ghji [tuort Mcll okeihwlfd`fd tjf toktck–s fnnfktcvfifss wjfi

jf wrhtf hn tjf voluf hn khuitfrci` ct by jovci` prftty whmfi os

sunnro`f lfkturfrs) Jf tjhu`jt tjcs whuld pfrsuodf yhui` whmfi

tjot ghcici` tjf sunnro`f mhvfmfit whuld iht uisfx tjfm hr khsttjfm o jusboid)2

Oustrolcoi sunnro`cst ^cdo @hldstfci fxpfrcfikfd tjf null roi`f hn

jhstclcty nrhm korthhicsts, dfspctf bfci` yhui` oid ottroktcvf) Ci

?311 Quikj sjhwfd jfr tryci` th pfrsuodf tjf ottroktcvf whmfi hn

tjf ‚Oitc Nfmolf [unnro`f Lfoùf– th try hi o pocr hn mfi–s trhusfrs)

Tjfy rfply7 ‚Toef owoy tjf jhrrcd tjci`s–); Pjfi sjf ihmciotfd nhr

tjf [fiotf ci ?31; sjf wos `cvfi spfktoklfs oid trhusfrs by tjf

Bullftci oid sjhwi klcmbci` up o loddfr th tjf thp hn tjf phll) Tjftrhusfrs, sjf socd, wfrf jfr quolcnckotchis) Quikj dfpcktfd jfr bfci`

korrcfd cith porlcomfit by whmfi wctj o kjopfrhif wjh bfot tjf

Pjcp wctj jfr umbrfllo)4



Ghuriolcsts wjh citfrvcfwfd @hldstfci hr oktuolly ottfidfd jfr

phlctckol mfftci`s wfrf omozfd th ncid sjf wos iht ot oll ‚moiicsj–5

sjf wos jumhrhus, ickf th lhhe ot oid wfll-drfssfd fvfi cn sjf

rfnusfd th wfor o troci wjclf hutdhhrs, oid jfr secrt klforfd tjf`rhuid) Tjcs wos iht tjf cmo`f tjot korthhicsts jod prhvcdfd) Os

hif ghuriolcst wrhtf ontfr citfrvcfwci` jfr7 ‚Cn wf bflcfvfd tjf ortcst

hn tjf cllustrotfd wffely tjf typckol odvhkotf hn whmfi–s rc`jts cs

toll, òuit, `h``lfd, oid jcdfhusly ottcrfd ci sfmc-moskulcif

òrmfits) Mcss ^cdo @hldstfci jos ihif hn tjfsf ottrcbutfs–)6

Tjf moi ci tjf oprhi

Os wf jovf sffi, tjf supphsfd oiorkjck oid subvfrscvf kjoroktfr hn Oustrolcoi korthhici` ci cts `hldfi o`f hn tjf ?:31s dcd iht fxtfid

th kjollfi`fs th molf outjhrcty) Tjf fmhtchiol rfoktchi hn molf

korthhicsts th sukj kjollfi`fs wos modf moicnfst ci tjf cmo`f hn

tjf ‚moi ci tjf oprhi–) Tjcs cmo`f, rfpfotfd ci phlctckol korthhis nhr

hvfr o kfitury, sjhws mfi bfci` fmoskulotfd by whmfi–s fquolcty

oid nhrkfd th dh tjf jhusfwhre)

Tjf nomhus iorrotcvf korthhi by ‚Jhp– fitctlfd ‚Tjf sjrcfeci`

scstfrjhhd– cs o ncif forly fxomplf hn tjf ‚moi ci tjf oprhi– `firf)> Tjf korthhi dfpckts o Phmoi–s Kjrcstcoi Tfmpfroikf Vichi

dflfòtchi prfsfitci` Ifw [hutj Polfs Qrfmcfr [cr @fhr`f Dcbbs

wctj o rfshlutchi hi whmfi–s sunnro`f) Ct cs null hn tjf oitc-nfmcicst

stfrfhtypfs hn tjf doy, cikludci` o bfspfktoklfd jorpy stobbci` tjf

prfmcfr wctj jfr umbrfllo) Tjf ‚whmoily whmoi– dhfs iht woit

phlctckol fquolcty, iht hily bfkousf ct wcll moef jfr sjorp-ihsfd oid

sjhrt-sc`jtfd, but olsh bfkousf hn cts drfodnul khisfqufikfs nhr

mfi, prfsfitfd pckthrcolly by tjf oprhi) Icifty yfors lotfr, FlocifIclf–s supphrtfrs wfrf stcll olludci` th tjfsf khisfqufikfs wjfi

tjfy komf th Koibfrro th prhtfst oòcist tjf [fx Dcskrcmciotchi

Bcll7 Hif hn tjfcr mhst prhmcifit plokords rfod ‚[FZ BCLL

KO[TROTF[ MFI–)0

Tjf moiy cmo`fs ci tjf Jhp korthhi, iht oll hn wjckj koi bf

sjhwi jfrf, cikludf oihtjfr stoplf—prfsfitotchi hn tjf whmfi–s

sunnro`f ploie os o dfmoid nhr trhusfrs) Jf usfd tjcs oòci hi 24

Ihvfmbfr ?311, wctj Ifw [hutj Polfs Qrfmcfr Lyif hnnfrci` opocr hn trhusfrs th tjf usuol sjorp-nfoturfd oid bfspfktoklfd

sunnro`cst wjh cs pffrci` nrhm orhuid o drfssci` skrffi) Jf soys

‚toef tjfm5 but yhu must wfor o pfttckhot hvfr tjfm–) O lotfr Bullftci

Morcoi [owfr ?1;



korthhi hn ?31; dfpcktfd o whmoi ci eickefrbhkefrs *rfprfsfitci` tjf Nfdfrol Phmfi–s Qhlctckol Osshkcotchi# korryci` olhnt oi

Oustrolcoi nlo` modf cith o pocr hn trhusfrs) Cn tjf oppforoikf hn

whmfi ci trhusfrs wos rf`ordfd os tjrfotfici`, tjf drfssci` hn molf

phlctckcois ci whmfi–s klhtjfs, o khmmhi trhpf tjfi oid ihw nhr

korthhicsts, wos oi fnnfktcvf nhrm hn rcdckulf—o dfmfoici` rotjfr

tjoi o tjrfotfici` cmo`f) Tjf Bullftci *?> Guly ?:32# drfssfd [cr

Jfiry Qorefs ci o pfttckhot th dfprfkotf jcs rhlf ci citrhdukci` tjf

ncrst whmfi–s sunnro`f bcll cith tjf Ifw [hutj Polfs porlcomfit twhyfors bfnhrf) Tjf kotolyst nhr tjf korthhi wos o whmoi–s sunnro`f

mfftci` khivfifd by tjf Phmoi–s Kjrcstcoi Tfmpfroikf Vichi ot

wjckj ct wos su``fstfd Qorefs sjhuld khmf boke hut hn rftcrfmfit)


‚Tjf oppfol hn whmoijhhd–, Jorhld Bcrd, phstfr nhr tjfIotchiol Lfo`uf nhr Hpphsci` Phmoi [unnro`f, ?3?2



Jhp drfssfd Fdmuid Borthi mhrf tjoi hikf os tjf mcdwcnf hn nfdfrotchi, ci hif cistoikf jhldci` o bloke boby wjfi _uffisloidnciolly vhtfd th ghci tjf nfdfrotchi): Tjf drfssci` hn molf phlctckcois

ci whmfi–s klhtjfs ci hrdfr th rcdckulf tjfm wos olrfody o vfifroblfproktckf by tjf lotf iciftffitj kfitury) Ghji Dhylf *‚JB–# dcd ct ci olctjh`ropj jfld ci tjf Iotchiol Qhrtroct @ollfry ci Lhidhi tjot dotfsnrhm tjf stru``lf nhr tjf Rfnhrm Bcll ci ?:;?) Dhylf drfssfd Pfllci`thi, tjf jfrh hn tjf Bottlf hn Potfrlhh, os oi hld whmoi cio nrcllfd kop, ‚Domf Qortci`thi–, tryci` th jhld boke tjf hkfoi hn rfnhrm wctj o mhp)

Phmfi–s phlctckol rc`jts wfrf khistrufd iht hily os oi ottoke hi

moskulcicty, but olsh os oi ottoke hi tjf boscs hn tjf shkcolfkhihmy—tjf dcvcschi hn lobhur bftwffi pocd whre dhif by mfioid uipocd whre dhif by whmfi) Tjf nfor tjot cn whmfi wfrf thhbtoci phlctckol fquolcty tjfy whuld ih lhi`fr bf prfporfd th dh tjfjhusfwhre jod bffi orhuid ci Oustrolco scikf ot lfost tjf ?::1s)Jfircftto Du`dolf jod phcitfd hut tjot tjf oitc-sunnro`f orùmfittjot whmfi whuld if`lfkt tjfcr dhmfstck dutcfs cn ollhwfd cith tjfpublck spjfrf rfolly omhuitfd th soyci`7 ‚Cn wf okeihwlfd`f whmoics jumoi, wf sjoll iht `ft sh mukj whre hut hn jfr–)3

Tjf qufstchi hn ‚wjh wcll khhe tjf dciifr oid wjh wcll mcid tjfboby– jui` hvfr tjf wjhlf sunnro`f kompocì, cikludci` tjfporlcomfitory dfbotfs) Ci Jhp–s korthhi *os ci moiy htjfrs hn tjfsomf pfrchd# tjf oiswfr cs klfor—mfi wcll jovf th dh jhusfwhre)Jf fmpjoscsfs tjf ciopprhprcotfifss hn tjcs oktcvcty by `cvci` tjfmoi tjf moskulcif okkhutrfmfits hn o pcpf oid o smheci` kop, os wfll os tjf dfmfoici` oprhi oid dcsjklhtj) Tjf moi ci tjf oprhi,tjf vcktcm hn whmfi–s phlctckol rc`jts, jod bfùi jcs lhi` korffr ci

tjf mfdco)Ci tjf Victfd Eci`dhm tjf Iotchiol Lfoùf nhr Hpphsci`

Phmoi [unnro`f khmmcsschifd Ghji Jossoll th dfscì o phstfr ci?3?2 fitctlfd ‚O [VNNRO@FTTF–[ JHMF–) Jfrf tjf moi jos ihtokqucrfd oi oprhi oid tjf phstfr cs o koll th orms th prfvfit oiy sukj phsscbclcty) Tjf jusboid cs stoidci` cidcìoit oid wctjklfikjfd ncsts jovci` rfturifd jhmf th ncid jcs wcnf jos if`lfktfdtjf jhusf oid oboidhifd tjf kjcldrfi ci hrdfr th `h hut th o

sunnro`f mfftci`) [jf jos pciifd o ihtf soyci` ‚Boke ci oi jhur hrsh– th o ^htfs nhr Phmfi phstfr hi tjf woll) Tjfcr hldfr kjcld cs wffpci` ot o toblf, dcsployci` jhlfs ci jfr sthkeci`s, wjclf o yhui`frkjcld cs kurlfd up hi tjf nlhhr wctj o gu` ifxt th jcm) Tjf lomp cs

Morcoi [owfr ?16



Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?1>

‚Tjf sjrcfeci` scstfrjhhd–, Lcvci`sthif Jhpecis, Bullftci , 2; Guif ?:34

‚O sunnro`fttf–s jhmf–, Ghji Jossoll, phstfr nhr tjfIotchiol Lfo`uf nhr Hpphsci` Phmoi [unnro`f, ?3?2



smheci` bfkousf tjf sunnro`fttf jos noclfd th trcm tjf wcke) Tjfkoptchi ot tjf bhtthm fxklocms ONTFR O JORD DOS–[ PHRE/oid ur`fs rfodfrs th ghci tjf Lfoùf)?1 Ci rfsphisf th sukj

okkusotchis hn if`lfkt, tjf Phmfi–s Nrffdhm Lfoùf roi okhmpftctchi nhr tjf bfst dfpcktchi hn tjfcr mfmbfrs uidfrtoeci` dhmfstck dutcfs) Fitrcfs, wjckj wfrf lotfr publcsjfd os phstkords,cikludfd ‚Mrs Dfspord Eicts o Khmnhrtfr– oid ‚Mrs Jhw-MortyiMoefs Gom–)??

O mhrf rfkfit fxomplf hn tjf moi ci tjf oprhi cs tjot by Loi`huloit, ci tjf Docly Ifws , > Nfbruory ?306) Ct dfpckts tjffnnfkts hn Moròrft Tjotkjfr–s wci ci tjf Khisfrvotcvf lfodfrsjcp

bollht) Tjf whmoi ci tjf ectkjfi swflls up th twckf jfr ioturol sczf,broidcsjci` tjf ifws oid oiihuikci` tjot7 ‚Ot lost whmfi tjrhw hnn tjf yhef hn oprhi oid tfo thwfl oid toef tjfcr rc`jtnul plokf citjf onnocrs hn tjf whrld–) Jfr jusboid, mfoiwjclf, jos sjruie oidjcs oprhi jos okqucrfd oi fihrmhus bhw) Loi`huloit khuld jovfscmply rfprhdukfd @fhr`f Mhrrhw–s ?361 korthhi nrhm Quikj ) Tjcsjod dfpcktfd Bhodckfo, _uffi hn tjf Ckfic, rcdci` hnn ci jfr kjorcht wjclf jfr jusboid sthhd bfscdf tjf jhusf ormfd wctj o pht oiddcsjklhtj oid wctj oi oprhi tcfd hvfr jcs Kfltck khstumf)?2

Morcoi [owfr ?10

‚Ot lost–, Olloi Loi`huloit, Docly Ifws , > Nfbruory ?306

My lost fxomplf cs by @orrcke Trfmoci oid wos publcsjfd ci tjfKjrcstkjurkj popfr Tjf Qrfss , cmmfdcotfly nhllhwci` tjf flfktchi ci?333 hn Jflfi Klore os Qrcmf Mcicstfr hn Ifw Wfoloid) Tjcs tcmf



Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?1:

‚Ih, shrry Gfiiy–, @orrcke Trfmoci, Tjf Qrfss , 23 Ihvfmbfr ?333

tjf moi ci tjf oprhi cs jfr jusboid, Qrhnfsshr Qftfr Dovcs, wjh csrflfòtfd th tjf vokuumci` by tjf nokt tjot o whmoi koi ihw bfflfktfd os prcmf mcicstfr *sjf cs hi tjf pjhif rfnusci` jfr dfnfotfd

hpphifit, tjf nhrmfr prcmf mcicstfr, Gfiiy [jcplfy, o `hldfijoidsjoef#)

Opprhprcotci` tjf loiùo`f hn tjf hpphsctchiCi rfsphisf th tjf jhstclcty hn mocistrfom korthhicsts, tjf dcnnfrci` wci`s hn tjf Brctcsj sunnro`f mhvfmfit krfotfd tjfcr hwi ortcstouxclcorcfs, hr ci tjf kosf hn tjf Phmfi–s [hkcol oid Qhlctckol Vichi, wfrf sfrvfd by cidcvcduol ortcsts sukj os [ylvco Qoiejurst oid OlnrfdQforsf) [ylvco Qoiejurst jod jfrsfln bffi `rfotly cinlufikfd by tjfshkcolcst ortcst Poltfr Kroif oid jcs ‚Korthhis nhr tjf Kousf–)

Tjf Ortcsts– [unnro`f Lfoùf, hi tjf htjfr joid, wos krfotfd ci

?310 th osscst Mrs Nowkftt–s Iotchiol Vichi hn Phmfi–s [unnro`f[hkcftcfs *IVP[[#) Ct hròicsfd khmpftctchis nhr phstfr dfscìs,tjf ncrst hn wjckj wos whi by Oustrolcoi-bhri Dhro Mffshi nhr‚Qhlctckol jflp–) Ci jfr phstfr Mrs Ghji Bull rfnusfs th dcsj hut oiy



Morcoi [owfr ?13

‚Qhlctckol jflp–, Dhro Mffshi, phstfr publcsjfd by tjfIotchiol Vichi Phmfi–s [unnro`f [hkcftcfs, ?31:

mhrf phlctckol jflp th tjf klomhrhus molf kjcldrfi klustfrci` orhuidtjf shup bhwl uitcl sjf jos jflpfd jfrsfln) Tjf ifw moss-bosfdphlctckol portcfs jod krfotfd whmfi–s ouxclcorcfs th osscst wctj

koivossci` oid nuidrocsci`, dfspctf tjf nokt tjot whmfi wfrf stcll vhtflfss, oid tjf kjcldrfi dfpcktfd jfrf cikludf tjf Phmfi–s Lcbfrol Osshkcotchi oid tjf *Khisfrvotcvf# Qrcmrhsf Lfoùf) Lcso Tckeifrjos prhvcdfd o rckj okkhuit hn tjf vcsuol strotf`cfs hn tjfsunnro`csts, cikludci` tjfcr usf hn korthhici`, khlhurs oid boiifrs)?;

Dhro Mffshi subsfqufitly dfscìfd oid pocitfd tjfKhmmhiwfoltj hn Oustrolco–s boiifr, ‚Trust tjf Phmfi, Mhtjfr, Os C Jovf Dhif–, tjot wos korrcfd ci tjf ju`f sunnro`f prhkfsschis

ci ?31: oid ?3??) [jf wos o mfmbfr hn tjf Phmfi–s NrffdhmLfoùf oid morrcfd th Oustrolcoi ortcst @fhr`f Khotfs, wjh ghcifdtjf Mfi–s Lfoùf nhr Phmfi–s [unnro`f ci Lhidhi)

Oihtjfr hròicsotchi krfotfd th nurtjfr tjf kousf wos tjf[unnro`f Otflcfr, nhuidfd ci Lhidhi ci ?313) Ct jfld mfftci`sdfmhistrotci` mftjhds hn drowci` suctoblf nhr rfprhduktchi oskorthhis oid phstfrs oid wos oktcvf uitcl ?3?4) Ct brhu`jt th`ftjfr‚sunnro`csts wjhsf hbgfkt cs th jflp oiy oid fvfry sunnro`f shkcfty



tjrhu`j tjfcr ort–)?4 Tjfcr korthhis wfrf rfprhdukfd os phstfrs oidphstkords) Tjfy jfld up th rcdckulf tjf khmmhi orùmfits oòcist whmfi–s sunnro`f, sukj os tjf ‚prfjcsthrck orùmfit– tjot ‚Phmfi–s

prhpfr spjfrf cs tjf Kovf– *o Kotjfrcif Khurtould korthhi hn ?3?2#)Hif hn tjfcr phstfrs sjhwfd tjf oitc-sunnro`cst mo`ckcoi khigurci` up tjf ‚^htfs nhr whmfi bh`cfs– hn ‚pfttckhot `hvfrimfit–, ‚tjfuiwosjfd bobf– oid ‚whmoi uisfxfd–)

Ci ?3?2 tjf ortcst Lhucso Ghplci` Rhwf ovf o spffkj hi tjf volufhn pckthrcol ort ci phlctckol prhpoòido, ci wjckj sjf strfssfd tjf`rfot voluf hn korckoturf oid ur`fd jfr khllfoùfs ‚th jhld up thrcdckulf tjf Mfmbfrs hn Qorlcomfit wjh tjcie tjot whmfi, jovci`

ih sfisf hn jumhur, koiiht rf`cstfr vhtfs–)?6

Tjf [unnro`f Otflcfr

Khmck Khmmfitothrs ??1

‚^htfs nhr whmfi bh`cfs–, oihi), phstfr by tjf [unnro`f Otflcfr, k) ?3?2



wos dhci` wjot nfmcicst korthhicsts jovf dhif fvfr scikf—wrfstci`

khitrhl sh tjot tjf butt hn tjf ghef cs ih lhi`fr tjf whmoi, but

rotjfr tjf sfln-citfrfstfd orùmfits usfd th effp whmfi ci tjfcr

plokf)

Korthhici` nhr fquolcty nrhm tjf ?3:1s

Tjf somf rfvfrsol, moeci` hpphsctchi th whmfi–s rc`jts tjf butt hn

tjf korthhi, cs kjoroktfrcstck hn tjf korthhici` nhr fquolcty hn tjf

?3:1s) O pchiffrci` fxomplf wos tjf Onncrmotcvf Oktchi Joidbhhe

*?3:1, ?3:;# publcsjfd by tjf Rfvcfw hn Ifw [hutj Polfs

@hvfrimfit Odmcicstrotchi) Ct rflcfd jfovcly nhr cts mfsso`f hi tjfQotrcke Khhe korthhis tjot filcvfifd cts po`fs oid mhkefd tjf nfors

surrhuidci` fquol hpphrtuicty) Tjf cikluscvf nffl hn tjcs publckotchi

cs scìollfd by tjf nrhitcspcfkf, wjfrfby o moi oid o whmoi orf

ovhcdci` tjf dhhr morefd ‚Tjfm– oid bhtj fitfrci`, shmfwjot

opprfjfiscvfly, tjf dhhr morefd ‚Vs–) Tjf loke hn whmfi–s thclfts

rfmocifd oi fxkusf nhr iht fmplhyci` whmfi wfll cith tjf ?3:1s

oid wos o usfnul symbhl nhr korthhicsts) Tjf htjfr Khhe korthhis

oll sfrvf th dfnusf stoidord orùmfits oòcist fquol hpphrtuicty, wctj tjf ‚hif ghb rfqucrci` brutf strfi`tj– bfci` brokci` tjf dhhr

oòcist whmfi tryci` th fitfr) Jf olsh oitckcpotfs tjf bh`fy hn

‚tjhu`jt phlckf–, prfvfitci` jorossmfit ci tjf whreplokf) Khhe–s

pcistrcpfd cispfkthr, wctj tjf brcfnkosf lobfllfd ‚ickfifss phlckf–, cs

stotchifd ci o nhyfr, nhrkci` molf oid nfmolf fmplhyffs th smclf ot

fokj htjfr os tjfy poss)

Qftfr Pclfisec jod olrfody khmmcsschifd Qotrcke Khhe th

cllustrotf tjf Citfrcm Rfphrt hn tjf Rfvcfw hn Ifw [hutj Polfs

@hvfrimfit Odmcicstrotchi * Dcrfktchis nhr Kjoi`f , ?300# oid, ci

portckulor, th dfpckt ottctudciol borrcfrs th kjoi`f) Qotrcke Khhe

oòci prhvcdfd tjf cllustrotchis nhr tjf Nurtjfr Rfphrt hn tjf

Rfvcfw * Vincicsjfd O`fido , ?3:2#) Pjfi C wos rfvcfwci` tjf

fmplhymfit hn whmfi ot tjf Oustrolcoi Iotchiol Vicvfrscty ci

?3:; C wos mhvfd th rfprhdukf tjf prhpjftck ncùrf oiihuikci`

‚Tjf rhod th jfll cs povfd wctj rfnfrrols th khmmcttff–) Pclfisec wos oi ciihvothr okrhss moiy orfos hn publck

odmcicstrotchi, oid tjf usf hn korthhici` th prhmhtf oi fqucty

o`fido sffms th jovf bffi yft oihtjfr hn jcs moiy khitrcbutchis)

Morcoi [owfr ???




Khvfr, Qotrcke Khhe, Onncrmotcvf Oktchi Joidbhhe, ?3:1

‚Hif ghb rfqucrci` brutf strfi`tj–,Qotrcke Khhe, Onncrmotcvf Oktchi Joidbhhe, ?3:1



Morcoi [owfr ??;

‚Ickfifss phlckf–, Qotrcke Khhe, Onncrmotcvf Oktchi Joidbhhe, ?3:1

‚Tjf rhod th jfll cs povfd wctj rfnfrrols th khmmcttff–,Qotrcke Khhe, Vincicsjfd O`fido , ?3:2



Oustrolco dcd o lht hn phlcky bhrrhwci` nrhm Koiodo ci tjf orfo hn fquol fmplhymfit hpphrtuicty, but tjf usf hn korthhici` wos ihtshmftjci` bhrrhwfd nrhm Koiodo)

Ot tjf tcmf hn tjf sthrmy posso`f hn tjf [fx Dcskrcmciotchi Okt ?3:4 Rhi Toidbfr` wos hif hn tjf korthhicsts wjh prhvcdfd tjfmhst cikcscvf supphrt nhr fquol hpphrtuicty) Jcs whre wos jc`jly prczfd by fquol hpphrtuicty proktctchifrs oid, ci ?3:3, twh hn jcskorthhis wfrf usfd th cllustrotf tjf Iotchiol O`fido nhr o Multckulturol Oustrolco , th try th ifutrolcsf tjf oitckcpotfd hpphsctchith multckulturolcsm) Iht surprcsci`ly, Toidbfr` wos olsh kjhsfi thcllustrotf tjf brhkjurf Quttci` tjf [fx Dcskrcmciotchi Okt cith Qroktckf

*Jumoi Rc`jts Khmmcsschi, ?3:4#) Jcs thclfts korthhi wosrfprhdukfd hi tjf nrhit khvfr) Pjclf Qotrcke Khhe–s korthhi nhr tjfnrhit hn tjf Onncrmotcvf Oktchi Joidbhhe jod ‚us– oid ‚tjfm– thclfts, Toidbfr` jos o molf thclft dfsc`iotfd ‚skcfitcsts– oid o nfmolf hifdfsc`iotfd ‚sfkrftorcfs–)

Oihtjfr mukj-rfprhdukfd phkeft korthhi by Toidbfr` cs hn molf fxfkutcvfs khmplocici` th thddlfrs7 ‚Jhw koi wf bfkhmpftctcvf cn wf jovf th lhhe ontfr yhu8– Tjcs brci`s th`ftjfr, oid


Khvfr, Rhi Toidbfr`, Quttci` tjf [fx Dcskrcmciotchi Okt cith Qroktckf ,brhkjurf nhr Jumoi Rc`jts Khmmcsschi, ?3:4



jfikf prhblfmotcsfs, dcskrcmciothry ossumptchis sukj os tjot mfidh bfttfr bfkousf tjfy orf mhrf khmpftctcvf oid tjot tjfrf cs

shmfhif ovocloblf ot jhmf th toef korf hn nomcly rfsphiscbclctcfs nhr

tjfm) Htjfr Toidbfr` korthhis tjot whre tjcs woy, by guxtophsci`

ossumptchis, cikludf tjf nrozzlfd whmoi tfllci` jfr jusboid `lufd

th tjf tflfvcschi sft7 ‚Shu–ll lcvf lhi`fr cn yhu dh tjf dcsjfs/– Tjcs

brci`s th`ftjfr tjf stotcstcks khikfrici` tjf dcstrcbutchi hn uipocd

whre wctj tjf khitciuci` lhi`fvcty `op bftwffi mfi oid whmfi)

Sft oihtjfr fxomplf cs tjf whmoi qufuci` up nhr tjf ‚lodcfs––khmmfitci`, ‚Ct–s lcef tryci` th `ft o sfot ci porlcomfit–) Tjcs

guxtophsfs tjf wfll-eihwi uidfr-prhvcschi hn whmfi–s thclfts ci

publck bucldci`s wctj tjf qufuci` fnnfkt kousfd by tjf lcmctfd

iumbfr hn porlcomfitory sfots formorefd nhr whmfi) Nhr fxomplf,

tjf Lcbfrol Qorty ci ^ckthrco olwoys sft oscdf hif [fiotf sfot nhr o

whmoi nrhm cts nhrmotchi—hrc`ciolly jfld by [fiothr Cvy

Pfd`whhd, oid tjfi by [fiothrs Mor`orft @uclnhylf oid Eoy

Qottfrshi, wctj shmf htjfr whmfi rfprfsfitci` ^ckthrco hi o mhrfsjhrt-tfrm boscs) Tjfrf wos o scmclor pjfihmfihi ci rflotchi th

nfdfrol Kobcift nrhm scikf ?306, wctj, hif sfot bfci` formorefd nhr

o whmoi nhr tjf ifxt twfity yfors)

Morcoi [owfr ??6

‚Jhw koi wf bf khmpftctcvf cn wf jovf th lhhe ontfr yhu8–,Rhi Toidbfr`, O`f , i)d)



Khmck Khmmfitothrs ??>

‚Shu–ll lcvf lhi`fr cn yhu dh tjf dcsjfs/–Rhi Toidbfr`, O`f , k) ?33?

‚Ct–s lcef tryci` th `ft o sfot ci Qorlcomfit–,Rhi Toidbfr`, Jfrold [ui , 2? Guif ?33;



Gfiiy Khhpfs olsh oddrfssfs tjf lcmctfd hpphrtuictcfs modfovocloblf th whmfi ci phlctcks, ci o korthhi ncrst publcsjfd ci tjf

[ui-Jfrold ci ?334 oid rfprhdukfd, nhr fxomplf, ci Mor`orft

Rfyihlds–s Tjf Lost Bostchi oid flsfwjfrf)?> [fiothr Rfyihlds–s

bhhe wos publcsjfd iht lhi` ontfr tjf Lobhr Qorty odhptfd quhtos

nhr wciioblf sfots oid wos prcmorcly dcrfktfd ot tjf Lobhr Qorty,

wctj tjf jflp hn o nhrfwhrd by tjf Lobhr Qrcmf Mcicstfr, Qoul

Efotci`) Tjf bhhe thhe cts tctlf nrhm o korthhi by Brukf Qftty

dfpcktci` ‚P DOS–, wctj whmfi phurci` hut hn o loidci` krontormfd wctj brcfnkosfs oid sthrmci` tjf lost bostchi *Qorlcomfit

Jhusf#)

Korthhici` wos usfd ci tjf ?331s iht hily th rcdckulf tjf sfxcsm

hn phlctckol portcfs, but olsh th cispcrf whmfi th ocm nhr phlctckol

korffrs) Tjf Hnnckf hn tjf [totus hn Phmfi khmmcsschifd Gudy

Jhrokfe th dh tjf korthhis nhr Fvfr y Phmoi–s @ucdf th @fttci` cith

Qhlctcks )?0 Tjfy orf tjf moeci` hn tjf Joidbhhe oid jovf bffi mukj

rfprhdukfd, cikludci` tjf bloke whmoi wjh cs thld by oi cmo`fkhisultoit tjot wjot sjf lhhes `hhd ci cs outjhrcty) Ci tjcs kjoptfr C

om opplyci` o sfln-dfiyci` hrdcioikf khikfrici` Jhrokfe–s whre ci

prhmhtci` fquol hpphrtuicty ci dfnfrfikf th jfr hwi wrctci` hi tjf

Morcoi [owfr ??0

‚@crls koi dh oiytjci` bhys koi dh )))–, Gfiiy Khhpfs,[ui-Jfrold , 4 [fptfmbfr ?334



subgfkt)?: Ihiftjflfss, sjf cs oi hutstoidci` fxomplf hn oi Oustrolcoi korthhicst prhvcdci` cispcrci` korthhis nhr tjf kousf oiddfmhistrotci` nfmcicsts dh jovf o sfisf hn jumhur) Jfr bucldci` sctf noitosy *‚sjhw us yhur wcts–, ‚C whuldi–t mcid o òmf hn skrobblf wctj jfr–# oppfors ci moiy plokfs)

Tjf Fquol Fmplhymfit Hpphrtuicty *FFH# Burfou hn tjf Oustrolcoi Qublck [frvckf Bhord, wjckj stortfd lcnf ci ?306 os o rfsult

hn tjf fvcdfikf prhvcdfd th tjf Khhmbs Rhyol Khmmcsschi hi Oustrolcoi @hvfrimfit Odmcicstrotchi, wos oihtjfr `hvfrimfito`fiky oixchus th `ft cts mfsso`f okrhss tjrhu`j jumhur) Ctpluidfrfd tjf Qotrcke Khhe korthhis nrhm tjf Onncrmotcvf Oktchi

Joidbhhe nhr cts publckotchis, os wfll os khiskrcptci` htjfrkorthhicsts, cikludci` @oyihr Kordfw) Fvfi ontfr tjf obhlctchi hn tjf Qublck [frvckf Bhord, tjf rfmioit FFH Vict wos stcll usci` Kordfw th prhvcdf mfmhroblf cmo`fs nhr cts ?331 ùcdf nhr

moio`frs fitctlfd ‚Tjf Fquol Ect–)Kordfw, wjh dcfd ci ?333, wos tjf nfmcicst korthhicst wjhsf

whre wos mhst hntfi usfd by nfdfrol `hvfrimfit o`fikcfs ci tjf?3:1s oid ?331s) [jf bfòi tjf ?3:1s wctj whre nhr tjf

Khmck Khmmfitothrs ??:

‚Phmfi sthrm “tjf lost bostchi”–,Brukf Qftty, O`f , 4 Guif ?334



Morcoi [owfr ??3

‚Tjf cmo`f khisultoit–, Gudy Jhrokfe, Fvfry Phmoi–s @ucdf th @fttci` cith Qhlctcks , ?336

‚Shu dhi–t nffl ot fosf8–, @oyihr Kordfw, Fquols Ect ,Qublck [frvckf Khmmcsschi, ?331



Citfriotchiol Sfor hn tjf Dcsoblfd) [jf tjfi dcd whre nhr tjf

Onncrmotcvf Oktchi Rfshurkf Vict ci tjf Hnnckf hn tjf [totus hn

Phmfi, cllustrotci` tjf pompjlfts put hut th kolm nfors obhut

onncrmotcvf oktchi) [jf whrefd mhst khitciuhusly, jhwfvfr, nhr tjf Phmfi–s Burfou ci tjf Dfportmfit hn Fmplhymfit, Fdukotchi

oid Trocici`, cllustrotci` tjfcr Ifwslfttfr Phmfi . Phre nrhm

?3:0 uitcl tjf Phmfi–s Burfou wos ‚mocistrfomfd– *obhlcsjfd# ci

?330)

Tjf Phmfi–s Burfou dotfd boke th ?3>;, but ct nfll vcktcm th tjf

Jhword `hvfrimfit–s jhstclcty th ‚spfkcol citfrfsts– sukj os tjhsf

supphsfdly rfprfsfitfd by fqucty o`fikcfs) Kordfw wos tjf ncrst

korthhicst rfùlorly khmmcsschifd by tjf Phmfi–s Burfou)Qrfvchusly, tjfy jod rfprhdukfd korthhis dhif nhr uichi fquol

hpphrtuicty publckotchis by Jflò Bcidfr, Mory Lfuic`, Gfiiy

Khhpfs oid htjfrs) Kordfw, jhwfvfr, komf th fpcthmcsf tjf nfcsty

spcrct tjot lfd tjf Phmfi–s Burfou th bf dfskrcbfd os o ùfrcllo uict

hpfrotci` dffp wctjci tjf fmplhymfit dfportmfit) Jfr korthhis

nhr tjf sfkhid-lost cssuf hn Phmfi . Phre cikludfd o dfncoit hif

sjhwci` oi fdukotchi scf`f thwfr supphsfdly bfci` dro``fd ci tjf

dcrfktchi hn FFH but wctj oi hi-lhhefr khmmfitci`7 ‚Shu eihw, Ckhuld olmhst swfor ct–s mhvci` bokewords–)

Kordfw jod olsh bffi khmmcsschifd by tjf Jumoi Rc`jts oid

Fquol Hpphrtuicty Khmmcsschi *JRFHK# th cllustrotf publckotchis

cikludci` Shur Rc`jts ot Phre oid tjf Fquol Qoy Joidbhhe *?33:#)

Tjfy bhtj jod mfmhroblf cmo`fs ottokeci` khmmhi prfgudckfs oid

su``fstci` shmf rfsphisfs sukj os7 ‚Cn yhu poy yhur nfmolf whrefrs

lfss, tjfi os o nfmolf klcfit C poy lfss, yfs8– Hif cmphrtoit tjci`

obhut tjfsf korthhis ci `hvfrimfit publckotchis cs tjf trodctchiollckfikf ollhwfd korthhicsts) Mfsso`fs tjot koiiht bf troismcttfd

tjrhu`j tjf koutchus oid lfòlly kcrkumskrcbfd mfdcum hn prhsf

koi bf bhtj vcsuolly oid vfrbolly tflf`ropjfd tjrhu`j tjf korthhi)

JRFHK, lcef htjfr fqucty o`fikcfs tor`ftci` yhutj oudcfikfs, jos

olsh usfd [trfftwczf Khmcx , nhr fxomplf, th sfid ploy`rhuid

mfsso`fs obhut sfxuol jorossmfit)

Mfoiwjclf tjf Hnnckf hn [totus hn Phmfi ci tjf Dfportmfit hn

Qrcmf Mcicstfr oid Kobcift wos khmmcsschici` oihtjfr nfmcicstkorthhicst, Gfiiy Khhpfs, th prhmhtf tjf ncidci`s hn tjf ?3:0 Qclht

Tcmf-Vsf [urvfy) Tjf survfy nhuid tjot whmfi dcd obhut 01 pfr

kfit hn tjf uipocd whre pfrnhrmfd ci Oustrolco—hi ovfro`f obhut




Morcoi [owfr ?2?

‚Phre-bosfd kjcld korf–, @oyihr Kordfw, Phmfi . Phre, Hkthbfr ?3:3

‚FFH lf`cslotchi–, @oyihr Kordfw, Phmfi . Phre, Guif ?330



;> jhurs o wffe—wjclf mfi dcd hi ovfro`f obhut ?: oid o joln jhurs, rf`ordlfss hn jhw moiy jhurs hn pocd whre tjfcr wcvfspfrnhrmfd) Khhpfs cllustrotfd fokj hn tjf moghr ncidci`s ci tjf

phpulor vfrschi hn tjf sfkhidory oiolyscs hn tjf survfy doto) Hifhn tjf mhst rfprhdukfd hn tjfsf korthhis cllustrotfd tjf ncidci` tjot wjfi o whmoi `fts morrcfd sjf cikrfosfs jfr uipocd whre by olmhst >1 pfr kfit) Khhpfs jos tjf brcdf`rhhm soyci` ‚C dh– oid tjfbrcdf soyci` ‚… but C–ll dh mhrf/–?3

Pjclf oll tjfsf phwfrnul korthhis wfrf bfci` prhdukfd, fctjfrsphitoifhusly hr khmmcsschifd nhr fquol hpphrtuicty publckotchis,shmf hbsfrvfrs wfrf iht cmprfssfd) C wos osthicsjfd th rfod o pcfkf

by Qftfr Khlfmoi su``fstci` tjot tjfrf jod bffi o `rfot rfvcvol hn Oustrolcoi korthhici` bftwffi ?3>1 oid ?306 tjot wos brhu`jt thoi fid ci tjf lotf ?301s by tjf hisft hn phlctckol khrrfktifss)21

Khlfmoi lomfitfd tjot tjfrf wos o iorrhwci` hn nhkus—ih mhrf Obhrc`ciol hr Gfwcsj ghefs, hr ghefs obhut Fi`lcsj cmmc`roits, hr Gopoifsf, Kjcifsf hr Orobs, oid ih mhrf jhmhsfxuol ghefs) Tjcs cshdd, os tjfrf jovf bffi mhrf korthhis obhut Cidc`fihus cssufs citjf ?331s tjoi oiy htjfr pfrchd C koi tjcie hn) Khlfmoi mfois,pfrjops, tjf dcsoppforoikf hn korthhis ci wjckj tjfsf `rhups orftjf butt hn tjf ghef) Jf klocms7 ‚Cn ct wfrf hily o mottfr hn sclfikci` tjf vhckfs hn jotf hr bc`htry tjot whuld bf ncif) But ct olsh hntfisclfikfd tjf vhckf hn jumhur ctsfln –)2? Nhr jcm, korthhicsts jodbfkhmf cdfhlh`ufs rotjfr tjoi ghefrs)

Qfrshiolly, C dhi–t ncid tjf `hldfi o`f hn Oustrolcoi korthhici`, wjfi whmfi *citfrfstci`ly Khlfmoi dhfs iht fvfi mfitchi tjfmcsh`yiy hn klossckol Oustrolcoi korthhici`# oid Obhrc`cifs oidKjciomfi wfrf usuolly tjf butt hn tjf ghef, vfry omusci ) @fhnn

Qryhr, fdcthrcol korthhicst nhr tjf Koibfrro Tcmfs hi > [fptfmbfr211? usfd tjf rokcsm hn iciftffitj-kfitury korthhicsts os o vfjcklfnhr krctcquf hn kurrfit rokcol phlctcks) Vidfr tjf tctlf ‚Rfkyklci`–, jfrfprhdukfd tjf nomhus ‚Mhi`hlcoi hkthpus– korthhi by Qjcl Moy,ncrst publcsjfd ci tjf Bullftci ci ?::>) Qryhr oiihtotfd tjf korthhi,su``fstci` tjf oddctchi hn o turboi oid htjfr nfoturfs th turi tjfKjcifsf mfiokf cith oi Cslomck hif)

Ci tjf lost khuplf hn dfkodfs wf jovf jod oi citfrfstci` pfrchd

ci wjckj korthhicsts– obclcty th dfmhlcsj jyphkrcsy oid sfln citfrfstjos bffi usfd vfry fnnfktcvfly th prhmhtf o ‚nocr `h–) Tjcs cs, ci port,o trcbutf th tjf quolcty hn Oustrolcoi korthhici` os wfll os th tjhsf




Morcoi [owfr ?2;

‚Jhw nor boke dhfs tjcs mhvfmfit `h8– @oyihr Kordfw,Phmfi . Phre, [fptfmbfr ?3::

‚But C–ll dh mhrf–, Gfiiy Khhpfs, [flfktfd Ncidci`s nrhm Gu``lci` Tcmf7 Jhw Oustrolcoi Nomclcfs Vsf Tcmf , ?33?



wjh jovf sffi jhw cmphrtoit korthhici` mc`jt bf ci tjf phlctckolrfpfrthcrf hn fquolcty-sffeci` `rhups) Tjcs wos korrcfd hvfr cith`hvfrimfit oid `hvfrimfit o`fikcfs wctj fquolcty moidotfs) Ci

tjcs khuitry, sukj o`fikcfs jovf bffi mukj mhrf ciklcifd tjoiflsfwjfrf th drow hi tjf subvfrscvf phwfr hn vcsuol jumhur thprhmhtf tjfcr mfsso`f, htjfrwcsf hntfi ci doi`fr hn dcsoppforci` uidfr `hvfrimfit spfoe) Vinhrtuiotfly, shmf hn tjf o`fikcfs tjot wfrf nhrfmhst prhmhtfrs hn korthhici` nhr fquol hpphrtuicty, lceftjf Phmfi–s Burfou, ih lhi`fr fxcst) Korthhicsts koi drow ottfitchi th tjcs ecid hn frhschi, lcef tjf Kotjy Pclkhx fdcthrcolkorthhi wjckj jflpfd fisurf tjot tjf Jhword `hvfrimfit nciolly

modf oi opphcitmfit th tjf vokoit phsctchi hn sfx dcskrcmciotchikhmmcsschifr ci ?330)22

Pjfi `hvfrimfit o`fikcfs kjor`fd wctj prhtfktchi hn jumoirc`jts hr prhmhtchi hn fqucty orf klhsfd dhwi hr muzzlfd, tjf rhlfhn korthhicsts hutscdf `hvfrimfit bfkhmfs fvfi mhrf cmphrtoit) Os `hvfrimfit jos bfkhmf mhrf khisfrvotcvf, ct jos bfkhmf mhrfifrvhus obhut tjf trois`rfsscvf kjoroktfr hn korthhici` os o nhrmhn hnnckcol khmmuickotchi) Fdcthrcol oid nrffloikf korthhici` *mhstnfmcicst korthhicsts orf ci tjf lottfr kotf`hry# jos ctsfln bfkhmf o‚lost bostchi– hn fquol hpphrtuicty oid shkcol gustckf o`fidos)2;


‚Qjhif mfsso`f–, Kotjy Pclkhx, O`f , ?3 [fptfmbfr ?330



3

Oustrolcoi Korthhicsts– Korckoturfs hn

Phmfi Qhlctckcois—Nrhm Ecrifr th

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Joydhi Moiici`

Ci Guif ?333, tjf Lobhr Qorty–s dfputy lfodfr, Gfiiy Mokelci, or`ufdtjot korthhis sukj os tjf nhllhwci` twh hn Mf` Lffs wfrf hnnfiscvfoid dfmfoici` th whmfi phlctckcois bfkousf tjfy rfnlfkt tjfkorthhicsts– lcmctfd oid uicmo`ciotcvf vcfw hn sfichr whmfi ciphlctcks) Nhr Mokelci, whmfi phlctckcois orf stfrfhtypfd osjhusfwcvfs, hr hbgfkts nhr molf sfxuol `rotcnckotchi, rotjfr tjoidfpcktfd os ‚tjf phlctckcoi tjot cs tjf whmoi–)? Tjfsf klocms orf whrtj fxomcici` oid orf dhif sh jfrf ci rflotchi th korthhicsts–korckoturfs hn shmf sfichr whmfi phlctckcois, ci portckulor nhrmfrDfmhkrot lfodfrs Mf` Lffs, Kjfryl Efriht oid Iotosjo [thtt-Dfsphgo5 nhrmfr ^ckthrcoi Qrfmcfr, Ghoi Ecrifr oid tjfpjfihmfihi tjot wos Qoulcif Joishi–s Hif Iotchi)2 Tjf

nhllhwci` korthhis by More Eic`jt oid Bcll Lfoe orf cidckotcvf hn wjot sh oiihys shmf whmfi phlctckcois)

Hvfr tjf lost dfkodf hr sh, cikrfosci` iumbfrs hn whmfifitfrfd hur porlcomfits, modf tjfcr more os mcicstfrs, o khuplfbfkomf stotf prfmcfrs oid, ci `fifrol, wcfldfd lf`cslotcvf phwfr wctjsunnckcfit nrfqufiky th bfkhmf jhusfjhld iomfs) Iht surprcsci`ly,korthhicsts nflt tjf iffd th khmmfit hi tjf vcrtufs, hr htjfrwcsf, hn tjfcr oktchis oid, ci sh dhci`, fxphsfd o `rhup uiusfd th tjcs shrt

hn skrutciy) C–m oseci` rfodfrs th wfc`j up wjftjfr hr iht Mokelcioid jfr supphrtfrs orf rfolly rotjfr tjci seciifd hr wjftjfr tjfy dhjovf o kosf o`ocist korthhicsts, wjh orf mocily molf oid mcddlfo`fd)




‚[fiothr Mf` Lffs oid Qrcmf Mcicstfr Ghji Jhword–,More Eic`jt, Jfrold [ui , 23 Moy ?333

‚[fiothr Mf` Lffs jhldci` tjf “wjcp joid” wctj QrcmfMcicstfr Ghji Jhword–,

Bcll Lfoe, Pffefid Oustrolcoi , 22‛2; Moy ?333



Hi tjf nokf hn ct, ct cs iht dcnnckult th sff jhw shmf korthhishnnfidfd shmf nfmcicsts, moiy hn wjhm pfrkfcvf tjf ?331s os odfkodf hn ‚bokelosj– oòcist tjf whmfi–s mhvfmfit) Mokelci oid

jfr supphrtfrs wfrf prhvhefd by korthhis, ci portckulor tjhsfdfolci` wctj tjfi Dfmhkrots lfodfr Mf` Lffs–s if`htcotchis wctjQrcmf Mcicstfr Jhword hvfr tjf @[T–s posso`f tjrhu`j tjf [fiotfbut, mhrf `fifrolly, by wjot tjfy pfrkfcvfd os tjf korthhicsts–noclurf th troiskfid sfxcst stfrfhtypci`) O whrryci` ospfkt hn Mokelci–s orùmfit khikfris cts phsscblf dfscrf th kfishr, oihutkhmf lcefly th dcmcicsj tjf korthhicsts– kront oid tjfcr sh-kollfd‚lorrceci trodctchi–) Ot tjf vfry lfost, Mokelci prfsfits o sfrchus

krctcquf hn khitfmphrory phlctckol korthhici`, oid ct dfsfrvfskorfnul cispfktchi) My orùmfit dhfs iht cmply tjot korthhicstssjhuld fighy uilcmctfd lckfikf th lomphhi, but Mokelci, oid tjhsf wjh rollcfd ci supphrt, pfrkfcvfd o lfvfl hn sfxcsm wjckj cs,orùobly, iht os prfvolfit, ihr os dcsturbci`, os ncrst oppfors)

Ghoi Fvflcif oid Mckjofl Bhhtj phcit hut ci tjf po`fs hn tjf Oustrolcoi Ghuriol hn Nfmcicst [tudcfs tjot wjfi whmfi phlctckcoisose nhr spfkcol trfotmfit ot tjf joids hn tjf korthhicsts tjfy uidfrmcif tjf wcdfr klocm th fquolcty hn trfotmfit); Tjfy moef tjfphcit tjot nhr ‚o kfitury nfmcicsts jovf fitfrtocifd tjf wcsj tjot whmfi whuld brci` o mhrolly bfttfr phlctcks th bfor hiporlcomfitory lcnf) Rfkfit nfmcicst dcskusschi phcits hut tjot tjfihtchi tjot whmfi wcll dh ct klfoifr oid bfttfr tjoi mfi cs ctsfln o woy hn mcicmcsci` tjf prfsfikf hn whmfi–)4

Tjcs citfrfstci` hbsfrvotchi phcits th o phtfitcol dclfmmo ot tjfjfort hn Mokelci–s krctcquf, iomfly tjot by sffeci` spfkcol trfotmfitnhr whmfi phlctckcois nrhm tjf korthhicsts, uidfr tjf ùcsf hn

khmbotci` sfxcsm, tjf vfry hpphsctf hutkhmf moy nhllhw) Tjfphtfitcol orcsfs th bflcttlf whmfi phlctckcois os nro`clf oid ‚tjci-seciifd–, oid olwoys lcefly th stru``lf ot ployci` tjf ‚moi–s òmf– hn phlctcks) Phmfi wjh rfokj phsctchis hn lfodfrsjcp ci khitfmphrory porlcomfitory phlctcks orf phwfrnul cidcvcduols oid, os okhisfqufikf, ih lhi`fr rfqucrf tjf somf df`rff hn prhtfktchi nrhm`fidfr dcskrcmciotchi nhllhwfd by iumfrhus cistctutchis oid whreplokfs) Tjus, th ottoke tjf korthhicsts nrhm o phsctchi hn

khiscdfroblf phwfr pfrjops cidckotfs o joiefrci` th sclfikf tjfroies hn hif–s phtfitcol krctcks) [fxcst korthhis orf, hn khursf, orfnlfktchi hn wcdfr molf vcfws thword whmfi oid o rf`rfttoblfnfoturf hn shmf korthhici`, oltjhu`j, os tjcs kjoptfr orùfs, ct cs iht

Joydhi Moiici` ?20



oi fidfmck nfoturf hn khitfmphrory Oustrolcoi phlctckol korthhici )Bfnhrf fxomcici` tjf cssufs Mokelci rocsfd, ct cs cmphrtoit th ncrstrfnlfkt brcfnly hi wjot phlctckol korthhis moy klocm cs uicquf th tjfcr

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Tjf phlctckol korthhi

Oi fiò`ci` oid prhvhkotcvf phlctckol korthhi moy klocm o df`rff hn uicvfrsolcty vco cts kopokcty th jflp us ncid tjf efrifl hn trutj ci wjot htjfrwcsf oppfors os cifxplckoblf hr pfrplfxci` oktchis by hurphlctckol lfodfrs) Os Qottc Mcllfr phcits hut, phlctckol korthhici` khikfris ‚tjf kfisurci` hn bfjovchur oid ottctudfs tjrhu`j tjf

phwfrnul nhrkf hn rcdckulf, hr “lou`jci` wctj eicvfs”–)6 Lcbfl lowsmoy qufll o ghuriolcst–s spcrct, but drowci` blhhd cs o lckfikfkorthhicsts must fighy cn tjfcr ort cs th jovf citf`rcty oid purphsf)>

Ct–s hntfi socd tjot tjfy orf tjf mhdfri-doy khurt gfstfrs ‚sft oportby tjfcr lckfikf th mhke tjf eci`– oid, os Ghoi Efrr phcits hut,‚Pjot bloke-oid-wjctf ortcsts tjrhu`jhut tjf o`fs jovf jod cikhmmhi cs iht nrhm tjf molfifss, wjctfifss hr `lhhmcifss, but omcsschiory zfol th sjhw us os wf orf, worts oid oll—cidffd, worts

obhvf oll—ci woys tjot wf oll uidfrstoid oid opprfkcotf–)0

Korthhicsts fmplhy o vorcfty hn tfkjicqufs os port hn wjot@hmbrckj kolls tjfcr ‚ormhury–): Tjf ormhury cs phtfitcolly jurtnulbut cs iht hbvchusly fxprfsscvf hn oi cijfrfit `fidfr bcos) Rotjfr,korthhicsts opply th phwfrnul cidcvcduols vorchus tfkjicqufs thkhigurf orkjftypol hr stfrfhtypckol cmo`fry oid mftopjhr)[tfrfhtypckol korthhis orf mhrf lcefly th bf sfxcst bfkousf tjfy rfly mhrf hi shkcol prfgudckf oid bcos) Ot lfost uitcl tjf ?3>1s, tjf

stfrfhtypckol not kopctolcst oid `rffdy uichicst wfrf rfkhìcsoblfkorckoturfs oppforci` nrfqufitly ci fdcthrcol korthhis, oid, thdoy,Iotchiol Qorty phlctckcois orf cistoitly rfkhìcsoblf vco tjfkusthmory sci`lf stcke hn wjfot prhtrudci` nrhm tjfcr lcps) Tjfsforf oll stfrfhtypfs wf rfkhìcsf) Tjfy ploy hi jozy ossumptchisobhut tjf cidcvcduol–s cdfitcty, oid tjot cs oi cmphrtoit phcitbfkousf, nhr tjf mhst port, fvfi tjrhu`j hur omusfmfit, wfmoio`f th rfkhìcsf tjf cijfrfit ciodfquoky hn tjf stfrfhtypf)

Orkjftypfs, hi tjf htjfr joid, rfnfr th tjf dffpfr rjytjms hn jumoi rflotchisjcps) Tjfy fiò`f wctj rfkurrci` mytjhlh`ckolmhtcns, cmo`fs oid psykjck cistcikts hn tjf jumoi spfkcfs tjot moy bf symbhlckolly flobhrotfd ci vorchus woys, mhst ihtobly wctj




tjfhlh`ckol symbhls, mytjhlh`cfs oid lf`fids) Korthhicst wctj tjf Oustrolcoi Bcll Lfoe dfnfids jcmsfln, ci port, by su``fstci` tjot jcscmo`fs oid korckoturfs hn whmfi phlctckcois rfly mhrf hi orkjftypol

khiihtotchis tjoi mfrf kjfop sfxcst stfrfhtypfs) Hn khursf, ct csdfbotoblf wjftjfr hr iht jf khiscstfitly ovhcds sukj stfrfhtypfs)

Nhr o mhmfit, lft–s lhhe mhrf klhsfly ot tjf ioturf hn mftopjhr wjckj cs sh nrfqufitly usfd by phlctckol korthhicsts ci tjf fidfovhurth strcef oi cmmfdcotf kjhrd wctj tjfcr oudcfikf) @hmbrckj orùfs7‚Ci korthhici`, os ci loiùo`f, tjfrf orf mftopjhrs wjckj orf sh wcdfsprfod tjot hif moy koll tjfm uicvfrsol hr ioturol mftopjhr–)3

Ci tjcs khitfxt wf ncid vfry khmmhi mftopjhrck khitrosts sukj os

lc`jt nhr jhpf hr `hhd5 dore nhr tjrfot hr fvcl5 not nhr rckj5 tjci nhrphhr5 yhutj nhr ciihkfikf, hr tjf nuturf oid o`f nhr fxpfrcfikf)Qfrjops omhi` tjf mhst phwfrnul orf tjf fidlfss vorcfty hn ‚pjyschìhmck– hr jumoi‛oicmol mftopjhrs tjot `fifrolly troiskfid tcmf, o`f oid kulturol dcnnfrfikfs)?1 Pctj rfspfkt th`fidfr dcnnfrfikfs dfpcktfd ci phlctckol korthhis, [fymhur-Vrfhbsfrvfs tjot tjfsf tfid th bf khincifd th tjf ‚scmplckctcfs hn mhtjfrjhhd oid tjf khitrosts hn pjysckol strfi`tj–)?? Rflotchisjcpsnhr`fd ci tjf bfdrhhm iffd th bf oddfd, fspfkcolly `cvfi Oustrolcoikorthhicsts– nrfqufit dflc`jt wctj tjcs orfio os oi omusci` sctf nhrdfpcktci` phlctckol dfol moeci`) Pjftjfr bfdrhhm skfiorchs rfidfrstfrfhtypfs hr orkjftypfs cs hpfi th citfrprftotchi, but ct cs klforly osctf rckj wctj mftopjhrs ployci` hi lust oid sfxuol ùclf, cisfkurctcfsoid pfkkodcllhfs oid, hn khursf, phwfr rflotchis)

Bfnhrf prhkffdci` nurtjfr, shmf klorcnckotchi hn jhw sfxcsm csdfncifd cs cmphrtoit) [fxcst korckoturf hn whmfi civhlvfs tjf usf hn stfrfhtypfs wjckj orf, by oiy publck oid rfkhìcsfd stoidord,

rhhtfd ci nolsf oid hpprfsscvf ossumptchis khikfrici` nfmolfbfjovchur) Civorcobly, sukj nolsf ossumptchis prhmpt dcskrcmciothry shkcol ottctudfs oid nhstfr stfrfhtypfs tjot dfmfoi whmfi vcooppfol th tjfcr `fidfr rotjfr tjoi rfnfrfikf th tjf phsctchi tjfy moy jhld *oktuolly hr phtfitcolly# wctjci o shkcol `rhupci`, phlctckol porty hr cistctutchi) [fxcst korthhis orf, tjfrfnhrf, nhkusfd squorfly hishmf ospfkts hn o whmoi phlctckcoi–s `fidfr, rotjfr tjoi odfmhistroblf kjoroktfr nlow hr pjysckol nfoturf hpfi th

fxo``frotchi oid rcdckulf) Ci `fifrol, sfxcst stfrfhtypci` moy hkkur wjfi ct dfpckts, ci dfrhòthry moiifr, mhtjfrjhhd, jhusfwcnfry,hbsfsscvf drfss(nosjchi khiskchusifss, hr wjfi sfxuol, rotjfr tjoistrotf`ck, phlctckol ùclf cs usfd th òci phlctckol odvoito`f) Ci fnnfkt,

Joydhi Moiici` ?23



ct cs iht nocr ploy th phef nui ot whmfi phlctckcois vco cmplcfd sfxuolhr rhmoitck tfmptotchis) Th o phcit tjcs cs rfoshioblf, oid kfrtocily ci tjf post `fidfr stfrfhtypfs hntfi sow molf phlctckcois dfpcktfd ci

krhss-drfss os whmfi) Ci sukj cistoikfs tjf nfmcicif ‚rhlfs– fquotf wctj phlctckol wfoeifss hr noclurf) Nhr fxomplf, ot tjf tcmf hn Oustrolcoi nfdfrotchi oid tjf ncrst iotchiol `hvfrimfit ct woskhmmhiplokf nhr korthhicsts th kost dhubts uphi phlctckol lfodfrs–moskulcicty by drowci` tjfm os jhusfwcvfs, mcdwcvfs, iursfs, oid wosjfr whmfi, oid ci vorchus stotfs hn krhss-drfss)?2 Tjf nhllhwci` korthhi dfpckts Oustrolco–s ncrst prcmf mcicstfr, Fdmuid Borthi, osmotfriol jhusfwcnf, wctj tjf klfor cmplckotchi hn rcdckulf)

Korckoturci` whmfi phlctckcois—Ecrifr, Efriht, Lffs, Joishi

oid [thtt-Dfsphgo

Iht omusfd by tjf woy Bcll Lfoe dfpcktfd Mf` Lffs–s if`htcotchis wctj Ghji Jhword hvfr tjf posso`f hn tjf @[T tjrhu`j tjf [fiotf, Gfiiy Mokelci bfmhoifd tjf nokt tjot ‚yft o`oci mhst hn hur

Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?;1

‚Qrcmf Mcicstfr Fdmuid Borthi–,Lcvci`sthif Jhpecis *‚Jhp–#, Bullftci , ?311?;



korthhicsts jovf dcsployfd o lcmctfd oid iorrhw vcfw hn sfichr whmfi ci phlctcks) [h nor tjcs yfor wf jovf sffi tjf prcmf mcicstfrdfpcktfd os lcnfùord, phft, kot, prhnfsshr, ^fry [moll Moi, sui

botjfr, Dortj odfr, ghkefy—moiy hn tjfsf ci rflotchi th tjf @[T) O scmclor roi`f hn cmo`fry mc`jt gust os foscly bf opplcfd th whmfi–)?4

Tjf O`f rfphrtfd Gfiiy Mokelci–s klocms oòcist tjf korthhicstsuidfr tjf jfodlcif7 ‚Qhleo dhts th @[T sphts7 o whmoi–s lcnf ciQhlctcks Cie–, oid ci scmclor vfci, tjf Oustrolcoi sic``frfd7 ‚[fxcstkorthhicsts cvfi tjf wjcp joid–)?6 Bfnhrf thh lhi` tjf cssuf sprfod, wctj nfoturf ortcklfs oppforci` hi tjf hp-fd po`fs)?> Pjclf

khikfdci` tjot ‚shmf hn tjf drowci`s dcsploy flfmfits hn jumhuroid ollf`hry–, Mokelci mocitocifd tjot, hvfroll, tjfy ‚pocit o shrry pckturf obhut tjf ciobclcty hn hur phlctckol sotcrcsts th sff tjfphlctckcoi tjot cs tjf whmoi–)?0

Lfoe–s korthhis hn Mf` Lffs wctj o bfllc`frfit Ghji Jhword,oid tjf hif ot tjf bf`ciici` hn tjcs kjoptfr sjhwci` Mf` Lffsjhldci` tjf ‚wjcp joid– dfpckt Lffs, tjf ifwly flfktfd Dfmhkrotslfodfr, ‚if`htcotci`– wctj Ghji Jhword) Th Lfoe, oid mhstkhmmfitothrs, ct oppforfd tjot Lffs dcd *hr ot lfost ci vfry hbvchusmftopjhr# jhld ‚tjf wjcp joid–) Lfoe kjhsf th dfnfid jcmsfln, oid,by fxtfischi, moiy hn jcs khllfoùfs, ncrst ci wrctci` oid tjfi mhrfbfllc`frfitly usci` jcs kront)?: Jhwfvfr, ci wjot wos pfrjops oprfdcktoblf rfsphisf nrhm Lfoe, tjf ‚Buiiy Mokelci– korthhi dcdlcttlf th jflp jcs htjfrwcsf strhi` wrcttfi dfnfikf) But ct dhfs soy mukj obhut tjf citrcisck voluf oid ‚fd`y– jumhur hn tjf lorrcecikorthhicsts oid jhw tjfcr whre oktuolly rfnlfkts tjf dffpfr sotcrcktrodctchi fmbhdcfd ci tjf rhlf jcsthrckolly ployfd by tjf khurt gfstfr)

Qottc Mcllfr rfphrts hn jfr citfrvcfws wctj moiy Oustrolcoikorthhicsts tjot Lfoe ‚cs tjf hily hif wjh stotfs wctjhut jfsctotchitjot jf whuld iht sfln-kfishr hi oiy thpck, oltjhu`j jf soys jf whuld opprhokj wctj trfpcdotchi tjf trcicty hn kjurkj, nfmcicsm oidùi khitrhl bfkousf “lhbbycsts hr oktcvcsts ci fokj hn tjfsf jovf ihsfisf hn jumhur”–)?3 Dfnfidci` jcs korckoturfs hn Lffs oid Efriht,Lfoe orùfs jf usfs opprhprcotf mftopjhrs th dfpckt tjf phwfrrflotchis bftwffi Qrcmf Mcicstfr Ghji Jhword oid Lffs durci`

tjfcr if`htcotchis oid, wjclf khikfdci` tjot shmf moy sff sfxuolstfrfhtypfs ot whre, tjfy sjhuld olsh sff tjot tjf rhlfs phrtroyfd orffssfitcolly hn fquol portifrs th o phlctckol dfol) Jf hbsfrvfd tjot ct–skhmmhiplokf nhr korthhicsts th fxo``frotf pjysckol nfoturfs oid

Joydhi Moiici` ?;?




‚Gfiiy Mokelci lomphhifd–,Bcll Lfoe, Pffefid Oustrolcoi , 22‛2; Moy ?333

‚[fiothr Mf` Lffs wctj o bfllc`frfit Qrcmf Mcicstfr GhjiJhword durci` tjf @[T if`htcotchis–,

Bcll Lfoe, Pffefid Oustrolcoi , Moy ?333



wryly ihtfs tjot ih hif khmplocifd obhut jcs korckoturfs hn phrtly [fiothr Mol Khlsthi wjh jf drfw bc``fr oid u`lcfr tjoi ‚Gobbo tjfJutt–)21 Hbvchusly bfmusfd by tjf nuss, Lfoe phcits hut tjot shmf

whmfi phlctckcois purkjosf oid dcsploy jcs korthhis5 nhr fxomplf,[fiothr Lffs purkjosfd tjf dhmciotrcx korthhis nhr jfrporlcomfitory hnnckf)

Jhw sjhuld wf vcfw Lfoe–s dfpcktchi hn Lffs os dhmciotrcx8 Cn wf pfrkfcvf sfxcsm ot whre, tjfi Lffs bfkhmfs o prhstctutf wjhfighys mhmfitory phwfr wjfi dfolci` wctj o phwfrnul moi wjhjos pocd nhr tjf sfrvckf) Klforly, tjf cmo`f cs sfxcst cn wf ossumfJhword jos pocd nhr tjf ‚plfosurf–, but fquolly volcd cs tjf vcfw tjot

tjfsf korthhis khuld rfnfr th o prcvotf orroi`fmfit bftwffi twhlhvfrs hr ‚ployfrs– wjfrf Lffs cs klforly ci khitrhl, rfloxfd, oidfighyci` jfrsfln) Hi tjf htjfr joid, tjf korthhicst moy bf phcitci` hut tjot Lffs prhstctutfd jfr porty–s prcikcplfd hpphsctchi th tjf@[T ci rfturi nhr rfkhìctchi hn jfr lfodfrsjcp) Sft ct cs olshphsscblf tjot Lfoe moy bf tryci` th soy shmftjci` mukj mhrf obhut Ghji Jhword—jcs cmphtfikf, pfrjops) Ct cs iht uikhmmhi nhrLfoe th rcdckulf Ghji Jhword ci tjcs woy os tjf korthhi hvfrlfon hiJhword–s cmphtfikf, nrhm tjf prfvchus yfor, cllustrotfs)

Jumoi sfxuol rflotchisjcps prfsfit moiy phsscblf orkjftypolmftopjhrs tjot orf lcefly th strcef cmmfdcotf kjhrds hn rfkhìctchioid pfrjops sjhuld iht bf sh rfodcly khistrufd os sfxcststfrfhtypci`)

[forkjci` nhr tjf fvcdfikf

Th tfst Mokelci–s kjor`f C wcll fxomcif o roi`f hn korthhis dfpcktci` tjf phlctckol lcvfs hn nhur rfkfitly prhmcifit phlctckcois7 GhoiEcrifr, Kjfryl Efriht, Qoulcif Joishi oid Iotosjo [thtt-Dfsphgo)

Ghoi Ecrifr bfkomf Qrfmcfr hn ^ckthrco ci Ouùst ?331 wjfi Ghji Koci rfscìfd hvfr o sfrcfs hn noclurfs ci tjf ncioikf sfkthr) [jfcijfrctfd o phlctckol ic`jtmorf, oid tjf korthhicsts rfvfllfd ci tjfcrdfpcktchis hn oi fmbottlfd prfmcfr, but ct wos tjfcr nhkus hiEcrifr–s oppforoikf tjot drfw krctckcsm) Okkhrdci` th Flczobftj voi Okefr, Ecrifr fidurfd oi uirflfitci` orroy hn hnnfiscvf korckoturfstjot fctjfr nhkusfd hi jfr pjysckol oppforoikf hr prfsfitfd jfr os o

jhusfwcnf, bonnlfd oid hut hn jfr dfptj)2? Nhr jfr port, Ghoi Ecrifrfxprfssfd portckulor dcslcef thword Jfrold [ui korthhicst Gfnn Jhhe–s nrfqufit dfpcktchi hn jfr ci o phleo dht drfss7 o òrmfit sjf

Joydhi Moiici` ?;;



phcitfd hut sjf–d ifvfr whri)22 Jhhe–s korckoturfs, sjhwi ci tjf

nhllhwci` twh korthhis, kfrtocily khivfy o sfisf hn rcdckulf

rf`ordci` Ecrifr–s krfdfitcols th lfod jfr stotf, but orf tjfsf

fxomplfs hn sfxcst stfrfhtypci`8 Korthhicst wctj tjf [ydify Mhrici`

Jfrold oid tjf O`f , Kotjy Pclkhx hnnfrs shmf portckulorly usfnul

cisc`jts cith tjf mottfr) [jf hbsfrvfd jhw whmfi orf `fifrolly

quctf sfisctcvf wjfi ct khmfs th korckoturf, fspfkcolly hvfr tjfcr

oppforoikf) Os o yhui` korthhicst sjf rfkolls lhsci` o lht hn

`crlnrcfids duf th jfr korckoturfs) Ci oddctchi, wjclf ct ‚mc`jt bf otfrrcbly sfxcst tjci` th soy, pjysckol bfouty cs sh prczfd omhi`

whmfi, oiytjci` tjot uidfrmcifs tjot cs lcefly th jct jordfr tjoi nhr

mfi–)2; Mcidnul hn tjcs, sjf soys tjot ‚wjclf C whuld korthhi hi oiy

thpck, C shmftcmfs ihtckf C om rfluktoit th `h ci jord hi whmfi

phlctckcois wjh orf olrfody khppci` fihu`j–)24 Pjclf Jhhe–s phleo

dhts orf iht portckulorly klfvfr, tjfy dh khivfy o klhwi-lcef

dcsphsctchi—o mftjhd khmmhi th ‚tjf korthhicst–s ormhury– wjfrfby phlctckol lfodfrs orf korckoturfd th civctf rcdckulf) Nhr

fxomplf, Efvci Rudd cs drowi by Bcll Lfoe os tjf bhycsj ‚Tcitci–,

tjf kjoroktfr modf nomhus ci Jfr`ã–s khmck strcp) Pjclf oi flfmfit


‚Jhword–s cmphtfikf8–, Bcll Lfoe, Oustrolcoi , ?3 Guif ?33:



hn khmplcmfit cs pfrkfptcblf jfrf, tjf mfsso`f Lfoe khivfys cs hifhn oi cifxpfrcfikfd lfodfr wjh moy stru``lf th bf toefi sfrchusly by tjf flfkthrotf)

Ct cs rfphrtfd tjot wjfi Ecrifr osefd Jhhe wjy jf drfw tjfphleo dht drfss, jf rfplcfd wctj rfnfrfikfs th htjfr phlctckcois7 ‚Pfll,Mrs Ecrifr, C eihw jhw th drow Jfiry Bhltf, oid C eihw jhw thdrow Bhb Jowef, hr Ghji Koci, hr Qoul Efotci`, but C–vf ifvfr jodth drow o whmoi ci phwfr bfnhrf oid C dhi–t eihw jhw th drow yhu)–26 Tjcs jhifst odmcsschi hn dcnnckulty dfrcvfs nrhm tjf hbvchusnokt tjot nfw whmfi jovf hkkupcfd phsctchis hn phwfr, oid ctsjhuld iht bf khistrufd shmfjhw os oi odmcsschi tjot jcs korthhis

orf sfxcst) Tjf phcit ot cssuf khikfris korthhicsts– fidfovhurs thdcmcicsj tjf cmphrtoikf hn prhmcifit pfrshis by prfsfitci` tjfmos hrdciory hr nhhlcsj) [ukj dcmciutchi hn o phlctckcoi–s stoturfsffms th bf tjf bfst citfrprftotchi hn Ecrifr wforci` o phleo dhtdrfss) Pfll eihwi ci tjcs rf`ord cs tjf fxomplf hn tjf @uordcoi –skorthhicst [tfpjfi Bfll–s korckoturfs hn nhrmfr Brctcsj prcmfmcicstfr Ghji Moghr) Bfll hntfi drfw Moghr wctj S-nrhit uidfrpoits whri hutscdf jcs trhusfrs bfkousf, os Bfll fxplocis, tjf ‚uidfrpoits

orf scmply o mftopjhr nhr usflfssifss … C wos lhheci` ot jcs rfkhrdci hnnckf jctjfrth) Ct wos o shrry tolf hn ihi-okjcfvfmfit … sh C

Joydhi Moiici` ?;6

‚Qrfmcfr Ecrifr khinrhits phlctckol hpphifits–, Gfnn Jhhe, Jfrold [ui , 4 Morkj ?33?



drfw jcm os o krop [upfrmoi–)2> Ihtwctjstoidci` jcs odmcsschi hn dcnnckulty drowci` Ecrifr, Jhhe–s korckoturfs sffm th nhllhw tjfsomf tjrfod) Tjfy qufstchi tjf lfodfr hn o porty tjot jod lhst cts

woy, oid moeci` tjf lfodfr lhhe nhhlcsj cs olwoys nocr òmf) O kosfmoy bf put tjot tjcs cs uinocr, but, ot tjf tcmf, moiy ^ckthrcoisprhbobly sjorfd Jhhe–s sfitcmfit)

Pjclf Jhhe–s korthhis hn Ecrifr orf mfmhroblf tjfrf cs hily mcxfd fvcdfikf th supphrt Goif [ullcvoi–s vcfw tjot ‚tjfrf wfrffidlfss korthhis hn jfr os o not, nrumpy jhusfwcnf ci phleo dhtdrfssfs oid mhkkcfs–)20 Pjclf phleo dhts obhuid, my fxomciotchihn tjf Jfrold [ui , bftwffi Ouùst ?331 oid Guif ?33?, noclfd th

rfvfol Ecrifr wforci` mhkkoscis) Ci `fifrol, korthhicstsfidfovhurfd th khmmfit uphi Ecrifr–s ncrst stotf bud`ft oid tjf`fifrol molocsf hn tjf ^ckthrcoi `hvfrimfit ci klossck moiifr, by ployci` hi nokcol oppforoikf, jocr stylf oid pjysckol sczf) Nhr tjfmhst port, tjfy orf rotjfr uirfmoreoblf korthhis, but fokj cskhmpftfit os khmck khmmfitory5 tjfy orf nocitly omusci` oid ihtportckulorly sfxcst)

Lfodci` o mcihr porty jhldci` tjf boloikf hn phwfr ci tjf[fiotf onnhrds phwfr dcsprhphrtchiotf th oktuol flfkthrol supphrt)Nhr o tcmf, Kjfryl Efriht fighyfd sukj phwfr uitcl sjf thhe tjfkolkulotfd rcse hn dfnfktci` th Lobhr, wctj tjf jhpf hn hif doy bfkhmci` o nfdfrol mcicstfr) Korthhicsts jod o ncfld doy phidfrci` tjf rhlfs ployfd by Lobhr lfodfrs Ecm Bfozlfy oid @orftj Fvois cifikhuro`ci` jfr dfnfktchi) Pf lotfr lforifd, khurtfsy hn ghuriolcstLourcf Hoefs, tjot, wctj rfòrd th Fvois, tjf korthhis wfrfportckulorly prfskcfit, os Fvois oid Efriht jod omhrhus rflotchis)Lfoe–s korthhi porhdyci` Dflokrhcx–s ‚Lcbfrty Lfodci` tjf Qfhplf–

oid jcs dfpcktchi hn Efriht ci bfd wctj Fvois oid Bfozlfy wfrfkrctckcsfd, wctj Efriht soyci` tjfy ‚sft hut th rhb mf hn o khiskchus wcll th moef o dfkcschi–)2:

Tjfsf cmo`fs drfw ncrf, but dh tjfy dfsfrvf th8 Ot ncrst blusjLfoe–s usf hn tjf ‚bfdrhhm– mftopjhr sffms th fmplhy `fidfrstfrfhtypci` hn o sfxcst ecid but cs mhrf ombcùhus hi klhsfroiolyscs) Pjclf pfrjops shmfwjot possã, oktcvctcfs bftwffi tjfsjffts rfmoci rfoshioblf mftopjhrck mfois th khivfy tjf vcfw tjot

pfhplf, fspfkcolly phlctckcois, wcll dh oiytjci` th sfkurf phwfr)Mhrfhvfr, tjf bfdrhhm cs hntfi o shurkf nhr mfmhroblf

korthhis) Nhr fxomplf, Lfoe–s korthhis durci` 211;‛14 hn QrcmfMcicstfr Jhword ci bfd wctj Qrfscdfit Busj hr kurtly tfllci` jcs

Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?;>



wcnf, durci` Busj–s 211; vcsct th Oustrolcoi, th vokotf tjf bfd—‚Ou

khitrocrf, yhu–ll bf slffpci` ci Mfloicf–s rhhm oid @fhr`f wcll bf cijfrf wctj MF/– * Oustrolcoi , 2? Hkthbfr 211;#—orf mfmhroblf nhrtjfcr kuttci` sotcrf)

Tjfsf korthhis sft Ghji Jhword up nhr dffp rcdckulf, wjfrfosLfoe–s dfpcktchi hn Efriht ci bfd wctj Bfozlfy oid Fvois prfsfitsoiytjci` but rcdckulf hr tjf su``fstchi hn o submcsscvf whmoi)Lfoe strfssfd tjot jcs borf-brfostfd Efriht ‚Lfodci` tjf pfhplf– cso phrtroyol hn jfr os o jfrhcif oid, orùobly, tjcs cs iht o portckulorly

dcsfmphwfrci` hr sfxcst cmo`f)23 Jhwfvfr, tjf rhlfs hn Bfozlfy oidFvois khitrost sjorply wctj tjfcr khuitfrports ci tjf hrc`ciolpocitci`) Dflokrhcx pocits tjf ncùrfs bflhw jcs jfrhcif os sfrchusoid whrrcfd, wjfrfos Lfoe–s Bfozlfy oppfors null hn jcmsfln oid jcsfyfs fvfi o lcttlf scicstfr) Dhfs Bfozlfy–s `rci bftroy o kfrtocismuìfss8 Oid Fvois sffms scmply hvfrkhmf wctj tjf ghy hn jovci` whi Efriht th tjf porty kousf, hr jcs, pfrjops8 Pjotfvfr tjfkosf, nhr Lfoe tjfy–vf moio`fd th dcsrhbf Ghji Jhword, wjh cs port

ioefd, nrhm tjf wocst dhwi, ci tjf korthhi–s nhrf`rhuid)Jcsthrckolly, tjf phrtroyol hn whmfi borf-brfostfd wos symbhlck

hn phwfr oid iurturf, oid jores boke th stotufs hn Rhmoi`hddfssfs) Tjcs cs tjf citfit hn Dflokrhcx–s ‚Lcbfrty Lfodci` tjf

Joydhi Moiici` ?;0

‚Qrfmcfr Ecrifr dfpcktfd wctj Qrcmf Mcicstfr Jowefoid Trfosurfr Efotci` if`htcotci` ^ckthrco–s dfbt prhblfms–,

Gfnn Jhhe, Jfrold [ui , 4 Morkj ?33?



Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?;:

‚Bfozlfy oid Fvois kflfbrotf wctj tjfcr “prczf”, jovci` eihkefd

Jhword oid Rfctj hvfr–,Bcll Lfoe, Oustrolcoi , Hkthbfr ?330

‚Kjfryl Efriht ci bfd wctj Lobhr lfodfr Bfozlfy oid jcs dfputy, Fvois–,Bcll Lfoe, Pffefid Oustrolcoi , ?:‛?3 Hkthbfr ?330



Qfhplf–, but tjf somf koiiht bf socd ci thdoy–s khitfxt) Os oudcfikf, wf phidfr jfrf o sfxuolcsfd cmo`f, but hif wjckj civctfs

khmplckotfd oiolyscs) Tjf korthhi lokes tjf mfkjoickol hbvchusifss

hn sfxcsm nhr ct cs plouscblf tjot ct dfpckts Efriht trcumpjoit obhut

th dflcvfr hi jfr drfom—o whmoi wjhsf sfxuolcty cs ifctjfr

rfprfssfd ihr dfmhicsfd) Hi tjcs citfrprftotchi tjf cmo`fry moy bf

vcfwfd os subvfrtci` sfxcst stfrfhtypci ) Lfoe rfsphidfd th tjhsf

wjh wrhtf oid khmplocifd obhut jcs Dflokrhcx porhdy by wryly

hbsfrvci` tjot7 ‚Qfhplf sff wjot tjfy woit th sff ci korthhis–)

Turici` th htjfr korthhis dfolci` wctj Efriht–s dfnfktchi wf

ncid ih korckoturfs rflyci` hi sfxcst stfrfhtypfs) Nhr fxomplf, Ghji

[phhifr ci jcs oitjhlh`y, O [phhifr ci tjf Phres *?333#, seftkjfs

Efriht os ‚Zfio Porrchr Qrcikfss– obhut th rfskuf Bfozlfy nrhm tjf

prfyci` twh-jfodfd ‚Khstfllh‛Jhword– mhistfr, wjclf Qryhr woris

hn tjf lceflcjhhd hn Efriht khinrhitci` ‚kulturf sjhke– ci jfr ifw

porty os tjf noktchiol jfovcfs ‚wflkhmf– jfr th tjfcr roies *os sjhwici tjf korthhi obhvf#)

Tjcs korthhi cs cistoitly rfkh`icsoblf oid rocsfs tjf qufstchi7 orf

wf vcfwci` tjf cmo`f hn o jflplfss whmoi khinrhitci` ‚Tjf

Joydhi Moiici` ?;3

‚Ghji Jhword oid Qrfscdfit Busj fmbrokf–,Bcll Lfoe, Oustrolcoi , 24 Goiuory 2114




‚Bfozlfy usjfrs Efriht cith tjf OLQ–,@fhnn Qryhr, Koibfrro Tcmfs , ?> Hkthbfr ?330

Mokjcif–8 Cn sh, tjf korthhi jos sfxcst khiihtotchis, but tjf pfhplfbfci` stfrfhtypfd jfrf os `rhtfsquf moicpulothrs orf mfi5 tjfsfxcsm khuld wfll bf oitc-molf)

Mhvci` nrhm tjf dfnfktchi th tjf tcmf hn Efriht–s kompoc`iIckjhlshi prhdukfd o phtfitcolly khitrhvfrscol korthhi) Efrihtoppfors os o vomp ci null fvfici` drfss oid soys th oi cmplcfd EcmBfozlfy, ‚Cs tjot o phlcky ci yhur phkeft hr orf yhu gust plfosfd th sffmf–) Tjf sfxcst stfrfhtypci` oid sfxuol ciiufidh orf hbvchusfihu`j, but tjf khitfxt prhvcdfs o strhi` dfnfikf nhr tjfkorthhicst) Efriht jod oppforfd rfkfitly rfsplfidfit hi tjf nrhitpo`f hn tjf Oustrolcoi Phmfi–s Pffely drfssfd ci rfd fvfici` drfss

oid nfotjfr bho) Tjcs oktchi dfmhistrotfd jfr prfporfdifss th ploy th stfrfhtypfs cn tjfy whuld jflp jfr flfkthrol nhrtuifs, oidIckjhlshi cs scmply toeci` tjf hpphrtuicty th fxphsf o phsscblfdhublf stoidord) Qhlctckcois khistoitly ploy ot moicpulotci` tjfcrcmo`fs nhr phlctckol odvoito`f oid jfrf Efriht ‚`fts wjot sjfdfsfrvfs– ci o porhdy hn jfr hwi rotjfr krovfi ottfmpt th rfmoci citjf publck fyf) Klfvfr porhdy sjhuld iht bf odmhicsjfd bfkousf ctmoy bf citfrprftfd os sfxcst) Rotjfr, ct sjhuld nlhurcsj os o krukcolflfmfit hn o korthhicst–s lckfikf th fxphsf tjf iotchi–s phlctckol flctfth khmck oid sotcrckol krctckcsm)

Korthhicsts– korckoturfs hn Qoulcif Joishi ploy, nhr tjf mhstport, uphi jfr nokf but orf mocily khikfrifd wctj moeci` tjf



phlctckol phcit klfor, iomfly tjot jfr phlctcks orf ncllfd wctj prfgudckf)

Qftfr Ickjhlshi, ci tjf nhllhwci` korthhi, drows Joishi `fifrolly

os khmck rflcfn wctj o pfrshio hn oi hbvchusly hvfrwjflmfd oid

khinusfd cidcvcduol) Hif hn jcs mhrf mfmhroblf korthhis fmplhys

o @rffe mytjhlh`ckol mftopjhr dfpcktci` Joishi os o scrfi lurci`

Qrcmf Mcicstfr Jhword th tjf rhkey sjhrf) Pjclf tjf korthhi

fmplhys o klossck sfxcst stfrfhtypf hn tjf loskcvchus whmoi, ct jordly dhfs mukj novhur th Jhword, wjh cs dfpcktfd os o moi wctjhut

khitrhl os jcs nokf guts nhrword oid nhht strcvfs th brfoe nrff)

Tjf phcit tjot hkkurs ci rflotchi th moiy hn tjf korthhi

korckoturfs hn Qoulcif Joishi cs tjf khiscstfiky wctj wjckj

korthhicsts– fidfovhur th phrtroy jfr hrdciorcifss) O sfisf hn

vokuhusifss cs khivfyfd by tjf dfpcktchi hn jfr nokf, hntfi os lor`f,

oid jfr fyfs orf fctjfr prhwlci` wctj phlctckol mfiokf hr wcdf fyfdos cn th bf hvfrwjflmfd) Tjf df`rff tjot tjfrf cs oiy sfxcst

stfrfhtypci` prfsfit ci tjfsf oid htjfr korthhis hn Joishi lcfs

wctj tjf fxtfit th wjckj sjf oppfors hvfrwjflmfd oid hut hn jfr

Joydhi Moiici` ?4?

‚Efriht oseci` Lobhr lfodfr Ecm Bfozlfy nhr “phlcky `ucdoikf” ci tjflfod-up th tjf ?33: Nfdfrol Flfktchi–,

Qftfr Ickjhlshi, Oustrolcoi , ;1 Morkj ?33:




‚Jhword tfmptfd by tjf scrfi, Qoulcif Joishi–,Qftfr Ickjhlshi, Oustrolcoi , ?> Hkthbfr ?33:

‚Joishi tjf nhrmfr ncsj . kjcp sjhp prhprcfthr–, Gfiiy Khhpfs, [ui-Jfrold , ?330



Joydhi Moiici` ?4;

Typckol korckoturf hn Joishi,Rhd Klfmfit, Oustrolcoi Ncioikcol Rfvcfw , ?1 Oprcl ?330

Typckol korckoturf hn Joishi, Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , ?330



dfptj fiò`ci` ci tjf ‚moi–s òmf– hn phlctcks) But tjcs rfqucrfs o vfry effi fyf nhr tjf sfxcst stfrfhtypf, shmftjci` wjckj, ci my vcfw,cs lor`fly obsfit nrhm korthhis hn Joishi)

Tjf kosf hn Iotosjo [thtt-Dfsphgo–s dfmcsf os lfodfr hn tjf Oustrolcoi Dfmhkrots durci` tjf wcitfr mhitjs hn 2112 cs,orùobly, hif mhst prhpctchus nhr tfstci` Mokelci–s orùmfit) Tjfyhui` oid ottroktcvf [thtt-Dfsphgo wos o prhmcifit nokf ci tjfmfdco oid sjf jod ollhwfd moiy oid vorchus pjhth hpphrtuictcfsdurci` jfr tcmf os lfodfr, cikludci` o swcmsuct nrhlck ci trhpckol_uffisloid wotfrs) Os tjf nhllhwci` korthhi cllustrotfs, sjf sunnfrfdtjf korthhicsts– rcdckulf mhrf hi okkhuit hn jfr o`f tjoi jfr `fidfr

wjfi sjf ncrst olfrtfd ghuriolcsts th jfr dcs`ruitlfmfit wctj Mf` Lffs hvfr tjf @[T if`htcotchis ci ?333) Jovci` dfphsfd Lffs oslfodfr ontfr o bollht hn Dfmhkrot mfmbfrs ci 2111, sjf nokfd,durci` jfr tjcrd yfor os lfodfr, o sustocifd ottoke nrhm tjfDfmhkrots– rc`jt wci`) Lffs lfd tjf kjor`f, okkusci` [thtt-Dfsphgohn phhr pfrnhrmoikf oid oi outhkrotck stylf)

[jf rfturifd ncrf, oid, ci tjf jfot hn bottlf, Lffs kjhsf th lfovfoid nhrm o ifw porty, wjclf Lffs–s olly, Oidrfw Murroy, rfmocifd

wctjci tjf roies but dfklorfd jcmsfln os o ‚Dfmhkrot ci fxclf–) Pctjtjf porty dcvcdfd hvfr [thtt-Dfsphgo–s lfodfrsjcp oid cdfhlh`y,fvfits komf th o jfod wjfi nhur hn tjf scx Dfmhkrot [fiothrsprfsfitfd tjfcr lfodfr wctj tfi dfmoids) Dcsclluschifd wctj tjfkrumblci` hn supphrt, sjf dfkcdfd th rfscì tjf lfodfrsjcp) Tjfsffvfits hkkupcfd khiscdfroblf mfdco spokf, oid, ci lc`jt hn tjfDfmhkrots– subsfqufit flfkthrol dfklcif, tjf ottfitchi wos prhbobly worroitfd) Os nhr tjf korthhicsts, hif moy jovf fxpfktfd o stfody

nlhw hn sfxcst stfrfhtypci` hn tjf yhui` oid prftty lfodfrfmbottlfd, but ihif wos opporfit) Nhr tjf mhst port, tjfkorthhicsts nhkusfd hi wjot tjfy sow os pftty squobblci` omhi` cidcvcduols wjh, jovci` prcdfd tjfmsflvfs hi bfci` ‚dcnnfrfit– nrhmtjf moghr portcfs, oppforfd quctf kopoblf hn lhsci` nhkus oid bfci` drcvfi by f`h)

Khikluschi

Pjot cs tjf stotf hn phlctckol korthhici`8 Hpcichis dcnnfr, wctj QftfrKhlfmoi su``fstci` tjot phlctckol khrrfktifss jos uidfrmcifd ctsbhldifss, wjclf Kroc` Mk@rf`hr cs khincdfit tjot tjf ‚`hldfi o`f hn korthhici` cs rc`jt ihw–);1 O ihtoblf dcssfitfr jfrf cs Jhòi, wjh




Joydhi Moiici` ?46

‚Iotosjo uijoppy wctj Mf` nhr sprfodci` “sthrcfs”–,Qftfr Ickjhlshi, Oustrolcoi , > Guif ?333

‚Dcsuicty cs dfotj–, Gfiiy Khhpfs, [ui-Jfrold , Ou`ust 2112




‚Tfit–, Qftfr Ickjhlshi, Oustrolcoi , ?4 Ou`ust 2112

‚Tjf tfi-phcit ploi th rfnhrm porty prhkfssfs rfprfsfitfdtfi do``frs nhr tjf lfodfr–,

Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , 2; Ou`ust 2112



orùfs tjot phlctckol korthhicsts loke boloikf ci tjfcr krctckcsms hn phlctckol lfodfrs oid tjcs, ci turi, okts th uidfrmcif publckkhincdfikf ci hur dfmhkrotck cistctutchis);? Ct sffms tjot bhtj tjf

ort hn phlctckol korthhicsts oid tjfcr lckfikf th mhke tjf eci`s oidquffis hn porlcomfitory lcnf orf iht wfll opprfkcotfd ci shmfquortfrs) Tjf koll nhr sfln-kfishrsjcp, oid cmplckctly nhr fdcthrcolkfishrsjcp, cssuci` nrhm shmf nfmcicsts, phsfs o tjrfot th tjf ort hn korthhici`) Tjf purphsf jfrf cs th dfnfid tjf korthhicsts kjor`fd wctj sfxcst dfpcktchi hn Oustrolcoi whmfi phlctckcois ci tjf lotf?331s) C–vf orùfd tjot wjclf moiy korthhis dfolci` wctj prhmcifitoid phwfrnul nfmolf phlctckcois kousf nfmcicst crf, tjfy orf hpfi, ci

mhst cistoikfs, th quctf vorcfd citfrprftotchi) Fnnfktcvf phlctckolkorthhici` rfqucrfs, os [fymhur-Vrf su``fsts, tjf ‚wcdf-fyfdciihkfikf hr kjcld–s obclcty th spht tjot tjf Fmpfrhr jos ih klhtjfs–,oid Oustrolcoi phlctckol korthhicsts orf quctf fxpfrt ot tjcs tose);2

Tjf lfsshi Kotjy Pclkhx drfw nrhm jfr doys ot skjhhl drowci` jfr`crlnrcfids cs solutory ci tjcs rfòrd, nhr moybf o iumbfr hn phwfrnul whmfi phlctckcois orf scmply thh sfisctcvf th tjf lomphhici` tjfy rfkfcvf) @cvfi tjf jcsthrck obsfikf hn whmfi ci Oustrolcoiporlcomfits, tjcs cs pfrjops iht o surprcsci` jumoi rfoktchi, oid ctcs nocr th soy tjot korthhicsts jovf stru``lfd ot tcmfs drowci` whmfici phwfr) Tjot cs, rflotcvfly spfoeci`, tjfcr korckoturfs hn whmfiphlctckol lfodfrs orf iht os khiscstfitly nuiiy os korckoturfs hn molflfodfrs) Jfrfci lcfs o lf`ctcmotf hbsfrvotchi, fvfi krctcquf, but ct cshif cll suctfd th cdfitcnyci` sfxcst prfdclfktchis ot whre)

Joydhi Moiici` ?40



?1

Oustrolcoi Flfktchi Kompocì

Korthhici`—?3:; th 2114

Joydhi Moiici`

Korthhis hnnfr o morvfllhus mfois hn kjrhicklci` oiy flfktchi

kompocì tjrhu`j tjfcr kopokcty th prhvcdf o khmpokt oid pui`fit

summory hn, oid khmmfitory hi, cssufs, fvfits oid kjoroktfrs)

@ropjck csloids ci o sfo hn whrds, phlctckol korthhis nrfqufitly

kopturf o kompocì–s fbb oid nlhw) Kfrtocily tjfy koi hvfr-scmplcny

khmplfxcty, but tjfy koi olsh kut tjrhu`j tjf pfrscnlo`f tjot csportckulorly obuidoit durci` kompocìs) Tjf fdcthrs hn tjcs

khllfktchi jovf bffi oiolysci` tjf korthhis ci Oustrolcoi nfdfrol

kompocìs scikf ?33>?, sh ct cs tcmf th prfsfit shmf brhodfr

hbsfrvotchis obhut flfktchi korthhici` ci tjcs khuitry) Ci fokj

kompocì scikf ?33> wf jovf khllfktfd tjf bule hn korthhici` ci

mftrhphlctoi oid shmf rf`chiol ifwspopfrs, oid nrhm ?3:; th ?33;

wf jovf khllfktfd korthhis nrhm tjf moghr brhodsjffts, tjf

Oustrolcoi , O`f oid [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold ) Tjf qufstchi tjotuidfrlcfs hur kompocì korthhi rfsforkj, oid wjckj wf orf

oddrfssci` dcrfktly jfrf, cs7 Cn korthhis prhvcdf o dcstciktcvf wcidhw

hi o kompocì, wjot cs tjf ioturf hn tjot wcidhw, oid wjot koi hif

sff tjrhu`j ct8

Korthhis orf dcstciktcvf ci ifwspopfrs bfkousf hn tjfcr mcxturf

hn cmo`fs oid whrds, bfkousf hn tjfcr lckfikf th bf sotcrckol, khmck,

oid fvfi hutro`fhus, oid bfkousf tjfy sffe th prfsfit oi hutscdfr,

‚hrdciory vhtfr– pfrspfktcvf hi phlctcks oid shkcfty) Ci rfkfit Oustrolcoi kompocìs, korthhicsts jovf nhkusfd olmhst

hvfrwjflmci`ly hi tjf Qorty lfodfrs nrhm tjf Lcbfrols oid tjf OLQ

*mcihr portcfs orf iforly civcscblf ci flfktchi korthhis#) Tjfy orf




klforly crrctotfd by tjf koutchi oid spci hn mhdfri kompocìci` oiddh iht olwoys, os o `rhup, tfll tjf rfkfcvfd sthry hn tjf kompocì osiorrotfd by tjf prfss òllfry oid tjf moghr hpcichi wrctfrs) Ifctjfr

dh tjfy olwoys rfnlfkt publck hpcichi hi portckulor cssufs, but tjfy dh tfid th rfnlfkt tjf uidfrlyci` publck hpcichi tjot phlctckcois orfoll duplckcthus vhtf-buyfrs oid jyphkrctfs) Khisfqufitly, cn tjfy jovf o noult, ct cs tjot tjfy tfid th noll o lcttlf thh outhmotckolly cithtjf Twffdlfdum-oid-Twffdlfdff mhdfl hn rfprfsfitci` lfodfrs cikompocìs) [fvfrol korthhicsts wf jovf tolefd th hvfr tjf yforsdfskrcbf flfktchi kompocìs os khistrocifd, fvfi slc`jtly dull, tcmfsth whre, bfkousf hn o rfsphiscbclcty th bf boloikfd tjot pfrvodfs tjf

mfdco, oid olsh bfkousf phlctckcois tfid th bf fspfkcolly dcskcplcifdoid bloid ci tjfcr stotfmfits) Tjcs stotf hn dcskcplcifd bloidifss ci Oustrolcoi flfkthrol phlctcks klforly jos shmftjci` th dh wctj hurkhmpulshry oid prfnfrfitcol systfm hn vhtci`, oid C wcll fxplhrfjhw korthhis rfnlfkt tjcs thwords tjf fid hn tjcs kjoptfr)

Cictcolly, tjcs kjoptfr wcll cllustrotf jhw o korthhi koi rfnlfkt tjfmhhd hn oi fitcrf kompocì, by kjhhsci` hif nrhm fokj kompocìscikf ?3:;) Pjclf iht strcktly o ‚bfst hn – sflfktchi, tjfsf korthhisfxprfss o portckulor cllustrotcvf phwfr, rotjfr tjoi tjf null roi`f hn quolctcfs korthhis koi jovf—tjf ocm cs th sjhw tjf portckulor volufhn korthhis nhr khmpoktly oid plfosoitly khivfyci` phlctckol jcsthry) Pjot cs khmmhi th tjf flfktchi korthhi cs o stoid tjf korthhicststoef7 scdci` wctj vhtfrs oòcist tjf spci hn tjf prcmf mcicstfr oidHpphsctchi lfodfr) Cn yhu lcef, tjfy toef up tjf ‚kctczfis– pfrspfktcvf–hi tjf phlcky solfs kompocì oid fnnhrts by cikumbfit `hvfrimfitsth ‚skorf– vhtfrs cith stckeci` by tjf stotus quh) Korthhicsts tfid thbf cdchsyikrotck kompocì spfktothrs, nhrfvfr effi th prfsfit oi

uidcskcplcifd, omusci` oid krctckol vcfw hn tjf lfodfrs oid tjfcrkompocì strotf`csts– bfst fidfovhurs th khigurf o khmpfllci` ‚phlcky– hr pctjy slhòi)

O khmmhi tjfmf nhuid ci flfktchi korthhis cs tjf lfvfl hn cmpotcfikf korthhicsts fxprfss wctj tjf phlctckol klossfs– dfbosfmfithn iotchiol phlctckol lcnf ot o tcmf wjfi dfmhkroky toefs kfitrfsto`f) Tjf rfmocidfr hn tjf kjoptfr wcll nhkus hi tjcs oid htjfrtjfmfs, oid wcll prhvcdf o òllfry hn flfktchi korthhis tjot sjhuld

cllustrotf tjfcr voluf os o mfois nhr rfmfmbfrci` oid khmporci` dcnnfrfit kompocìs)

Korthhicsts jovf lcttlf khitrhl hvfr jhw tjfy orf uidfrsthhd by tjfcr rfodfrsjcp, ihr cs ct fosy th òu`f tjf cmpokt hn korthhis hi



publck pfrkfptchis hn tjf kompocì) Ct cs klfor th us tjot korthhicstsdh iht `fifrotf substoitcol sjcnts hn publck hpcichi ci o kompocì,but tjfrf orf vorchus nhrms hn cmpokt tjot wf koi phcit th) Khlci

[fymhur-Vrf cs khrrfkt wjfi jf hbsfrvfs tjot7 ‚Nhr sh `ropjck omfdcum, cts opprfkcotchi cs porodhxckolly prcvotf, nhr ct dfpfidsjfovcly hi tjf rfodfrs– cmo`ciotchi–)2 Fvfi vfry cmo`ciotcvf rfodfrsorf sfldhm sjcntfd nrhm prf-fxcstci` hpcichis by o sci`lf korthhi,spffkj, odvfrtcsfmfit, ortcklf, citfrvcfw, hr htjfr port hn tjf mfdcotjot bhmbord vhtfrs durci` kompocìs) [otcrf cs ih sclvfr bullft) Ctcs, jhwfvfr, oi citrcùci` port hn tjf nobrck hn flfkthrol phlctcks tjot,ot tjf vfry lfost, prhvcdfs khiscdfroblf phwfr th cllumciotf wjot cs

joppfici` hikf tjf wrcts jovf bffi cssufd)

Qort C—Icif flfktchis7 tjf brcfnfst hn kjrhicklfs

Fvfry kompocì jos o sft hn khrf cssufs orhuid wjckj tjf rcvollfodfrs oid tjfcr portcfs ottfmpt th pctkj nhr hur vhtf) Korthhishnnfr o portckulorly usfnul mfois nhr rfmfmbfrci` post kompocìsoid, ci tjcs rfspfkt, sfrvf os usfnul odguikts nhr phlctckol jcsthrcois)Hif korthhi koi rfkoll tjf kfitrol cssuf hn o kompocì wctj o

khmpfllci` fkhihmy, os cllustrotfd ci tjf nhllhwci` òllfry)

?3:;

Joydhi Moiici` ?6?

‚Qrcmf Mcicstfr Molkhlm Nrosfr kou`jt wctj jcs poits dhwi–,Rhi Toidbfr`, O`f , 4 Nfbruory ?3:;



Tjf ?3:; flfktchi wos obhut pfrshiolctcfs rotjfr tjoi phlckcfs)Hwci` th tjf rfkfsschi oid drhu`jt hn tjf forly ?3:1s, tjfKholctchi jod iht mukj hn o rfkhrd th rui hi oid lcttlf but nodci`

mfmhrcfs hn tjf Pjctlom `hvfrimfit th ottfmpt th sprfod nfor citjf flfkthrotf) Lobhr roi hi o prhmcsf hn khisfisus rotjfr tjoi odftoclfd plotnhrm *hr ot lfost o plotnhrm oiyhif koi rfmfmbfr, `cvfitjot tjfy sjrfddfd ct wctjci mhitjs hn ottocici` phwfr oid bfci` khinrhitfd wctj o ncskol dcsostfr opprhokjci` tjf iotchi#) MolkhlmNrosfr jhpfd th lhke ci o bottlf wctj Bcll Joydfi os lfodfr, oidmcssfd by o nfw jhurs) Tjf Toidbfr` korthhi obhvf cllustrotfs jhw omusci` korckoturf, khmbcifd wctj o suctoblf koptchi, moy okt th

dfncif publck hpcichi hr fvfi sft o thif nhr kompocìci`) Tjcskorthhi orùfs tjot, nrhm tjf hutsft, tjf kompocì wos fnnfktcvfly hvfr) Nrosfr wos kfrtocily ‚kou`jt wctj jcs poits dhwi– wjfi, durci` jcs lotf mhrici` vcsct th tjf @hvfrihr @fifrol–s rfscdfikf th rfqufsttjf dcsshlutchi hn porlcomfit, Lobhr mft oid dfkcdfd th rfplokf BcllJoydfi wctj Bhb Jowef) Nrosfr lhst tjf flfktchi oid tjcs prfskcfitkorthhi, sft olhi`scdf tjf O`f –s nrhit po`f boiifr jfodlcifs,kopturfd phcìoitly wjot tjhusoids hn whrds hn khmmfitory olshkhivfyfd, iomfly tjot Nrosfr wos ci trhublf) Ihtjci` mukj kjoi`fdbftwffi tjfi oid 6 Morkj)


‚Bc` buscifss hvfrghyfd wctj tjf Jowef `hvfrimfit–, Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , ?4 Ihvfmbfr ?3:4

?3:4



Oloi Mhcr–s korthhi kopturfs wfll tjf troisctchi, shmf whuld soy bftroyol;, hn Lobhr phlcky durci` tjf ncrst twh yfors hn tjf JowefLobhr @hvfrimfit) Pctj Trfosurfr Qoul Efotci`, Qrcmf Mcicstfr

Jowef khivcikfd Lobhr th oboidhi trodctchiol oid jfortnflt Lobhrphlckcfs sukj os jfovy rf`ulotchi hn boieci`, hpphsctchi th ifw uroicum mcifs, supphrt nhr rfol wo`f cikrfosfs oid skfptckcsmthword tjf iotchi–s ollcoikf wctj tjf Victfd [totfs) Jowef shu`jt oiforly flfktchi bflcfvci` tjot jcs jc`j pfrshiol phpulorcty ci tjf phllsoid tjcs ‚ifw Lobhr– opprhokj whuld foscly wci jcs `hvfrimfit ophpulor moidotf oid, ci tjf prhkfss, qufll rumblci`s nrhm wctjcitjf Qorty–s lfnt wci` noktchi) Pctj tjf buscifss khmmuicty oid tjf

moghr mfdco hutlfts lor`fly supphrtcvf hn jcs `hvfrimfit, tjfsf wfrf rfoshioblf supphsctchis) Tjf citfrfstci` nokthr loy wctj tjfflfktchi hutkhmf, wjckj sow Lobhr–s ncrst prfnfrfikf vhtf noll by nhur pfr kfit, khitrory th Jowef–s fxpfktotchi hn o loidslcdf) Mhcr–skorthhi mc`jt fxploci wjy tjcs hkkurrfd7 tjf vhtfrs wfrf lfsskhivcikfd by tjf ifw OLQ tjoi wos tjf bc` fid hn thwi)

Joydhi Moiici` ?6;

‚Ghji Jhword wrfstlci` wctj nfllhw khisfrvotcvfs–, Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , : Guif ?3:0

?3:0

Ghji Jhword–s ncrst ottfmpt th sfkurf tjf prcmf mcicstfrsjcp noclfdomcd dcsuicty wctjci Kholctchi roies, mhst ihtobly tjf cinomhus



‚Ghj nhr Koibfrro– pusj wjckj krcpplfd jcs kompocì nrhm tjf

hutsft) Oloi Mhcr moio`fs th kopturf tjcs ci o scmplf korthhi tjot

rfmcids us hn o tcmf wjfi tjf phlctckol luke novhurfd Lobhr)

Jfrf wf vcfw Jhword wrfstlci` wctj Iotchiol Qorty mfmbfrsCoi [ciklocr *kfitrf nromf#, Ghj Bgflef-Qftfrsfi *lhwfr rc`jt# oid

khmci` ci hvfr tjf thp, Oidrfw Qfokhke) Tjfy wfrf oll sh busy

orùci` obhut wjh `ht th sct hi thp hn tjf Kholctchi woll tjot tjfy

nhr`ht tjf notf hn Jumpty Dumpty)

?331

Tjf ?331 flfktchi kompocì cllustrotfs, omply, tjf prhblfm

Hpphsctchi lfodfrs khinrhit wjfi tjfrf orf dhubts hvfr tjfcrpfrshiol kopokcty th lfod) [toidci` hut omhi` tjf moiy korthhis

lomphhici` Lcbfrol lfodfr Oidrfw Qfokhke cs Oloi Mhcr–s

uimoseci` tjf phsscblf jhllhwifss hn jcs tcmf os lfodfr) Tjf

Lcbfrols– flfktchi slhòi ci ?331 wos ‚Tjf O iswfr cs Lcbfrol–, wjckj

prfsfitfd Oloi Mhcr wctj oi hpphrtuicty th dfvostotci`ly

uidfrskhrf tjf wcdfly jfld vcfw tjot Qfokhke lokefd substoikf)

Fquolly mfmhroblf, pfrjops, wos tjf cikumbfit Trfosurfr Qoul

Efotci`–s khmmfit wjfi Qfokhke rfturifd th tjf Lcbfrollfodfrsjcp, tjot ‚o shunnlã dhfsi–t rcsf twckf–)4 Pjclf moiy nokthrs

fxploci oiy flfktchi hutkhmf, tjcs qufstchi more hvfr jcs

‚substoikf– rfshiotfd ci ?331 ot o tcmf wjfi Jowef Lobhr sjhuld


‚Oidrfw Qfokhke oiswfrs tjf qufstchi– Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , : Morkj ?331



jovf bffi ci sfrchus trhublf `cvfi tjf bokedrhp hn fxkfptchiolly

jc`j citfrfst rotfs, whrryci` cinlotchi oid o rfkfit krcpplci` ocrlcif

pclhts– strcef) Tjf Jowef `hvfrimfit wos domo`fd, but nhr tjf

Kholctchi portcfs tjf prhblfm wos tjfrf wos ih ‚oiswfr– th tjfqufstchi Mhcr phsfs)

?33;

Tjf ?33; flfktchi wos wcdfly khiscdfrfd uilhsoblf nhr tjf

Hpphsctchi portcfs `cvfi tjf bcttfr lfodfrsjcp rcvolry bftwffi Qrcmf

Mcicstfr Jowef oid Trfosurfr Qoul Efotci` ot o tcmf wjfi tjf

fkhihmy wos sunnfrci` o sfvfrf rfkfsschi) Ihrmolly sukj o

khmbciotchi spflls phlctckol dhhm nhr tjf cikumbfit `hvfrimfit,

oid wjfi tjf uiphpulor Efotci` hustfd Jowef ci o koukus bollht

lotf ci ?33? ct sffmfd tjot Kholctchi lfodfr Ghji Jfwshi wos sft nhr

vckthry) But wctj twflvf mhitjs th pocit jcs rcvol os o ifh-lcbfrol

rodckol tjf ifw prcmf mcicstfr moio`fd, os tjf korthhi bflhw

su``fsts, th dfpckt Jfwshi os tjf prhblfm oid tjfrfby dfnlfkt

ottfitchi nrhm tjf uifmplhymfit olbotrhss jcs `hvfrimfit korrcfd)

Tjf korthhi cs portckulorly prfskcfit, os tjf flfktchi hutkhmf sow

Lobhr rf-flfktfd, wctj o slc`jtly cikrfosfd moghrcty, lor`fly tjf rfsult

hn Efotci`–s hutstoidci` kompoc`ici` kopokcty th dfmhicsf

Jfwshi)

Joydhi Moiici` ?66

‚Qoul Efotci` oid Ghji Jfwshi korryci` tjfcr rfspfktcvf burdfis–, Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , : Nfbruory ?33;



?33>

Tjrhu`jhut tjf ?33> kompocì Ghji Jhword modf lcttlf by woy hn ifw phlcky hnnfrci`s oid klocmfd Efotci` wos koptcvf hn spfkcolcitfrfst `rhups) Tjf strotf`y wos klfor nrhm tjf forly doys hn kompocìci` oid Ickjhlshi–s korthhi dfpcktci` Efotci` fyfci` hnn o woliut wctj cts `cvf-owoy Ghji Jhword fyfbrhws cs o brcllcoitkorthhi) Ct moio`fs th kopturf wjot moiy tjhusoids hn khmmfitothrs– whrds shu`jt th fxploci, iomfly tjot Jhword,uilcef Qfokhke oid Jfwshi, wos iht `hci` th bf o ‚pusj hvfr– nhrLobhr) Ct cs olsh truf tjot tjf korthhicsts dcd iht `ft o bfod hiJhword oid tjf ioturf hn tjf `hvfrimfit jf prhphsfd)6 Os

Ickjhlshi–s cmo`f su``fsts, nhr tjfm Efotci` bulefd nor lor`fr tjoitjf kjollfi`fr, o vcfw tjot tjfy jovf ihw jod mhrf tjoi o dfkodf thrfvcsf)


‚Efotci` ncids Jhword o dcnnckult iut th kroke–,Qftfr Ickjhlshi, Oustrolcoi , ?1 Nfbruory ?33>

?33:

Twh cssufs nfoturfd durci` tjf ?33: iotchiol flfktchi kompocì7 tjf`hvfrimfit–s bhld plois th citrhdukf o ifw tox, tjf @[T, oid tjf



rcsf hn Qoulcif Joishi–s Hif Iotchi Qorty) Joishi oppfolfd thlotfit iotchiolcsm oid jhstclcty thword Cidc`fihus loid rc`jts, Oscoicmmc`roits oid, mhrf `fifrolly, th rfkfit fkhihmck rfnhrms) Tjcs

phpulcsm fspfkcolly rfshiotfd omhi` phhrfr bluf-khllorkhmmuictcfs ci tjf hutfr suburbs oid rf`chiol kctcfs) Pciici` oiuiprfkfdfitfd flfvfi sfots oid 2; pfr kfit hn tjf ncrst prfnfrfikf vhtf ot tjf Guif ?33: _uffisloid [totf flfktchi, Joishi–s porty oppforfd sft th sjopf tjf hutkhmf hn tjf iotchiol flfktchi,portckulorly wjfi ct dfkcdfd th dcrfkt prfnfrfikfs oòcist oll scttci` mfmbfrs) Quidcts prfdcktfd o tfi hr sh pfr kfit vhtf nhr HifIotchi, lor`fly ot tjf fxpfisf hn tjf Kholctchi portcfs, oid tjus tjf

Joishi pjfihmfihi bfkomf tjf subgfkt hn moiy korthhis) BrukfQftty kopturfs wfll tjf khistfriotchi Hif Iotchi kousfd tjf moghrportcfs) Pjclf tjfy woitfd th oppfor th bf obhvf sukj phpulcstphlctcks, ci trutj tjfrf wos ihtjci` tjfy whuld iht thukj cn tjf iffdnhr vhtfs wos `rfot fihu`j oid tjf bor`f phlf lhi` fihu`j)

Joydhi Moiici` ?60

‚Joishi oid jfr porty–s Mokjcovfllcoi oppfol–,Brukf Qftty, O`f , 2: [fptfmbfr ?33:

211? Tjf 211? kompocì stoids hut os hif wjfrf tjf korthhicsts thhe ostoikf oòcist bhtj portcfs oid, nhr tjot mottfr, oòcist tjf hrdciory vhtfrs wctj wjhm tjfcr sympotjcfs usuolly lcf)



Tjf qufstchi hn rfnu`ffs hkkupcfd kfitrf sto`f os bhtj lfodfrstrcfd th oppfor thu`j oid morkjci` ci stfp wctj publck hpcichi hibhrdfr sfkurcty)> Tjf `hvfrimfit–s dfkcschi th supphrt tjf V[ wor

hi tfrrhr sow trhhps dcspotkjfd th On`joicstoi, oid tjcs òvf oportckulor iotchiolcstck dcmfischi th tjf 211? kompocì) More Eic`jt–s korthhi, nrhm tjf mcddlf hn tjf 211? kompocì, prfsfitsJhword oid Bfozlfy ci o dore lc`jt os tjfy try th ‚bfttfr– fokj htjfrci rfsphisf th tjf tro`ck scieci` hn o bhot korryci` rfnu`ffs th Oustrolcoi sjhrfs) Tjcs korthhi cs sotcrf ot cts bfst—ct jhlds hurlfodfrs th mhrol okkhuit, oid tjf rfodfr cs iht obhut th lou`j lhudly but, rotjfr, `rcmokf ot tjf trutj ct rfvfols) Tjcs korthhi wos typckol

hn o jhst hn scmclor korthhis durci` tjf 211? kompocì, wjckj sfttjf korthhicsts ot hdds wctj tjf vhtci` publck wjh, ci `fifrol,supphrtfd tjf thu`j stoikf hi tjf ‚bhot pfhplf–)0


‚Bfozlfy oid Jhword lhsf tjfcr mhrol khmposs–,More Eic`jt, Jfrold [ui , 24 Hkthbfr 211?

2114

Tjf korthhi by @fhnn Qryhr, ‚Lotjom–s ospcrotchiol vhtfr8, wjckjthhe More Lotjom sfrchusly os o khitfidfr oòcist tjf lhi`-sfrvci` Jhword, wcll stoid tjf tfst hn tcmf nor bfttfr tjoi tjf bule hn kompocì khmmfitory ci 2114) O rflotcvfly yhui` oid



dfmhistrobly cifxpfrcfikfd lfodfr nokfd o ifor cmphsscblf tose hn thpplci` tjf mukj mhrf fxpfrcfikfd Ghji Jhword ot o tcmf wjfitjf Oustrolcoi fkhihmy wos bhhmci` oid tjf `hvfrimfit wos

uictfd) Lotjom shu`jt th usf jcs khmporotcvf yhutj os oi odvoito`fhvfr Jhword oid khigurfd tjf mftopjhr hn tjf ‚loddfr hn hpphrtuicty–) ‚Tjf loddfr– wos supphsfd th sum up jcs phlcky opprhokj os hif ocmfd ot supphrtci` upwordly mhbclf bluf- oid wjctf-khllor jhusfjhlds– ospcrotchis nhr jhmf hwifrsjcp oidkhisumfrcsm) Ct wos supphsfd th strfss jhw jf oid Lobhr wfrfihw ‚ci thukj– wctj tjf ifw-mcllfiicum whreci`-lcnf fxpfrcfikfs hn mcddlf Oustrolco) Pjclf tjcs phc`ioit mftopjhr wos hpfi th moiy

citfrprftotchis, @fhnn Qryhr–s korthhi fxphsfd cts fssfitcoljhllhwifss oid, wctj ct, tjf sfisf tjot Lotjom–s kompoc`i, oidLobhr–s phlckcfs, wfrf iht khivcikci` fihu`j nhr vhtfrs thkhuitfioikf o kjoi`f hn `hvfrimfit) Lotjom oiihuikfd o bc`-spfidci` prhmcsf th hnnfr nrff jfoltjkorf th tjhsf o`fd hvfr scxty-ncvf, oid tjcs khitrodcktfd tjf ‚loddfr–s– mfsso`f hn ru``fd sfln-cmprhvfmfit) Qryhr–s sotcrckol lhhe ot ‚Mfdckorf @hld– dfpckts opfischifr kotkjci` o rcdf up tjf loddfr hn hpphrtuicty, tjf vfry

loddfr wjckj wos supphsfd th rfprfsfit Lobhr–s ifwly nhr`fdkhmmctmfit th tjf ospcrotchiol vhtfrs)

Joydhi Moiici` ?63

‚Lotjom–s ospcrotchiol vhtfr8–,@fhnn Qryhr, Koibfrro Tcmfs , ;1 [fptfmbfr 2114



Qort CC—[hmf pfrscstfit tjfmfs ci Oustrolcoi flfktchi korthhis

Tjf nhllhwci` òllfry cllustrotfs o iumbfr hn rfkurrci` cmo`fs,tjfmfs oid dfvflhpmfits ci flfktchi korthhici` ci Oustrolco,?3:;‛2114) Pjclf iht o syihptck khitfit oiolyscs, wjckj whuld jovfth dfol wctj tjhusoids hn korthhis oid dfvflhp oi flobhrotf *oidprhbobly rotjfr dull# toxhihmy, tjcs okkhuit rfmores hi wjot yhuihtckf os khitciuctcfs okrhss tjf dcnnfrfit flfktchi kompocìs)Ihtoblf jfrf orf tjf uifdcnyci` ospfkts hn tjf kompocì khitfst, onokthr tjot nrfqufitly ncids mftopjhrck fxprfsschi os o jhrsf rokf wjfrf tjf ‚io`s– rfnlfkt tjf lfodfrs– fmbottlfd dcsphsctchis)Hpphsctchi lfodfrs suddfily ncid tjfmsflvfs tjf butt hn tjf ghef

oid, ot tcmfs, oi cisc`jtnul khmmfit fmfr`fs hi jhw tjf wcdfrflfkthrotf moy bf ossfssci` tjf oltfriotcvf prcmf mcicstfr) Tjf cssufstjot lcf ot tjf jfort hn oiy kompocì orf o nfoturf, oid tjf sotcrckolmfsso`f hn o sci`lf korthhi hntfi kopturfs sukkciktly tjf nlows ci ophlcky, hr fxphsfs tjf ottfmpt th ‚spci– tjf mfsso`f bfyhidrfoshioblf bflcfn) Nciolly, os phllci` doy lhhms, korthhicsts nhkus hitjf vfry okt hn vhtci`, oid jfrf wf ncid khmmfit hi vhtfrdcsfikjoitmfit oid dcsfiò`fmfit wctj tjf mhst vctol hn

dfmhkrotck okts)

Tjf lfodfrs– ghust

Pjclf strhi` lhkol koidcdotfs mottfr hi tjf `rhuid, flfktchikompocìs jovf bfkhmf mhrf prfscdfitcol ci tjf mfdco *oidkhisfqufitly ci korthhis# ci rfkfit dfkodfs) Hpphsctchi lfodfrsbfkhmf fquol, ot lfost ci tjfhry, wctj tjf prcmf mcicstfr durci` tjfkompocì pfrchd oid, khisfqufitly, tjfy nfoturf olhi` scdf tjf QM

ci moiy korthhis) Korckoturf hn phlctckol lfodfrs cs tjf ncrst tose, oidghy, nhr tjf korthhicst effi th moef jcs hr jfr more uphi tjfcrrfodfrsjcp) Pjftjfr ct cs Qoul Efotci` drowi os oi uidfrtoefr, hr onovhurfd korckoturf hn Ghji Jhword wctj jcs prhtrudci` lcp oid, citjf kosf hn Oloi Mhcr, jcs Kyklhps fyf, wf oll khmf th rfkhìcsfkorckoturf nhr tjf woy ct spfoes th us obhut hur lfodfrs) Fvfi cn tjfy odhri tjfcr subgfkts ci potrckcoi rhbfs os Lorry Qckefrci` dcd th@hu`j Pjctlom ci moiy o korthhi, korthhicsts rorfly sffe th nlottfr

hur phlctckol lfodfrs) Tjcs cs tjf fssfikf hn tjfcr lckfikf th mhke, thbf tjf mhdfri-doy khurt gfstfrs effi th sjhw tjf fmpfrhr jos ihklhtjfs)

Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?>1



Qftfr Ickjhlshi–s dcs`ruitlfd ghkefys, publcsjfd nhur doys bfnhrfphllci` ci 211?, drows hi tjf sphrtci` oiolh`y ci o mhrf phcìoitmoiifr) Ct oppfors bhtj Jhword oid Bfozlfy jovf nlh``fd ‚Qhlctckolkyickcsm– wctjhut òcici` oiy dcskfricblf odvoito`f) Ci 2114, Lobhrlfodfr More Lotjom ghcis tjf QM ci o kjor`f th tjf wciifr–s phsthi jhrsfs iomfd th rfnlfkt korthhicst [foi Lfojy–s ossfssmfit hn

tjf kompocì oid, cn sczf cs o ùcdf, tjf lcefly flfktchi rfsult os wfll)Korthhicsts rflcsj tjf hpphrtuicty th prfsfit tjf prcmf mcicstfr

oid Hpphsctchi lfodfr os lcors oid khigurfrs but tfid iht th nhllhw tjfcr Brctcsj khuitfrports, wjfrf phrtroyci` tjf lfodfrs os bunnhhiscs quctf khmmhiplokf): Lfodfrs orf lfss hntfi sft up os nhhls tjoiphrtroyfd os klfvfr moicpulothrs) Lfs Toiifr prfsfits tjf klossck worici` rfòrdci` tjf ottfmpt th brcbf us, ci tjf ?3:0 kompocì, otjfmf rfprcsfd by @fhnn Qryhr ci 2114, ci o korthhi dfpcktci` tjf

QM prfporfd th tjrhw oiy omhuit hn mhify ot vhtfrs ci hrdfr th wci tjfcr supphrt)

Tjf prfssurf-khhefr otmhspjfrcks hn flfktchi kompocìs drcvftjf lfodfrs th `rfot lfi`tjs oid, olhi` tjf woy, hnnfr uicquf

Joydhi Moiici` ?>?

‚Nrosfr oid Jowef sjopf up th nc`jt Hpphsctchi Lfodfr–,

Bcll Mctkjfll, Oustrolcoi , : Nfbruory ?3:;

Civorcobly, korthhicsts phrtroy flfktchis os `roid bottlfs wctjmftopjhrck rfnfrfikf th sphrtci` khitfsts) Bcll Mctkjfll–s korthhi,publcsjfd durci` tjf ?3:; kompocì–s sfkhid wffe, cs typckol hn tjf

shrt wjfrf korthhicsts phef nui ot tjf suddfi uifdcnyci` ùsth wctj wjckj tjf lfodfrs ottoke fokj htjfr)




‚Bfozlfy oid Jhword rcdci` tjf somf woy–,Qftfr Ickjhlshi, Oustrolcoi , 0 Ihvfmbfr 211?

‚Jhword sjhws Lotjom tjf woy th wci–,[foi Lfojy, Khurcfr-Mocl , : Hkthbfr 2114



Joydhi Moiici` ?>;

‚Jowef oid Jhword jhpf th brcbf vhtfrs–,

Lfs Toiifr, O`f , 2 Guly ?3:0

‚Qrcmf Mcicstfr Jhword–s lh`ckol khitrodcktchi–,@fhnn Qryhr, Koibfrro Tcmfs , 20 [fptfmbfr 2114



hpphrtuictcfs nhr sotcrcsts th fxfrkcsf tjfcr kront oid th okt os tjf ‚fyf

hn tjf sthrm–) Oid tjf nhkus hi lfodfrs cs olmhst fxkluscvf) Tjfrf

orf rfmoreobly nfw flfktchi korthhis dfpcktci` mcicstfrs hr tjfcr

sjodhws, hr fvfi hn mcihr porty lfodfrs, nrhm Goicif Jocifs th BhbBrhwi)

Hpphsctchi lfodfrs jovf ih nui

Hpphsctchi lfodfrs must vcfw tjcs suddfi oid tfmphrory porcty ci

korthhis os o mcxfd blfssci`, fspfkcolly cn tjfy orf iht wfll eihwi

th tjf vhtfrs nrhm prfvchus kompocìs) ^htfrs `fifrolly eihw wjot

tjfy tjcie hn tjf kurrfit prcmf mcicstfr, nhr `hhd hr cll, but

suddfily th oppfor os oi fquol krhhe bfscdf tjf cikumbfit cikorthhis cs mhst lcefly th fikhuro`f o ‚bfttfr tjf dfvcl yhu eihw–

ottctudf ci rfodfrs) O korthhi koi pui`fitly klorcny khikfris obhut

o rflotcvfly uieihwi Hpphsctchi lfodfr, wjclf ct koi sfldhm dh

mhrf tjoi khincrm sft vcfws obhut oi cikumbfit prcmf mcicstfr)

Qftfr Ickjhlshi–s dfpcktchi hn o dfncoit oid ioefd Lcbfrol

Hpphsctchi lfodfr, Ghji Jfwshi, sfllci` jcs @[T prhphsol durci`

tjf ?33; kompocì, kopturfs wfll wjot wos tjf Kholctchi Okjcllfs–

Jffl, shmftjci` jc`jlc`jtfd by Mhcr–s korthhi, dcskussfd forlcfr,tjot dfpckts Jfwshi korryci` jcmsfln os o joidckop) Durci` tjf

?33; kompocì tjf mhrf Qrcmf Mcicstfr Efotci` rfvfllfd ci

trumpci` up ‚o skorf– rfòrdci` jhw tjf @[T whuld kjoi`f hur

lcvfs tjf bfttfr bfkomf Lobhr–s kjoikfs hn jhldci` hnnckf)

Ghji Jhword wos tjf hily lhi`-tfrm Hpphsctchi lfodfr

sukkfssnul ci dfnfotci` oi cikumbfit durci` tjf twh dfkodfs tjcs

kjoptfr khvfrs, oid os tjf Ickjhlshi ‚Poliut– korthhi obhvf

su``fsts, jf moio`fd th dfpckt jcmsfln os o smoll tor`ft ci korthhisos wfll os ci tjf wcdfr mfdco) Lobhr Hpphsctchi lfodfr Ecm Bfozlfy

ncùrfd hi usci` Jhword–s ‚smoll tor`ft– strotf`y ci tjf ?33: flfktchi

oid, uilcef prfvchus Hpphsctchi lfodfrs, jf cictcolly rfkfcvfd

novhuroblf trfotmfit nrhm tjf korthhicsts) Nhr fxomplf, Mckjofl

Otkjcshi prfsfits Bfozlfy stru``lci` oòcist tjf hdds hn tjf QM–s

strotf`y th usf tjf Khmmhiwfoltj @omfs oid nhhtboll nciols os o

dcstroktchi nrhm jcs khitrhvfrscol ifw tox o`fido) Durci` jcs forly

yfors os lfodfr, Bfozlfy oppforfd os tjf ecidly, `hhd-jfortfd lor`fmoi, but tjcs kjoi`fd tjrff yfors lotfr wjfi jf trcfd th khmpftf

wctj Jhword by dfmhistrotci` jcs ‚thu`jifss– hi bhrdfr

prhtfktchi, os cllustrotfd ci Eic`jt–s korthhi forlcfr)




Durci` tjf ?331 kompocì Qfokhke–s pfrshiolcty wos khistoitly

qufstchifd, but ct wos tjf 2114 flfktchi oid tjf orrcvol hn More

Lotjom tjot sow tjf nhkus hi pfrshiolcty rfturi wctj khiscdfroblf

nhrkf) Korthhicsts wfrf drowi th Lotjom–s pfrshiolcty, ci portckulor

jcs rfputotchi os o bully *jf–d brhefi o toxc drcvfr–s orm#, os nhul

mhutjfd *jf–d dubbfd Jhword `hvfrimfit mcicstfrs o ‚khiò lcifhn suke jhlfs– nhr nhllhwci` Omfrcko cith tjf wor ci Croq#, oid os

shmftjci` hn o ‚kloss wor– worrchr wjh jotfd ‚hld skjhhl tcf– typf

prcvclf`f) Durci` tjf forly mhitjs hn 2114 tjf ifwly flfktfd Lobhr

lfodfr oppforfd sft th kjollfi`f Jhword–s dhmciotchi hn iotchiol

phlctcks os jf shu`jt th dfvflhp phlckcfs tjot mc`jt oppfol th tjf sh-

kollfd ‚ospcrotchiol vhtfrs–)3

Cssufs tjot sjopf flfkthrol dfstciy

Korthhis koi kotkj tjf mhmfitum hn o kompocì th dfpckt

portckulor cssufs oid krukcol mhmfits wctj rfmoreoblf klorcty) Tjcs

sfktchi nhkusfs mocily hi tjf 2114 flfktchi, ci hrdfr th jc`jlc`jt

Joydhi Moiici` ?>6

‚Ghji Jfwshi–s @[T rfvfolfd–,Qftfr Ickjhlshi, O`f , 3 Morkj ?33;



Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?>>

jhw phcìoit korthhis moy bf ci kopturci` tjf fssfikf hn oiy `cvfidoy hr wffe hn kompocìci ) But bfnhrf dhci` sh, khiscdfr tjfkorthhi nrhm tjf ?3:; flfktchi tjot sjhws jhw dfspfrotf lfodfrsmoy bfkhmf wjfi tjf kompocì sffms th bf slcppci` owoy) Mctkjfllrfkolls tjf lost-dctkj ottfmpt by Molkhlm Nrosfr th skorf vhtfrs wctjtjf prhspfkt hn tjfcr sovci`s iht bfci` sonf uidfr o Lobhr`hvfrimfit) Tjcs lfd th mukj khmmfit obhut Nrosfr–s fidfovhurth fvhef tjf Mfizcfs fro oid tjf ihtchi hn ‚rfds uidfr tjf bfd–)

Trust wos tjf tjfmf tjf Qrcmf Mcicstfr sft nhr jcs 2114kompocì, oid tjcs hnnfrfd o ncfld doy nhr korthhicsts `cvfi tjfcikhi`ructy bftwffi kompocì prhmcsfs oid tjf publck–s skfptckcsmthword kompocì spci) [foi Lfojy klfvfrly drows hur ottfitchi thtjf ‚solf– tjot cs obhut th bf`ci wctj o korthhi publcsjfd forly ci tjfncrst wffe hn kompocìci ) Qhcitfdly, Lotjom woits th kotkj tjf‚trust toxc–, wjclf Lfojy rfmcids jcs rfodfrs wjy Jhword oid jcsmcicstfrs jordly dfsfrvf hur trust)

Os ihtfd obhvf, Lotjom wos nhrkfd hi tjf boke nhht by Mfdckorf @hld–s opporfit cikhi`ructcfs, but jcs kompocì sunnfrfd onotol blhw wjfi Qrcmf Mcicstfr Jhword trumpfd jcm hi tjfqufstchi hn rfstrcktci` lh``ci` hn Tosmoico–s hld-`rhwtj nhrfst) Os

‚Bfozlfy stru``lfs th khivcikf vhtfrs–,Mckjofl Otkjcshi, Odvfrtcsfr , ?> [fptfmbfr ?33:



Joydhi Moiici` ?>0

‚More Lotjom–s rfputotchi–, Porrfi Brhwi, Tflf`ropj , 21 [fptfmbfr 2114

‚Tjf skorf kompoc`i–, Bcll Mctkjfll, Oustrolcoi , 24 Nfbruory ?3:;



Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?>:

tjf lost wffe hn kompocìci` bfòi Lotjom oiihuikfd o phlcky th

prhtfkt Tosmoicoi hld `rhwtj nhrfsts, wjckj upsft shmf uichilfodfrs) Tjf Qrcmf Mcicstfr phuikfd oid, ci nrhit hn o lor`fmfftci` hn bluf-khllor Tosmoicoi whrefrs, oiihuikfd o nor mhrfmhdfst hld `rhwtj nhrfsts prhtfktchi phlcky)

More Eic`jt kopturfs tjcs wfll ci o vfry nuiiy korthhi, but ct csDovcd Rhwf–s rfnlfktchi hi tjf hntfi usfd mftopjhr hn tjf phlctckol wfd`f tjot cs pfrjops mhrf tfllci ) Ct dfpckts tjf yhui`fr Lotjomhut-moihfuvrfd by tjf wcly Qrcmf Mcicstfr, wjh sfts Lobhr hi

khursf nhr khinlckt wctj hif hn cts trodctchiol vhtci` supphrt bosfs)Lotjom–s kompocì strotf`csts ncùrfd hi wciici` hvfr tjf ciifrurboi fivcrhimfitolcst—tjf sh-kollfd `rffi vhtf wjckj tjfy nforfd wos jfodci` th tjf @rffis) Cistfod, jf wos troppfd ci tjf phlctckol wfd`f wctj ihwjfrf th `h ci tjf lost wffe hn kompocìci )

Tjf wor hi spci oid tjf vhtfr–s vcfw

Tjf twh dfkodfs khvfrfd by tjcs survfy cs o pfrchd ci wjckj phlctcks

jos bfkhmf fvfr mhrf mfdco-moio`fd) ^htfrs hntfi ncid tjcsnrustrotci`, oid korthhicsts orf vfry odfpt ot rfnlfktci` tjcs crrctotchici khistoit ottokes hi tjf oskfidoiky hn spci) Korckoturf jos hntfiocmfd th prfsfit lfodfrs os klhwis tryci` th nhhl us, os Bcll Lfoe–s

‚Mftopjhrs th suct Jhword oid Lotjom–,[foi Lfojy, Khurcfr-Mocl , ;1 Ouùst 2114



Joydhi Moiici` ?>3

‚Jhword–s ifwly nhr`fd ollcfs–,More Eic`jt, Jfrold [ui , 0 Hkthbfr 2114

‚Jhword wfd`fs Lotjom–, Dovcd Rhwf, Oustrolcoi Ncioikcol Rfvcfw , : Hkthbfr 2114




korthhi publcsjfd ot tjf hutsft hn tjf ?33: flfktchi cmplcfs) Tjflfodfrs eihw wfll tjot tjfcr ghb durci` tjf kompocì cs th ovhcd,osscduhusly, oiy klhwicsjifss, oid tjcs korthhi su``fsts tjot

korthhicsts orf o ecid hn dcslhyol hpphsctchi th tjfm oll)Dhfs tjcs lfod th kyickcsm, shmftjci` Mckjofl Jhòi orùfs cs o

khisfqufikf hn tjf uirfmcttci` ioturf hn phlctckol korthhicsts–krctcquf hn tjf phlctckol kloss8?1 Dhfs tjf prfvolfikf hn spci oidmfdco moio`fmfit jovf o portckulor cinlfktchi ci Oustrolco wjfrf vhtci` cs khmpulshry oid prfnfrfitcol, sh tjfrf cs o strhi` bfifnct nhrphlctckcois ci bfci` oihdyif8 Dh flfktchi korthhis rfnlfkt tjot rcse ovfrsfifss8 Orùobly tjcs cs iht o prhblfm, but tjf fmpcrckol doto cs

kfrtocily jord th pci dhwi) Tjf nhllhwci` korthhis rfnlfkt shmfpfrscstfit khmplocits by korthhicsts obhut jhw phlctckcois trfotflfkthrs durci` kompocìs)

Khmpulshry vhtci` jos o lhi` trodctchi hn dcvcdci` hpcichi os thcts vcrtufs, os More Lyikj rfmcids us ci jcs omusci` khmmfit hiJowef oid Qfokhke durci` tjf ?331 flfktchi kompocì) Rfmoreobly,Lobhr wos rfturifd th hnnckf wctj o mfo`rf tjcrty-icif pfr kfit ncrstprfnfrfikf supphrt oid Qfokhke–s Lcbfrols moio`fd o mfrf tjcrty-ncvf pfr kfit5 pfrjops Lyikj wos hi th shmftjci`)

Korthhicsts jovf lhi` fxprfssfd sympotjy nhr vhtfrs jovci` thkhpf wctj kompocìs, mhrf rfkfitly nhkusci` hi tjfcr crrctotchi wctjtjf hpcichi phllstfr) Lfojy–s korthhi nrhm tjf 2114 kompocì cs o`hhd fxomplf hn tjf typf, oid, ci tjcs cistoikf, oses wjckj phllstfrtjf vhtfr whuld vhtf nhr—tjf joplfss vhtfr–s rfoktchi cs ihtshmftjci` tjf phllci` khmpoicfs whuld lcef th bflcfvf cs tjf rfolcty)

Oihtjfr ciihvotchi durci` rfkfit dfkodfs, oid hif hn tjf‚jc`jlc`jts– hn khitfmphrory flfktchi kompocìs, cs tjf tflfvcsfd

lfodfrs– dfbotf) Bf`ciici` ci ?3:4 tjfsf dfbotfs olwoys nfoturf cikorthhis oid, nrhm tjf hutsft, korthhicsts jovf khikludfd tjfcrkhitrcvfd nhrmot wos shmftjci` vhtfrs wfrf bfst odvcsfd th ovhcd) Pjclf tjf phlctckol khmmfitorcot oid tjf kompocì moio`frs toeftjfm fihrmhusly sfrchusly, More Lyikj–s korthhi kopturfs okhmmhi sfitcmfit, iomfly tjot lcttlf cs mcssfd by mcssci` tjfdfbotf)

Nhr tjf vfry ncrst hkkoschi ci ?3:4, Bcll Mctkjfll phcits hut tjot

tjf dfbotf jos ihtjci` th dh wctj substoikf oid cmplcfs tjot vhtfrskoiiht bf blomfd nhr bfci` kyickol) Citfrfstci`ly, khmmfitothrs nfltQfokhke ‚whi– tjf dfbotf, shmftjci` tjot sot uifoscly ci Jowef–skrow uitcl jf ifxt jod oi hpphrtuicty th dfbotf Qfokhke ci ?331)



Joydhi Moiici` ?0?

‚Jowef oid Qfokhke nokf vhtfr rfolcty–,More Lyikj, Oustrolcoi , 6 Morkj ?331

‚Ghji Jhword odvcsfs Tcm Ncskjfr, Qftfr Rfctj, Qftfr Khstfllh oid Olfxoidfr Dhwifr–, Bcll Lfoe, Oustrolcoi , 3 [fptfmbfr ?33:




‚Tjf lfodfrs– dfbotf cs ifvfr o wciifr wctj vhtfrs–,More Lyikj, Oustrolcoi , 20 Nfbruory ?331

‚Tjf hpcichi phllstfr nokfs vhtfr rfolcty–,[foi Lfojy, Khurcfr-Mocl , 23 [fptfmbfr 2114



Ifvfrtjflfss, tjf nokt tjot Jowef whi ci ?3:4 su``fsts tjot tjfkorthhicsts mc`jt bf rc`jt ci tjfcr ossfrtchis tjot dfbotfs orf o nhrmhn poithmcmf tjot mottfr lcttlf)

[prcielfd okrhss oiy flfktchi kompocì, but tfidci` th bfkhmfmhrf nrfqufit os phllci` doy opprhokjfs, orf korthhis dfpcktci` vhtfrs obhut th moef tjfcr dfkcschi) Kompocì mokjciotchis oidlfodfrs browlci` orf rfmhvfd nrhm tjf korthhicsts– nromf oid, citjfcr plokf, wf ncid tjf ‚phlctckol hutscdfrs– wjh wcll dftfrmcif wjh`hvfris) Nhr tjf mhst port, korthhicsts dfpckt vhtfrs os voùfly citfrfstfd but olsh hntfi os uikfrtoci hn tjf purphsf hn tjfcr vhtf)Lcef tjf khurt gfstfrs hn hld, tjfy qufstchi tjf lf ctcmoky hn tjf

phwfrs tjot bf oid fvfi moef nui hn hif hn dfmhkroky–s khrf vcrtufs, tjf okt hn vhtci ) @fhr`f Mhlior prfsfits o klossck fxomplfhn tjf dcsfmphwfrfd vhtfr oid Lfs Toiifr hn tjf dcsfiò`fd)

Cn wf orf th bflcfvf tjfcr skfptckcsm cs wfll nhuidfd, ct nhllhwstjot dfmhkroky cs nor nrhm pfrnfkt oid nor nrhm rfspfktfd by vhtfrs) Tjcs cs, hn khursf, dfbotoblf, wctj quoitctotcvf survfy rfsultssjhwci` tjot wjclf vhtfrs orf rotjfr gouidckfd obhut phlctckcois oid

Joydhi Moiici` ?0;

‚Qrcmf Mcicstfr Jowef–s jubrcs bfnhrf tjf ?3:4 lfodfrs– dfbotf–,Bcll Mctkjfll, Oustrolcoi , 2> Ihvfmbfr ?3:4




‚^htfr opotjy–, Lfs Toiifr, O`f , ;1 Ihvfmbfr ?3:4

‚^htfr kyickcsm–, @fhr`f Mhlior, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , 6 Morkj ?3:;



Joydhi Moiici` ?06

phlctckol portcfs, tjfy strhi`ly supphrt tjf `fifrol nuiktchici` hn Oustrolcoi dfmhkroky, wjckj hbvchusly cikludfs tjf oktchi hn kostci` hif–s vhtf)??

Cn ihtjci` flsf, tjcs kjoptfr sjhuld cllustrotf hif phcit, iomfly tjot lhheci` ot o korthhi nrhm o by`hif flfktchi rfmcids rfodfrs,hntfi omusci`ly, hn efy nfoturfs hn tjf khitfst) Pctj tjf prfssurfsoid tfischis hn kompocìci` prfsfitci` iotchiol phlctcks ci storefrlc`jt, korthhicsts jovf o smhròsbhrd hn cssufs, cmo`fs oidkjoroktfrs th kjhhsf nrhm) Tjf korthhis prfsfitfd jfrf cllustrotfhif hn tjf `rfot oid pfrscstfit luxurcfs hn Oustrolcoi dfmhkroky7tjf hpphrtuicty nhr vhtfrs oid fvfi fiò`fd khmmfitothrs lcef

korthhicsts iht th jovf th korf thh mukj obhut vhtci`) Pf koi moefnui hn tjf prhkfss bfkousf ct cs sh stoblf oid, os shkcol survfyscidckotf, khiscstfitly fighys jc`j lfvfls hn publck supphrt)?2



QORT C^

Korthhi Jcsthry, hr tjf Bfst Korthhicsts ci tjf Phrld8



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Jui`, Drowi oid _uortfrfd7

Fxjcbctci` Qhlctckol Korthhis

@uy Joisfi

Tjf vcscthr fitfrs tjf òllfry oid pousfs ci nrhit hn o strceci` Dovcd

Rhwf korthhi) Rotjfr tjoi tjf rfdukfd rfprhduktchi prfsfitfd hi

ifwsprcit, tjf korthhi hi sjhw cs tjf hrc`ciol joid-krontfd ort whre

nromfd ci oi flfòit blhidfwhhd nromf wctj cvhry mot bhord oid

`loss) Ih surrhuidci` tfxt, pjhth`ropjs hr odvfrtcsci` khmpftf nhr

tjf vcfwfr–s ottfitchi, gust tjf ncifly fxfkutfd Rhwf wctj cts

splhtkjfs hn cie oid mftckulhus dftocl) Qrcmf Mcicstfr Ghji Jhword

cs korckoturfd pfrnfktly by Rhwf–s okfrbck brusj—jcs lhwfr lcp

prhtrudci` oid jcs fyfbrhws nlhotci` th tjf sey)

Tjf fxpfrcfikf hn vcfwci` o korthhi ci o musfum òllfry cs

nuidomfitolly dcnnfrfit nrhm tjot hn rfodci` hif ci o ifwspopfr)

Tjf òllfry sfttci` brci`s wctj ct o roi`f hn uistotfd rulfs hn jhw

th bfjovf oid jhw th vcfw oi hbgfkt hi dcsploy) Khmporfd th o

kluttfrfd brfoenost toblf hr krhwdfd troci, o òllfry flfvotfs tjf

korthhi th tjf stotus hn ort dfmoidci` mukj klhsfr ottfitchi) Tjot

wjckj cs fpjfmfrol oid dcsphsoblf hi ifwsprcit bfkhmfs oi hbgfkt

whrtj prfsfrvci` oid vcfwci` rfpfotfdly)

Os o kurothr, C jovf hntfi musfd hvfr tjf troisnhrmotchi tjot

korthhis uidfr`h wjfi bfci` prfporfd nhr oi fxjcbctchi) My ncrst

fikhuitfr wctj o korthhi dfstcifd nhr dcsploy cs usuolly os o

nhr`httfi ctfm sthrfd ci o kordbhord bhx uidfr tjf ortcst–s dfse) Ontfr bfci` sflfktfd, tjf whre cs korfnully rfkfcptfd oid plokfd ci o

phrtnhlch ci prfporotchi nhr bfci` pjhth`ropjfd oid fvfituolly

nromfd) By tjf tcmf ct orrcvfs ot tjf Iotchiol Musfum, ct cs ih



Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?:1

lhi`fr joidlfd by cie-stocifd joids but rotjfr tjf lotfx `lhvfs hn khisfrvothrs) Fvfituolly jui` hi o òllfry woll, cts troisnhrmotchicith o whre hn ort cs khmplftf)

Ct cs cmphrtoit th rfmfmbfr, jhwfvfr, tjot korthhis orf ihtprhdukfd os ort hbgfkts) Tjfy orf o by-prhdukt hn o prhkfss tjotrfqucrfs oi cmo`f nhr rfprhduktchi ci ifwsprcit) Tjfcr prhduktchics strcktly khitrhllfd by tjf iffds hn tjf publckotchi) [czf, khlhur oidsubgfkt mottfr orf dftfrmcifd by tjf ghuriol nhr wjckj tjfkorthhicst whres) Tjf tcmf nhr tjf whre th bf khmplftfd cs o

nuiktchi hn tjf prcitci` dfodlcif) Rotjfr tjoi bfci` uicquf, tjfcmo`fs orf fidlfssly rfprhdukfd) Os sukj, korthhis orf, ci moiy woys, tjf oitctjfscs hn wjot wf trodctchiolly tjcie hn os ort) Tjfy orfiht tjf prhdukt hn oi uinfttfrfd ortcst) Rotjfr, tjfy orf tjf rfsult hn o jc`jly strukturfd prhduktchi lcif) Tjf hbgfkt hn prcmory scìcnckoikf cs iht tjf hrc`ciol ortwhre but tjf rfprhdukfd cmo`f)

Trodctchiol krctckol nromfwhres usfd ci tjf vcsuol orts orf cll-suctfd nhr oiolysci` korthhis) Tjf ubcqucthus ioturf hn korthhis

whres oòcist tjfm bfci` toefi sfrchusly) Ct cs citfrfstci` th khitrosttjf study hn korthhis wctj tjf ottfitchi rfkfcvfd by htjfr orfos hn tjf vcsuol orts) Ncif ort oid pjhth`ropjy, nhr fxomplf, jovfdfvflhpfd khmplfx systfms hn krctckcsm oid oiolyscs) Pjot, tjfi, cs

‚O nfw `hhd mfi–, Dovcd Rhwf, Oustrolcoi Ncioikcol Rfvcfw , 2114



dcnnfrfit obhut korthhis8 Orf tjfy scmply bod ort, dfsfrvci` lcttlfmhrf tjoi o kurshry `loikf ot tjf brfoenost toblf8 Nhr mf, tjcsfxploiotchi cs iht sotcsnokthry) Jhwfvfr, opprhokjci` korthhis nrhm

o jc`j-ort pfrspfktcvf jcidfrs tjfcr opprfkcotchi) Korthhis orf ihttjf prhdukt hn mhitjs hn whre ci oi ortcst–s studch5 rotjfr tjfy orfprhdukfd ci o mottfr hn jhurs ci o ifws rhhm hr jhmf hnnckf) Ortcsts prhdukf lctfrolly juidrfds hn whres o yfor) Nurtjfrmhrf,korthhis orf rfprhdukfd hi ifwsprcit, wctj tjf fmpjoscs bfci` hitjfcr khitfit rotjfr tjoi tjfcr ofstjftck oppfol) Tjcs klosj wctjtrodctchiol ihtchis hn jhw ortcsts whre rfdukfs tjf scìcnckoikf hn tjf whre nhr moiy krctcks) Korthhicsts orf khiscdfrfd mhrf os

ortcsois tjoi ortcsts oid jfikf orf lor`fly cìhrfd by ort krctcks)Nhr tjfsf rfoshis, citfrprftci` phlctckol korthhici` iffds th

bf`ci wctj uidfrstoidci` ct os o nhrm hn phpulor kulturf rotjfr tjoios oi ospfkt hn ort jcsthry) Tjcs cs iht th soy tjot korthhis jovf ihortcstck mfrct) Rotjfr, ct rfkhìcsfs tjot tjf prcmory scìcnckoikf hn korthhis stfms nrhm tjfcr moss-prhdukfd ioturf) Tjf nokt tjot tjfy orf tor`ftfd ot o phpulor oudcfikf `cvfs us oi cisc`jt cith tjf moghrifws sthrcfs hn tjf doy) Pjfi o thpck bfkhmfs tjf norf hn korthhicsts wf eihw tjot ct jos okjcfvfd o kfrtoci ihthrcfty hrscìcnckoikf ci tjf wcdfr khmmuicty) Ct cs voluoblf fvcdfikf hn wjotcs hi tjf publck mcid) Pjfrfos trodctchiol Pfstfri ort cs hntficitfrprftfd os rfnlfktci` tjf citfrchr whrld hn tjf ortcst, korthhici` rfnlfkts tjf phpulor cmo`ciotchi)

Pf iffd th prhkffd korfnully ci klocmci` tjot korthhis prhvcdffvcdfikf hn tjf khikfris hn tjf brhodfr oudcfikf hn ifwspopfrrfodfrs) Tjf vcfws fxprfssfd by korthhicsts orf iht ifkfssorcly sjorfd by tjfcr rfodfrs) Cidffd, ot tcmfs, korthhicsts olmhst dfspocr

os th tjf vhtci` citfitchis hn tjf `fifrol publck) Ifvfrtjflfss, tjfy orf vfry mukj oworf hn tjfcr oudcfikf oid tjf thpcks wjckj wcllfiò`f tjfm) Korthhis orf fvcdfikf hn o khivfrsotchi bftwffikorthhicsts oid tjfcr rfodfrs) Pjclf tjf subgfkt mottfr cs hpfi nhrcitfrprftotchi, tjf thpcks tjfmsflvfs orf `fifrotfd by tjf ifws) Tjfdfmoids hn tjf moss mfdco orf sukj tjot ct cs o brovf korthhicst wjh ottfmpts th sft jcs hr jfr hwi ifws o`fido) Nhllhwci` tjftwcsts oid turis hn publck dfbotfs tjrhu`j korthhis prhvcdfs o

phwfrnul vcsuol orkjcvf hn tjf woy cssufs wfrf uidfrsthhd oidrfshlvfd ci hur phlctckol systfm)

Tjot wjckj cs brhodly dflcifotfd by tjf pjrosf ‚phlctckolkorthhici – oktuolly khiscsts hn o iumbfr hn dcstcikt typfs hn

@uy Joisfi ?:?



korthhici`) Tjfsf orf usuolly dfskrcbfd wctjci tjf ifwspopfrcidustry os cllustrotchis, phkeft korthhis oid, tjf mhst nomclcor hn oll, tjf fdcthrcol korthhi) Tjf tfrm ‚cllustrotchi– dfskrcbfs whres

prhdukfd th khmplfmfit nfoturf ortcklfs hr khlumis) Tjf ortcst–sbrcfn cs th krfotf o whre tjot wcll drow ottfitchi th tjf pcfkf oidjc`jlc`jt cts subgfkt mottfr) Ot cts scmplfst lfvfl tjcs mc`jt bf okorckoturf hn tjf pfrshi bfci` prhnclfd ci tjf ortcklf) Khisfqufitly,cllustrothrs whre klhsfly wctj tjf ghuriolcst wrctci` tjf sthry sh os thfisurf tjf pcfkf khmplfmfits tjf ortcklf) Pord H–Ifcll–s rfùlorkhitrcbutchi th Oloi Romsfy–s wffefid khlumi ci tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold cs o `hhd fxomplf hn jhw o wrctfr oid ortcst koi

nhrm o klhsf portifrsjcp) Tjf phkeft korthhi koi olsh bf usfd th khmplfmfit oid drow ottfitchi th ortcklfs) Tjf tfrm ‚phkeft– cs o rfnfrfikf th tjf sczf hn tjf korthhi—usuolly o smoll bhx) Tjf bfst-eihwi khitfmphrory proktctchifrs hn tjf phkeft korthhi orf Kotjy Pclkhx, Rhi Toidbfr` oid Rhd Klfmfit) Tjfsf korthhis orf usuolly bosfd hi o scmplf ò` hr vcsuol pui) Tjcs typf hn korthhi cs portckulorly opprhprcotf thcllustrotf tjf ifws hn tjf doy) Ct cs vfry rfoktcvf oid whres bfst wjfirfod ci tjf khitfxt hn tjf ortcklf) Toef nhr fxomplf Rhd Klfmfit–sphkeft korthhi hi Qftfr @orrft–s troisctchi cith mocistrfom porty phlctcks) Ci o scmplf civfrschi hn tjf pjrosf ‚squorf pf` ci o rhuidjhlf– Klfmfit kopturfs tjf tfischi bftwffi @orrft–s prfvchusjcsthry os oi oktcvcst oid ortcst oid jcs dfkcschi th sffe prfsflfktchinhr tjf Lobhr Qorty)

Pf khmf lostly th tjf fdcthrcol korthhi) Tjcs cs pfrjops tjf mhstscìcnckoit oid dcdoktck hn oll tjf korthhi nhrms) Trodctchiolly lhkotfd ot tjf kfitrf hn tjf fdcthrcol po`f, ct prhvcdfs ortcsts wctj oi

hpphrtuicty th moef o stotfmfit hn tjfcr hwi phlctckol phsctchikhmplftfly cidfpfidfit hn tjf surrhuidci` tfxt) Ct cs quctf khmmhinhr tjf korthhis th fxomcif oi cssuf iht oddrfssfd ci tjf fdcthrcol)Bcll Lfoe, nhr fxomplf, cs hntfi ot hdds wctj tjf fdcthrcol lcif hn tjf Oustrolcoi ) Fdcthrcol korthhicsts dh iht scmply prhvcdf tjf vcsuoltrcmmci`s th tjf tfxt7 tjfy orf khmmfitothrs ci tjfcr hwi rc`jt)Cidffd, tjf korthhi okts os hif hn o iumbfr hn khmpftci` vhckfshi tjf fdcthrcol po`f, guxtophsfd os ct cs wctj tjf fdcthrcol, tjf lfttfrs

th tjf fdcthr oid nfoturf ortcklfs hr khlumis) Khllfktcvfly, tjffdcthrcol po`f koi bf oi fxprfsschi hn tjf ifwspopfr–s plurolcsm)

Nhr mhst fdcthrcol korthhicsts, tjf prhkfss hn drowci` tjf docly korthhi civhlvfs khiscdfroblf khisultotchi wctj tjfcr khllfoùfs)




@uy Joisfi ?:;

‚Rhuid pf`–, Rhd Klfmfit, Oustrolcoi Ncioikcol Rfvcfw , 2114

‚Tjf lc`jt hi tjf jcll–, Bcll Lfoe, Oustrolcoi , 2114



Moiy whre ci ifwspopfr hnnckfs, obshrbci` tjf otmhspjfrf hn tjfifws rhhm, wjclf htjfrs fmocl tjfcr cmo`fs nrhm jhmf) Korthhicstshntfi ottfid tjf fdcthrcol khinfrfikf wjfrf tjf sthrcfs hn tjf doy orf

dcskussfd oid roiefd ci hrdfr hn prchrcty) Tjcs prhkfss hn khisultotchi oid dcskusschi ploys o efy rhlf ci dfkcdci` tjf khitfithn tjf korthhi) Ct cs khmmhi nhr ortcsts th prfporf ‚rhu`js–, hrscmplcncfd seftkjfs, nhr khiscdfrotchi by tjf fdcthr prchr th ‚cieci` ci–) Nhr fstoblcsjfd korthhicsts, tjcs koi bf o scmplf prhkfss hn hbtocici` khincrmotchi oid rorfly rfsults ci kjoi`fs) Nhr lfss-fxpfrcfikfd ortcsts, jhwfvfr, sfvfrol dcnnfrfit rhu`js mc`jt bfshu`jt oid o mhrf dcrfktcvf opprhokj toefi by tjf fdcthr)

Hif hn tjf mhst khmmhi tfkjicqufs fmplhyfd by phlctckolkorthhicsts cs tjf korckoturf) Qhlctckol korckoturfs `h bfyhidfxo``frotci` o pfrshi–s oppforoikf) Tjf whres khmmfit hi tjfcrsubgfkt–s vcfws oid jobcts oid tjf phlctckol oid shkcol sfttci`s ci wjckj tjfy hpfrotf) [hmftcmfs korckoturfs dfvflhp o lcnf hn tjfcrhwi) Tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold –s ortcst Oloi Mhcr rfùlorly dfpcktsQrcmf Mcicstfr Ghji Jhword os o Kyklhps) Tjf ncùrf jos bfkhmfcistoitly rfkhìcsoblf th tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold rfodfrsjcp oidrfnlfkts Mhcr–s pfrspfktcvf hn Jhword–s lfodfrsjcp stylf)

Korthhicsts hpfrotf ci tjot iorrhw mor`ci hn tjf dcskrfpoiky bftwffi oppforoikf oid rfolcty5 tjf òp bftwffi wjot wf orf bfci` thld oid wjot cs oktuolly joppfici`) Tjf wfophis tjfy usf orf


‚@hd oid Odom–, Oloi Mhcr, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , 2114



cdfolly suctfd th tjf ghb hn dfkhistruktchi) Guxtophsctchi, crhiy, oidmftopjhr orf brhu`jt th bfor th pfiftrotf phlctckol rjfthrck) Tjfsfthhls, usfd by o secllfd `ropjck ortcst, koi quckely fxphsf tjf ultfrchr

mhtcvfs hn hur phlctckol mostfrs) Pjclf hntfi okkusfd hn o lfntcstbcos, korthhicsts orf, ci rfolcty, hpphsctchicsts wjh citfrrhòtf tjf`hvfrimfit hn tjf doy) Hvfr tjf kyklf hn `hvfrimfits ci Oustrolcoi jcsthry, tjfy jovf sovo`fly ottokefd bhtj Lobhr oidLcbfrol prcmf mcicstfrs)

Qhlctckol korthhici` cs oi cmphrtoit ospfkt hn Oustrolcoi phpulorkulturf) Os o mfdcum, ct prhvcdfs o nhrum nhr rhbust dcskusschi hn hur phlctckol systfm) Pjclf hntfi nrcvhlhus, korthhis koi olsh korry

phwfrnul phlctckol mfsso`fs) Qhlctckol korthhis orf oi okkfsscblf nhrmhn phlctckol khmmfitory oid, C suspfkt, orf nor mhrf wcdfly rfodtjoi tjf hkfois hn tfxt prhdukfd by tjf skrcbfs hn tjf Nfdfrol Qrfss@ollfry) Th gud`f tjf scìcnckoikf hn phlctckol korthhici` os okulturol nhrm ct cs bfst iht th khiscdfr tjf ofstjftck mfrct hn tjf whre) Rotjfr ct sjhuld bf uidfrsthhd os o nhrm hn phlctckolkhmmfitory) Pjfi vcfwfd ci tjcs woy, phlctckol korthhici` hpfis o wcidhw hith hur phlctckol cistctutchis oid prhvcdfs o uicquf rfkhrdhn moghr publck fvfits ci hur shkcfty)

Cn, os C jovf orùfd, korthhis orf iht prhdukfd os ort but orf oby-prhdukt hn tjf prcit mfdco, wjy sjhuld tjfy bf khllfktfd oidfxjcbctfd8 Tjf oiswfr th tjfsf qufstchis lcfs ci vcfwci` korthhis ossiopsjhts hn phlctckol oid kulturol lcnf) C om noskciotfd by tjf woy korthhicsts scnt tjhu`j tjf ifws hn tjf doy th prhdukf oi cmo`f tjotottfmpts th moef rfodfrs bhtj lou`j oid tjcie) Tjf nokt tjotkorthhis orf moss prhdukfd odds th tjfcr scìcnckoikf, os tjfy orftor`ftfd ot o moss oudcfikf) Fokj cmo`f prhvcdfs o siopsjht hn tjf

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@uy Joisfi ?:6



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Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?:>



?2

Qftty Ihtchis, @roid Dfscìs

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi

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Khmck Khmmfitothrs ?::

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kjhhsf o scdf) Qftty wos hif hn tjfm)

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oid khitciufs th lcvf oi fxfmplory lcnf)

Bf`ciici`s

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Mflbhurif, ‚o Jfrold oid Pffely Tcmfs publcsjci` orm wjckj dcd

bhhes–); Ci tjcs ncrst dfkodf hn drowci`, jf dcd plfity hn khmmfrkcol

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htjfr shrt hn ghb scikf jf lfnt tjf norm7 jf jos supphrtfd jcmsfln

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?36;6, but jf ropcdly dfvflhpfd jcs kjoroktfrcstck wcspcifss hn lcif

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khitroktfd oi citfrfst ci ofstjftcks oid cdfos nrhm shmf hn tjf

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ciqucsctcvf, oid fklfktck eihwlfd`f hn tjf woys hn tjf whrld)

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khmporfd wctj Qftty–s lotfr whre, cs o phcit) Ct–s o ò` tjot, wctjopprhprcotf mhdcnckotchis th tjf boke`rhuid orkjctfkturf oid

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nlhwfr klhke) [tcll, ct wos ci Lhidhi tjot Qftty dcskhvfrfd phlctcks7

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi ?:3



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o phlctckol korthhicst) Tjcs wos ih rftrfot th tjf prhvcikfs) Jf josdrowi tjf whrld nrhm Oustrolco os cn tjcs wfrf pfrnfktly ioturol5

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dcnnckult bfouty, ci wjckj krctckol citfllc`fikf cs ifvfr sokrcnckfd th wjcmsy) Nhr nhrty yfors jf jos bffi Oustrolco–s mhst khiscstfit oid

nhkusfd sotcrcst, o potcfitly hutro`fd mhrolcst ci ‚tjf lukey khuitry–):

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‚Nlhwfr klhke–, Brukf Qftty, Quikj , ?6 Hkthbfr ?366



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Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi ?3?

‚[hutj-Fost Oscoi phlctcks–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi Ortcst ci [hutj Fost Osco , ?3>2



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jhifsty tjot, vcfwfd hvfr tcmf, `cvfs o prhvhkotcvf cmo`f hn

Oustrolcoi publck lcnf) Os o bhdy hn whre, ct koi bf rfod os o [hkrotckkhmmfitory hi tjot khmmhi lcnf, os o `odnly–s oiihyci` trutj-

tfllci`) Ct cs iht uiduly dcnnckult th cmo`cif o rf`cmf wjfrf Qftty

mc`jt jovf fidurfd [hkrotfs–s notf hn fxfkutchi nhr jcs pfrscstfit

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi ?3;

‚Jforts oid mcids–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 20 Nfbruory ?3>>



cishlfikf thwords outjhrcty5 [ujorth–s Cidhifsco whuld ot lfost jovf

sclfikfd jcm nhr jcs pfrscstfit supphrt hn tjf Fost Tcmhrfsf)

Nhrtuiotfly, nhr oll cts noclci`s, Oustrolco csi–t os bod os tjot)

Nrhm Mfizcfs th Pjctlom

Ci oiy kosf phlctcks cs olwoys obsurd) Tjfrf orf olwoys ifkfssory khitrodcktchis bftwffi cts publck nokf oid oll tjf siorlci` oidslhbbfrci` tjot `hfs hi prcvotfly os phlctckcois mhvf nrhm hifncoskh th tjf ifxt) Tjfrf orf pfrchds wjfi tjcs cs khvfrfd up) Tjftcmf bftwffi Mfizcfs oid Pjctlom wos iht hif hn tjhsf pfrchds)Cistfod ct wos o tcmf wjfi pfhplf wfrf fikhuro`fd th bfjhld shmf

hn tjf nhllcfs hn tjf koricvol hn phlctcks)?2

Qftty jod o nrhit sfot ot tjf koricvol hn dfkoy oid khinuschi tjot

morefd tjf Jhlt, @hrthi, oid MkMojhi `hvfrimfits)?; Ct wos tjf

lhkol vfrschi hn o wcdfsprfod pottfri hn dfkoy oid dcslhkotchi ci

fstoblcsjfd pottfris hn shkcol, phlctckol, oid kulturol hrdfr

fxpfrcfikfd tjrhu`jhut tjf Pfstfri whrld ci tjf ?3>1s oid ?301s)

Ontfr Mfizcfs, tjf skrcpt hn Oustrolcoi publck lcnf efpt turici` th

norkf) Tjot o prcmf mcicstfr sjhuld drhwi cs bod fihu`j, but tjottjf Jorhld Jhlt Mfmhrcol Qhhl ci Molvfri sjhuld bf iomfd ontfr

jcm sffms oi cifvctoblf mhiumfit th tjf rulci` kloss hn tjf fro7

wfll-mfoici` fihu`j, but kluflfss) Qftty wos khincdfit tjot jf khuld

sff o bfttfr nuturf cn tjf krcmfs oid cdchkcfs hn tjf prfsfit wfrf

nokfd oid rc`jtfd) Pjfi tjf yhui` krusodci` Rupfrt Murdhkj

stortfd tjf Oustrolcoi ci ?3>4, ct wos th bf ci tjf voi`uord hn tjf

ifw, citfriotchiolcst Oustrolco, oid Qftty rflcsjfd tjf hpphrtuicty th

bf cts ncrst korthhicst7

Pf oll wfit th Koibfrro lcef o bc` wo`hi troci) Pf wfrf tjfrf thfilc`jtfi tjf whrld) C wos prftty mukj ollhwfd th kjhhsf wjot thdrow, but ct whuld bf tjf sthry hn tjf doy hr yfstfrdoy–s sthry) Oidci tjhsf yfors tjf sthrcfs wfrf tjf mhst phwfrnul tjot C jovf eihwi)

Oustrolco ghcifd tjf rfst hn tjf whrld) Osco wos ghcici`, but iht hihur tfrms) Pf fokj jod th civfit phlctcks bosfd hi nocrly roidhmciputs oid fxpfrcfikf)?4

Cidfpfidfit tjhu`jt oid mhrol gud`mfit wfrf tjf tjci`s Qftty woitfd th sff, iht tjf joln-smort kor`h-kult mfitolcty hn `hci`, ci

Jhlt–s lhif mfmhroblf pjrosf, ‚oll tjf woy wctj LBG–) Tjf Lcbfrol-

Khuitry Qorty Kholctchi stru``lfd wctj tjf ifw whrld hrdfr, oid




Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi ?36

‚Tjf noi–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ?; Ouùst ?30?

sffmfd th bf `roduolly lhsci` tjf plht nrhm olmhst tjf doy ontfr tjfrfshuidci` vckthry ot tjf ?3>> flfktchi) Fvfi mcicstfrs lcef QoulJosluke tjhu`jt Oustrolco cll-lfd5 osefd by jcs wcnf wjftjfr jf mc`jt

wcsj th lfod ontfr Jhlt–s dfotj7

C socd tjot C dcd iht woit tjf prcmf mcicstfrsjcp, jod thh lcttlfrfòrd nhr moiy mfmbfrs hn tjf Lcbfrol Qorty th wcsj th lfod tjfm,oid ci oiy kosf, C jod bffi ‚rubbcsjfd– sh sukkfssnully by MkMojhioid uidfrmcifd sh mukj by Jorhld jcmsfln tjot C dhubtfd oiyhif

whuld woit mf)?6

Durci` tjf ?361s, Oustrolcoi phlctcks jod hntfi oppforfd th bfquctf o dcìcncfd buscifss, but ct wos ruiici` ro``fd by tjf lotf?3>1s) Tjf shkcol, porty-phlctckol, oid citfriotchiol khitfxts wfrf olluistoblf oid, nhr o lfnt-wci` korthhicst lcef Qftty, ct wos o ncfld doy7

Tjfrf orfi–t moiy wffes ci Koibfrro wjfi yhu khuldi–t drow tjcs korthhi, but tjf khitfxt hn Kholctchi dfkoy ci ?30? wos

portckulorly pui`fit) Tjcs komf ot tjf fid hn o tro`ck norkf tjotmc`jt bf kollfd tjf @hrthidämmfrui`) Hi Morkj ?1, Ghji @hrthijod ihbly rfshlvfd o tcfd vhtf hi jcs lfodfrsjcp by moeci` o kostci` vhtf oòcist jcmsfln) MkMojhi wos duly flfktfd, tjfi @hrthi



mcskjcfvhusly ihmciotfd nhr dfputy prcmf mcicstfr oid ‚ci oicikrfdcblf rusj hn cdchtck sfitcmfitolcty jcs khllfo`ufs vhtfd jcm ci wctj o vfry joidshmf moghrcty–)?> Tjcs wos ifvfr `hci` th whre, oid

ontfr o nfw mhitjs hn bfci` stfodcly nrhzfi hut hn tjf oktchi by MkMojhi, @hrthi dfkcdfd th rfsphid th Oloi Rfcd–s jhstclfokkhuit hn jcs prcmf mcicstfrsjcp ci Tjf @hrthi Fxpfrcmfit ) Cistfodhn lfoeci` dficols tjrhu`j nrcfids, @hrthi khitroktfd th wrctf osfrcfs hn ortcklfs obhut jcs `hvfrimfit nhr tjf [uidoy Oustrolcoi ) Ct wos gust tjf shrt hn uikolkulotci` koidhur tjot jod modf jcs prcmfmcicstfrsjcp sh trhublfd) MkMojhi *oi onckchiodh hn tjf lfoe oido stroi`fr th koidhur# ciscstfd tjot tjf ncrst ortcklf civhlvfd oi hpfi

nlhutci` hn kobcift sfkrfky, oid tjfi thhe shmf doys th kjfke tjotjf jod tjf iumbfrs th soke @hrthi) [hmf jhurs ontfr tjcs korthhioppforfd @hrthi wos sfit cith bcttfr fxclf hi tjf boke bfikj)

Qftty–s whre ci jcs yfors ot tjf Oustrolcoi khitocis mukj mhrftjoi tjf mfrf khmck khmmfitory hi tjf possci` obsurdctcfs hn phlctcks oid publck lcnf) Tjf lotf ?3>1s wos jcs pfrchd hn khincdfithpphsctchi th tjf ^cftiom Por oid tjf V[ ollcoikf, th tjf sklfrhtckfstoblcsjmfit, th whrld kopctolcsm, th khisfrvotcvf shkcol phlckcfs, th

Oustrolcoi cisulorcty drfssfd up os sfln-sotcsnoktchi, th oskfidoitkhisumfrcsm7


‚Moi hi tjf mhhi–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ?1 Guly ?3>3



Tjf kopokcty th sff o bc``fr pckturf tjoi tjf mfrf fvfits hn tjfdoy cs olrfody opporfit) Tjcs oppforfd nhur doys bfnhrf Ophllh ??lcntfd hnn nhr tjf ncrst moiifd mhhi loidci`, sukkfssnully khmplftfd

hi 21 Guly) Ct cllustrotfs tjf bcihkulor vcschi hn tjf sotcrcst7 hif fyfhi tjf publck spci hn tjf fvfit, oid oihtjfr hi tjf uidfrlyci` phlctckol oid fkhihmck strukturfs tjot sthp oiyhif nrhm sfrchusly khiscdfrci` oi hptchi lcef spfidci` tjf mhify hi ollfvcotci` phvfrty) Qftty cs fxkffdci`ly `hhd ot loyci` borf tjf ioturf hn vfstfdcitfrfsts, oid jcs vcllocihusly ropokchus buscifssmoi cs hif hn jcsmhst duroblf korckoturfs) Ct moy bf whrtj ihtci` tjot tjfsf mustlh`ckolly bf V[ buscifssmfi *lhhe ot tjf seyskropfrs hutscdf tjf

wcidhw, oid khiscdfr wjhsf spokf prh`rom ct wos oiywoy#, but tjcscs iht o spfkcnckolly oitc-Omfrckoi korthhi) Ct cs prcmorcly os `rffdy buscifssmfi blcidfd by sfln-citfrfst tjot tjfy orf bfci` ottokefd,iht os rfprfsfitotcvfs hn Omfrckoi fkhihmck fmpcrf) Lcef tjf`rciici` `fifrols pursuci` dfotj oid dfstruktchi ci moiy hn tjf wor korthhis, tjfy orf prhnfsschiolly dfnhrmfd oid wclnully c`ihroithn tjf truf cmplckotchis hn tjfcr khidukt) Qftty cs iht o ‚ g–okkusf – shrthn kulturol krctck, kfrtoci tjot jf sffs plhts oid khvfr-ups oid tjfdflcbfrotf obusf hn phwfr fvfrywjfrf) Jf klforly bflcfvfs ci tjfbosck `hhdwcll hn cidcvcduols th tjf fxtfit tjot tjfy whuld ihtihrmolly jorm htjfrs ci khld-blhhdfd molckf) Jcs tor`fts orfsfldhm khiskchus vcllocis, oid tjf purphsf hn korthhi ontfr korthhics th moef pfhplf—bhtj tor`fts oid oudcfikfs—tjcie tjrhu`j tjfcmplckotchis hn plois oid ossumptchis tjot tjfy orf nollci` cithuirfnlfktcvfly)

Nhr moiy boby bhhmfrs, ^cftiom oid tjf mhrothrco prhvcdfdtjf krukcblf ci wjckj tjfcr whrld-vcfws wfrf nhrmfd) Pjclf Qftty

wos iht hif hn tjfcr `fifrotchi, by mhrf tjoi o dfkodf, jf wos hifhn tjf cinlufikfs jflpci` th nhrm tjhsf vcfws) Jf wos ci [hutj-Fost Osco drowci` nhr jcs ncrst bhhe ci ?3>?, tjf yfor tjf Efiifdy odmcicstrotchi stortfd sfidci` ‚odvcsfrs– th ^cftiom) Tjrhu`j jcscmo`fs, jf bfkomf o prhmcifit kulturol khmmfitothr wjclf Oustrolco `roduolly lfnt bfjcid tjf Khld Por khinhrmctcfs hn tjfMfizcfs yfors, oid thhe hi o ifw sft hn oixcftcfs) Jf wos vfry forly cith tjf oitc-wor mhvfmfit, oid khiscstfit ci jcs mhrol vcfw tjot

tjf wor wos o krcmf o`ocist tjf ^cftiomfsf) Ci korthhi ontfrkorthhi, jf ciscstfd prhvhkotcvfly hi tjf null jumoicty hn tjf ^cftiomfsf) Tjf ‚Jforts oid mcids– korthhi forly ci tjcs kjoptfrcllustrotfs tjcs) Tjf oitc-wor mhvfmfit wos `fttci` `hci` ci ?3>>)

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi ?30



But tjf wor wos stcll vfry phpulor, oid Jorhld Jhlt–s ciscstfikf tjot Oustrolco whuld `h ‚oll tjf woy wctj LBG– wos rfwordfd by o rfkhrdmoghrcty ot tjf flfktchi) Tjcs korthhi loys borf tjf mhrol

cikhmpftfikf hn o strotf`y tjot shu`jt th prhtfkt o khuitry nrhmkhmmuicst hvfrtjrhw by borfly dcskrcmciotf slou`jtfr hn shldcfrsoid kctczfis olcef) Oltjhu`j tjf korthhi lhhes hbvchusly oidphwfrnully rc`jt ci rftrhspfkt, ot tjf tcmf ct must jovf lhhefd mhrflcef trfoshi) O mhitj lotfr, Qftty wos ciscstci` hi tjf volcdcty hn prhtfst ci o vchlfit khllo`f7


‚Tjf rotbo` flfmfit8–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ;1 Morkj ?3>>

Tjf skrunny ‚rfit-o-krhwd– hn lhi`-jocrfd whmfi oid bfordfdmfi dfpckt tjf ‚vchlfit, browlci` krhwd Uwjckj] jhwlfd dhwi tjfQrcmf Mcicstfr, Mr Jhlt, nhr twh jhurs lost ic`jt ci hif hn tjfu`lcfst Oustrolcoi phlctckol mfftci`s nhr yfors–)?0 Jhwfvfr, tjfy orftjfrf, bfci` skrunny oid uiruly, nhr o phwfrnul rfoshi—tjf sunnfrci` mhtjfr oid kjcld plokfd, wctj tjf suddfi cmmfdcoky hn pjhth`ropjy, ci tjfcr mcdst) Orf tjfy mfrfly o rotbo` flfmfit, hr orftjfy rc`jt8 Tjf Kjrcstcoi ckhih`ropjy cmplckct ci tjf mhtjfr oid

kjcld cmo`f *klforly ^cftiomfsf pfhplf nlffci` wor, but olsh Mory oid Gfsus nlffci` Jfrhd# bfkhmfs phwfrnully fxplckct ci tjf ifxtcllustrotchi) Tjcs cmo`f must jovf bffi o dcskhikfrtci` hbgfkt hn khitfmplotchi nhr moiy hi @hhd Nrcdoy, 24 Morkj ?3>0)



Tjcs cs os vcsuolly scmplf os o Qftty korthhi `fts, but fvfi ctrfpoys korfnul ottfitchi) Klforly ct cs Gfsus os stru``lci` ^cftiomfsf

jumoicty, korryci` tjf burdfi hn tjf krhss th Kolvory oid

fxfkutchi) O sfkhidory rfodci` mc`jt bf tjot tjcs cs [cmhi hn

Kyrfif, o possfr-by khmpfllfd th korry tjf krhss nhr tjf noltfrci`

Gfsus)?: Tjot [cmhi cs hntfi dfpcktfd os jovci` dore seci *tjhu`j

Ihrtj Onrckoi rotjfr tjoi Oscoi ci oppforoikf# ci Furhpfoi ort

whuld odd o rokcol kjor`f th tjf kulturol mfmhry hn shmf vcfwfrs,

oid moy jovf bffi ci Qftty–s ortcstck khiskchus hr subkhiskchus5 otshmf lfvfl tjcs cs sunnfrci` Oscoi jumoicty bforci` oll hur scis)

Jhwfvfr, tjf mhrf cmphrtoit tjci` cs th rfod tjf whrds hn tjf

khllo`f krhss ci tjf khitfxt hn tjf ifws hn tjf doy) Tjf Oustrolcoi

fdcthrcol hi tjf somf po`f jos twh ports) Tjf ncrst cs o sfrmhi obhut

tjf woy Fostfr mfois lfss ci Oustrolco–s cikrfosci`ly sfkulor oid

motfrcolcst shkcfty5 tjcs scts o lcttlf crhickolly bfscdf tjf ckhick phwfr

hn tjf korthhi) Tjf sfkhid bfmhois dcmmfd jhpfs nhr pfokf ci

^cftiom)?3 Tjf krhsspcfkf cs modf hn Ghjishi–s whrds, oid tjfuprc`jt cs modf hn Jh–s)

Tjhu`j tjfy jovf khiscdfroblf khikfptuol oid ortcstck dfptj,

tjfsf lost twh cmo`fs dh iht bflhi` th tjf `firf hn tjf wfll-drowi

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi ?33

‚@hhd Nrcdoy–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 24 Morkj ?3>0



korthhi—khllo`f wos o ifwcsj cdfo ci korthhis ot tjf tcmf, oid tjfbhdcfs orf cdfh`roms hn pfhplf rotjfr tjoi phrtrocts hr korckoturfsci Oustrolco–s lhi`-fstoblcsjfd bloke-oid-wjctf trodctchi) Qftty wos o

moghr cinlufikf ci nrffci` up tjf ‚lhhe– hn korthhis ci tjf ?3>1s,oid ci nhkusci` tjf vcfwfr–s ottfitchi hi tjcieci` tjrhu`j tjfkhmplfx cssufs hn publck phlcky mhrf tjoi hi lou`jci` ot tjfpossci` porodf hn publck nhhlcsjifss) Th drow tjf sunnfrci` Kjrcsthi tjf vco dhlhrhso os o ^cftiomfsf wfc`jfd dhwi by o krhss hn rjfthrck cs stcll sjhkeci`, oid must jovf stortlfd moiy o `hhdKjrcstcoi hvfr brfoenost ot tjf tcmf) Ci bhtj tjfsf korthhis, tjf‚htjfrifss– hn tjf fifmy, hi wjckj tjf rjfthrck hn wor dfpfids, cs

sjottfrfd) Oid tjf dc`icty hi wjckj phlctckol outjhrcty dfpfids csjclorchusly ottokefd ci tjf hbskfif khmmfit hi tjf wfoeifss hn Oustrolcoi phlcky hi ^cftiom ci ‚Tjf pullhut–7


‚Tjf pullhut–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 2; Oprcl ?301

O phlctckcoi wctj jcs jfod ci tjf soid cs oi cmo`f tjot must dotfboke vfry iforly th tjf tcmf hn tjf ncrst Rfiocssoikf okkhuit hn tjfhstrckj–s ollf`fd tfidfiky th jcdf by puttci` cts jfod ci tjf soid5

khbwfbs hi oi cioktcvf phlctckcoi moy `h boke fvfi nurtjfr) Jhw -fvfr, tjf hbskfifly pficlf quolcty hn tjf nci`fr phe ci` tjf jfod hn `hvfrimfit pfrclhusly klhsf th tjf oius cs o brfokj hn tjf shrt hn prhprcfty opporfit ci mcd-twfitcftj-kfitury ifwspopfr korthhis)



@hrthi cs rcdckulhus jfrf bfkousf tjf Kholctchi–s nhrfcì phlcky hn

slovcsjly nhllhwci` V[ phlcky wos uirovfllci` bfnhrf Icxhi oid

Ecssci`fr–s sfkrft dcplhmoky) Oustrolco jod bffi supcif ci tjf nokf

hn V[ dfmoids oid wos ihw bfci` lfnt ci tjf lurkj, sh tjf`rotucthusifss hn tjf cmo`f jos o volcd phlctckol phcit, wjckj tjf

sjhke pfrmcts vcfwfrs th opprfkcotf)

Qftty–s korthhis bfkomf nuiicfr wjfi Bclly MkMojhi sukkffdfd

@hrthi os prcmf mcicstfr) Bclly Bc`-Fors–s nokf wos o korthhicst–s

drfom, oid jf sffmfd th moef tjci`s whrsf nhr jcmsfln wjfifvfr

jf hpfifd jcs mhutj) Khmporfd wctj tjf vc`hrhus oltfriotcvf

prfsfitfd by Pjctlom, MkMojhi sffmfd th bf o vcktcm hn fvfitsoid jcs hwi sjhrtkhmci`s) Tjf mhst nlo`roit cllustrotchi hn tjcs wos

hvfr tjf rfkhìctchi hn khmmuicst Kjcio7

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 21?

‚MkMojhi “[toid By” hi Kjcio phlcky–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ;? Guly ?30;

Pjctlom jod vcsctfd tjf Qfhplf–s Rfpublck hn Kjcio, o khuitry

wjhsf `hvfrimfit Oustrolco dcd iht rfkhìcsf, os Hpphsctchi lfodfrci forly Guly ?30?) Jf jod o prhmcifit mfftci` wctj Qrfmcfr KjhuFi-Loc, oid òvf klfor cidckotchis tjot jcs nuturf `hv frimfit whulddfol wctj tjf khmmuicsts os tjf oktuol rulfrs hn tjf whrld–s mhstphpulhus iotchi) Tjcs nlfw ci tjf nokf hn Khld Por hrtjhdhxy, oidMkMojhi wfit hi tjf ocr wctj o trodctchiol Lcbfrol Qorty rfd skorf,hn tjf ecid tjot jod bffi sh sukkfssnul nhr Mfizcfs) C lfovf tjf rfsthn tjf sthry th o ghuriolcst wjh okkhmpoicfd Pjctlom hi jcs

Kjcifsf thur7 Ot jhmf, MkMojhi rfoktfd cistciktcvfly … ‚Pf must iht bfkhmftjf powis hn tjf `coit Khmmuicst phwfr ci hur rf`chi ))) Mr Kjhujod Mr Pjctlom hi o jhhe oid jf ployfd jcm os o ncsjfrmoi ploys



o trhut)– Jhwfvfr, hi ?6 Guly, Qrfscdfit Icxhi oiihuikfd tjot os orfsult hn sfkrft toles ci Bfcgci` … jf jod okkfptfd oi civctotchi th

vcsct Kjcio th fstoblcsj o bfttfr V[‛Kjcio rflotchisjcp) Ecssci`fr

jod oktuolly bffi ci Bfcgci` ot tjf somf tcmf os Pjctlom)21

Tjf Kholctchi `hvfrimfit–s mhst trustfd olly, wctj wjhm tjfy

jod `hif th wor ci ^cftiom, dcdi–t tjcie th wori tjfm obhut tjcs

sfcsmck kjoi`f hn phlcky) MkMojhi lhhefd o dfspfrotf nhhl ci jcs

ottfmpts th rfsphid th tjcs rfvfrsol oid lhst ci o mhmfit oiy jhpf

hn bfci` oblf th trht hut tjf jordy pfrfiicol hn o ‚Rfds uidfr tjf

bfds– skorf ci tjf flfktchi tjot jod th khmf) Qftty–s korthhi soys oll

tjcs ci nhur nromfs)

‚O dcnnckult tcmf th eihw jhw rodckol th bf–2?

Tjf prhvfrbcol worici` cs tjot yhu sjhuld bf korfnul wjot yhu proy

nhr, bfkousf yhu mc`jt gust `ft ct) Nhr moiy hn tjf khincdfit

prh`rfsscvfs hn tjf ?3>1s, tjf Pjctlom yfors wfrf bhtj fxjclorotci`

oid khinusci`, oid tjcs wos portckulorly tjf kosf nhr Qftty) Ci ?302,

tjf Oustrolcoi borrokefd strhi`ly nhr o kjoi`f hn `hvfrimfit, oid

tjf O`f ci Mflbhurif dcd sh mhrf gudckchusly)22

Tjf prh`rfsscvfnhrkfs ci phlctcks oid kulturf eifw tjot tjfcr kjoikf wos khmci`)2;

Ct cs olwoys o bct hn o prhblfm nhr o sotcrcst th bf hi tjf wciici`

scdf—ci tjf `rfot o`f hn forly fc`jtffitj-kfitury Brctcsj sotcrf,

[wcnt, Qhpf, @oy, Ncfldci`, oid Jh`ortj tjrcvfd hi hpphsctchi nrhm

oid th tjf fstoblcsjfd rf`cmfs hn Polphlf oid jcs sukkfsshrs, oid

tjfy jod ortcstck trhublf hi tjf hdd hkkoschi wjfi tjfy nhuid

tjfmsflvfs ci sympotjy wctj tjfcr rulfrs) [h tjf vckthry hn tjf

Pjctlom-lfd Lobhr Qorty ci tjf ‚Ct–s Tcmf– flfktchi hn Dfkfmbfr?302 prfsfitfd dcnnckultcfs hn gud`mfit tjot Qftty jod iht yft bffi

nhrkfd th nokf ci jcs stroc`jtnhrwordly hpphsctchiol korffr)

Nhrtucthusly, Jozfl Df Bfr` citfrvcfwfd Qftty nhr tjf Iotchiol

Lcbrory hn Oustrolco–s hrol jcsthry khllfktchi hi ? Dfkfmbfr ?302,

tjf doy bfnhrf tjf flfktchi wos jfld)24 Jcs sfisf hn fxpfktotchi cs

polpoblf ci tjcs citfrvcfw, but tjf fxkctfmfit cs lfovfifd wctj o

df`rff hn rfsfrvf) Tjf prcikcpol rfoshi nhr tjcs, ih dhubt, wos tjot

jf khuld iht quctf brci` jcmsfln th bflcfvf tjot tjf ncrst nfdfrolLobhr vckthry ci jcs odult lcnf wos rfolly obhut th hkkur5 oid tjfrf cs

olsh tjf nokt tjot bfci` o korthhicst modf jcm o prhnfsschiol skfptck)

But, pfrjops, tjfrf cs olsh o dffpfr rfsfrvf obhut tjf kopokcty hn




Pjctlom oid jcs tfom th dflcvfr) Ct cs kfrtocily phsscblf th dftfkt o

pottfri hn jhpf tci`fd wctj dhubt ci tjcs pocr hn korthhis nrhm tjf

kompoc`i7

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 21;

‚[upfr@hu`j–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ?4 Ihvfmbfr ?302

‚[clly Bclly–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ?6 Ihvfmbfr ?302



Tjfsf korthhis roi hi khisfkutcvf doys ontfr tjf hnnckcol Lobhroid Lcbfrol kompocì louikjfs5 tjf `fitlfmoi wctj tjf @ hi jcsnrhit cs tjf hntfi ‚tcrfd oid fmhtchiol– DLQ lfodfr ^cikf @ocr,

wjhsf kompocì louikj jod ployfd th vfry phhr rfvcfws) Tjfsf orfklforly portcsoi korthhis tjot sffe th prhgfkt o lcefly rfsult) Ci tjfnokf hn tjf kjollfi`f prfsfitfd by [upfr @hu`j, MkMojhi oid@ocr orf klforly `hrmlfss) Oid mcssci` cs tjf hif Pjctlom hpphifit wjh wos jord th rcdckulf, tjf Khuitry Qorty–s kopoblf oidpfrshioblf, smclci` oid rutjlfss Dhu` Oitjhiy)26 Jcs prfsfikf whuld jovf khmplckotfd tjf prh-Pjctlom mfsso`f hn tjf korthhi,but C–m iht surf tjot tjf mfsso`f cs fitcrfly uikhmplckotfd ci tjf

fid) Qfrjops jcidsc`jt cs khlhurci` my citfrprftotchi, but tjf Pjctlom ncùrf lhhes gust o lcttlf hvfr-stunnfd oid ghwly th bf tjfmhdfri supfrjfrh) Tjhu`j ifvfr pftctf, pjhth`ropjs hn tjf tcmfsjhw Pjctlom os o mhrf svfltf ncùrf tjoi tjcs2>, oid ct–s tfmptci` th sff shmf sotcrckol prfskcfikf obhut tjf shntfr oid mhrf cidul`fitflfmfits hn tjf Pjctlom drfom ci tjcs bosckolly opprhvci` cmo`f) Cn C–m hvfr-rfodci` th ncid krctckol rfsfrvf ci tjf kompocì korthhi, ctsprfsfikf koi jordly bf dficfd ci tjf korthhi ‚Cs tjot oll8–, nrhm scx

mhitjs cith tjf Pjctlom fro)


‚Cs tjot oll8–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 6 Guif ?30;



Tjcs korthhi cs tjf ncrst Qftty drfw ontfr o tjrff-wffe brfoe, oidcs iht tcfd th oiy spfkcnck phlctckol fvfit) Cistfod, ct cs o summory hn tjf ifw `hvfrimfit–s ncrst nfw mhitjs, oid cs dffply oid

prhvhkotcvfly ombcùhus) Cs tjcs dcsclluschimfit wctj tjf pfhplf wjh koiiht sff tjf scìcnckoikf hn tjf cssufs, hr wctj o `hvfrimfittjot jos bfkhmf sh civhlvfd ci cts hwi moihfuvrci`s tjot ct josnhr`httfi tjf flfkthrs8 Tjf korthhi koi bf rfod bhtj woys) Ctshpfiifss moefs ct bfttfr ot cistcllci` dhubt ci tjf rfodfr5 ct cs mhrfprhvhkotcvfly jhifst tjoi o stroc`jtnhrwordly prfokjfd mfsso`f koibf) Tjcs korthhi cs iht eckeci` o `hvfrimfit wjfi ct cs dhwi7 tjflhois onnocr oid tjf vorchus sokeci`s tjot òvf oi ocr hn kjohs th tjf

sfkhid Pjctlom `hvfrimfit wfrf mhrf tjoi o yfor owoy ot tjcsphcit) Hily Lchifl Murpjy–s mod rocd hi O[CH *Oustrolcoi [fkurcty Citfllc`fikf Hròicsotchi# jod yft hkkurrfd, oid tjf `hvfrimfit wos null hn purphsf, sffeci` th nulncl ‚tjf moidotf–) @cvfi jcskhivcktchis, Qftty prhbobly citfidfd tjot tjf korthhi bf rfod os okhmplocit tjot rfol kjoi`fs wfrf iht joppfici` nost fihu`j) Ct koiolsh bf citfrprftfd os prfskcfitly jc`jlc`jtci` tjf nro`clcty hn tjfkholctchi bftwffi tjf OLQ oid mcddlf Oustrolco, hr os jhstclfly phcitci` th tjf prhspfkt hn oi oktcvcst `hvfrimfit krfotci` cts hwioltfriotcvf rfolcty) Tjf krukcol qufstchi cs wjftjfr yhu rfod tjfmcddlf kloss os rc`jt th bf dcsfiò`fd nrhm tjf lf`cslotcvf oidburfoukrotck oktcvcty) ^fry prhbobly Qftty wos sympotjftck th tjf`hvfrimfit rotjfr tjoi tjf hvfrdrfssfd oid khddlfd mcddlf kloss,but jcs korthhi cs oiytjci` but dh`motck)

Tjcs cs iht th soy tjot Qftty mocitocifd o skrupulhus krctckolboloikf tjrhu`jhut tjf Pjctlom yfors) Nor nrhm ct) Nhr fxomplf, jfolsh jod buscifss th ncicsj wctj Icxhi os ^cftiom whuid up oid

Potfròtf rfokjfd cts klcmox, wjckj jf fxfkutfd vc`hrhusly *sff‚Bforci` tjf rfsphiscbclcty–, hvfrlfon#) Icxhi jod gust modf jcs lostsfrchus ottfmpt th dhd`f rfsphiscbclcty nhr tjf Potfròtf khvfr-upby hpfily okkfptci` rfsphiscbclcty oid prhmcsci` th klfoi ct up) Qftty jod sphttfd tjf nlow ci tjf lh`ck, oid wos dftfrmcifd ci tjcs sovo`fkorthhi th sjfft jhmf tjf blomf nhr o mukj `rfotfr krcmf)

Dhmfstck phlctcks ropcdly bfkomf mhrf khmplckotfd nhr jcmbfkousf jf cdfitcncfd strhi`ly wctj tjf ocms hn o `hvfrimfit tjot

shhi roi cith vorchus shrts hn trhublf) Jf fvfi drfw o lh`h nhr tjf OLQ kompocì ci tjf ?304 dhublf dcsshlutchi flfktchi nhrkfd by Bclly [ifddfi, wjfrf oi OLQ `hvfrimfit wos iorrhwly rfturifd)20

@fifrolly, jf tfidfd iht th ottoke tjf `hvfrimfit os vc`hrhusly os

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 216



jf dcd tjf Hpphsctchi) Jf drfw [ifddfi os o dcmciutcvf nocry

`hdmhtjfr *wctj tutu oid woid# oid tjfi Molkhlm Nrosfr os o lhi`

dore nc`urf hn Dckefiscoi `lhhm) By khitrost, Pjctlom oid jcsmcicstfrs `fifrolly oppfor jumoi oid drfssfd rfspfktobly ci sucts)

Lorry Qckefrci` *tjfi ot tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold # sjht th

prhmcifikf dfpcktci` o khmfdy hn frrhrs morefd by uichi

tju``fry oid `hvfrimfit cikhmpftfikf) Ct wos oi fosy, cn jclorchus,

sthry th tfll, oid ct suctfd tjf cikrfosci`ly rfoktchiory mhhd hn tjf

tcmfs) By khitrost, Qftty wos dcsciklcifd th drow tjcs `hvfrimfit os

o buikj hn nhhls, sh jcs korthhis shu`jt o mhrf khmplckotfd

fxploiotchi nhr wjy tjci`s wfrf iht whreci` hut nhr tjf prh`rfsscvfporty ci phwfr) [hmf tjfi oid scikf jovf toefi shlokf ci khispcroky

tjfhrcfs obhut kopctol strcefs oid KCO citfrnfrfikf, but Qftty modf

o mhrf dcskcplcifd fnnhrt th uidfrstoid tjf ifw)

Tjf bc` ifw tjci` wos o rfkh`ictchi tjot tjf fkhihmy wos rfolly

kfitrol oid cmphrtoit, iht shmftjci` bhnncis twfoefd th fisurf tjot

`hvfrimfits jod tjf nuids tjfy dfscrfd th pursuf tjfcr plois) Qftty

jod olwoys bffi citfrfstfd ci drowci` tjf mfkjoicsms tjot uidfrlcf

jumoi khidukt, sh fkhihmcks jod lhi` bffi o tjfmf ci jcskorthhici`) Ihw ct bfkomf kfitrol7

Cn yhu jod th kjhhsf hif korthhi nrhm oiywjfrf th fxploci wjot

wfit wrhi` wctj tjf Pfstfri fkhihmcfs ci tjf forly ?301s, tjcs


‚Bforci` tjf rfsphiscbclcty–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ; Moy ?30;



whuld bf ct) Tjf lhi` phstwor bhhm wos nro`clf nhr moiy rfoshis,

but ct wos tjf lfop ci hcl prckfs durci` ?30; tjot pusjfd ct hvfr tjffd`f) Ct olsh cigfktfd pftrh-dhllors cith tjf `omf hn `lhbol ncioikf

ot fxoktly tjf tcmf wjfi tjf V[ sffmfd lfost kopoblf hn mocitocici`

cts lfodfrsjcp hn tjf nrff-moreft whrld) Ct jod iht whi tjf wor ci

^cftiom, oid ct sffmfd cikopoblf hn mocitocici` Ghjishi–s vcschi

hn tjf @rfot [hkcfty) Tjf dcslhkotchi wos iht os citfisf ci Oustrolco,

but ct wos rfol fihu`j, oid tjf shkcol-dfmhkrotck jhpfs hn

Pjctlomcsm wfrf lhheci` cikrfosci`ly uiokjcfvoblf) Qftty–s dffpfst wcsj wos nhr o mhrf fquctoblf dcstrcbutchi hn wfoltj, os tjf bcttfr

korthhi, ‚Rfdcstrcbutchi koi–t wfotjfr tjf sthrm–, sjhws)

Ci o spcrct hn jhpf, cidustry, uichis oid tjf publck sfrvckf jod

bffi sfit by @hu`j th tjf wotfr hn wfoltj rfdcstrcbutchi, but tjf

`otjfrci` sthrm hn tjf mhify krcscs jos sfit tjfm nfornully ruiici`

boke up tjf bfokj th khvfr) Tjf portcsoi kjor`f cs cikrfosfd by tjf

nokt tjot [ifddfi oppfors plfosfd th sff tjf rftrfot, wjclf Pjctlomcs klforly oiihyfd) Tjf uidfrstotfd sodifss hn tjf korthhi citcmotfs

tjot `rffd oid nfor wcll wci hvfr jhpf oid fqucty fvfry tcmf, tjot

jumois *hr Oustrolcois oid tjfcr cistctutchis, oiywoy# orf iht

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 210

‚Hcl sjhke–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 6 [fptfmbfr ?30;



khuro`fhus ci tjf pursuct hn cdfols) Tjcs wos tjf dorefici` tjfmfhn Qftty–s korthhici` os tjf fvfits hn ?306 nlhwfd rflfitlfssly thwords tjf dfihufmfit hn tjf khistctutchiol krcscs)

Tjf jci`f hi wjckj ct oll turifd wos tjf lhois onnocr) Tjf Lobhr`hvfrimfit wos olrfody fxpoischiory ci cts prh`roms, but ct iffdfdo lht mhrf mhify nhr tjf bc``fst drfomfr hn tjfm oll, Rfx Khiihr) Tjf trodctchiol shurkfs hn kopctol ci Furhpf oid Ihrtj Omfrcko wfrf dryci` up, sh tjf `hvfrimfit kjosfd tjf ifw mhify ci tjf

whrld systfm th nulncl tjf dfscrf hn tjf mcifrols oid fifr`y mcicstfrth `uoroitff Oustrolcoi *oid lor`fly `hvfrimfit# hwifrsjcp hn tjfkhuitry–s mcifrol wfoltj) Tjcs `ovf rcsf th o sctuotchi wjfrf ctoppforfd tjot sfvfrol pfhplf wfrf spruceci` Oustrolco–s dfscrf thbhrrhw up th $4111 mcllchi omhi` tjf ifwly wfoltjy Mcddlf-Fostmhify mfi) Tjf khistctutchiolcty hn tjf pfrmcsschi th sffe lhois wos dubchus—th ovhcd skrutciy ci tjf Lhois Khuikcl, tjf mhify wos supphsfdly bfci` bhrrhwfd ‚nhr tfmphrory purphsfs–—oid tjf

citfrmfdcorcfs lhhefd sffdy7 Mr Tcrotj Ejfmloic dcd iht nct tjf`fifrol publck–s cmo`f hn o suctfd Oi`lh-[oxhi boiefr)Khisfqufitly, tjf lhois onnocr dcd mhrf th uidfrmcif publck trust citjf Pjctlom `hvfrimfit tjoi oiytjci` flsf) Ot tjcs dcstoikf, ct cs


‚Rfdcstrcbutchi koi–t wfotjfr tjf sthrm–,Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 2> Hkthbfr ?3042:



jord th eihw jhw sfrchusly th toef ct) Tjf mhify wos pursufd shcikhmpftfitly tjot tjfrf wos ifvfr oiy rcse hn o lhoi khmci` ci, oido prudfit `hvfrimfit sjhuld jovf eihwi tjot, but tjf oktuol rcse

th tjf iotchi–s ncioikfs wos iht rovf) Ct gust wosi–t hci` th joppfi) Pjotfvfr tjf nuidomfitol rc`jts oid wrhi`s hn tjf kosf, tjf

Nrosfr-lfd Hpphsctchi oid tjf prfss wfrf jystfrckol, fspfkcolly ci tjf Oustrolcoi hikf Lfs Jhllci`s jod bffi cistollfd os fdcthr wctj o klforrfmct nrhm Rupfrt Murdhkj th pusj nhr o kjoi`f hn `hvfrimfit)23

Tjf fdcthrcols nrhm tjcs tcmf su``fst o vfry dcstcikt kjoi`f hn thifthwords tjf `hvfrimfit nrhm ?2 Guif ?306) Bfnhrf tjfi, tjffdcthrcol thif hi tjf lhois onnocr oid suidry krcsfs lcef tjf sokeci`s

hn Krfoi, Kocris oid Komfrhi jod bffi krctckol but boloikfd) Nrhm?2 Guif hiwords tjf boloikf dcsoppfors oid o klfor òp bftwffi tjfottctudf hn tjf fdcthrcol oid tjf fdcthrcol korthhicst cs fvcdfit) Qftty tfidfd th cìhrf tjf lhois os mukj os phsscblf, oid shu`jt thpollcotf tjf `hvfrimfit–s rfsphiscbclcty wjfi tjf thpck khuld iht bfovhcdfd7

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 213

‚[hkcolcsts `cvci` kopctolcsts o bod iomf–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 6 Guly ?306

Ci tjf `roid koscih hn kopctolcsm, ct–s olmhst fidforci` tjot oihmciolly shkcolcst `hvfrimfit iht bf os `hhd ot tjf vhrokchusòmf os tjf suctfd oid bhwlfr-jottfd dficzfis hn tjf moreft) Oid



wjot cs iht ci tjcs korthhi cs olmhst os cmphrtoit os wjot cs) O wffe ontfr tjf flfkthrol dcsostfr hn tjf Boss by-flfktchi, wjfrf tjfrf woso sfvfitffi pfr kfit swci` th tjf Lcbfrol koidcdotf, tjfrf cs lcttlf

jcit hn dhmfstck kjohs nhr tjf `hvfrimfit ci tjf korthhi) Ot tjf vfry lfost, Qftty cs sffeci` th put tjf prhblfms hn tjf OLQ`hvfrimfit ci o whrld khitfxt, oid cs pfrclhusly klhsf th dfnfidci` ct)

Tjf korthhis hn tjcs tcmf orf iht uikrctckol hn tjf `hvfrimfit,but tjfy orf mukj mhrf krctckol hn tjf Hpphsctchi) Tjf sodifss nhrtjf prh`rfsscvf kousf tjot C ihtfd ci lotf ?304 dfvflhps cithbfmusfmfit ci tjcs dfpcktchi hn Pjctlom oid Rfx Khiihr ci tjf

rucis hn tjfcr phlcky hn fkhihmck iotchiolcsm)

Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2?1

‚Khiihr oid Pjctlom ci tjf rucis–,Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 2> [fptfmbfr ?306

Hikf Nrosfr flfktfd th blhke supply ci tjf [fiotf o ihtf hn dfspocr fitfrs Qftty–s korthhici`) Jovf tjf jhpfs hn o dfkodf oidtjf whre hn tjrff yfors oll bffi nhr ihtjci`8 oses tjf korthhi‚Tuiifl ot tjf fid hn tjf lc`jt–) Dh Oustrolcois rfolly woit th rfturi

th o Mfizcoi thrphr8Ifwspopfrs koi thlfrotf o nocr df`rff hn dcvfrscty ci tjf hpcichis

tjfy prcit, but tjfrf orf sukj tjci`s os crrfkhikcloblf khinlckts) Tjcscs wjot joppfifd ot tjf Oustrolcoi ci lotf ?306 wjfi moiy



Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 2??

‚Tuiifl ot tjf fid hn tjf lc`jt–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , ?: Hkthbfr ?306

ghuriolcsts wjh jod bffi prhud th whre ot tjf ifw iotchiol popfr

nflt bftroyfd by tjf popfr–s nhuidfr oid jcs kjoi`f hn hpcichi) Tjflor`f sthry hn tjf fvfits ot tjf popfr, lfodci` th tjf ghuriolcsts–strcef ci Dfkfmbfr, cs thld by [jowkrhss oid @rcnnfi-Nhlfy) Tjfdromo koi bf sffi ci mckrhkhsm wjfi tjcs korthhi cs khmporfd wctj tjf woy tjf Oustrolcoi –s fdcthrcolcst `rfftfd tjf @hvfrihr-@fifrol–s dcsmcssol hn Pjctlom7

[cr Ghji–s dfkcschi `cvfs tjf pfhplf o kjoikf th spfoe) Ct brci`s usboke th tjf bosck cssufs) Tjfsf orf tjf stotf hn tjf iotchi oid tjf

rfkhrd hn tjf `hvfrimfit hvfr tjf post tjrff yfors … Ih Nfdfrol@hvfrimfit komf th hnnckf wctj mhrf hhdwcll tjoi Mr Pjctlom–s5tjfrf jovf bffi nfw wctj sukj prhmcsf ))) U[]moll buscifssfs orf cidcrf strocts oid `hci` boierupt) Tjf 26 pfr kfit kut ci torcnns jos

wrfoefd o kyklhif tjrhu`j tjf kor cidustry, sjhf moiunokturci` oid tjf klhtjci` cidustry) Nurtjfr, tjf cll-khikfcvfd ploi th moeftjf Qublck [frvckf tjf pokf sfttfr ci wo`fs oid sjhrtfr jhurs jossporefd o wo`fs fxplhschi ))) Ct cs o sod lctoiy hn molproktckf,ciodfquoky oid cikhmpftfikf—olbfct wctj shmf rfdffmci` nfoturfs) Tjcs rfkhrd hn tjf @hvfrimfit ihw bfkhmfs tjf cssuf

bfnhrf tjf pfhplf) Mr Pjctlom jos usfd fvfry dfvckf ovocloblf thjcm, oid shmf tjot klforly wfrf iht lf`ctcmotfly ovocloblf, th ovhcdo `fifrol flfktchi) Jf jos noclfd) Tjf rulf hn low jos prfvoclfd);1



Korthhici` nhr o popfr tjot wos hpfily okkusfd hn fdcthrcol bcosmust jovf bffi khmplckotfd) Sft fvfi ci tjf nroitck mhhd hn tjftcmfs, Qftty khitciufd th drow tjf bc` pckturf, cikludci` tjot htjfr

fvfit hn lotf ?306, tjf Cidhifscoi civoschi hn Fost Tcmhr7


‚[jomf, Oustrolco, sjomf–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 6 Dfkfmbfr ?306

Tjcs strhi` korthhi sphishrs o dore tjhu`jt7 dcd ct `ft cith tjfpopfr mhrf foscly bfkousf ct oddrfssfs dhmfstck phlctcks hily `loikci`ly oid phcits th fvfits tjot jod iht bffi dfolt wctj wfll by tjf Pjctlom `hvfrimfit8 Qftty cs truf th lhi`-tfrm khivcktchis hi

Fost Tcmhr oid [hutj-Fost Osco `fifrolly, but dhfs tjcs korthhiprhvcdf o khivficfit stcke nhr tjf Oustrolcoi –s ifw fdcthrcol lcif hidhmfstck phlctcks8 Ct khuld bf rfod os turici` Pjctlom–s dcsmcssollcif, ‚[jomf, Nrosfr, [jomf–, boke hi jcmsfln5 moiy hi tjf lfnt jovftjhu`jt tjot, hi tjcs thpck, jf dfsfrvfd ct)

Oiywoy, Qftty dcd iht lost lhi` ot tjf Oustrolcoi ontfr tjfDfkfmbfr ?; flfktchi) Hi 26 Nfbruory ?30>, ‚o spfkcolkhrrfsphidfit– wjh wos, ci nokt, Rupfrt Murdhkj jcmsfln, brhef

tjf sthry hn tjf Croec *os tjfy spflt ct tjfi# hnnfr th poy V[$611,111th tjf OLQ nhr flfktchi khsts, oid kollfd nhr Pjctlom–s jfod hi oplottfr) Hi 2: Nfbruory tjf nrhit po`f oiihuikfd tjf orrcvol hn Lorry Qckefrci`, ‚Oustrolco–s thp phlctckol korthhicst–) By oll okkhuits,



Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 2?;

Qftty wos iht sokefd ot tjcs phcit, but jf wos klforly dfmhtfd nhr okorthhicst mukj mhrf ci tuif wctj tjf popfr–s ifw ottctudf5Qckefrci` jod fvfi sthhd *uisukkfssnully# os o koidcdotf nhr tjf

Lcbfrols, ci Nrosfr *OKT# ot tjf ?304 flfktchi) Qfhplf jovf thld mftjot Qftty oid Qckefrci` korthhifd hpphsctf fokj htjfr nhr o wjclf,but tjf mckrhnclm tflls oihtjfr sthry7 ih Qftty korthhi oppfors citjf Oustrolcoi ontfr 2: Nfbruory oid jf fvfi `hfs uimfitchifd ci omo`ozcif pcfkf tctlfd ‚Korthhicsts orf nuiiy pfhplf– by RhsolcidDuii);? Tjf dcsoppforoikf wos suddfi oid khcikcdfd wctj bhtj tjffmplhymfit hn o rc`jt-wci` korthhicst oid Murdhkj–s pfrshioljotkjft-ghb hi Pjctlom) Tjfrf cs ih mfitchi ci tjf popfr hn Qftty–s

dfporturf, oid C koiiht `ft oiyhif th tfll mf wjftjfr tjf Oustrolcoi sclfikfd Qftty hr wjftjfr jf wctjdrfw jcs sfrvckfs) Ct cs dcnnckult thbflcfvf tjot tjf portci` wos iht okrcmhichus)

Pjclf tjf Oustrolcoi wos trfotci` Qftty os o ihi-pfrshi ci ?30>, Ghiotjoi Eci` tjhu`jt jcm cmphrtoit fihu`j th pfi tjf nhrfwhrdth jcs moghr oitjhlh`y hn Oustrolcoi phlctckol korthhis, Tjf Htjfr [cdf hn tjf Khci7 O Korthhi Jcsthry hn Oustrolco ) Tjf Nhrfwhrd cs odyspfptck, fvfi dcsclluschifd toef hi tjf korthhicst–s rhlf ci Oustrolco7

Tjf Oustrolcoi prfdclfktchi nhr korthhis hvfr cts sjhrt jcsthry moy bf mhrf okkurotfly ottrcbutfd th mfitol lozcifss rotjfr tjoi ospfkcol nokclcty hn khmmuickotchi) Ifvfrtjflfss mfitol lozcifss, cn tjot koi bf sustocifd os oi Oustrolcoi kjoroktfrcstck, iffd iht bf tjfultcmotf cidcktmfit) Lcef tjf sforkj nhr tjf whre prhhn vokuumklfoifr, tjf sforkj nhr mfitol sjhrt kuts prhdukfs shmf whrtjwjclfci`fiucty) Pf jovf ihw o uicquf vfrschi hn jcsthry hn Oustrolcoiprhkfssfs jfld th`ftjfr by tjf slfidfr lcifs hn korthhicsts drowci`

nhr tjfcr rfspfktcvf `fifrotchis hvfr tjf yfors)But tjf korthhi cs oi oppollci` obbrfvcotchi) Moiy tcmfs ci tjfproktckf hn prhdukci` o korthhi tjf dfkcschi ot tjf dfodlcif, lcfsbftwffi oi okkurotf stotfmfit oid oi fitfrtocici` hif)Fitfrtocimfit usuolly prfvocls);2

Tjcs cs bcttfr, but ct jos iht bffi tjf fid hn tjf mottfr) Pjclfshmf jovf trcfd th lcvf ftfriolly ci mfloikjhly rfmfmbroikf hn tjf Pjctlom yfors, Qftty jos olwoys nhr`fd hiwords cith tjf khmci`

whrld, fvfi wjfi ct jos iht lhhefd vfry ollurci ) Pjot jf jod lhstci ?30> wos tjf obshlutf khincdfikf tjot Oustrolcoi pfhplf whuld



rcsf th tjf kjollfi`f hn fqucty, hn shkcol, fkhihmck, oid citfriotchiolnocrifss) Jf jos efpt whreci` thwords tjcs `hol, but wctj o strhi`frsfisf hn tjf sfduktcvf phwfr hn tjf nhrkfs orroyfd hi tjf htjfr scdf)

Jf orrcvfd ot tjf O`f ci Guif ?30>, stcll oi`ry, but nrff oòci th vfit jcs nfflci`s ci o popfr hn lcbfrol tfihr) Cikrfosci`ly jf drfw multc-nromf korthhis tjot dfpckt tjf pfrvfrsf khmplfxcty hn tjffkhihmy oid shkcol prhkfssfs, sh tjcs lost korthhi koi bf sffi thklhsf jcs fiò`fmfit wctj tjf Pjctlom drfom) Ct khmfs nrhm tjftcmf hn Pjctlom–s rftcrfmfit, ontfr jcs jumclcotci` dfnfot ot Nrosfr–sjoids ci tjf ?300 flfktchi) Ct cs bhtj dcsclluschifd oid ciklcifd thrfsumf tjf bottlf nhr o rckjfr lcnf rotjfr tjoi `rfotfr rckjfs7


‚Hikf oid nuturf eci`–, Brukf Qftty, O`f , ?0 Dfkfmbfr ?300

Tjcs korthhi lhhes boke th tjf lhst jhpfs hn tjf Pjctlom fro,but ct olsh lhhes nhrword th tjf phlctckol whrld dhmciotfd by fkhihmcks tjot jos bffi tjf woy nhr tjf post quortfr kfitury) Pjctlom cs o khmbciotchi hn Kjrcst hi Kolvory oid tjf Juikjboke hn Ihtrf Domf5 o ncùrf dfsfrvci` tro`ck sympotjy, but olshdfncictcvfly `hif phlctckolly) Ci tjf multc-nromf nhrmot tjot Qftty novhurfd ci tjcs pfrchd, fvfi `rfotfr khmplfxcty hn orùmfit cs

pfrmcttfd, oid jfrf ct cs hbvchus tjot, wjclf mhurici` mhrol lhss cs



cmphrtoit, tjf ur`fit bottlf cs th rcsf obhvf tjf sfduktchi hn tjfmoi wctj tjf ncstnul hn dhllors) Ct cs iht ot oll klfor tjot wf orf wciici` tjcs bottlf yft, tjrff dfkodfs lotfr)

Khikluschi

But tjot–s oihtjfr sthry, nhr oihtjfr plokf) Lft–s ncicsj cistfod wctjo rfmcidfr hn tjf prhpjftck phwfr `hhd korthhis koi okkcdfitolly wcfld) Ci rfsforkjci` tjcs kjoptfr, tjf tjci` tjot jos struke mf mhstcs jhw hntfi Qftty korthhis nrhm tjf ?3>1s oid ?301s khuld bfrfprcitfd ci thdoy–s popfr) Oll yhu iffd th dh cs th dc`ctolly rfmostfrtjf nokfs hn tjf phlctckcois, oid rfprcit) Toef o ^cftiom korthhi

wctj Jhlt oid Josluke `hci` oll tjf woy wctj LBG, nhr fxomplf,rfplokf tjfcr nokfs wctj Jhword, Dhwifr oid @fhr`f P Busj, oidyhu jovf o vcschi tjot prhvhefs tjhu`jt obhut tjf wor ci Croq)Dhwifr cs tollfr tjoi Josluke, sh yhu mc`jt jovf th lfi`tjfi tjflf`s tjfrf o bct) But tjf rfst koi stoid) Ci ?30> Qftty moy jovf nflttjot tjf ciobclcty hn korthhis th pursuf o sustocifd or`umfit cs olcmctotchi;;, but tjf mhmfitory okkfss th o dcvfrsf oudcfikf pfrmctso portckulorly voluoblf pfrspfktcvf) Os jf khmmfitfd ci o mhrf

rfkfit citfrvcfw7UO] trop nhr korthhicsts cs th jovf o phcit hn vcfw oid effp pusjci` ct5 pfhplf `roduolly quolcny fvfry drowci` yhu dh, dcskhuitci` cts

Rhbfrt Qjcddcoi 2?6

‚Krusodfs–, Brukf Qftty, Oustrolcoi , 2; Guly ?30?



mfsso`f os bfci` pfrshiol, cdchsyikrotck, rotjfr tjoi o uicvfrsol shrthn vcfw tjot khmfs nrhm, C dhi–t eihw wjfrf, hutfr spokf hr

wjfrfvfr … tjf cispcrotchiol hifs khmf nrhm shmf wfcrd shrt hn

shurkf);4

Pjfi Qftty kolls hut oi cmo`f nrhm tjf ‚wfcrd shrt hn shurkf–tjot lcnts tjf oudcfikf hut hn tjf jurly-burly hn tjf mfdco sphrt hn phlctcks, ct koi, mhmfitorcly, rfossfss tjf sjopf hn tjf whrld)Khiscdfr tjf korthhi obhvf ci tjf khitfxt hn tjf Por hi Tfrrhr)Hily tjf iomfs hn tjf khuitrcfs bfifotj tjf nfft hn Cslom oid tjftwfitcftj-kfitury $ `cvf tjf dotf owoy os tjf forly ?301s) Ct–s ihtQftty–s noult tjot tjcs korthhi stcll moefs yhu tjcie) Ct–s hurs)

Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2?>



?;

Iht Olwoys Nuiiy7 O [jhrt Jcsthry hn

tjf Korthhicsts Pjh Jovf Phrefd hi

Tjf Oustrolcoi

Lcidsoy Nhylf

Oustrolcois orf nhid hn soyci` tjot tjfy prhdukf shmf hn tjf bfstkorthhicsts ci tjf whrld) Ct–s hif hn tjhsf trucsms tjot cs trhttfd hutolmhst fvfry tcmf tjfrf cs o korthhicst hr twh ci vcfw) Ihtsurprcsci`ly, korthhicsts orf nhid hn jforci` ct)

Tjfrf cs mhrf tjoi fihu`j fvcdfikf th gustcny tjf klocm) Qot

[ullcvoi, Pcll Dyshi, Dovcd Lhw, [om Pflls, Coi @oll, Ghji Gfisfi,

@fhr`f [prhd, Brukf Qftty, Mckjofl Otkjcshi, Lfs Toiifr, Ortjur

Jhrifr, Qot Hlcpjoit oid Qoul Rc`by orf gust o nfw hn tjf korthhicsts

wjh jovf lfnt Oustrolco hvfr tjf post kfitury th mcx ct wctj tjf rfst hn

tjf whrld) [hmf stoyfd, shmf rfturifd, but oll prhvfd tjfy wfrf os

`hhd os tjf rfst)

Dfspctf tjf citfriotchiol sukkfss, nfw phlctckol korthhicsts jovf

bfkhmf iotchiol nc`urfs wctjci Oustrolco) Tjf rfoshi cs tjot, nhr mhsthn cts jcsthry, tjfrf jos iht bffi o iotchiol ifwspopfr cidustry ci

Oustrolco) Jhwfvfr, twh iotchiol mo`ozcifs jovf modf oi cmpokt ci

korthhici`) Tjf Bullftci , nrhm tjf tcmf ct wos fstoblcsjfd ci ?::1,

korrcfd phlctckol korthhis) Bfkousf ct jod o iotchiol dcstrcbutchi,

korthhicsts Lcvci`sthi Jhpecis, Qjcl Moy, Ihrmoi Lcidsoy, Tfd

[khrncfld oid moiy htjfrs wfrf eihwi oll hvfr Oustrolco) [mctj–s Pffely wos oihtjfr iotchiol wffely ifwspopfr tjot korrcfd phlctckol

korthhis, oid [toi Krhss wos prhbobly cts bfst-eihwi korthhicst)Mhst phlctckol korthhicsts whreci` ci Oustrolco hvfr tjf post twh

kfiturcfs jovf khitrcbutfd th kcty-bosfd ifwspopfrs) [h o korthhicst

wjh cs o stor ci Mflbhurif koi bf uieihwi ci Odflocdf) Mcke



Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2?:

Ormstrhi`, wjh whrefd nhr tjf Or`us , wos os wfll eihwi ci

Mflbhurif os Bfi Kjcnlfy boke ci tjf doys hn tjf [fkhid Phrld Por)

But jf whuld jovf bffi lukey cn jf–d bffi oblf th ncid oiyhif ci

[ydify wjh eifw wjot jf dcd nhr o lcvci`) Lfs Toiifr wos wfll eihwici [ydify nhr jcs korthhis ci tjf Docly Tflf`ropj oid tjf Bullftci bfnhrf

jf mhvfd th tjf O`f ci ?3>0 oid bfkhmf o jhusfjhld iomf ci

Mflbhurif) Nomf nhr korthhicsts, jhwfvfr, hntfi dhfsi–t lost mukj

bfyhid tjfcr lost publcsjfd korthhi, oid ct wosi–t lhi` bfnhrf Toiifr

wos oll but nhr`httfi ci [ydify) Jcs docly khitrcbutchi ci Mflbhurif

dcdi–t jovf oi cmpokt ci [ydify)

Tjfrf wos o kjoi`f th tjcs loke hn iotchiol rfkh`ictchi ci ?3>4)

Rupfrt Murdhkj louikjfd tjf Oustrolcoi , tjf khuitry–s ncrst iotchiolifwspopfr, oid korthhicsts khitrcbutci` th tjot ifwspopfr jovf jod o

iotchiol rfodfrsjcp fvfr scikf) [urprcsci`ly, mhst hn tjf korthhicsts

wjh jovf whrefd hi tjf Oustrolcoi hvfr tjf post nhrty yfors jovf

eihwi mhst hn tjf htjfr korthhicsts) Moiy wfrf joppy th tole th mf

obhut tjfcr hwi fxpfrcfikfs oid tjfcr whreci` rflotchisjcps wctj

htjfrs, oid tjfrf wfrf nfw jorsj whrds bftwffi tjfm) Mhst fighy tjf

khmpoiy oid whre hn htjfr korthhicsts, but tjot somf nrotfricty

dhfsi–t fxtfid th oll hn tjf fdcthrs) Tjfrf orf shmf korthhicsts wjh wcll`h uirfkhrdfd jfrf bfkousf hn tjf sjhrt tcmf tjfy wfrf civhlvfd wctj

tjf popfr) Tjfy tfid th `cvf fdcthrs tjf blomf nhr tjfcr sjhrt stoy) [hmf

korthhicsts soy tjot cn yhu koi moef pfhplf lou`j, yhu khuld bfkhmf o

korthhicst5 cn yhu koi–t, yhu mc`jt bfkhmf oi fdcthr)?

Tjf forly yfors

‚Pf oll wfit th Koibfrro lcef o bc` wo`hi troci) Pf wfrf tjfrf th

filc`jtfi tjf whrld–, Brukf Qftty rfkolls ci tjf ?3>3 bhhe Ci Tjf Moeci` , wjfi dfskrcbci` tjf louikj) Ct wos oi fxkctci` ifw

publckotchi) Moxwfll Ifwthi wos tjf nhuidci` fdcthr, oid [cr

Rhbfrt Mfizcfs–s lhi` rui os prcmf mcicstfr wos slhwly khmci` th

oi fid) Murdhkj khuld jovf kjhsfi o mhrf fstoblcsjfd korthhicst

tjoi Qftty, but ihif whuld jovf jod jcs cmpokt) Jf bfkomf tjf

dhmcioit phlctckol korthhicst ci tjf khuitry, oid tjcrty yfors ontfr jf

lfnt tjf Oustrolcoi , pfhplf stcll osshkcotf jcm wctj ct)

Qftty wos bhri ci Mflbhurif ci ?323 oid wfit th Bhx Jcll Jc`j)Jf whrefd nhr o nfw yfors hi tjf nomcly hrkjord wjclf studyci` ort ot

tjf Rhyol Mflbhurif Cistctutf hn Tfkjihlh`y) Jf thhe o ghb ot oi

oicmotchi studch bfnhrf mhvci` th Khlhur`rovurf, tjf khlhur prcitci`



sfktchi hn tjf Jfrold oid Pffely Tcmfs ) Ot tjf o`f hn 2> Qftty jfodfd

th Lhidhi, ‚Pjckj–, os jf puts ct, ‚wos wjot fvfrybhdy dcd ci ?364–) Jf

sfit shmf drowci`s th Quikj , wjfrf Molkhlm Mu``frcd`f, wjh wos

lhheci` nhr shmftjci` dcnnfrfit, wos fdcthr) ‚My drowci`s wfrfkfrtocily dcnnfrfit–, Qftty phcits hut) Quikj publcsjfd tjrff korthhis

nrhm jcs ncrst submcsschi oid pocd Qftty £?2) ‚Fvfry wffe C trcfd th

submct tfi drowci`s5 tjfy mc`jt toef hif hr mc`jt toef ihif, hr mc`jt

toef tjrff)–

Ontfr obhut ncvf yfors ci Lhidhi, Qftty dfkcdfd th rfturi th

Mflbhurif vco Ifw Shre wjfrf jf shld korthhis th Fsqucrf , tjf

[oturdoy Fvfici` Qhst oid tjf Ifw Shrefr ) Boke ci Oustrolco jf thhe o

ghb wctj oi odvfrtcsci` o`fiky oid dcdi–t drow korthhis tcll ?3>?) Ontfrbfci` eihkefd boke by tjf O`f , Qftty mhvfd th [ydify lhheci` nhr

korthhici` whre) Jf khitoktfd Lfs Toiifr ot tjf Bullftci wjh, lcef

Qftty, jod rfkfitly rfturifd nrhm whreci` ci Lhidhi) Qftty korthhis

wfrf shhi bfci` publcsjfd ci tjf Bullftci )

Toiifr put tjf whrd orhuid [ydify tjot Qftty wos lhheci` nhr

korthhici` whre) Nrffloikf korthhicst oid Bullftci khitrcbuthr Ghji

Fidfoi jod bffi thld tjf Docly Mcrrhr —rfkfitly toefi hvfr by Rupfrt

Murdhkj—wos lhheci` nhr o korthhicst oid possfd tjf cinhrmotchi hith Qftty) Jf `ht tjf ghb oid troisnfrrfd th tjf Oustrolcoi wjfi ct

stortfd) Ct ncttfd wfll wctj jcs phlctckol vcfws, os ct wos sffi os o smoll ‚l–

lcbfrol ifwspopfr) Qftty su``fsts ci ?3:37

Tjcs dcd iht rfnlfkt Murdhkj–s pfrshiol phlctckol tostf) Jf wos opro`motcst) Ci tjf –>1s ct wos phlctckolly fxpfdcfit th jovf okorthhicst wctj my phcit hn vcfw hn tjf whrld)

Hi tjf Oustrolcoi , Qftty wos korthhici` scx doys o wffe, oidsyidckotfd Omfrckoi korthhis wfrf usfd wjfi jf thhe o doy hnn)

Jhwfvfr, V[ phlctckol vcfws dcdi–t nct wfll ci Oustrolcoi ifwspopfrs)

Thwords tjf fid hn ?3>4 Mortci [jorp wos opprhokjfd obhut dhci`

shmf korthhis wjclf Qftty thhe jhlcdoys)

[jorp wos bhri ci [ydify ci ?34? oid tou`jt th drow ot Kroibrhhe

[kjhhl) Jf stortfd korthhici` hi Jhic [hct wjclf ottfidci` [ydify

Vicvfrscty oid, lcef Qftty, jod opprhokjfd Toiifr obhut `fttci`

korthhis cith tjf Bullftci ) Jf olsh khitrcbutfd th tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , Tjuruieo oid Hz ) [jorp ncllfd ci nhr o nfw wffes, but tjf stcit

komf th oi fid wjfi Qftty rfturifd) Loke hn rfkh`ictchi nhr [jorp hi

tjf Oustrolcoi dcdi–t cmpfdf jcs rcsf th nomf) Jcs korthhis ci tjf

Lcidsoy Nhylf 2?3



moòzcif Hz wfrf opprfkcotfd ci Lhidhi, oid jf wos civctfd th

cllustrotf tjf khvfr hn o dhublf olbum hn Krfom ci tjf lotf ?3>1s, wjckj

òvf jcm whrldwcdf rfkhìctchi)

Pjfi Qftty thhe jhlcdoys ci Guif ?3>6, Oubrfy Khllfttf wos jcrfd)Jf wos bhri ci Khlhmbh, Kfylhi, ci ?321, stortfd whre os oi ort

tfokjfr wctj tjf Rhyol Khllf`f hn Khlhmbh oid nrffloikfd os o

korthhicst) Ontfr jovci` korthhis publcsjfd ci tjf Tcmfs hn Kfylhi jf

wos thld ct wos fctjfr tfokjci` hr korthhici`, but iht bhtj) Jf òvf up

tfokjci`) Ci tjf forly ?361s jf stortfd khitrcbutci` th tjf Kfylhi Hbsfrvfr , wjfrf Goi Mhddfr wos fdcthr) Tjf popfr jod bffi nhuidfd

ci ?:;4 oid wos tjf hldfst Fi`lcsj-loiùo`f ifwspopfr ci tjf Fost)

Khllfttf jod bffi korthhici` nhr tfi yfors wjfi tjf prcmf mcicstfr[hlhmhi Boidoroicef wos ossossciotfd ci [fptfmbfr ?363 oid jcs wcnf

[crcmovh thhe hvfr, bfkhmci` tjf whrld–s ncrst nfmolf prcmf mcicstfr)

Mhddfr lomfits, ci oi citfrvcfw ci 21117 ‚[hhi ontfr tjot khvfrtly

moicpulotfd Qrfss kfishrsjcp wos citrhdukfd oid C wos thld ct wos

jc`jly dfscroblf nhr my sonfty oid my nomcly tjot wf sjhuld h)– Jf olsh

wryly hbsfrvfs7 ‚Ct–s mhrf tjoi lcefly tjf somf “nrcfidly” odvckf wos

`cvfi th Oubrfy–)

Khllfttf jfodfd th Fi`loid oid nrffloikfd) Ontfr fc`jt mhitjs hn

nc`jtci` tjf khmpftctchi oid wfotjfr jf mhvfd th Oustrolco ci ?3>2)

Jcs ncrst ghb wos wctj tjf Ifw [hutj Polfs Fdukotchi Dfportmfit but

jf wos shhi khitrcbutci` korthhis th tjf Bullftci ) Pjfi tjf ghb hi tjf

Oustrolcoi komf olhi` shmfhif ci tjf Fdukotchi Dfportmfit thld

jcm, oòci, tjot ct wos fctjfr korthhici` hr tfokjci` but iht bhtj) Qftty

rfmfmbfrs Khllfttf os o qucft pfrshi wjh whuld khmf ci forly oid

lfovf by ?? om) Khllfttf whuld soy tjot cn jf jodi–t dhif oiytjci` `hhd

by tjfi jf wosi–t `hci` th)

Qjclcp Bur`hyif olsh stortfd ot tjf Oustrolcoi ci ?3>6) Jf drfw korthhis wjfi Qftty hr Khllfttf wfrfi–t ovocloblf) Jf olsh seftkjfd tjf

phlctckcois hi tjf nlhhr hn Qorlcomfit Jhusf durci` tjf dfbotfs—tjf

ncrst oid phsscbly tjf hily tcmf ct wos dhif ci Koibfrro) Bur`hyif wos

bhri ci Dorwci ci ?34? oid ontfr khmplftci` skjhhl ot Koibfrro Jc`j,

jf mhvfd th [ydify oid o kodftsjcp hi tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold ) Jf

lfnt th dh shmf kosuol whre ot OBK T^, fxpfktci` ct th turi cith o null-

tcmf ghb5 but ct dcsoppforfd ontfr scx mhitjs) Jf wos moeci` o lcvci` os

o bucldfr–s lobhurfr wjfi Toiifr roi` soyci` tjfrf wos o ghb `hci` hitjf Oustrolcoi ) Jf `ht tjf ghb oid Bh`h—os jf scìfd jcs ortwhre—

jfodfd boke th Koibfrro) Ci tjf forly ?301s Bh`h wos gust stortci` th

òci iotchiol rfkhìctchi wjfi jf mhvfd th Fi`loid th whre hi tjf




Hbsfrvfr ) Ontfr obhut tjrff yfors jf rfturifd th Oustrolco oid o ghb hi

tjf Bullftci ) Nrhm tjfrf jf wos fitckfd th tjf O`f wjfrf jf stoyfd uitcl

211>)

Tjf ?301s

Pjfi Brukf Rhtjwfll bfkomf fdcthr-ci-kjcfn hn tjf Oustrolcoi ci Guly ?30? jf sokefd Khllfttf, soyci` ‚Tjf Oustrolcoi dcdi–t iffd twhkorthhicsts–) @cvfi jcs iotchiol prhnclf, ct wosi–t lhi` bfnhrf Khllfttf wos hnnfrfd o ghb ci Mflbhurif hi tjf Jfrold ) Lotfr stcll, jf whrefdhi tjf [ci`ophrf [trocts Tcmfs oid jf dcfd ci Mflbhurif ci ?332)

Khllfttf wos ih shhifr hut tjf dhhr ot tjf Oustrolcoi wjfi Mcef

Lhd`f wolefd ci, th ncll ci nhr Qftty wjh wos obhut th `h hi jhlcdoys)Lhd`f wos bhri th Oustrolcoi porfits ci [khtloid ci ?342) Tjf nomcly

mhvfd th [ydify ci ?340 oid th Koibfrro ci ?366) Jf dcd orkjctfkturf

ot [ydify Vicvfrscty oid stortfd nrffloikci` os o korthhicst ci ?3>;)

Ontfr khmplftci` uicvfrscty jf rfturifd th Koibfrro th whre os oi

orkjctfkturol drou`jtsmoi) Jf olsh whrefd os o woctfr, sfrvci` drcies

th Murdhkj oid Ifwthi ot tjf louikj hn tjf Oustrolcoi ) Ci ?3>6

Lhd`f thhe hvfr nrhm Rhbci Pollokf-Krobbf ot tjf Koibfrro Tcmfs ,

but jf ovf tjot up ci Dfkfmbfr ?3>:, wjfi jf rfturifd th [ydify) Jf`ht shmf cllustrotcvf whre ot tjf Oustrolcoi , oid wjfi Qftty rfturifd

nrhm jhlcdoys Lhd`f stoyfd hi wjclf olsh sfidci` korthhis th tjf

Bullftci )

Lotfr ci ?30;, Qftty `ht [jorp th ncll ci o sfkhid tcmf) [jorp socd ci

2111 tjot jf rfmfmbfrfd dhci` shmf korthhis ci Ihvfmbfr usci`

Bhhnjfod oid shmf htjfr khmck kjoroktfrs) Jf rfkolls jf ‚dcdi–t eihw

ct ot tjf tcmf but C jovf bffi thld tjot bhtj Efrry Qokefr oid Murdhkj

wfrf kollfd Bhhnjfod wjfi ot skjhhl–) Jf tjcies ‚Murdhkj moy jovf

tjhu`jt C wos tryci` th `ft ot jcm) Pjckj wosi–t tjf kosf ot oll–) Obhut

fc`jt wffes lotfr jf wos thld jf ‚whuldi–t bf iffdfd oiy mhrf–)

Tjf Oustrolcoi mhvfd nrhm bfci` smoll ‚l– lcbfrol th tjf rc`jt durci`

tjf yfors @hu`j Pjctlom wos prcmf mcicstfr) Pjclf Qftty mfitchifd

lcttlf obhut wjot joppfifd ot tjf tcmf, shmf yfors lotfr jf rfkolls,

‚Murdhkj cs o smort moi wjh eihws ifwspopfrs, oid os tjf phlctckol

klcmotf bf`oi th kjoi`f, jf jcrfd Lorry Qckefrci ) Jf wos lomphhici`

fvfrytjci` ot o tcmf wjfi C wos stcll joi`ci` hith prhnct rfdcstrcbutchi–)

Pjfi Qckefrci –s orrcvol wos oiihuikfd ci tjf Nocrnox Qrfss ci ?30>Lhd`f opprhokjfd tjf fdcthr Lfs Jhllci`s oid socd ‚Lorry Qckefrci` cs

turici` up hi Mhidoy) [jhuld C8– Tjf oiswfr wos ‚Ih–) Jhwfvfr,

Lcidsoy Nhylf 22?



Murdhkj sfit Qftty o ihtf soyci` Qckefrci`–s orrcvol wosi–t `hci` th

onnfkt jcm) Pjclf Qftty wos `lod th `ft tjf ihtf, jf wosi–t khivcikfd

jf jod o nuturf hi tjf popfr)

Qckefrci`–s ncrst korthhi nhr tjf Oustrolcoi wos publcsjfd hi 2:Nfbruory ?30>, oid Qftty–s korthhis dcdi–t moef ct cith tjf popfr ontfr

tjot) @cvfi jcs iotchiol supfrstor stotus, ct wosi–t lhi` bfnhrf Qftty wos

hnnfrfd tjf kjoikf th whre nhr tjf O`f ci Mflbhurif oid jcs ncrst

korthhi oppforfd ci Guif ?30>) Jf cs stcll tjfrf) Gomfs Joll, wjh wos

fdcthr hn tjf Oustrolcoi nrhm Oprcl ?30; th Guif ?306, fxplocis, ‚C tjcie

Brukf tjhu`jt jf wos cikrfosci`ly hut hn tuif oid sympotjy wctj

Rupfrt phlctckolly—oid vckf vfrso) Os wfll, jf prhbobly rfolcsfd tjot jcs

stylf hn korthhici` wos rotjfr obstrokt oid citfllfktuol ci mfoici` nhrtjf popfr ot tjot tcmf) Ci tjf fid, C suspfkt jf nhuid ct oll thh jord oid

iht sotcsnyci` fihu`j th `h hi bottlci` fvfrydoy–)

O bffr oid bft lorrceci, Qckefrci` stortfd jcs korthhici` korffr hi

tjf Koibfrro Tcmfs bosckolly ncllci` tjf spht lfnt vokoit by Lhd`f)

Qckefrci` wos bhri ci Mflbhurif ci ?342 oid wfit th Koulncfld

Tfkjickol [kjhhl) Jf lfnt ot tjf o`f hn nhurtffi oid whrefd ot o

iumbfr hn ghbs bfnhrf fvfituolly dfkcdci` th bf o korthhicst) Pjclf

whreci` os o prhhnrfodfr jf stortfd drowci` ncvf korthhis o doy oidthhe th joi`ci` tjfm ci tjf mfi–s thclft ci tjf jhpf tjf fdcthr Ghji

Ollfi whuld ihtckf tjfm) Ct thhe twh yfors bfnhrf jf ht hif publcsjfd

oid wos fvfituolly hnnfrfd o rf`ulor spht) Qckefrci` mhvfd th tjf

[ydify Mhrici` Jfrold ci ?304 oid wos iht cmmfdcotfly rfplokfd)

Qckefrci`–s stylf wos o stroi`f mcxturf hn hld oid ifw) Jcs drowci`

jod tjf dftocl hn korthhis nrhm forlcfr tcmfs, wjclf olsh jovci` shmf hn

tjf rhuidfd stylf hn o Polt Dcsify oicmotfd korthhi) Jf dcdi–t jovf

tjf hutlhhe hn o smoll ‚l– lcbfrol, but tjot hn o strhi` rc`jt-wci`fr) Pctjhut o lhi` boke`rhuid hn ottokeci` tjf prfvchus dcscitf`rotci`

`hvfrimfit jf wos pfrnfktly phsctchifd th ottoke tjf dcscitf`rotci`

Pjctlom `hvfrimfit) Jhwfvfr, jf olsh jod o sfisf hn nocr ploy oid

modf tjf mhst hn tjf loke hn phlctckol mhrols hi bhtj scdfs hn phlctcks

ci Koibfrro) Jcs Gui`lf khmcks bfkomf o must rfod nhr olmhst

fvfryhif citfrfstfd ci phlctcks) [h, thh, dcd jcs kolfidors hn ioefd

phlctckcois, sjhwci` oll th moef phlctckol stotfmfits ci woys tjot

fxphsfd mhrf tjoi pfrshiol bcts tjot ihrmolly rfmocifd khvfrfd)Qckefrci` sffmfd th uidfrstoid tjf phlctcks oid tjf pfrshi, but ct wos

o jc`j-tfischi okt tjot put o bc``fr sphtlc`jt hi Qckefrci` tjoi ct dcd hi

tjf phlctckcois)




Ci oi citfrvcfw ci 211;, Qoul Woifttc rfmfmbfrfd tjot jf roi` tjf

Docly Tflf`ropj korthhicst Bcll Mctkjfll ci ?3:1 oid thld jcm jf wos

uijoppy whreci` hi tjf [ui ) Woifttc rfkolls, ‚Mctkjfll thld mf th rci`

Qckefrci` wjh wos toleci` obhut `fttci` hut hn korthhici`–) Ontfrlhheci` ot shmf hn jcs whre Qckefrci` osefd Woifttc cn jf tjhu`jt jf

khuld drow o korthhi fvfry doy) Woifttc tflls jcm ‚yfs– oid Qckefrci`

soys, ‚Pfll, C koi prhbobly `ft o `c` nhr yhu–) Qckefrci` tjfi roi` Efi

Khwlfy, wjh wos ruiici` tjf Ifws Lcmctfd popfrs nhr Murdhkj, oid

su``fstfd o mfftci`, wjfrf ct wos dfkcdfd Qckefrci` whuld lfovf tjf

Oustrolcoi , Mctkjfll whuld rfplokf jcm oid tjf spht hi tjf Docly

Tflf`ropj whuld `h th Woifttc) Qckefrci` wfit hnn th dh o bct hn

normci` wjclf jovci` o bffr oid o bft)

Tjf ?3:1s

Mctkjfll wos bhri ci Eol`hhrlcf ci ?34? oid mhvfd th Qfrtj otncntffi) ‚Pjfi C lfnt skjhhl, C `ht o ghb os o khpy bhy wctj Tjf Pfst Oustrolcoi bfnhrf ghcici` tjf Ocr Nhrkf–, rfphrts Mctkjfll) ‚Ct wos`hhd mhify oid C dcdi–t jovf th dh mukj) Tjf Ocr Nhrkf eihkefdmf boke bfkousf my fyfs wfrf krhhe, sh C fidfd up bfkhmci` o

prfss ortcst)– Jf stortfd submcttci` korthhis ci ?3>3 oid wos shhiopphcitfd tjf docly korthhicst5 tjf ncrst scikf tjf popfr bfòi ci?:;4) Mctkjfll mhvfd th [ydify ci ?30: th whre hi tjf Docly

Tflf`ropj bfnhrf troisnfrrci` th tjf Oustrolcoi ) Lcef mhst phlctckolkorthhicsts Mctkjfll jod strhi` phlctckol vcfws) Hif tjci` jf rfolly nflt strhi`ly obhut wos Qoul Efotci`5 jf dcdi–t lcef jcm) Okkhrdci` th Oloi Norrflly, wjh wos opphcitfd fdcthr ci Dfkfmbfr ?3:4, ‚Cn yhu lhhe ot Bcll–s korthhis yhu sff Efotci`–s ihsf `fttci` lhi`fr oid

lhi`fr hvfr tjf yfors, uitcl nciolly jf wos uirfkhìcsoblf) Butbfkousf ct jod joppfifd hvfr o iumbfr hn yfors, yhu eifw ct wosEfotci`) Korthhicsts jovf tjcs obclcty th moef yhu rftjcie yhurpfrkfptchi hn wjot shmfhif lhhes lcef)–

Mctkjfll blhsshmfd hi tjf Oustrolcoi oid wos shhi rfkhìcsfd os

hif hn tjf bfst korthhicsts ci Oustrolco) Jf wos olsh `fttci` korthhis

syidckotfd ci tjf V[) Pjclf rfodfrs hn popfrs tjfrf opprfkcotfd jcs

korthhis, iht fvfrybhdy rfodci` tjf Oustrolcoi wos joppy) Norrflly

hbsfrvfs, ‚Shu iomf ct, Bcll `ht ottokefd by fvfrybhdy) Cn ct wosi–t tjflfnt wci` ct wos tjf rc`jt wci`)– Qfhplf, fxklocms Mctkjfll,

trcfd th sthp mf nrhm drowci` by khmplocici` th tjf Qrfss Khuikcl) Tjfrf orf olsh tjhsf wjh khmplocifd th tjf oitc-dcskrcmciotchi

Lcidsoy Nhylf 22;



bhord bfkousf yhu drow o bloke pfrshi bloke) Pjot orf yhusupphsfd th dh, C–m o korthhicst ))) yhu gump ci wctj bhtj nfft)

Oiyjhw, oll tjhsf ottfmpts noclfd)

Okkhrdci` th jcm, `hvfrimfit mcicstfrs jod wrcttfi lfttfrs hn

khmplocit oid tjf Kjurkj hn Fi`loid hikf klocmfd jf wos o rokcst)

‚Pjckj C wosi–t5 wfll, C dhi–t rfkehi C wos)–

Pjclf Mctkjfll bottlfd wctj oiyhif wjh–d try oid sthp jcm

korthhici`, tjf hif bottlf tjot dhmciotfd jcs lcnf wos wctj koikfr) Jf

wos dco`ihsfd ci ?3:0 oid wos hntfi thh cll th korthhi) Tjf ncrst

korthhicst th ncll ci nhr jcm wos [tfwort MkKrof, wjh jod bffi hi tjf

Khurcfr-Mocl uitcl jf rftcrfd ci tjf lotf ?301s oid khitrcbutfd th tjf

Oustrolcoi nhr obhut scx wffes) Mctkjfll wos efpt busy khitoktci`

korthhicsts, tryci` th lcif up shmfhif wjh khuld toef hvfr

pfrmoifitly cn tjf sctuotchi orhsf) [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold korthhicst

Oloi Mhcr, wjh wos olsh syidckotci` korthhis th tjf V[, wos osefd cn

jf wos citfrfstfd) Jf dfklcifd, soyci` ct wos shmftjci` jf khuldi–t

khiscdfr wjclf Bcll wos stcll whreci`)

Ci Guif ?3:0 Mctkjfll roi` @rofmf Dozflfy, wjh wos khitrcbutci`

korthhis th tjf Fxomcifr ci Louikfsthi) Mctkjfll fxplocifd tjot jf wos

obhut th `h cith jhspctol nhr nhur hr ncvf wffes) Ot ncrst Dozflfy wos`hci` th nox korthhis nrhm jcs jhmf ci Jhbort, but wjfi thld ihbhdy

wos joppy wctj tjot jf jfodfd th [ydify oid mhvfd cith o smoll jhtfl)

Ihbhdy wos fxpfktci` jcm ot tjf hnnckf) Norrflly jod gust toefi hvfr os

fdcthr nhr tjf sfkhid tcmf, oid wjh tjf korthhicst wos, wosi–t jcs

bc``fst prchrcty) Dozflfy drfw o korthhi oid sjhwfd ct th Lfs Jhllci`s,

tjf fdcthr-ci-kjcfn, wjh lhhefd ot ct nhr shmf tcmf bfnhrf oseci`, ‚Pjot

dhfs ct mfoi8– Dozflfy eifw tjfi tjot tjf korthhi wos iht `hci` th bf

okkfptfd) Jf drfw tjrff tjot doy bfnhrf `fttci` hif post Jhllci`s, wjhm Dozflfy rfmfmbfrs ‚os o moi wjh ifvfr smclfd–)

Dozflfy wos bhri ci Pcllcomsthwi, ckthrco, ci ?34?, oid wos obhut

nhur wjfi jcs nomcly mhvfd th Tosmoico) Jf thhe oi fi`ciffrci`

kodftsjcp wctj tjf Jydrh-Flfktrckcty Khmmcsschi, but jcs ultcmotf

ombctchi wos th bf o korthhicst) Jf stortfd nrffloikci` oid wos

prfporfd th ‚whre nhr oiyhif wjh whuld poy Ujcm] mhify, oid os

tjci`s turifd hut quctf o nfw tjot dcdi–t–) By ?3:2, jcs korthhis jod

bfkhmf o rf`ulor nfoturf ci tjf Fxomcifr ) Oltjhu`j jf publcsjfd ?10korthhis ci tjf Oustrolcoi ci ?3:0 oid o nurtjfr >6 ci ?3::, Dozflfy

lomfits ‚Tjf rfqufsts nhr mhrf korthhis gust pftfrfd hut–) Jf rfturifd

th tjf Fxomcifr oid lotfr mhvfd th tjf Mfrkury ci Jhbort) Ifcl




Mottfrshi, wjh jos bffi tjf rfscdfit korthhicst hi tjf [uidoy Mocl ciBrcsboif nhr tjf post dfkodf, olsh jod o sjhrt civhlvfmfit bfnhrf

jovci` o noll-hut wctj Norrflly)

Ci ?3::, korthhicst More Lyikj ihtckfd tjfrf wfrf doys wjfi tjf Oustrolcoi roi oi hld Mctkjfll korthhi) Jf drhppfd hnn o korthhi ot

tjf Oustrolcoi –s fdcthrcol hnnckf wctj o ihtf su``fstci` ct mc`jt bf bfttfr

th rui o nrfsj korthhi) Tjf ifxt doy wjfi jf pckefd up tjf popfr jf

dcskhvfrfd ct jod bffi publcsjfd) Jf drhppfd ci oihtjfr tjot

ontfrihhi) Ct thh wos publcsjfd) Ot tjf tcmf, Lyikj wos busy wctj jcs

doy ghb wctj _oitos, wjfrf jf jod stortfd ci ?30;) Hvfr tjf ifxt nhur

yfors jf whuld nox korthhis nrhm oll hvfr tjf whrld th ncll tjf `op lfnt

wjfi Mctkjfll khuldi–t supply hif) ‚Ct–s o bct rhu`j wjfi yhu orfhvfrsfos oid dhi–t eihw wjot cs `hci` hi ci Oustrolco–, Lyikj

khmmfitfd ci oi citfrvcfw ci 211;5 ‚C nhuid cn C roi` up 2VF Ifws,

C `ht o nocr ruidhwi hn wjot cs Usck] joppfici –)

Lyikj wos bhri ci [ydify ci ?36? oid `rfw up ci Khh`ff) Jf lfnt

skjhhl ot ncntffi oid dcd o stcit ci tjf ormy wctj Iotchiol [frvckf

bfnhrf ghcici` _oitos os port hn tjf kobci krfw, sfrvci` drcies oid

nhhd) Jf olsh omusfd jcmsfln drowci` korthhis wjfi iht lhheci` ontfr

tjf possfi`frs) Ci ?3:? jf lfnt shmf korthhis wctj tjf Bullftci , oid tjf

nhllhwci` wffe dcskhvfrfd hif jod bffi publcsjfd) Hvfr tjf ifxt

fc`jtffi yfors tjfrf wfrfi–t moiy wffes wjfi tjf Bullftci dcdi–t rui o

Lyikj korthhi hr twh) Ci nokt, tjfy roi obhut ?;11 olth`ftjfr)

Ci ?3:3, tjf Oustrolcoi –s fdcthr, Nroie Dfvcif, thhe Lyikj th luikj

oid hnnfrfd jcm Bcll–s ghb wjfi Bcll ih lhi`fr jod oiy usf nhr ct) Lyikj

wos `rotfnul, but jf khuldi–t fvfi tjcie obhut ct uitcl ontfr Bcll wos

`hif) Lyikj lfnt _oitos ci ?33? oid bhu`jt cith o rfstouroit, wjckj jf

roi nhr obhut tfi yfors) Tjfrf wfrf tcmfs wjfi jf nhuid jcmsfln

sfrvci` nhhd ot hif toblf wjclf drowci` o korthhi nhr tjf Oustrolcoi ottjf ifxt, noxci` ct ci bfnhrf sfrvci` tjf drcies) Ci ?334 jf jod o nollci`

hut wctj Kjrcs Mctkjfll, wjh jod bffi modf fdcthr hn tjf Oustrolcoi ci ?332) Jcs korthhis wfrf ih lhi`fr rui)

Tjf ?331s

Qoul Eflly wos opphcitfd fdcthr-ci-kjcfn ci Ou`ust ?33? oid wosnokfd wctj tjf prhblfm hn wjot th dh obhut Mctkjfll) Eflly socd ci

21127

Tjf Hz jos `ht o `rfot trodctchi hn korthhici`) Ct–s bffi hif hn tjf`rfot strfi`tjs hn tjf popfr scikf ct wos fstoblcsjfd) Pf jod Brukf

Lcidsoy Nhylf 226



Qftty, wf jod Bcll Mctkjfll oid hif hn tjf tjci`s C wos oworf hn wostjf rfol cmpfrotcvf th mocitoci tjcs trodctchi hn fxkfllfikf oidcmpokt hn korthhici`) C tjcie ct–s cmphrtoit th jovf korthhicsts wjh

orf khmnhrtoblf hi tjf popfr) Tjf Oustrolcoi cs tjf iotchiol popfr,ct–s o brhod sjfft, oid wjot C wos effi th dh nrhm tjf stort wos lcvfup th tjot stoidord oid fijoikf ct cn C khuld) But ct–s cmphrtoit th`ft tjf rc`jt korthhicst, pfhplf wjh orf khmnhrtoblf wctj us)

Hif hn tjf korthhicsts wjh whrefd hi tjf Oustrolcoi ci ?332 wos

Qftfr MokMullci) Jf–d stortfd korthhici` ci Odflocdf, wjfrf jf wos

bhri, ci ?3>2) Ontfr studyci` nhr Orts ot tjf Vicvfrscty hn [hutj

Oustrolco, MokMullci opprhokjfd tjf Ifws Lcmctfd ort dcrfkthr ci

[ydify, Ghji Tjhrby, obhut o ghb, oid wos hnnfrfd o phsctchi ‚Dhci` wjotfvfr iffdfd th bf dhif–) Tjhrby olsh su``fstfd MokMullci mc`jt

bf oblf th citfrfst Eflly ci usci` jcm os o korthhicst)

Ih shhifr jod MokMullci stortfd, ct wos oiihuikfd tjot Qoul

Woifttc jod bffi toefi hi os o sfkhid korthhicst) Eflly ihtfs, ‚Qoul dcd

shmf whre nhr us wjclf C wos fdcthr-ci-kjcfn, oid wf wfrf plfosfd th

jovf jcm–) Woifttc orrcvfd ci forly [fptfmbfr ?332 oid lfnt ci Nfbruory

?33;, soyci` jf ‚ifvfr nflt khmnhrtoblf wctj jcs rhlf hi Tjf Oustrolcoi –)Woifttc wos bhri ci Phllhi`hi` ci ?3>? oid wfit th [t Nroikcs Zovcfr

[kjhhl oid tjfi [t Qoul–s Khllf`f) ‚C prftty mukj olwoys woitfd th bf

o korthhicst) C wos olwoys skrcbblci` oid olwoys woitfd th drow oid

moef pfhplf lou`j)–

Woifttc drfw o rf`ulor buscifss korthhi oid shmftcmfs ncllfd ci nhr

Mctkjfll) Jhwfvfr, jf wos iht joppy hi tjf Oustrolcoi oid mhvfd hi,

fstoblcsjci` jcmsfln os o syidckotfd phlctckol korthhicst) Jf wos shhi

sfllci` korthhis th bftwffi fc`jty oid o juidrfd lhkol oid rf`chiol

ifwspopfrs) Jf–s ihw hif hn tjf nfw phlctckol korthhicsts ci tjf

khuitry wctj o iotchiol prhnclf, oid jf–s iht hi o iotchiol popfr)More Khriwoll orrcvfd thwords tjf fid hn ?332 nrhm tjf Oustrolcoi

Ncioikcol Rfvcfw , wjfrf jf–d stortfd ci ?3::) Jf jod tjhu`jt

fvfrytjci` wos `hci` wfll ot tjf Ncioikcol Rfvcfw , uitcl hif Tjursdoy o

khpybhy joidfd jcm o ihtf nrhm tjf fdcthr, @frord Ihhioi,

nhrkfnully fikhuro`ci` jcm th rfsc`i) Iht jovci` oiywjfrf th `h,

Khriwoll dfkcdfd th toef shmf hn jcs uiusfd jhlcdoys oid wfit

koivossci` htjfr publckotchis) Jf fxplocifd ci 211;7

Ontfr iumfrhus pjhif kolls oid phstci` hnn fmborrossci`ly slcmK^s, C nhuid mysfln summhifd th oi citfrvcfw wctj Brukf Dhvfr,tjf dfputy fdcthr hn tjf Oustrolcoi ) Tjf rfsult wos cikhikluscvf butprhmcsci`)




Jf rfturifd th tjf Ncioikcol Rfvcfw th klfoi hut jcs dfse oiddcskhvfrfd Ihhioi jod `hif, rfplokfd by Ghji Olfxoidfr wjh‚cifxplckobly hnnfrfd mf oi uishlckctfd ncvf ncùrf rfduidoiky

poyhut) C thhe tjf kosj) Ct whuld jovf bffi kjurlcsj th rfnusf–)Jf `ht jhmf gust ci tcmf th rfkfcvf o koll hnnfrci` oi citfrvcfw wctj

Qoul Eflly ot tjf Oustrolcoi ) Okkhrdci` th Khriwoll,

tjf mfftci` wos brcfn oid th tjf phcit … Tjci`s wfit tfrrcnckolly ot Tjf Oustrolcoi ) C wos fmplhyfd os o phkeft korthhicst, but hitjf doys wjfi Mctkjfll wos thh cll th korthhi C–d bf osefd thprhdukf tjf moci korthhi) Qfhplf sffmfd joppy wctj my whre oidC wos thld sh)

Pjfi Mctkjfll–s jfoltj wos rfolly bod jf jordly jod tjf strfi`tj th

khitciuf korthhici ) Jf spfit mukj hn tjcs tcmf khincifd th bfd, hily

lfovci` tjf jhusf nhr kjfmhtjfropy) Jf–d lcstfi th tjf rodch oid rfod

tjf docly popfrs tryci` th tjcie hn o korthhi) Pjfi jf komf up wctj

shmftjci` jf–d `ft hut hn bfd oid `h th whre hi jcs drowci` bhord,

sft up ci tjf bfdrhhm) Ontfr rhu`jci` hut jcs cdfo ci pfikcl jf–d `h

boke th bfd oid rfst, thh wfoe th cie-ci tjf drowci`) Ontfr o rfst jf–d

cie-ci tjf drowci` oid nox ct th tjf Oustrolcoi ) Tjhsf rfodci` tjf popfr

tjf ifxt doy ifvfr eifw jhw jord jf jod th whre th moef tjfm lou`j)

Pjfi Mctkjfll dcfd ci ?334 Eflly kollfd Khriwoll cith jcs hnnckf oid

thld jcm iht th whrry obhut jcs phsctchi hi tjf popfr) Twh wffes lotfr

Eflly oòci summhifd Khriwoll) Tjcs tcmf, Khriwoll soys Eflly thld

jcm tjfrf jod bffi o kjoi`f hn ploi oid jf whuld lcef jcm th ncid

oihtjfr ghb wctj oihtjfr ifws hròicsotchi) ‚Tjci`s wfit nrhm

oweword th iosty prftty qucke) My korthhis wfrf iht rui ci tjf popfr

oid o ju`f khlhur pjhthkhpcfr wos cistollfd hi my dfse) Nciolly, o

tjrff-po`f lfttfr komf nrhm Eflly–s hnnckf, tjf ùts hn wjckj wos tjotEflly jod ifvfr lcefd my whre oid C wos usflfss oid tjot C jod bfttfr

jurry up oid `ft hi my bcef–, soys Khriwoll) Eflly sokefd Khriwoll vco

mfmh khurcfrfd th jcs jhmf ci Ihvfmbfr ?334) Khriwoll–s korthhis

jovf scikf oppforfd ci tjf [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold oid ci o iumbfr hn

publckotchis hvfrsfos)

Nhr twh oid o joln mhitjs ontfr Mctkjfll–s dfotj MokMullci drfw

tjf docly korthhis) Pjclf o iumbfr hn pfhplf jod fxprfssfd tjf vcfw

tjot tjfy tjhu`jt jf whuld `ft tjf phsctchi pfrmoifitly, MokMullciphcits hut7 ‚Ihbhdy fvfr modf oiy prhmcsfs th mf–) Tjf rfoshi wos

tjot, iht lhi` bfnhrf Mctkjfll dcfd, Molkhlm [kjmcdtef, dfputy fdcthr

ot tjf Oustrolcoi , jod khitoktfd Qftfr Ickjhlshi, tjfi korthhici` nhr

Lcidsoy Nhylf 220



tjf O`f ) Ickjhlshi odmcts, ‚[kjmcdtef wos vfry supphrtcvf hn mf

mhvci` th tjf Oustrolcoi ) C–m iht surf C whuld jovf bffi hnnfrfd tjf

ghb cn ct wosi–t nhr jcm–) Eflly soys, ‚Pf kfrtocily sphef th Qftfr) Pf jod

lfi`tjy toles wctj jcm obhut jcm khmci` th tjf Oustrolcoi ) Ct wos o bc` mhvf) Jf wos o bc` nc`urf oid wf oll jod th bf kfrtoci tjot ct wos tjf

rc`jt mhvf nhr jcm th moef) Pf olsh woitfd th moef kfrtoci tjcs wos

tjf rc`jt mhvf nhr us, thh) Pf dcd jovf lhi` toles, ci hrdfr, C tjcie, th

bucld up oi otmhspjfrf hn trust–)

Pjfi Ickjhlshi orrcvfd MokMullci dfkcdfd ct wos tcmf th mhvf

hi) Jf spfit shmf tcmf nrffloikci`, oid ot tjf fid hn ?33: jfodfd

boke th Odflocdf th whre hi tjf Odvfrtcsfr , wjfrf jf nclls ci nrhm tcmf

th tcmf nhr Mckjofl Otkjcshi wjfi jf–s hi jhlcdoys) Eflly phcits hut7 Pjfi ct khmfs th ghuriolcsts, ortcsts oid pjhth`ropjfrs, yhu iffdoi fivcrhimfit wjfrf pfhplf orf khmnhrtoblf7 wjfrf tjfy orfdhci` o `hhd ghb nhr tjf popfr oid tjf popfr nffls sotcsncfd wctjtjfm) Oll C koi soy obhut tjf korthhicst–s slhts cs tjot tjfy orfobshlutfly nuidomfitol) Hi o popfr lcef tjf Oustrolcoi yhu hily jovf twh hr tjrff korthhicsts, wjclf yhu mc`jt jovf o khuplf hn juidrfd ghuriolcsts) Tjf cmpokt tjhsf twh hr tjrff korthhicsts orf`hci` th jovf cs fihrmhus) [h, tjfrfnhrf, os fdcthr-ci-kjcfn hn tjf

popfr C `ovf dclc`fit ottfitchi, nhr tjf soef hn tjf popfr, thprfkcsfly wjh nclls tjhsf slhts)

Eflly–s tcmci` wctj Ickjhlshi wos pfrnfkt) Khirod Bloke jod toefi

hvfr tjf ruiici` hn tjf Nocrnox fmpcrf ot tjf fid hn ?33?, oid iht oll

hn jcs kjoi`fs plfosfd oll hn tjf pfhplf) Ickjhlshi wos hif hn tjfm)

Jf rfmfmbfrs jf ‚nflt tjf fro hn Tjf O`f wos drowci` th o klhsf–) Jf

wos bhri ci ?34> ci Mflbhurif oid `rfw up ci Jowtjhri) Jf wos

fdukotfd ot [khtkj Khllf`f bfnhrf firhllci` ci Low ot Mflbhurif

Vicvfrscty) Ot tjf tcmf, jf jod ih citfrfst ci phlctcks hr korthhici`) Jf

rfnlfkts7

C wos phlctckcsfd by tjf ^cftiom Por) C wfit hi morkjfs oid C–d sctci tjf khmmhi rhhm rfodci` tjf popfrs) C lcefd oll hn tjf korthhis,but tjhu`jt Brukf Qftty–s ci tjf Oustrolcoi wfrf gust brcllcoit) C gusttjhu`jt, Phw, C–d lhvf th bf oblf th dh tjot)

Jf stortfd submcttci` korthhis th ifwspopfrs oid lhst oll citfrfst ci

khmplftci` tjf low df`rff jf–d bffi dhci` nhr ncvf yfors)Ci ?3>3 jf drhppfd hut oid roi` Lfs Toiifr, tjfi ot tjf O`f ,

jovci` lfnt tjf Bullftci ci ?3>0) Toiifr thld jcm th ‚`h hnn oid lfori th

drow–) Ickjhlshi olsh vcsctfd Qftty, wjh, jf soys, wos ‚o ecid mfithr nhr




mf—trfmfidhusly jflpnul oid fikhuro`ci`–) Jf tjfi spfit o yfor ot

Qrojroi Khllf`f lforici` th drow oid stortfd `fttci` korthhis okkfptfd

by Iotchi Rfvcfw , studfit moòzcifs oid Trcbuif ) Jf olsh dcd shmf

oicmotchi nhr Tjcs Doy Thic`jt ot tjf OBK oid `ht o ghb wctj tjfNcioikcol Rfvcfw ci ?30>)

[cx mhitjs ontfr jf stortfd ot tjf Ncioikcol Rfvcfw , tjf O`f hnnfrfd

Ickjhlshi o null-tcmf ghb ncllci` ci nhr Toiifr, wjh wos cll) Ct wos thh

`hhd th rfnusf) Oltjhu`j jf jos whi o iumbfr hn Polelfy Owords—

nhr cllustrotchi ci ?33?, oid nhr bhtj korthhi oid cllustrotchi ci ?332—

tjfrf orf korthhis tjot dhi–t wci prczfs tjot òtjfr mhrf ottfitchi) Ci

Hkthbfr ?330, Ickjhlshi drfw o korthhi dfpcktci` tjf Cidhifscoi

Qrfscdfit [ujorth os oi hroi`-hutoi`) Ct–s iht uiusuol nhr Oustrolcoikorthhicsts th dfpckt phlctckcois os oicmols, but ci Cidhifsco cmplyci`

shmfhif cs oi hroi`-hutoi` cs obhut os bc` os cisults `ft) Tjf

Cidhifscois wfrf sh upsft tjot tjfy tjrfotfifd th fxpfl tjf ghuriolcsts

whreci` nhr tjf Oustrolcoi ) Dovcd Ormstrhi`—by tjfi fdcthr-ci-

kjcfn—nlfw th Goeorto oid spfit sfvfrol doys fxplocici` th hnnckcols tjot

wjclf tjfy mc`jt vcfw tjf korthhi os o mosscvf cisult, ci Oustrolco ct wos

iht) Fvfituolly, tjf Cidhifscois okkfptfd tjot kulturol dcnnfrfikfs dh

fxcst oid tjf mottfr wos put th rfst)[hhi ontfr Ickjhlshi orrcvfd ot tjf Oustrolcoi Eflly olsh jcrfd Bcll

Lfoe) Jf soys tjfy ‚jod o drcie ci o bor) Ct wos o prhkfss hn mutuol

ottroktchi) C rfmfmbfr toleci` wctj Bcll, oid ot oi forly sto`f C eifw wf

wfrf khheci` wctj òs) C eifw tjf toles wfrf `hci` th `h shmfwjfrf–)

Lfoe stortfd jcs korthhici` korffr submcttci` korthhis th tjf Bullftci )

Jf woidfrfd ci hif doy lhheci` nhr whre oid wos thld, ‚Tjf Bullftci

dhfsi–t usf moiy cllustrotchis but dhfs rui o lht hn korthhis, mhstly

thpckol, th rui wctj tjf ifws sthrcfs–) Lfoe wfit owoy oid komf boke

tjf nhllhwci` wffe wctj o iumbfr hn korthhis7

C put th`ftjfr o phrtnhlch hn obhut scx phlctckol korthhis) C ihw rfolcsf tjot C wos uibflcfvobly lukey th ncid hif prcitfd tjfnhllhwci` wffe) Ct wos oi fkstotck fxpfrcfikf th sff hif hn my drowci`s ci prcit) Ct wos os tjhu`j, oll hn o suddfi, C–d nhuid my truf vhkotchi)

O ncntj-`fifrotchi Oustrolcoi, Lfoe wos bhri ci Odflocdf ci ?36>)

Lfoe soys, ‚Pjfi C wos obhut icif mhitjs hld Mum oid Dod dfkcdfdth lfovf Odflocdf oid `h busj) Ontfr khiscdfrci` my hptchis C dfkcdfd

th `h wctj tjfm–) Pjfi jf wos obhut tfi tjf nomcly mhvfd th [ydify,

wjfrf jf ottfidfd [ummfr Jcll Qrcmory oid bfkomf citfrfstfd ci ort)

Lcidsoy Nhylf 223



Pjfi tjf nomcly mhvfd th Bfokhi Jcll jf ottfidfd tjf lhkol jc`j

skjhhl, wjckj, jf fxplocis, ‚C wosi–t hnnckcolly fxpfllfd nrhm–, oid nrhm

tjfrf Nhrfst Jc`j oid tjf Gulcoi Osjthi Ort [kjhhl, nhllhwfd by o nfw

yfors ci Furhpf pocitci`) Jf rfturifd th Oustrolco ci ?3:2 citfidci` th whre os o phrtroct pocitfr) Ontfr `fttci` korthhis publcsjfd ci tjf

Bullftci , Lfoe khitrcbutfd th o iumbfr hn moòzcifs, cikludci` Qloybhy oid tjf Oustrolcoi Phmoi–s Pffely ) By ?3:6, jf wos nrffloikci` nhr tjf

[ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , wjckj lfd th o null-tcmf ghb) Vltcmotfly, jf

woitfd th bf oi fdcthrcol korthhicst, but tjfrf wfrf lcmctfd

hpphrtuictcfs) Lfoe soys tjot ncllci` ci nhr Oloi Mhcr wjfi jf wos hi

jhlcdoys ‚wos noitostck–) Jf mhvfd th tjf Oustrolcoi ci ?334) ‚Moeci`

tjf kjoi`f wos prhbobly tjf bfst tjci` C fvfr dcd–, jf fxklocms)But iht oll hn Lfoe–s korthhis orf publcsjfd) Hif korthhi tjot

prhbobly sjhuldi–t jovf bffi sffi by oiyhif civhlvfd Ghji Jhword

oid Bcll Klcithi) Lfoe wos ottfidci` tjf Rfpublck Khistctutchiol

Khivfitchi ci Koibfrro, oid nhr jcs hwi omusfmfit, oid prhbobly

hif hr twh nrcfids, drfw Jhword civhlvfd ci o sfxuol okt wctj Klcithi)

Ct whuld jovf bffi dcnnckult th jovf ct publcsjfd ci oi uidfr-khuitfr

sfx moòzcif oid ct sjhuld jovf bffi dfstrhyfd os shhi os ct wos

drowi) Bfnhrf ct wos drowi whuld jovf bffi bfttfr) Lfoe lfnt ct hi jcs

dfse wjfrf shmfhif nhuid ct oid tjhu`jt ct whuld bf nuiiy th `cvf o

pjhthkhpy th fvfry dflfòtf ot tjf khivfitchi) Tjcs dhif ct wos tjfi

noxfd orhuid tjf khuitry) Ct òvf Lfoe o iotchiol prhnclf jf jodi–t

fxpfktfd oid khuld jovf dhif wctjhut) Ifxt doy Lfoe wos ci Kompbfll

Rfcd–s hnnckf whidfrci` cn jf stcll jod o ghb)

Rfcd jod bfkhmf fdcthr hn tjf Oustrolcoi ci Guly ?330) Okkhrdci`

th jcm7

Mhst korthhicsts orf drcvfi by tjf somf pfrnhrmci` `fif os okthrsoid htjfr pfrnhrmfrs) Ci o publck fivcrhimfit tjfy nffl tjf iffd thput hi o sjhw) [hmf hn tjfm jovf tjcs mhrf tjoi htjfrs) Oid Bcllsffms th jovf ct mhrf tjoi mhst) Ct–s portly bfkousf tjf okt hn korthhici` khmfs sh fosy th jcm) Ct gust phurs hut hn jcs pfi) Jfkoi moef drowci`s, iht lcnf-lcef, but kotkj pfrshiolctcfs oid tjfsctuotchi ci o nlosj) Ct–s fihrmhusly nuiiy) [h, bfkousf jf dhfsi–tjovf th lhke jcmsfln ci o rhhm, jf–ll drow oiywjfrf) Jf–ll fvfidrow ci o bor ontfr twfity-sfvfi skjhhifrs) Fvfrybhdy gust nollsobhut lou`jci`) Hi twh hkkoschis wjfi C wos fdcthr, tjf mhrici` ontfr hif hn Bcll–s pfrnhrmoikfs ci o bor ci Koibfrro, C `ht kollsnrhm tjf Koibfrro stonn oseci` cn C jod sffi Bcll–s lotfst korthhi)

Tjcs rfsultfd ci mf fctjfr woitci` th ncid o rhke th krowl uidfr hrsoyci` ‚ih– oid oseci` tjfm th nox ct th mf) Tjf hif civhlvci` tjf

Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2;1



_uffi oid Ghji Jhword wos gust up fvfrywjfrf) Ct wos or`uobly hif hn Bcll–s mhst wcdfly sffi uipublcsjfd korthhis) Ct wosfvfrywjfrf) Os o shrt hn mcidfr th shmfhif lcef Bcll yhu–rf lcef

fvfryhif flsf, struke by tjf obsurdcty oid koi–t jflp but lou`j) But,hi tjf htjfr joid, ct–s lcef yhu–rf gust obhut th bf civhlvfd ci o korkrosj) Oid yhu–rf iht fvfi drcvci`)

Rfcd su``fsts tjf Jhword‛Klcithi korthhi civhlvfd

shmf hn tjf `rfotfst phlctckol moihfuvrci` ci tjf jcsthry hn Koibfrro) Ct wos bftwffi tjf sfichr pfhplf ci tjf Oustrolcoi –sKoibfrro burfou oid sfichr pfhplf ci Ghji Jhword–s hnnckf thmoef surf tjot tjf prcmf mcicstfr–s Usck] fxtrfmf dcsplfosurf wos

rfscstfd wctjhut oiyhif jovci` th okeihwlfd`f tjot tjf korthhifvfr fxcstfd) C–m iht surf cn tjf prcmf mcicstfr fvfr sow ct) Pjfi Cjford obhut tjf korthhi C socd th Bcll, ‚Tjfrf cs tjcs korthhi `hci` orhuid Koibfrro–) Bcll socd, ‚Sffffs–) C tjfi dfskrcbfd ct th jcm, oidjf socd, ‚Sffffs–) C tjfi socd, ‚Ihw Bcll tjot shuids lcef o korthhitjot yhu mc`jt jovf drowi–) Oid jf wfit ‚Sffffs–) [h C tjfi socd,‚Pjot om C `hci` th tfll tjf prcmf mcicstfr wjfi jf rci`s8– Th tjotBcll jod ih oiswfr)

Rfcd dcdi–t eihw cn tjf Qrcmf Mcicstfr fvfr sow tjf korthhi) But jfuidfrsthhd tjot cn jf dcd oid cn jf roi` jf whuld jovf th toef hibhord Jhword–s dcsplfosurf)

Ot dcnnfrfit tcmfs Lfoe jos bffi modf oworf hn Jhword–s spfkcol

citfrfst ci jcs korthhis) Qhlctckcois lhvf tfllci` korthhicsts tjci`s obhut

tjfcr whre oid korthhicsts lhvf jforci` nrhm tjfm) Hi hif hkkoschi,

wjfi fdcthr-ci-kjcfn Dovcd Ormstrhi` wos ci Koibfrro, Jhword thhe

jcm oscdf oid mfitchifd Lfoe–s korthhis) Jhword usfd whrds

ihrmolly osshkcotfd wctj khivfrsotchis ottrcbutfd th wotfrscdf whrefrs

oid, okkhrdci` th Ormstrhi`, ‚wovfd jcs orms obhut lcef oiuikhitrhllfd wcidmcll nhr oddfd fnnfkt–) Pjfi Ormstrhi` rfturifd th

[ydify, jf mfitchifd th Lfoe Jhword–s spfkcol citfrfst ci jcs whre)

But jf `ovf Lfoe ih cistruktchis os th jhw jf mc`jt odd th tjf Qrcmf

Mcicstfr–s joppcifss)

Lfoe–s orrcvol ot tjf Oustrolcoi jod whrrcfd Frck Lhbbfkef) Jf wos

drowci` jumhur cllustrotchis oid korckoturfs oid jod vcschis hn Lfoe

rfplokci` jcm) Jf osefd Kjrcs Mctkjfll, wjh wos fdcthr ot tjf tcmf,

wjot wos th joppfi) Mctkjfll thld jcm tjfrf whuld bf plfity hn whre nhr fvfryhif oid jf jod ihtjci` th whrry obhut)

Lhbbfkef wos bhri ci ^cfiio, Oustrco, ci ?3>>) Jcs nomcly mhvfd

th Mflbhurif ci ?30; oid tjfi th [ydify ci ?3:1) Jf ottfidfd

Lcidsoy Nhylf 2;?



ouklusf Jc`j oid tjf Roidwcke Tfkjickol Khllf`f, `roduotci` ci

?3:6) Oltjhu`j jf woitfd th whre hi o ifwspopfr, jf spfit twh yfors

whreci` ci o `ropjck dfscì studch) Ci ?3:0, jf opprhokjfd ort dcrfkthr

Ghji Tjhrby) Tjhrby hnnfrfd jcm o ghb cllustrotci`, wjckj jf thhe) Pjfi Rfcd thhe hvfr os fdcthr, jf o`rffd th Lhbbfkef–s su``fstchi hn

drowci` phkeft korthhis hi tjf lfttfrs po`f) Jf thhe hi drowci` tjf

phlctckol korthhi hi tjf [uidoy Tflf`ropj ci 2111) Pctj tjf oddfd

whrelhod, jf nhuid ct dcnnckult th ncid tjf tcmf th drow tjf korthhis nhr

tjf Oustrolcoi oid sh, ci 211?, jod th sthp)

Lcidsoy Nhylf, wjh–d ncllfd ci nhr Lhbbfkef nrhm tcmf th tcmf, wos

osefd th dh tjf lfttfrs korthhi ci 211?) Jf–d stortfd hi tjf Oustrolcoi

ci ?33> oid wos shhi drowci` tjf hdd korthhi) Nhylf wos bhri ci ?344ci [ydify oid drfw khmcks nhr jcs hwi omusfmfit ot Fost Jclls Jc`j)

Jf stortfd hi tjf Docly Tflf`ropj ci lotf ?363, oid ci ?3>? bfkomf o

kodft ortcst hi Fvfr ybhdy–s moòzcif, wjckj sjorfd hnnckfs wctj tjf

Bullftci ) Jf trovfllfd th Fi`loid ci ?3>> oid rfturifd th toef up o ghb

hi tjf Bullftci wjfi Toiifr mhvfd th tjf O`f ci ?3>0) Nrhm tjfrf jf

mhvfd th tjf [uidoy Mocl ci Brcsboif oid tjfi hi th Phmoi–s Doy bfnhrf rfturici` th tjf Bullftci ci ?30;) Ci ?30> Oloi Mhcr oid Qjclcp

Bur`hyif, bhtj tjfi whreci` hi tjf Bullftci , ur`fd jcm th stort

korthhici ) Nhylf bfkomf dfputy fdcthr hn tjf Bullftci ci ?331) Jf wos

mhvfd th OBM * Oustrolcoi Buscifss Mhitjly # ci ?332, wjckj klhsfd ci

?336) By tjfi, tjf Bullftci jod oll but sthppfd ruiici` nrffloikf

korthhis oid wos `hci` tjrhu`j o kcrkulotchi dfklcif)

By kjoikf, Ickjhlshi oid Lfoe orroi`fd th toef tjfcr jhlcdoys ot

tjf somf tcmf ci ?33:) Pjclf tjfrf wos shmf tole hn rf-ruiici` shmf

hn Ickjhlshi–s bfttfr korthhis os o ‚nrcd`f dhhr– khllfktchi, Lcidsoy

Nhylf put o su``fstchi th Ormstrhi` oid Rfcd tjot ct wos o `hhd

kjoikf th `cvf shmfhif flsf o `h) Bhtj tjhu`jt tjf cdfo jod mfrct) GhiEudfleo jford tjrhu`j tjf korthhicst `ropfvcif wjot wos bfci`

khiscdfrfd) ‚C drhvf up th [ydify nrhm Jhbort tjf ifxt doy–, jf rfkolls)

‚C tjfi orroi`fd o mfftci` wctj Rfcd oid Ormstrhi` oid tjfy nhhlcsjly

òvf mf tjf ghb)– Eudfleo wos bhri ci Buricf hi tjf ihrtj khost hn

Tosmoico ci ?302) Tjf ncrst korthhi jf jod publcsjfd wos ci Qorfit moòzcif wjfi jf wos icif) Jf phcits hut7 ‚Mum wos tjf fdcthr ot tjf

tcmf oid wos dfncictfly tjf bfst fdcthr C jovf whrefd wctj–) Pjclf ot tjf

Vicvfrscty hn Tosmoico dhci` o Bokjflhr hn [kcfikf df`rff jf modfbffr oid nhhd mhify sfllci` korthhis th Thòtus moòzcif oid

`hvfrimfit dfportmfits) Jf sfit wjot jf kolls ‚O botkj hn ?1 ownul

korthhis th tjf Bullftci oid modf o solf–) Ci ?334 jf wos osefd cn jf–d




lcef th ncll ci nhr Efv Boclfy ot tjf Mfrkury wjfi jf wfit hi jhlcdoys)

Boclfy rftcrfd ci ?336 oid Eudfleo soys jf ‚bfkomf pfrmoifitcsj–) Ci

211; jf odmcts, ‚Qfhplf stcll ose mf, “wjfi–s Efv khmci` boke8”–

Rfkfitly, jf jos rfturifd th rfùlor phkeft oid fdcthrcol korthhici` citjf Oustrolcoi )

Cith tjf ifw mcllfiicum

Ci Goiuory 2111, wjfi Ickjhlshi oid Lfoe wfrf hi jhlcdoys ot tjfsomf tcmf oòci, Gudy Jhrokfe wos osefd th drow tjf docly korthhinhr o mhitj) [jf wos bhri ci Mhhrhhpio, ^ckthrco, ci ?3>? oidrfmfmbfrs wrctci` oid drowci` nrhm oi forly o`f) [jf dcd orts ot

Mflbhurif Vicvfrscty, oid lotfr o dcplhmo hn Lcbrory [tudcfs, wctjtjf cdfo sjf mc`jt hif doy whre ci oi ort musfum) Ct wos obhut tjcstcmf sjf stortfd drowci` korthhis oid, ci mcd-?330, stortfdkhitrcbutci` korthhis th tjf Oustrolcoi –s Moòzcif , wjfrf jfr whre oppforfd rfùlorly nhr shmf yfors)

Lfoe whi jcs nhurtj Polelfy oword nhr korthhici` ci 2112, oid

Kjrcs Mctkjfll rfturifd th tjf popfr os fdcthr-ci-kjcfn ontfr spfidci`

sfvfi yfors ci Brcsboif hi tjf Khurcfr-Mocl ) Ci Nfbruory 211;, Lfoe

opprhokjfd Mctkjfll obhut jcs khitrokt, wjckj jod rui cts khursf ci211? oid jod iht bffi rfifwfd) Mctkjfll soys, ‚C supphsf yhu–rf jfrf

th tole obhut yhur khitrokt–) Lfoe rfplcfs, ‚Sfs–) Mctkjfll tjfi phcits

hut, ‚C supphsf yhu–rf `hci` th ose mf nhr mhrf mhify–) Lfoe rfplcfs,

‚Sfs–) Mctkjfll tjfi soys, ‚C supphsf yhu–rf `hci` th tfll mf yhu woit

Qftfr Ickjhlshi–s ghb–) Lfoe, `hci` olhi` wctj tjf spcrct hn tjf

khivfrsotchi, oòci rfplcfs, ‚Sfs–) Tjfi, th Lfoe–s surprcsf, Mctkjfll

rfsphids, ‚Pfll, C tjcie C–m `hci` th soy “yfs” th fvfrytjci`–)

Tjcs jod iht bffi wjot Lfoe jod fxpfktfd) Mctkjfll tjfi fxplocifd

tjot jf jod bffi tjcieci` obhut wjot th dh th strfi`tjfi tjf popfr–s

usf hn korthhis) Jf jod twh thp korthhicsts oid bhtj jod iotchiol

prhnclfs, but tjf popfr wos hily `fttci` hif `hhd korthhi o doy hut hn

tjfm) Pjot jf woitfd th dh wos th mhvf Lfoe hith docly korthhis oid

`ft Ickjhlshi th drow o phkeft korthhi nhr tjf nrhit po`f) Pjclf ct

mc`jt jovf bffi foscfr th `ft Lfoe th drow tjf phkefts, bfkousf jf wos

ci tjf [ydify hnnckf oid Ickjhlshi ci Mflbhurif, Mctkjfll tjhu`jt

Ickjhlshi–s stylf whuld bf mhrf odoptoblf th dhci` tjf phkefts) Jf

olsh woitfd th effp Ickjhlshi hkkupcfd wctj shmf bc``fr whre cihtjfr ports hn tjf popfr, thh)

Lcidsoy Nhylf 2;;



Lfoe wos joppy wctj wjot wos prhphsfd) Vidfrstoidobly,

Ickjhlshi wos iht cmprfssfd ot ncrst) Ct mfoit o thtol kjoi`f ci tjf woy

jf hpfrotfd, oid, cistfod hn ncicsjci` tjf doy wjfi jcs korthhi wos

dhif, jf whuld ihw jovf th stoy ot jcs dfse uitcl tjf nrhit-po`f sthry wos kjhsfi) Ickjhlshi oid Lfoe thhe hi tjfcr ifw dutcfs ci Morkj

211;)

Pjclf tjf Oustrolcoi jos `cvfi o nfw korthhicsts tjf hpphrtuicty th

jovf o iotchiol prhnclf, ct josi–t brhu`jt lostci` nomf) Qckefrci` cs bfst

rfmfmbfrfd nhr jcs gui`lf khmck, wjckj jf drfw nhr tjf Nocrnox

ifwspopfrs, oid tjf kolfidors jf drfw hn ioefd phlctckcois) Mctkjfll,

wjh fitfrtocifd rfodfrs hn tjf Oustrolcoi nhr olmhst ncntffi yfors, cs oll

but nhr`httfi) Lfoe cs bfttfr eihwi nhr jcs ihi-wciici` fitrcfs ci tjf Orkjcbold prczf tjoi jcs korthhis) Ickjhlshi cs rfmfmbfrfd nhr jcs

oicmotfd korthhis oid jcs puppfts tjot roi hi tflfvcschi) Tjf iomfs

hn mhst hn tjf htjfrs jovf lopsfd nrhm publck mfmhry) Jhwfvfr,

moiy pfhplf stcll osshkcotf Brukf Qftty wctj tjf Oustrolcoi fvfi tjhu`j

jcs korthhis jovf bffi ruiici` ci tjf O`f lhi`fr) Qfhplf olsh tfll jcm

jhw mukj tjfy fighyfd jcs kolfidors hn ioefd phlctckcois)

[tcll, tjf fxkctfmfit hn tjf ghb cs phtfit) Os Bcll Lfoe thld mf ci

2114, ‚C–vf bffi korthhici` nhr hvfr twfity yfors oid C stcll lhvf ct)

Pjfi C eihw C–vf `ht shmftjci` ci tjf popfr C gust koi–t woct th `ft

dhwi th tjf ifwso`fits ci tjf mhrici` th sff jhw ct lhhes–)




?4

Qhlctckol Mhrolcsts ontfr o Nosjchi7

Brukf Qftty oid Qotrcke Khhe

More Tjhmos

Tjf whre hn Brukf Qftty oid Qotrcke Khhe fxfmplcncfs o lht hn tjf

`hhd quolctcfs ci Oustrolcoi phlctckol korthhici`, oid hily o nfw hn

tjf bod hifs) Oltjhu`j tjfy orf bhtj ot tjf thp hn tjfcr prhnfsschi,

Qftty oid Khhe moy sffm oi hddly mcxfd pocr, khmci` nrhm

dcnnfrfit `fifrotchis, usci` dcsporotf tfkjicqufs ci tjfcr kront,

nhkusci` hi dcvfr`fit tor`fts) Cn fokj khuld bf summfd up ci hif

whrd olhif, tjfi ‚jumoicst– mc`jt bf tjf ihui hn kjhckf nhr Qftty,

wjclf ‚crhicst– mc`jt bfttfr suct Khhe)

Tjf dcstoikf bftwffi tjf twh whrds mc`jt su``fst tjot o jumoicst,

plyci` jcs trodf os o phlctckol korthhicst, cs mhrf lcefly th bf shmfwjot

ecidfr oid `fitlfr *tjhu`j iht civorcobly sh#, pfrjops o lcttlf mhrf

hptcmcstck *but iht obhut fvfrytjci`#, phsscbly mhrf pfrturbfd hr

citrc`ufd *hr bhtj# by tjfmfs hn cigustckf oid cifquolcty) Nhr jcs port,

tjf crhicst moy bf bluitfr, sjorpfr, prfporfd th sefwfr oll sokrfd khws

bfkousf jf tfids hr kjfrcsjfs ihif hn jcs hwi) Pjclf o jumoicst moy

bf mhrf prfdcktoblf, oi crhicst mc`jt bf mhrf krufl) Pjfrf oi crhicst

mc`jt try th bf jord-jfodfd, o jumoicst khuld stcll woit th bf shnt-

jfortfd) Tjhsf brhod dcstciktchis koi foscly bf rfdukfd th korckoturf,

but, ontfr oll, wf orf dcskussci` korckoturfs ci korthhis th bf`ci wctj)

Bhtj Qftty oid Khhe, os jumoicst oid crhicst, orf phlctckol mhrolcsts

ontfr o nosjchi) Tjfy moy iht bf ombctchus fihu`j th sffe th dfncif nhrus `hhd oid bod ci tjf rfolm hn phlctcks, but tjfy dh kfrtocily try th

fstoblcsj wciifrs oid lhsfrs, vcktcms oid tor`fts, hr—ci o woy—bod

oid whrsf)



Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2;>

Ci Oustrolco, korthhicsts rfnlfkt, oid krystollcsf, phlctckol tjhu`jt,

oid tjfi tjfy moef pfhplf tjcie, gust os mukj os dh htjfr nhrms hn

phlctckol dcskhursf) Tjot gud`mfit cs iht ifkfssorcly mukj hn o

khmplcmfit th vorchus htjfr nhrms hn dcskhursf, wjftjfrporlcomfitory spffkjfs, phlctckol plotnhrms, phlctckcois– mfmhcrs,

ifwspopfr fdcthrcols hr khlumis) Nhr korthhicsts, `fifrolly, oid nhr

Qftty oid Khhe fspfkcolly, phlctckol korthhis jovf bffi mfoit th sfrvf

os o woef-up koll) Ihbhdy nhrms tjfcr phlctckol hpcichis nrhm o

korthhi, oiy mhrf tjoi tjfy whuld nrhm, soy, o bcllbhord, hr o slhòi,

hr oi fdcthrcol) Korthhis koi, jhwfvfr, ghlt o rfodfr cith tjcieci`, tjfi

tjcieci` oòci, hr fvfi korci` obhut shmftjci`) Tjfy koi stcke ci o

rfodfr–s mfmhry—os tjfy dh ci o phlctckcoi–s krow) C jovf ifvfr sffiphlctckcois mhrf vfxfd tjoi wjfi tjfy jovf bffi nhrkfd th sunnfr tjfcr

khllfoùfs– omusfmfit ot korthhis sefwfrci` tjfcr prftfischis, nhllcfs

hr wocstlcifs)

Ci shmf woys, phlctckol korthhicsts mc`jt bf khmporfd th sjhke

ghkes hi tole-boke rodch) Bhtj korckoturf tjfcr hpphifits, khidfisf

dfbotfs th tjf borfst nfw hn tjfcr borf fssfitcols, oid krystollcsf hpcichi

nhr oid oòcist shmftjci`—portckulorly oòcist) Korthhicsts hn tjf

stoidci` hn Qftty oid Khhe khuld rfoshiobly orùf, ihiftjflfss, tjot

tjfy ply tjfcr trodf ci mhrf subtlf, mhrf cmo`ciotcvf oid mhrf

khistruktcvf woys tjoi tole-boke rodch koi dh)

Qftty jos put tjot phcit rotjfr mhrf flhqufitly, ci orùci` tjot

korthhicsts ‚odd th tjf sfisctcvcty hn o khmmuicty–) Tjot cs o jumoicst

spfoeci`, o korthhicst hntfi khikfrifd th olfrt jcs rfodfrs th oi

cigustckf prfvchusly toefi nhr `roitfd hr oi uinocrifss forlcfr cìhrfd)

Tjf jumoicst ci Qftty moy bf o bct dcdoktck) Os o rfdffmci` nfoturf, tjf

fd`fs ci Qftty–s lfsshis orf usuolly shntfifd by jcs studchusly sfln-

dfprfkothry moiifr5 jf moio`fs th bf bhtj wjcmsckol oid whrrcfd)Nhr dfkodfs ihw, Qftty–s korthhis jovf nfoturfd hrdciory pfhplf,

krusjfd by tjf phwfrs tjot bf, kruikjfd by uilukey kcrkumstoikfs, hr

khistrocifd by tjf phwfr wjckj mhify `cvfs th htjfrs) Nhle lcef tjot

oppfor os tjf ncùrfs ci Qftty–s korthhis squosjfd lcef cisfkts uidfr hr

wctjci tjhsf `rhtfsqufly `còitck mokjcifs hn dfstruktchi wjckj Qftty

lcefs th drow)

Qftty dhfs iht lft up) Fvfi Oustrolco–s rfturi th tjf shkkfr Phrld

Kup ci 211>, oi fvfit fivflhpfd ci sfitcmfitolcty oid kjouvcicsm,prhmptfd jcm th musf oòci obhut hpprfsschi oid fxplhctotchi) Jf

drfw jcs kjoroktfrcstck, hrdciory Oustrolcoi—bfmusfd, bonnlfd,

nrc`jtfifd oid wctjhut o proyfr—os o ‚sukefrhh–) Tjcs uinhrtuiotf



Tjhsf korthhis, ot lfost, orf ih lou`jci` mottfr) Hi hkkoschi, tjfy

orf mfoit th fxphsf tjf mfkjoicks hn hpprfsschi, hr fvfi khispcrokcfs

oòcist tjf publck `hhd) Tjf khiuidrum nhr Qftty cs tjot jcs dcdoktck

purphsf moy bf lhst hi ihrmol rfodfrs, wjh moy wfll tjcie tjot jcsdco`roms orf scmply o nocr rfprfsfitotchi hn tjci`s os tjfy orf, rotjfr

tjoi o krctcquf hn tjci`s os tjfy sjhuld iht bf)

Khhe, ci jcs turi, jos khmporfd korthhici` wctj fdcthrcolcsci`, hi

tjf boscs tjot bhtj typfs hn oiolysts try th khmmfit hi ifws nrhm tjf

mhrol jc`j `rhuid) Oiy khmmfitothr, cikludci` o korthhicst hr oi

fdcthrcol wrctfr, mc`jt ossumf tjfy jovf o prfrhòtcvf rc`jt th hkkupy

tjot jc`j `rhuid) Fdcthrcolcsci`, wjftjfr by wrctci` hr by drowci`,

cmplcfs toeci` o stoid, jovci` o vcfw, hr orùci` tjf thss) Ci tjcskhitfxt, Khhe jos rfmcidfd jcs rfodfrs tjot tjfrf cs ih sukj tjci` os

oi hbgfktcvf korthhi) ‚Hbgfktcvf– jfrf khuld mfoi fctjfr ‚nocr– hr

‚boloikfd–) Khhe jos iht bffi uiduly trhublfd by nocrifss hr boloikf)

Tjhsf quolctcfs gust mutf hr dclutf wjot yhu woit th soy) Rotjfr, jf jos

bffi cmpudfit oid nforlfss ci `cvci` hnnfikf, wjftjfr th [jorco khurts,

Gopoifsf thurcsts, olmc`jty @hd hr tjf phwfrs tjot bf)

Os olwoys, ci tfrms hn swoyci` hpcichi, hif pckturf mc`jt bf whrtj

o tjhusoid whrds) Crhicsts orf lfss khikfrifd th tfokj us lfsshis7 tjfcr

thhl hn kjhckf cs mhrf hntfi o do``fr tjoi o blokebhord) Ci plokf hn

Qftty–s dfpcktchi hn put-uphi, trhddfi-uphi ncùrfs, Khhe jos hntfi

drowi hrdciory pfhplf os quczzckol hbsfrvfrs, stoidci` hnn th hif scdf

hn tjf oktchi, iht bonnlfd by fvfits hr blunnfd by tjfcr bhssfs but

mfrfly uikhivcikfd by wjot cs `hci` hi orhuid tjfm) Ci moiy o Khhe

korthhi, o moi hr o whmoi stoids nlot-nhhtfd, mfrfly nlummhxfd by

tjf fnnrhitfry hn tjhsf bhssci` tjfm orhuid) Khhe–s vfrschis hn

hrdciory pfhplf moy iht eihw thh mukj but tjfy olwoys eihw fihu`j

th bf uicmprfssfd by tjf whrld orhuid tjfm)Nhr Qftty–s oid Khhe–s korthhis, tjf truf stoidord hn rfnfrfikf moy

bf iht sh mukj fdcthrcols os ifwspopfr pjhth`ropjs) Korthhis orf th

khmmfit wjot pjhth`ropjs orf th phlctckol ifws) Bhtj jflp th

fstoblcsj jhw wf dfncif oid rfkoll cssufs, ot lfost os mfosurfd by jhw

wf dcmcicsj oid rcdckulf pfrshiolctcfs) Ci sffeci` tjfcr docly hif-lcifr,

korthhicsts lhhe nhr blhhd ci tjf wotfr, oid tjfy iffd th dh sh bluitly

oid kollhusly) O pjhth`ropj mc`jt sfrvf tjf somf nuiktchi, oltjhu`j

pjhth`ropjs lfid tjfmsflvfs lfss rfodcly th sloit oid th spci tjoi dhkorthhis)

Qftty oid Khhe bhtj jovf tjf kopokcty th usf o drowci`, lcef o

pjhth`ropj, th khidfisf oid dcstcl oi cssuf) Pjot tjfy drow cs iht tjf

Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2;:



lctfrol trutj tjot pjhth`ropjy hnnfrs, but shmftjci` wf rfkh`icsf oid

okeihwlfd`f os hif vfrschi hn tjf trutj) Khhe cs portckulorly secllfd ot

dhci` tjot ci jcs cllustrotfd ‚Iht tjf ifws– khlumi ot tjf boke hn tjf

Bullftci ) Tjfrf, jcs fxo``frotchis—ci prhsf oid ci pckturfs—whre bfkousf tjfy try th rfprfsfit wjot phlctckcois whuld dh cn tjfy hily jod

o nrff rfci hr wjot tjfy whuld soy cn hily tjfy wfrf pfrmcttfd th spfoe

tjfcr mcids) Tjfrf, tjf whrld hn phlctcks khuld bf phpulotfd by

korckoturfs, rcdckulfd ci prcit, mhkefd ci korthhis, oid rfghckci` ci

iomfs lcef Khlhifl _uokebcskuct, Ftjfl [troi`lfr oid tjf Oyothlloj

Kolc`ulo)

Bhtj Qftty oid Khhe jovf bffi tfmptfd th fxpoid tjf lcmcts th

tjfcr kront, th usf tjfcr pfi th wrctf os wfll os th drow) Tjfy jovf bhtj vfiturfd hut cith htjfr ncflds hn wjot possfs nhr lctfroturf, usci` tjfcr

korthhici` seclls os bollost nhr wcdfr whres) Qftty, nhr fxomplf, jos

wrcttfi obhut mhify, whmfi oid mfi, oid [hutj-Fost Osco) Jf jos

cllustrotfd bhhes obhut o dh` obhut thwi, tjf ‚ifw Rc`jt–, rfodci`s ci

mc`roit jfoltj, rfkcpfs ‚nhr wjfi yhu–rf jui`ry–, oid o jcsthry hn

rubbfr)

Khhe jos iht nlo``fd fctjfr) Jcs whre jos odhrifd o kjcldrfi–s ghef

bhhe, o lcst hn iomfs *hr ‚wjot iht th koll tjf boby–#, o ecds– olmoiok,

oid jcs hwi sfrcfs hi tjf mod-os-o-kut-sioef odvfiturfs hn Flmfr tjf

Rot) Jf jos dhif prhduktchis hn ‚Koptoci Lozor oid jcs fortjbhuid

kcrkus– nhr tjf Morchifttf Tjfotrf, lhts hn bcrtjdoy kords, T-sjcrts nhr

Qjoithm Qrhduktchis, oid fvfi o php-up rfidctchi hn ‚Poltzci`

Motcldo– nhr tjf possci` thurcst trodf) Khhe olsh khllobhrotfd wctj

Lourcf Hoefs hi tjf Bullftci , prhvcdci` tjf cllustrotchis nhr Hoefs–s

phlctckol rhuid-up khlumi) Tjot wos o mhst ortnul fxfrkcsf ci

symbchscs, scikf bhtj wrctfr oid korthhicst sjorpfifd oid nhkusfd fokj

htjfr–s phcits) Ci oddctchi, krhssci` nrhm hif nhrm hn sotcrf th oihtjfr,Khhe khitrcbutfd nhr yfors th tjf tflfvcschi khmfdy Tjf @cllcfs Rfphrt )

Iht oll tjhsf vfiturfs jovf bffi o `rfot sukkfss) Ihiftjflfss, oll

jovf drowi hi tjf portckulor strfi`tjs dfvflhpfd ci Qftty–s oid Khhe–s

korthhici`, oid drowi nrhm tjf oicmotci` khikfris dfvflhpfd ci tjot

whre) Tjf sthke tjfmfs hn tjf jumoicst, tjf crhicst oid tjf mhrolcsts

rfkur fvfrywjfrf)

Nhur dfkodfs o`h, nhr cistoikf, Brukf Qftty hbsfrvfd ci tjf prfnokf

th o khllfktchi hn jcs korthhis * Tjf Bfst hn Qftty # tjot ‚ct must hkkur thoiyhif stcll oiokjrhicstck fihu`j th bf mhrolcsci` ci tjf ?3>1s tjot

khrrfktci` tjf jumoi spfkcfs cs iht `hci` th bf fosy–) Jf wfit hi th

rfmore mhrf `rcmly tjot ‚ct cs ih lhi`fr klfor wjot hur spfkcfs whuld

More Tjhmos 2;3



rfòrd os rcdckulhus hr borborhus, lft olhif bhtj–)2 Tjf phcit hn

fxjumci` tjhsf quhtotchis nrhm ?3>: cs th hbsfrvf jhw dh``fdly

*noctjnully, cn yhu lcef# Qftty jos stuke th jcs ùis) Os hif hn jcs

korthhici` khllfoùfs, @fhnn Qryhr, jos hbsfrvfd, Qftty jos dhifrfmoreobly khiscstfit whre) Jf jos iht hily efpt th oi uinlo``ci`,

jc`j stoidord ci jcs korthhis, but jos trfotfd jcs rfodfrs wctj rfspfkt,

iht rfshrtci` th kjfop hr fosy sjhts ot tjf fxpfisf hn jcs rfodfrs hr jcs

tor`fts) O jumoicst moy bf prfdcktoblf, ci port, bfkousf jf rfmocis

lhyol)

Qftty jos gust efpt hi plu``ci` hi, o truf bflcfvfr, oicmotfd by ‚tjf

voùf shrt hn ihtchi hn o mhrf gust shkcfty–) Jumoicsm, tjhu`j, dhfs

iht rfolly jovf o `hhd iomf ci Oustrolco) Ncdflcty koi sffm hld-nosjchifd) Ciihkfikf moy bf mcstoefi nhr iocvfty) Tjhsf wjh

dftfrmcifdly rfmoci shnt-jfortfd koi bf molcìfd os shnt-jfodfd) Nfw

htjfr phlctckol khmmfitothrs whuld jovf fmulotfd Qftty wjfi jf

citrhdukfd hif bhhe by mfitchici` tjot jcs novhurctf jhbby wos

moeci` thmoth soukf soidwckjfs * Qftty–s Oustrolco #; hr oihtjfr by

oseci` cn tjf pfrshi wjh jod bhrrhwfd jcs bcef forlcfr ci tjf yfor khuld

phsscbly brci` tjot boke * Tjf Bfst hn Qftty #)4 Nfwfr stcll whuld fxprfss

khikfri, os Qftty ihw dhfs, tjot tjfrf moy bf oi fxkfss hn sotcrf hut citjf moreft, oid o prfnfrfikf by tjf publck nhr sotcrf hvfr okkurotf

oiolyscs)

Khhe, portckulorly os o skrcptwrctfr hi Tjf @cllcfs Rfphrt hr tjf

outjhr hn ‚Iht tjf ifws–, ncts mhrf cith tjf ih-moi-lfnt-stoidci`

skjhhl hn phlctckol sotcrf) Tjf dcstoikf bftwffi jcm oid Qftty cs

summfd up iht hily ci tjf dcstciktchi bftwffi o jumoicst oid oi

crhicst, but olsh ci twh korthhis tjfy drfw th khmmfmhrotf tjf dfmcsf

hn tjf Pjctlom `hvfrimfit)Qftty–s wos o wcld nlc`jt hn noiky, o jumoicst–s phcìoit—cn slc`jtly

oitck—lomfit nhr ‚tjf hikf oid nuturf eci`–) Pjctlom wos dfpcktfd

trud`ci` hnn hi jcs woy th krukcncxchi ot Kolvory, jovci` gust pullfd tjf

swhrd nrhm tjf sthif) Qftty–s lovcsjly mcxfd mftopjhrs *Eci` Ortjur

mffts Gfsus Kjrcst#, jcs rufnully dore sjodci` hn tjf skfif, jcs juikjfd

oid brhhdci` drowci` hn Pjctlom, oll tjhsf nfoturfs fijoikfd o

polpoblf sfisf hn lhss hi tjf port hn tjf korthhicst jcmsfln)

Khhe, by khitrost, wos mhrf brutol oid pfrjops mhrf opt) Jf drfw Pjctlom os Eci` Ehi`, dfod ot tjf bosf hn tjf Fmpcrf [totf Bucldci )

O possci` strfft klfoifr cs osefd7 ‚dcd jf noll hr wos jf pusjfd–) Jf

oiswfrs, lokhickolly but okkurotfly7 ‚yfs–) Tjot korthhi plokfd ctsfln




squorfly ci oi Oustrolcoi trodctchi hn rhu`j-oid-tumblf, toef-ih-

prcshifrs oid h-tjf-bcnn) Th Khhe–s krfdct, ct olsh thld o trutj obhut tjf

Pjctlom `hvfrimfit, pfrjops mhrf tjoi Qftty–s dcd)

Khhe–s phcit hn vcfw cs jordfr th pci dhwi tjoi Qftty–s) Ontfr oll,crhicsts orf mfoit th prfsfit o mhvci` tor`ft) Tjf prckf hn crhiy cs tjot

Khhe jos hkkoschiolly bffi ossoclfd os o smort-orsf, bfit hi dfrcdci`

oid dcmcicsjci` fvfryhif ci sc`jt) Jcs phlctckol khmmfitory jos bffi

krctckcsfd os rfnlfktci` bod gud`mfit, shmf hn jcs korthhis os

rfprfsfitci` bod tostf) Tjf krctcks mc`jt jovf ci mcid tjf hpfici`

korthhi ci Jht oid Pft 6, wjckj nfoturfs o secijfod wosjci` jfr

bokescdf ci o Louidrhmot wjclf rfodci` o khpy hn tjf moòzcif Qus )

Khhe cs klfvfr, ci oll tjf vorchus khiihtotchis hn tjot whrd7 sjorp,okutf, olfrt, cikcscvf) Klfvfr cs tjf bfdrhke ottrcbutf tjot o korthhicst cs

mfoit th phssfss) Klfvfrifss dhfs iht khiihtf wcsdhm) Qftty prhbobly

sphef hi bfjoln hn o nfw hn jcs khllfoùfs ci ihtci` wcstnully tjot, cn

jf jod whrefd ci dfscì hr orkjctfkturf, ihbhdy whuld bhtjfr th

whidfr obhut jcs pfrshiol hpcichis) O korthhicst dhfs iht ifkfssorcly

jovf oiy `rfotfr trocici`, fxpfrcfikf hr seclls ci phlctckol khmmfitory

tjoi oiy hn tjf rfst hn us) Jcs, hr jfr, spfkcol tolfit moy lcf flsfwjfrf,

ci fmbfllcsjci` o dftocl hr ci moeci` us lou`j) O korthhicst moy bf oblf

th sff phlctckol lcnf okutfly, wctjhut sffci` tjrhu`j ct)

Tjot gud`mfit moy bf truf os o `fifrol prhphsctchi, wctjhut cts

opplyci` nocrly th Qftty hr Khhe) Ifctjfr hn tjfm drows mukj bfttfr

tjoi tjf poke hn htjfr Oustrolcoi korthhicsts, oid @fhnn Qryhr ci tjf

Koibfrro Tcmfs , nhr hif, cs o nor mhrf prfkcsf, dcskfrici` ortcst tjoi

fctjfr Khhe hr Qftty) Tjfcr korthhis whre bfkousf hn tjfcr wct oid tjfcr

cisc`jt mhrf tjoi tjfcr cllustrotchis) Nhr Qftty oid Khhe, drowci` cs oi

fxfrkcsf nhr tjf broci ncrst, iht gust tjf tjoi tjf joid)

Turici` boke th phlctcks, wjot dh Khhe oid Qftty hnnfr us—os tjfrfodfr, tjf publck, hr tjf vhtfr—tjot wf khuld iht hbtoci nrhm htjfr

nhrms hn phlctckol khmmfitory8 Th bf`ci wctj, tjfcr whre moy

rfcinhrkf stfrfhtypfs wjckj wf okkfpt thh foscly oid opply thh lcbly) Ci

o burst hn phftck lckfisf, hif hn Khhe–s korthhis sjhws twh tffio`frs

rfodci` flfktchi prhmcsfs) *Tjfy moy wfll rotjfr bf rfodci` Qus )# Hif

ecd hpcifs7 ‚opporfitly tjfy–rf vhtci` nhr o dfod joid, o dfod jfod, hr

o dfod lhss–) Tjfrf cs ih khuitfrport Qftty korthhi, oltjhu`j jcs

gud`mfits hi tjf phst-Pjctlom phlctckol loidskopf moy iht jovfoltfrfd mukj nrhm tjhsf ci o ?306 korthhi tjot dfpcktfd Qorlcomfit

Jhusf os o troci wrfke, wctj hif bfdro``lfd survcvhr yfllci` hut7 ‚ihw

ct–s fvfry phlctckol hpphrtuicst nhr jcmsfln –)

More Tjhmos 24?



Tjhsf ghefs wfrf nuiiy fihu`j hi tjfcr doy *tjfy stcll orf#, but

korthhis hn tjot shrt—doy ontfr doy, subgfkt ontfr subgfkt, yfor ontfr

yfor—moy bf khrrhscvf) Tjfy moy bf hif smoll nokthr jflpci` th

khincrm *cn wf iffd hr sffe oiy khincrmotchi# Oustrolcois– nfflci`s hn dcsclluschimfit, dcsopphcitmfit oid dfnfotcsm obhut phlctcks) Rotjfr

tjoi cispcrci` us th dh o bct bfttfr, wjckj moy bf Qftty–s uidfrlyci`

citfitchi, tjfy moy jflp th pfrsuodf us tjot ihtjci` mukj koi bf dhif

ot oll, oid tjot wf sjhuld gust `cvf up) Tjot lcif hn orùmfit moy lfod

us th hif fssfitcol nolloky, blomci` phlctckcois rotjfr tjoi hursflvfs nhr

hur iotchiol prhblfms)

Pjfi tjfy fxploci tjfcr phlctckol lcifo`f hr lfoici`s, Qftty oid Khhe

jovf hntfi shuidfd quctf olcef) Tjfy bhtj sffm th stort wctj oi obcdci` noctj ci tjf Oustrolcoi pfhplf) Qftty–s Oustrolco , nhr cistoikf, khikludfs

hi oi onnfktchiotfly hptcmcstck ihtf, dfklorci` tjot ‚tjfrf rfmocis o

`hhd-jumhurfd, lfoi-gowfd hptcmcsm *ci Oustrolco# ci spctf hn tjf

hkkoschiol cshlotfd kry hn poick–) [cmclorly, ci khivfrsotchi, jf jos

tolefd obhut Oustrolco os ‚oi omozci`ly spfkcol plokf nhr hrdciory

pfhplf–)

Khhe storts nrhm o phpulcsm iht tjot nor rfmhvfd nrhm Qftty–s) Jf

jos khitfidfd tjot ‚outjhrcty jos th bf forifd, but phwfr koi bf

sthlfi–) Jf jos orùfd tjot tjf tose hn tjf phlctckol korthhicst cs th moef

mhrf dcnnckult oiy orbctrory fxfrkcsf hn phwfr) Qhlctckcois, ci Khhe–s

vcfw, orf flfktfd hi tjfcr hwi opprocsol hn tjfmsflvfs, tjfi rf-

flfktfd—hr thssfd hut—hi tjf flfkthrotf–s voluotchi) By o sfkhid

tfrm, ci Khhe–s fstcmotchi, tjf flfkthrotf sjhuld jovf sffi tjrhu`j oid

whefi up th cts ifw lfodfr)

Tjhsf ùcdci` prfkfpts su``fst shmf opprhokjfs ci khmmhi

bftwffi tjf twh korthhicsts) Nhr bhtj, oltjhu`j Qftty cs tjf hldfr hn

tjf twh, tjf wor ci ^cftiom oid tjf dcsmcssol hn tjf Pjctlom`hvfrimfit lhi` sfrvfd os phcits hn rfnfrfikf) Bhtj fsphusf

phpulcsm, ci tjf spfkcnck sfisf tjot tjfy tfid th tjcie wfll hn hrdciory

pfhplf *Oustrolcois, tjot cs# oid dh iht lcef th sff tjfm put uphi) Bhtj

jovf bffi khiscstfitly skfptckol, th soy tjf lfost, ci tjfcr gud`mfits

obhut pfhplf wctj mhify oid phwfr) Ot hif phcit, Qftty jos fvfi

tolefd obhut o nhrm hn mhdfri nfudolcsm, ci wjckj hif `rhup ottfmpts

th joi` hi th seclls oid wfoltj, turici` tjfcr nloies hr klhsci` roies

wjfi tjrfotfifd)Bhtj whuld prhbobly phsctchi tjfmsflvfs brhodly hi tjf Lfnt,

oltjhu`j iht uicnhrmly sh) Khhe, ci portckulor, jos rfsfrvfd shmf

nfrhkchus krctckcsm nhr tjhsf jf rfòrdfd, rc`jtly hr wrhi`ly, os bullcfs




typf hn dciifr porty ùfst, tjf wospcsj hif wctj o sjorp fyf oid

sjorpfr thiùf, wjhsf khmmfitory hi fvfryhif–s noclci`s cs fxtrfmfly

nuiiy uitcl yhu pfrshiolly bfkhmf tjf butt nhr jcs fyf oid thiùf)

Khhe jos prfsfitfd ih Qftty-typf wcrci` dco`roms) Jf josdcoìhsfd htjfrs– prhblfms, mhkefd htjfrs– nhcblfs, porhdcfd htjfrs–

spffkjfs, dcssfktfd htjfrs– wrctci`s, rcdckulfd htjfrs– shlutchis, but iht

shu`jt oiy hn tjf hrdfr oid khjfrfikf wjckj Qftty jos jfld dfor *but

wjckj Qftty–s hwi drowci`s hntfi sffm th mhke hr dfiy#) Jf jos bffi

mhrf òdnly tjoi pcl`rcm)

‚@odnly–, tjhu`j, su``fsts o nlcppoiky ci moiifr oid purphsf, oid

tjfrfnhrf dhfs iht dh Khhe gustckf) Moeci` pfhplf lou`j—bfnhrf tjfy

yflp, wcikf, `rhoi hr `rumblf—cs o rorf tolfit) Khhe jos bffi fd`y,brovf oid citfllc`fit, ci wrctci` oid drowci` moiy jhmf trutjs wjckj

mhst hn us moy iht dorf hr korf th soy) O korthhicst-kum-khlumicst

mc`jt shmftcmfs sfrvf os o khiskcfikf thh) Oustrolco dhfs iht sustoci

oi fqucvolfit hn ‚Qrcvotf Fyf– hr ‚Lf Koiord Fikjocif –, but wf jovf

modf dh) Pf jovf jod Qotrcke Khhe)

Pf moy bhtj uidfr-voluf oid hvfr-voluf hur phlctckol korthhicsts, os

wf dh mhst tjci`s ci Oustrolco) Pf moy uidfr-voluf tjfm by krctckcsci`

wfll-fstoblcsjfd korthhicsts os toll phppcfs, by cdfitcnyci` tjfm wctj

hif spfkcnck phlctckol phcit hn vcfw, hr by orùci` tjot tjfy—

ifkfssorcly—hvfr-scmplcny cssufs oid fiò`f ci o nhrm hn korthhi

rfduktchicsm) Pf moy hvfr-voluf tjfm by klocmci` tjot hur korthhici`

trodctchi cs hif hn tjf mhst lhi`-stoidci` oid vcbroit ci tjf whrld, oid

tjot khitfmphrory korthhicsts whrtjcly khincrm oid khishlcdotf tjot

trodctchi) Tjot lcif hn orùmfit usuolly poys ot lfost lcp-sfrvckf th Qot

Hlcpjoit oid Dovcd Lhw, Oustrolcois wjh sukkffdfd os phlctckol

korthhicsts ci Posjci`thi oid Lhidhi, rfspfktcvfly)

Qftty oid Khhe dh iht iffd th bf fctjfr uidfr- hr hvfr-volufd) Tjfy orf iht oseci` nhr rfspfkt hr sffeci` opplousf) Tjfy jovf bffi

tryci` th moef o phcit oid th moef us ihtckf) Khmporfd wctj lfodfr

wrctfrs, khlumicsts oid khmmfitothrs, Qftty oid Khhe jovf bffi

hblc`fd th whre th rflfitlfssly tc`jt dfodlcifs, th dh tjfcr tjcieci` oid

drowci` ci cshlotchi, oid th hnnfr o vcfw hi fvfry cssuf `hci`)

Khmporfd wctj tjhsf htjfr hbsfrvfrs hn phlctcks, Qftty oid Khhe jovf

efpt hi ncidci` woys hn soyci` tjci`s tjot mottfr obhut phlctcks)




Fidihtfs

Kjoptfr 4

? Citfriotchiol khlumicst oid outjhr @wyiif Dyfr, Koibfrro Tcmfs ,: Nfbruory 211>, p ?6)

Kjoptfr >

? Nhr oi fxplhrotchi hn tjfsf cssufs, sff J Moiici` . R Qjcddcoi, ‚Tjfphlctckol korthhicst oid tjf fdcthr–, Qokcnck Ghuriolcsm Rfvcfw , vhl ??, ih 2,[fptfmbfr 2116, pp ?20‛61)

2 Klosscnckotchi *Qublckotchis, Nclms oid Khmputfr @omfs# Okt ?336 *Ktj#, s 6*dfncictchi hn ‚submcttoblf publckotchi–#)

; Nhr fxomplf, tjf Robflocs kosf upjfld tjf rfnusol hn klosscnckotchi th ostudfit ifwspopfr hi tjf boscs tjot oi ortcklf fitctlfd ‚Tjf ort hn sjhplcntci`– cistruktfd ci mottfrs hn krcmf hn vchlfikf7 Brhwi v Mfmbfrs hn

tjf Klosscnckotchi Rfvcfw Bhord hn tjf Hnnckf hn Nclm oid Lctfroturf Klosscnckotchi *?330# ?64 OLR >0)

4 [ff, nhr fxomplf, Rokcol Dcskrcmciotchi Okt ?306 *Ktj#, s ?:D *o#)6 [ff Klosscnckotchi *Qublckotchis, Nclms oid Khmputfr @omfs# Okt ?336 *Ktj#

oid ci portckulor tjf Iotchiol Klosscnckotchi Khdf, wjckj cs o [kjfdulf thtjot Okt)

> [olly Polefr, Tjf Low hn Ghuriolcsm ci Oustrolco , Low Bhhe Khmpoiy,[ydify, ?3:3, p ?;6) [ff olsh [olly Polefr, Mfdco Low7 Khmmfitory oid Motfrcols , LBK Cinhrmotchi [frvckfs, [ydify, 2111, pp ?;2‛;)

0 F Joidslfy . @ Dovcs, ‚Dfnomotchi oid sotcrf7 Joishi v Oustrolcoi Brhodkostci` Khrphrotchi –, Thrts Low Ghuriol , vhl 3, 211?, p ?)

: ^oidfr Wolm v Tcmfs Qublcsjfrs *?3:1# ?13 DLR 6;?)3 Jorry [fcdlfr oid Osshkcotfs Qty Ltd v Ghji Nocrnox oid [his Ltd *?3:># Oust

Thrt Rfps :1‛112) Ct cs whrtj ihtci` tjot tjf suct wos korrcfd hut portly citjf iomf hn [fcdlfr–s khmpoiy, iht hily ci jcs pfrshiol kopokcty) Tjf ifw dfnomotchi lf`cslotchi prhjcbcts dfnomotchi sucts by khrphrotchis7 sff nhrfxomplf Dfnomotchi Okt 2116 *[O# s 3)

?1 Tjf ifw lf cslotchi, ci [hutj Oustrolco ot lfost, dhfs iht supploit tjfkhmmhi low but rotjfr supplfmfits ct7 s >*2#) Tjfrfnhrf, oltjhu`j ct csuilcefly tjf khmmhi low wcll bf usfd ci nuturf, ct cs stcll opprhprcotf th tole obhut ct ci tjf prfsfit tfisf)

?? Joidslfy . Dovcs, hp) kct), p :)?2 [ff Tflicehnn v Motusfvckj U?33?] ? _B ?12 *Fi`lcsj Khurt hn Oppfol# oidKjfrifsefy v Ormodolf Qublcsjfrs Ltd *?30:# 31 DLR *;d# ;2? *Koiodcoi[uprfmf Khurt#)

?; Dfnomotchi Okt ?304 *I[P#, ss ;2‛;4)




?4 [fcdlfr v Ghji Nocrnox . [his Ltd *?3:;# 2 I[PLR ;31, ;3?)?6 Dfnomotchi Okt 2116 *[O#, s 23*?#)?> Dfnomotchi Okt 2116 *[O#, s 23*2#)?0 Dfnomotchi Okt 2116 *[O#, s 23*;#)

?: Dfnomotchi Okt 2116 *[O#, s 23*4#)?3 D Morr, ‚Gury mcld obhut Jorry–, Iotchiol Tcmfs , 23 Guif th 6 Guly ?3:4, pp

;‛35 ;)21 [fcdlfr v Ghji Nocrnox oid [his *Virfphrtfd, [uprfmf Khurt hn Ifw [hutj

Polfs Khurt hn Oppfol, ?3 Morkj ?3:># BK:>1?263, ;)2? [fcdlfr v Ghji Nocrnox oid [his , 6 *fmpjoscs oddfd#)22 Dfoi Olsthi, kctfd ci Oii Turifr, Ci Tjfcr Cmo`f7 Khitfmphrory Oustrolcoi

Korthhicsts , Iotchiol Lcbrory hn Oustrolco, Koibfrro, 2111, p 0:)2; Loi`f v Oustrolcoi Brhodkostci` Khrphrotchi *?330# ?:3 KLR 621)24 Oloi Mhcr, kctfd ci Turifr, hp) kct), p ??>)26 Oustrolcoi Brhodkostci` Khrphrotchi) Troiskrcpt ovocloblf ot

<www)obk)ift)ou(0);1(khitfit(2116(s?6?362;)jtm9) Brhodkost 23Ihvfmbfr 2116, ‚Vikfrtocity oid dhubt hvfr sfdctchi lows–, Rfphrtfr7@fhnn Jutkjcshi)

2> Oustrolcoi Khikcsf Hxnhrd Dcktchior y , ;rd fdi, Hxnhrd Vicvfrscty Qrfss,Mflbhurif, ?330, p ?141)

20 ‚Oustrolco ghcis whrld tyroiicfs–, Olcshi Rfji, Docly Tflf`ropj , 2 Dfkfmbfr2116)

2: Oustrolcoi Khikcsf Hxnhrd Dcktchiory , hp) kct)23 ‚Ciqucry jfors dhubts hi sfdctchi low–, [cmhi Eforify . Mckjofl

Bokjflord, Oustrolcoi , ?6 Ihvfmbfr 2116);1 ‚OV[TROLCO7 Oustrolcoi QM dficfs oitc-tfrrhr lows wcll `o` mfdco, Ifw

pokeo`f hn lows okkusfd hn `cvci` `hvfrimfit fxkfsscvf phwfr th dftocighuriolcsts oid toef owoy rc`jt th prhtfkt khincdfitcol shurkfs–, [hutj Kjcio Mhrici` Qhst , ?? Ihvfmbfr 2116)

;? Tjf [fiotf Lf`ol oid Khistctutchiol Khmmcttff jos ?; Bcll Rfphrts hi cts wfbsctf <www)opj)`hv)ou([fiotf(khmmcttff(lf`khiXkttf(khmplftfdX ciqucrcfs(cidfx)jtm9 *okkfssfd ?6 Nfbruory 2116, khvfrci` o pfrchd0 Dfkfmbfr 2114 th 0 Nfbruory 211>#, oid ih htjfr Rfphrt rfkfcvfdmhrf tjoi 61 submcsschis, tjf mhrf usuol roi`f bfci` bftwffi ?1 oid 21)Cts @fifrol Ciqucry Rfphrt, ‚Tjfy stcll koll Oustrolco jhmf7 ciqucry cith Oustrolcoi fxpotrcotfs– ottroktfd >00 submcsschis, but ct hpfrotfd hvfr o

lhi`fr tcmf-nromf oid oktcvfly shlckctfd submcsschis hn cidcvcduolfxpotrcotfs);2 Krcmciol Khdf , s :1)2 *;#);; Krcmciol Khdf , s :1)2 *6#);4 Krcmciol Khdf , s :1)2 *0#);6 Krcmciol Khdf , s :1)2 *:#) Tjf hnnfikfs rflotci` th tjf ur`ci` hn osscstoikf

dh iht khitoci oi flfmfit hn nhrkf hr vchlfikf, but tjfy dh jovf o dfnfikfrflotci` th ‚tjf prhvcschi hn ocd hn o jumoictorcoi ioturf–7 Krcmciol Khdf ,s :1)2 *3#)

;> Ci oddctchi th s :1)?, tjf prhvcschi khitocici` trfoshi-rflotfd hnnfikfs);0 Ihtf, jhwfvfr, tjot tjf OLRK jos rfkhmmfidfd tjf omfidmfit hn tjf

`hhd noctj dfnfikf sfktchi sh ct dhfs iht opply th tjf hnnfikfs ci s :1)2,oid tjf cikluschi hn kfrtoci khitfxtuol flfmfits os cidckothrs hn tjfrfqucsctf citfit uidfr s :1)27 Oustrolcoi Low Rfnhrm Khmmcsschi, Rfphrt ?147 Nc`jtci` Phrds7 O Rfvcfw hn [fdctchi Lows ci Oustrolco ,Rfkhmmfidotchis ?2-? . ?2-2) Hi tjf htjfr joid, tjf OLRK jos



rfkhmmfidfd tjf rfpfol hn tjf prhvcschis rflotci` th ur`ci` osscstoikf hn tjf fifmy7 Rfkhmmfidotchi ??-?)

;: Krcmciol Khdf , s :1)? *f# . *n#);3 Oustrolcoi Low Rfnhrm Khmmcsschi, Rfphrt ?147 Nc`jtci` Phrds7 O Rfvcfw

hn [fdctchi Lows ci Oustrolco , Rfkhmmfidotchi 2-?)41 cbcd), Rfkhmmfidotchi ??-2)4? cbcd, p ?>)42 Nhr fxomplf, tjf dfncictchi hn ‚sfdctchus citfitchi– ci s 24O hn tjf Krcmfs

Okt cikludfd oi citfitchi ‚th fxkctf dcsonnfktchi oòcist tjf @hvfrimfit… Uhr] th fxkctf jfr Mogfsty–s subgfkts th ottfmpt th prhkurf tjf oltfrotchi,htjfrwcsf tjoi by lownul mfois, hn oiy mottfr ci tjf Khmmhiwfoltjfstoblcsjfd by low–)

4; Tjf OLRK jos modf kfrtoci rfkhmmfidotchis rflotci` th tjcs sfktchi7ncrst, th klorcny cts jfodci` by rfnfrrci` th ‚citfr-`rhup nhrkf hr vchlfikf–

cistfod hn ‚vchlfikf wctjci tjf khmmuicty–, sfkhid, th cisfrt tjf whrd‚citfitchiolly– bfnhrf ‚ur`fs– oid tjcrd, th odd ‚iotchiol hrc`ci– th tjfdcstciùcsjci` nfoturfs hn o `rhup7 Oustrolcoi Low Rfnhrm Khmmcsschi,Rfphrt ?147 O Rfvcfw hn [fdctchi Lows ci Oustrolco , Rfkhmmfidotchis ?1-?. ?1-2*o# . *b#)

44 Krcmfs Okt ?3?4 *Ktj#, s 24O*d#)46 Krcmciol Khdf , s :1)2 *4# . *># rfspfktcvfly)4> Oustrolcoi Low Rfnhrm Khmmcsschi, Rfphrt ?147 Nc`jtci` Phrds7 O Rfvcfw

hn [fdctchi Lows ci Oustrolco , Rfkhmmfidotchi :-?)40 Oustrolcoi Low Rfnhrm Khmmcsschi, Dcskusschi Qopfr 0?7 Rfvcfw hn [fdctchi

Lows , poro 2)?3)

4: ‚Doy tjot stfflfd Jhword nhr oktchi–, Oustrolcoi , 6 Ihvfmbfr 2116)43 Nhr fxomplf, Odflf Jhrci, ‚Borfnhht lowyfrs ncid truf khst hn odvckf–,

[ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , 0 Hkthbfr 211>5 Nroie Mhhrjhusf, ‚Por hi nrffspffkj–, Oustrolcoi , 4 Ihvfmbfr 211>)

61 Kjrcs Khiihlly, [ubmcsschi th tjf [fiotf Lfòl oid Khistctutchiol UOnnocrs8] Khmmcttff hi Qrhphsfd Hnnfikfs nhr [fdctchi ci tjf Oitc-Tfrrhrcsm Bcll 2116 , ?2)

6? Oustrolcoi Low Rfnhrm Khmmcsschi, Dcskusschi Qopfr 0?7 Rfvcfw hn [fdctchi Lows , poro 2)?6)

62 Bfi [oul, <www)tjfo`f)khm)ou(ifws(hpcichi(wotkjci`-wjot-yhu-soy(2116(?1(?:(??2341?26;;0:)jtml9, kctfd ci Khiihlly, hp) kct), ihtfZZZ, ??)

6; Krcmciol Khdf , s ??)4*2#) [ff Oustrolcoi Low Rfnhrm Khmmcsschi,Dcskusschi Qopfr 0?7 Rfvcfw hn [fdctchi Lows , poro :)?1)

64 cbcd), poro :)?6)66 cbcd), poro :);1)6> Tjf bfjovchur wjckj tjf ‚osscstci` tjf fifmy– prhvcschis, s :1)2 *0# . *:#,

moef ct o krcmf th ur`f cs port hn tjf dfncictchi hn trfoshi uidfr s :1)?*f#. *n#)

60 Krcmciol Khdf , s ??)4)6: [ Mctkjfll, ‚Nhrfvfr wjctf, nhrfvfr bluf—summfr lhvci`–, Oustrolcoi ,

; Goiuory 2110)

63 R Rfyihlds, ‚Ncrst bytf–, Oustrolcoi , 2; Ihvfmbfr 211>)>1 F H–Dwyfr, ‚[otcrckol tcmfs, tjfy orf o kjoi`ci–, [ui Jfrold , 23 Hkthbfr

211>)>? Nhr fxomplf, I Kcko, ‚Omcd tjf lhhm, tjfrf–s stcll lc`jt–, O`f , 6 Hkthbfr

211>)

Fidihtfs 240



>2 O Lyikj . @ Pcllcoms, Pjot Qrckf [fkurcty8 Toeci` [thke hn Oustrolco–s Oitc-Tfrrhr Lows , Vicvfrscty hn Ifw [hutj Polfs Qrfss, [ydify, 211>,p >3) [ff olsh ‚Ncx-ct lotfr lf`cslotchi ih woy th `hvfri–, Oustrolcoi ,2: Dfkfmbfr 211>)

>; Nhr fxomplf, G Bc``cis, ‚Cith tjf `lcttfrci` wjcrl hn blffdci`-jfort flctcsm–,[ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , 4 Ihvfmbfr 211>) [ff olsh G [tfwort, ‚[otcrf usfdth khuitfr ifw sfdctchi lows–, Oustrolcoi Brhodkostci` Khrphrotchi Troiskrcpts , 24 Hkthbfr 211> *rfphrtci` hi tjf sotcrckol pfrnhrmoikf ‚[otcrfhr [fdctchi7 Tjf Tjrfot th Iotchiol Cisfkurcty– by G Bc``cis . G Dhylf#)

>4 Nhr fxomplf, K Boitcke, ‚Tjhu`jt phlckf sfczf khitrhl–, Khurcfr-Mocl ,?3 Hkthbfr 211>)

>6 Oustrolcoi Low Rfnhrm Khmmcsschi, Rfphrt ?147 Nc`jtci` Phrds7 o Rfvcfw hn [fdctchi Lows ci Oustrolco *211>#, Rfkhmmfidotchi 0-?)

Kjoptfr 0

? M Jhòi, ‚Korthhicsts oid phlctckol kyickcsm–, Drowci` Bhord7 Tjf Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs , vhl 2, ih ?, Guly 211?, pp 20‛61,<www)fkhi)usyd)fdu)ou(drowci`bhord95 J Moiici` . R Qjcddcoi, ‚Cidfnfikf hn tjf phlctckol korthhicsts– lckfikf th mhke–, Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs , vhl 6, ih ?, Dfkfmbfr 2114, pp 2>‛425 M Jhòi, ‚O lckfikfth mhke7 Rfsphisf–, Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs , vhl 6, ih ?,Dfkfmbfr 2114, pp 4;‛6)

2 Moiici` . Qjcddcoi, cbcd), p ;>)

Kjoptfr :

? G Fvflcif . M Bhhtj, ‚Cmo`fs hn whmfi ci Pfstfri Oustrolcoi phlctcks–,ci Q Krownhrd . G [efif *fds#, Phmfi oid Kctczfisjcp7 [unnro`f Kfitfiory ,[tudcfs ci Pfstfri Oustrolcoi Jcsthry , vhl ?3, Kfitrf nhr Pfstfri OustrolcoiJcsthry, Vicvfrscty hn Pfstfri Oustrolco, ?333)

2 B Kocif, ‚Ghji [tuort Mcll oid tjf Fi`lcsj Phmfi–s Mhvfmfit–, Jcsthrckol [tudcfs , vhl ?:, ?30:, p >4)

; Korthhi rfprhdukfd ci tjf O`f , 2: Dfkfmbfr ?3:4, p ??)4 G Bhmnhrd, Tjot Doi`frhus oid Qfrsuoscvf Phmoi , Mflbhurif Vicvfrscty

Qrfss, Korlthi, ?33;, p 6>)6 Ifw Cdfo , ? Hkthbfr ?312, p ?3;)

> Bullftci , 2; Guif ?:34)0 M [owfr . O @rhvfs, Phreci` nrhm Ciscdf7 Twfity Sfors hn tjf Hnnckf hn tjf [totus hn Phmfi , O@Q[, Koibfrro, ?334, p >4)

: ‚Tjf lotfst oddctchi th tjf nomcly–, Bullftci , 3 [fptfmbfr ?:33)3 J Du`dolf, O Nfw Jhurs ci o Nor-Hnn O`f , MkKorrhi Bcrd . Kh,

Mflbhurif, ?::;, p >0)?1 D Otecishi, Nuiiy @crls7 Korthhici` nhr Fquolcty , Qfiùci, Lhidhi, ?330,

p ?:)?? L Tckeifr, Tjf [pfktoklf hn Phmfi7 Cmo`fry hn tjf [unnro`f Kompocì

?310‛?4, Kjotth . Pcidus, Lhidhi, ?3:0, p 222)?2 Otecishi, hp) kct), p 24)

?; Tckeifr, hp) kct)5 sff olsh M [owfr, ‚Pforci` yhur phlctcks hi yhur slffvf7tjf rhlf hn phlctckol khlhurs ci shkcol mhvfmfits–, [hkcol Mhvfmfit [tudcfs , vhl >, ih ?, 2110, pp ;3‛6>)

?4 Otecishi, hp) kct), p ?>)?6 _uhtfd ci Tckeifr, hp) kct), p ;4)




?> [ui-Jfrold , 4 [fptfmbfr ?3345 M Rfyihlds, Tjf Lost Bostchi7 Lobhr Phmfi Phreci` thwords Fquolcty ci tjf Qorlcomfits hn Oustrolco , Buscifss .Qrhnfsschiol Qublcsjci`, [ydify, ?336, p ?23)

?0 E Tully, Fvfry Phmoi–s @ucdf th @fttci` cith Qhlctcks , Hnnckf hn tjf [totus hn

Phmfi, O@Q[, Koibfrro, ?336)?: G Jhrokfe, ‚Koi o nfmcicst jovf o sfisf hn jumhur8–, popfr dflcvfrfd th

tjf Oustroloscoi Qhlctckol [tudcfs Osshkcotchi Khinfrfikf, OustrolcoiIotchiol Vicvfrscty, Hkthbfr, 2111)

?3 Hnnckf hn tjf [totus hn Phmfi, [flfktfd Ncidci`s nrhm Gu``lci` Tcmf7 Jhw Oustrolcoi Nomclcfs Vsf Tcmf , Dfportmfit hn Qrcmf Mcicstfr oid Kobcift,Koibfrro, ?33?, p ?4)

21 Q Khlfmoi, ‚Tjf ghefr oid tjf tjcfn –, Krhssci`s7 Tjf Bullftci hn tjf Citfriotchiol Oustrolcoi [tudcfs Osshkcotchi , vhl ?, ih 2, ?33>, pp ?1‛?;)

2? cbcd), p ?;)22 O`f , ?3 [fptfmbfr ?330)2; My tjoies th Lfhicf Nfrùshi nhr pfrmcsschi th rfprhdukf korthhis hn

tjf lotf @oyihr Kordfw, oid th Rhi Toidbfr` oid Brukf Qftty) QftfrMkKortjy oid @ocl Rodnhrd modf usfnul su``fstchis) Oi forlcfr vfrschi hn tjcs ortcklf wos publcsjfd ci fghuriolcst ? *2#, 2112)

Kjoptfr 3

? G Mokelci, ‚Tjf fvcdfikf cs tjf ioefd trutj–, Oustrolcoi , > Guif ?333)2 Obhut ?11 korthhis wfrf fxtroktfd nrhm mckrhnclm orkjcvfs hn tjf moghr

kopctol kcty docly ifwspopfrs th tfst Mokelci–s orùmfit) Olsh khiscdfrfd wfrf korthhis dfolci` wctj tjf phlctckol nhrtuifs hn nhrmfr Lobhr

Mcicstfrs, Kormfi Lowrfikf oid Rhs Eflly, oid hikf Lcbfrol lfodfrsjcpospcroit, Brhiwyi Bcsjhp) Rfsforkj nhkusfd hi pfrchds wjfi tjfsfphlctckcois modf tjf jfodlcifs) Mhst hn tjf korthhis orf ovocloblf hirfqufst os dc`ctcsfd khpcfs) fmocl7 joydhi)moiiciÀnlcidfrs)fdu)ou

; G Fvflcif . M Bhhtj, ‚Pjh orf yhu, rfolly8 Nfmcicsm oid tjf nfmolfphlctckcoi–, Oustrolcoi Nfmcicst [tudcfs , vhl ?2, ih 26, ?330, pp ?16‛?:)

4 cbcd), p ??>)6 Q Mcllfr, ‚Lou`jci` wctj eicvfs–, @hhd Pffefid , [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold ,

?; Guly 2112, pp ?4‛?:)> J Moiici` . R Qjcddcoi, ‚Tjf phlctckol korthhicst oid tjf fdcthr–, Qokcnck

Ghuriolcsm Rfvcfw , vhl ??, ih 2, 2116)0 K [fymhur-Vrf, ‚Drowi oid quortfrfd7 jhw wcdf o whrld nhr tjf phlctckolkorthhi8–, Tjf Jhkefi Lfkturf ?33> , Tjf Jhkefi Lcbrory . tjf Ifw Wfoloid Korthhi Orkjcvf Trust, Tjf Qrcitci` Dfportmfit, Vicvfrscty hn Hto`h, Duifdci, ?330, p 25 G Efrr, Ortcsts oid Korthhicsts ci Bloke oid Pjctf , [hutjwhhd Qrfss, [ydify, ?333, p 0:)

: F J @hmbrckj, Mfdctotchis hi o Jhbby Jhrsf , Qjocdhi Qrfss, Hxnhrd,?30:)

3 cbcd), p ?;:)?1 cbcd), pp ?;4, ?;:‛4?)?? [fymhur-Vrf, hp) kct), p 21)

?2 G Kostlfs . J Qrci`lf, ‚[hvfrfcìty oid sfxuol cdfitcty ci phlctckolkorthhis–, ci [ Moòrfy, [ Rhwlfy . [ [jfrcdoi *fds#, Dfbutoitf Iotchi7 Nfmcicsm Khitfsts tjf ?:31s , Ollfi . Viwci, [ydify, ?33;, p ?;:5 oidM [owfr, ‚Korthhis nhr tjf kousf7 korthhici` nhr fquolcty ci Oustrolco–,f ghuriolcst , vhl ?, ih 2, 2112, pp ;‛4)

Fidihtfs 243



?; G Eci`, Tjf Htjfr [cdf hn tjf Khci7 O Korthhi Jcsthry hn Oustrolco , Kossfll,[ydify, ?303, p :;)

?4 Mokelci, hp) kct)?6 cbcd)5 oid G MokDhiold, ‚Qhleo dhts th @[T sphts7 o whmoi–s lcnf ci Qhlctcks

Cie–, O`f , 6 Guif ?333)?> G [ullcvoi, ‚Lft–s drow o lcif tjrhu`j sfxcst korthhicsts–, O`f , ?4 Guif ?333)?0 Mokelci, hp) kct)?: B Lfoe, ‚Krusodfr `fts jfr eickefrs ci o twcst–, Oustrolcoi , > Guif ?333)?3 Mcllfr, ‚Lou`jci` wctj eicvfs–, p ?: oid olsh sff O Turifr, Ci Tjfcr Cmo`f7

Khitfmphrory Oustrolcoi Korthhicsts , Iotchiol Lcbrory hn Oustrolco, 2111,pp 2?;‛2>)

21 Lfoe, hp) kct)5 olsh sff @hmbrckj, hp) kct), hi pjyschìhmck korckoturf)2? F voi Okefr, Dcnnfrfit ^hckfs7 @fidfr oid Qhlctcks ci Oustrolco , Mokmclloi

Fdukotchi, [hutj Mflbhurif, ?333, p ?62)22 G Ecrifr . M Royifr, Phmfi–s Qhwfr Joidbhhe, ^ceci`, Mflbhurif, ?333,

p 36)2; Kctfd ci G Fstf, ‚Drowci` nfmolf ncrf–, Oustrolcoi , ‚Mfdco– Guif ?0‛26 , 26

Guif ?333)24 Kctfd ci Mcllfr, hp) kct), p ?:)26 Jhhe kctfd by Ecrifr . Royifr, hp) kct), p 36)2> Kctfd ci [fymhur-Vrf, hp) kct), p ?6)20 [ullcvoi, hp) kct)2: Kctfd ci Fstf, hp) kct)23 Lfoe, hp) kct);1 Q Khlfmoi, ‚Tjf ghefr oid tjf tjcfn –, Krhssci`s7 Tjf Bullftci hn tjf

Citfriotchiol Oustrolcoi [tudcfs Osshkcotchi , vhl ?, ih 2, ?33>, p >5 oidK Mk@rf`hr, ‚Drowci` blhhd–, O`f , 4 Oprcl ?33:);? M Jhòi, ‚Korthhicsts oid phlctckol kyickcsm–, Tjf Drowci` Bhord7 Oi

Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs , vhl 2, ih ?, Guly, 211?, pp 20‛615 olshsff krctcquf by J Moiici` . R Qjcddcoi, ‚Ci dfnfikf hn tjf phlctckolkorthhicsts– lckfikf th mhke–, Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onncors, vhl 6,Dfkfmbfr 2114, pp 26‛42)

;2 [fymhur-Vrf, hp) kct), p ?2)

Kjoptfr ?1

? R Qjcddcoi, M Bromwfll . O Rhf, ‚Pos ct mfrfly Twffdlf Dum oid Twffdlf Dff8 Qhlctckol sotcrf ci tjf ?33> Oustrolcoi nfdfrol flfktchi–, Mfoigci , vhl 60, ih 2, ?33:, pp 20:‛3:5 J Moiici`, ‚ htfrs oid vhtci`–, ci O Qoreci, G [ummfrs . D Phhdword *fds#, @hvfrimfit, Qhlctcks, oid Qhwfr ci Oustrolco , Lhi`moi, [ydify, 211>5 J Moiici` . R Qjcddcoi, ‚Twh mfioid shmf bhots—tjf korthhicsts oid tjf 211? flfktchi–, ci G Porjurst .M [cmms *fds#, Tjf Kfitfiory Flfktchi , Vicvfrscty hn _uffisloid Qrfss, [tLukco, 21125 J Moiici` . R Qjcddcoi, ‚Tjf phlctckol korthhicst oid tjffdcthr–, Qokcnck Ghuriolcsm Rfvcfw , vhl ??, ih 2, 2116)

2 K [fymhur-Vrf, Qrcmf Mcicstfrs oid tjf Mfdco Cssufs hn Qhwfr oid Khitrhl ,Moldfi MO, Blokewfll, 211;, p 2;?)

; J [trftthi, ‚Pjhduiict th shkcol dfmhkroky–, Hvfrloid , ?334, p ?;2)4 G Porjurst, ‚Tjf iotchiol kompocì–, ci K Bfoi, C MkOllcstfr . G Porjurst

*fds#, Tjf @rffici` hn Oustrolcoi Qhlctcks , Lhi`moi Kjfsjcrf, Mflbhurif,?3315 [ Shui`, Tjf Qfrsuodfrs , Mflbhurif Vicvfrscty Qrfss, Mflbhurif,211>, p ?10)




6 [ff Qjcddcoi, Bromwfll . Rhf, hp) kct), pp 20:‛3:)> J Moiici` . R Qjcddcoi, ‚Ci dfnfikf hn tjf phlctckol korthhicsts– lckfikf

th mhke–, Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs , vhl 6, 2114, pp 26‛425Moiici` . Qjcddcoi, ‚Tjf phlctckol korthhicst oid tjf fdcthr–, hp) kct)

0 Moiici` . Qjcddcoi, ‚Twh mfi oid shmf bhots–, hp) kct)5 Moiici` .Qjcddcoi, ‚Ci dfnfikf hn tjf phlctckol korthhicsts– lckfikf th mhke–, hp) kct)

: [fymhur-Vrf, hp) kct)3 J Moiici`, ‚“Ospcrotchiol vhtfrs”– oid tjf 2114 nfdfrol flfktchi–,

Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs *Dc`fst#, Guly, 2116, pp ?‛4)?1 M Jhòi, ‚Korthhicsts oid phlctckol kyickcsm–, Drowci` Bhord , vhl 2, ih ?,

211?, pp 20‛61)?? [ff M @hht, ‚Dcstrustnul, dcsfikjoitfd oid dcsfiò`fd8 Qublck hpcichi hi

phlctcks, phlctckcois oid tjf portcfs7 oi jcsthrckol pfrspfktcvf–, ci D Burkjfll. O Lfc`j *fds#, Tjf Qrcikf–s Ifw Klhtjfs7 Pjy Dh Oustrolcois Dcslcef Tjfcr Qhlctckcois8 , Vicvfrscty hn Ifw [hutj Polfs Qrfss, [ydify, 2112, pp 3‛4>5oid Moiici` . Qjcddcoi, ‚Ci dfnfikf hn tjf phlctckol korthhicsts– lckfikfth mhke–, hp) kct)

?2 [ff @hht, hp) kct)

Kjoptfr ?2

? Nhr prhnclfs hn Qftty, sff K Mk@rf`hr, Tjf Oustrolcoi Qfhplf , Jhddfr .[tou`jthi, [ydify, ?3:1, pp 204‛:25 K Boefr, ‚Brukf Qftty7 tjf tjcieci` pfrshi–s seftkj symbhl–, [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , @hhd Pffefid , ?: Morkj?3:3, pp 0?‛>5 O Mk@rf`hr, ‚Mr [quc``lf–, Oustrolcoi Moòz cif ,20 [fptfmbfr ?330, pp 4?‛65 tjf mhst fxtfiscvf hn tjfsf cs tjf ncrst) Oi

citfrvcfw tjot dfols fxtfiscvfly wctj bch`ropjckol motfrcol oppfors ci O Turifr, Ci Tjfcr Cmo`f7 Khitfmphrory Oustrolcoi Korthhicsts , IotchiolLcbrory hn Oustrolco, Koibfrro, 2111, pp 26‛;>, oid tjf null troiskrcpt hn tjot citfrvcfw, olhi` wctj oudch topf hn ct, cs jhusfd ci tjf Hrol Jcsthry khllfktchi hn tjf Iotchiol Lcbrory ci Koibfrro, ‚Brukf Qftty Citfrvcfw,?33>–, HROL TRK ;62?)

2 B Qftty, ‚Try lcstfici` th shntfr vhckfs–, ci Duikoi @rojom *fd)#, Bfci` Pjctfnfllo , Nrfmoitlf Orts Kfitrf Qrfss, Nrfmoitlf, ?334, p ;2)

; Turifr, hp) kct), p 20)4 Troiskrcpt hn Iotchiol Lcbrory hn Oustrolco hrol jcsthry citfrvcfw, ?33>,

p ?0)6 N Lhrd, Lhhe Pjh–s Toleci` , Khlhr`rovurf, Mflbhurif, ?36;)> R [forlf, Citrhduktchi, ci B Qftty, Oustrolcoi Ortcst ci [hutj Fost Osco ,

@roynlhwfr, Mflbhurif, ?3>?)0 Turifr, hp) kct), p ;?): Tjcs pjrosf sjhuld bf rfod wctj oll tjf crhiy buclt cith ct scikf Dhiold

Jhmf khcifd ct os oi cisult ci jcs bhhe hn ?3>4, Tjf Lukey Khuitry ) Ct wostoefi up os bhhstfrcsm ci tjf ?3>1s oid ?301s, oid ct wos hvfrlocd wctjBhb Jowef–s joln-smort rjfthrck obhut ‚tjf klfvfr khuitry– ci tjf ?3:1s)Hif doy wf moy `ft tjf ghef)

3 Oii Turifr, citfrvcfw wctj outjhr, 24 Oprcl 2114)

?1 [ff D Jhrif, Tcmf hn Jhpf7 Oustrolco ?3>>‛02 , Oiùs . Rhbfrtshi,[ydify, ?3:1, hi tjf suddfi rcsf hn trfidcifss ontfr ?3>>) Ih dhubt tjf volcdcty hn tjcs orùmfit koi bf qufrcfd, but ct sffms th bf rhu`jly jhw Qftty sow ct) By khmporcshi, Borry Jumpjrcfs stcll sffms th bf nc`jtci` tjfkulturf wors hn ?361s Mflbhurif wjfi jf oddrfssfs Oustrolcoi cssufs)

Fidihtfs 26?



Fxpotrcotchi cs klforly oi cssuf jfrf, os wfll os Jumpjrcfs–s loke hn rfstlfssifss ci ncidci` tor`fts)

?? ‚Brukf Qftty hi khmmctmfit–, [pfktrum , OBK T , ?3>>) Nhr o troiskrcpt sff[totf Lcbrory hn I[P, _ ?6;)>> ?)

?2 Jhrif, hp) kct), p ?>6)?; Os rfkfitly os 2112, ci oi citfrvcfw nhr o prhnclf hi tjf OBK–s Dcmfischis

ci Tcmf prh`rom jf jos kjoroktfrcsfd tjf pfrchd tjcs woy)?4 Turifr, Ci Tjfcr Cmo`f , hp) kct), p ;2)?6 Q Josluke, Tjf Kjoikf hn Qhlctcks , Tfxt, Mflbhurif, ?330, p ?4:)?> M MokKollum, Mui`h7 Tjf Moi Pjh Lou`js , Dunny . [ifll`rhvf, Qhtts

Qhcit, 211?, p 21:) Tjf nullfst okkhuit hn tjfsf kjohtck oid omusci` fvfits oppfors ci O Rfcd, Tjf @hrthi Fxpfrcmfit , [joefspforf Jfod Qrfss,[ydify, ?30?, pp 4?>‛4>, but Rfcd–s rflcobclcty cs lcmctfd by jcs vfry strhi` prh-MkMojhi bcos) @hrthi puts jcs pfrspfktcvf ci tjf [uidoy Oustrolcoi ,23 Ouùst ?30?, p :, oid tjcs cs flobhrotfd ci C Joikhke, Ghji @hrthi7 Jf

Dcd Ct Jcs Poy , Jhddfr Jfodlcif, [ydify, 2112, pp ;??‛;6) MolkhlmNrosfr sft tjf fvfits ci troci by rfscìci` os dfnfikf mcicstfr, dfskrcbci` @hrthi os iht ‚nct th jhld tjf `rfot hnnckf hn Qrcmf Mcicstfr–, oid jcsbch`ropjfr fxplocis jcs oi`lf5 Qjclcp Oyrfs, Molkhlm Nrosfr 7 O Bch`ropjy , Pcllcom Jfcifmoii Oustrolco, Rckjmhid, ?3:0, pp ?06‛:6)

?0 Oustrolcoi , 23 Morkj ?3>>5 tjcs wos tjf moci sthry hi tjf nrhit po`f hn tjfpopfr nrhm tjf doy bfnhrf Qftty–s korthhi, oid tjf mfftci` wos port hn tjfby-flfktchi kompocì ci tjf Mflbhurif sfot hn Ehhyhi` hkkoschifd by Mfizcfs–s rftcrfmfit) Ct cs tfmptci` th sff tjcs os o scì hn o suddfi kjoi`fhn iotchiol mhhd hikf tjf Mfizcfs fro fidfd, tjhu`j ct wos ih mhrf tjoi

o scì hn kjoi`fs tjot jod olrfody stortfd oid jod o lhi` woy th rui)?: [ff tjf Bcblf, More ?6)2?, Mottjfw 20);2, Luef 2;)2>)?3 Oustrolcoi , 24 Morkj ?3>0, p >)21 Pollokf Brhwi, Tfi Qrcmf Mcicstfrs7 Lcnf omhi` tjf Qhlctckcois , Lhiùfvcllf

Bhhes, Dhublf Boy, 2112, pp ?13‛?1)2? B Qftty, citfrvcfw wctj outjhr, ?6 Morkj 2114)22 [ff B @rcnnfi-Nhlfy, Qorty @omfs7 Oustrolcoi Qhlctckcois oid tjf Mfdco nrhm

Por th tjf Dcsmcssol , Tfxt, Mflbhurif, 211;, kjoptfr 0)2; Nhr o `hhd okkhuit hn tjf kulturf oid phlctcks hn Pjctlomcsm, sff Lcidsoy

Borrftt, Tjf Qrcmf Mcicstfr–s Kjrcstmos Kord7 Bluf Qhlfs oid Kulturol Qhlctcks ci tjf Pjctlom Fro , Qhwfr Cistctutf, [ydify, 211?)

24 ‚Khivfrsotchi wctj Brukf Qftty, ?302–, Iotchiol Lcbrory hn Oustrolco,HROL DfB >41)26 Ct cs olsh truf tjot tjf Khuitry Qorty louikj dcd iht hkkur uitcl lotfr, 21

Ihvfmbfr, but tjot `cvfs Qftty oi fxkusf nhr iht dfpcktci` Oitjhiy rotjfrtjoi o kh`fit rfoshi)

2> [ff, nhr fxomplf, tjf pjhth`ropjs hn Pjctlom ci Lourcf Hoefs . Dovcd[hlhmhi, Tjf Moeci` hn oi Oustrolcoi Qrcmf Mcicstfr , Kjfsjcrf,Mflbhurif, ?30;) Os tjcs bhhe komf hut wctjci mhitjs hn tjf flfktchi, ctskjhckf hn cmo`fs koiiht, lh`ckolly, bf khlhurfd by tjf trovocls hn tjf Pjctlom `hvfrimfit oid ottctudfs thwords cts dcsmcssol)

20 Nhr oi okkhuit hn Qftty–s civhlvfmfit ci tjf OLQ kompocì, sff L Hoefs

. D [hlhmhi, @rob nhr Qhwfr7 Flfktchi –04, Kjfsjcrf, Mflbhurif, ?304, pp200‛:, 23;, ;4:) Ot hif phcit, opporfitly, tjf I[P porty hnnckf joidfdhut tfi tjhusoid Qftty bod`fs ci tjcrty mciutfs)

2: Tjfrf cs o null yfor bftwffi tjfsf twh korthhis) Nhr joln tjcs tcmf*Hkthbfr ?30; ‛ Morkj ?304# Qftty wos hi lfovf hn obsfikf nrhm tjf




Oustrolcoi , pursuci` trovfl oid prhgfkts ci vcsuol oicmotchi) Pjfi jfrfturifd, jf kut boke th korthhis tjrff doys o wffe5 Mcef Lhd`f dcd tjffdcthrcol korthhi Mhidoys th Pfdifsdoys nhr tjf rfst hn ?304 oid ?306)

23 Tjcs kjoi`f cs ottrcbutfd th tjf orrcvol hn Brukf Rhtjwfll by Pcllcom

[jowkrhss, Rupfrt Murdhkj7 Rci`mostfr hn tjf Cinhrmotchi Kcrkus , Kjotth . Pcidus, Lhidhi, ?332, p ?>35 oid @rcnnfi-Nhlfy, Qorty @omfs , p 2?0, buttjf cinhrmotchi hi tjf Oustrolcoi –s citroift *prhvcdfd th mf by Lcidsoy Nhylf, o korthhicst ot tjf popfr# jos Rhtjwfll os fdcthr-ci-kjcfn hn tjfpopfr nrhm Guly ?30? uitcl ?300) Ct olsh ihtfs tjot Lfs Jhllci`s rfplokfd Gomfs Joll os fdcthr hn tjf popfr ci Guif ?306)

;1 Oustrolcoi , fdcthrcol, ?2 Ihvfmbfr ?306);? Oustrolcoi Moòzcif , 20 Oprcl ?30>, pp ;1‛2) [h nor os C om oworf, tjcs cs

tjf hily survfy hn Oustrolcoi korthhici` ci tjf post joln-kfitury tjot noclsth mfitchi Qftty)

;2 G Eci`, Tjf Htjfr [cdf hn tjf Khci7 O Korthhi Jcsthry hn Oustrolco , Kossfll Oustrolco, [toimhrf, ?30>, pp :‛3)

;; Oid tjfrf orf stcll tjhsf wjh orf ciklcifd th o`rff wctj jcm) [ff, nhrfxomplf, I Rckjordshi, ‚Tjf lost lou`j–, Oustrolcoi _uortfrly , Ouùst‛[fptfmbfr 2111, pp >‛:5 jf orùfs, th my mcid pfrvfrsfly, tjotkorthhis orf lomphhis rotjfr tjoi sotcrf)

;4 M Bromwfll . D Mottjfws, Poitfd nhr _ufstchici`7 Citfrvcfws wctj Oustrolcoi Khmck Ortcsts , Ollfi . Viwci, [ydify, ?332, p 264)

Kjoptfr ?;

? ‚Iht olwoys nuiiy– cs oi fdctfd vfrschi hn wjot wos citfidfd th bf o bhhe,

th bf publcsjfd ci 2114, th khcikcdf wctj tjf nhrtcftj oiicvfrsory hn tjf Oustrolcoi ) Ontfr bfci` okkfptfd by o publcsjfr ct noclfd th rfokj tjfprcitci` prfss wjfi supphrt nrhm tjf Oustrolcoi dcsoppforfd) Ct cs bosfd,prcmorcly, hi citfrvcfws wctj tjf korthhicsts civhlvfd oid htjfrs ci tjfmfdco) Tjf hily korthhicst iht citfrvcfwfd wos Oubrfy Khllfttf, os jf joddcfd) Lukecly C jod whrefd wctj Goi Mhddfr ci Brcsboif ci ?3>3, oid jf wos oblf th jflp wctj boke`rhuid hi Khllfttf oid ci khitoktci` jcs nomcly) O nfw korthhicsts olsh oddfd cinhrmotchi th jcs boke`rhuid) Tjf hily fdcthr quhtfd, but iht citfrvcfwfd, wos Brukf Rhtjwfll, but twh pfhplf,hi sfporotf hkkoschis, khincrmfd tjf quhtf) Tjf hily fdcthr wjh rfnusfdth bf citfrvcfwfd wos Mckjofl [tutkjbury) C jovf trcfd th usf ncrst-joid

cinhrmotchi, but jovf rflcfd hi ifwspopfr kuttci`s wjfi mfmhrcfskhuldi–t supply shmf dftocls) Twh bhhes wfrf olsh hn jflp7 O Turifr *fd)#,Ci Tjfcr Cmo`f7 Khitfmphrory Oustrolcoi Korthhicsts , Iotchiol Lcbrory hn Oustrolco, Koibfrro, 21115 oid K Mk@rf`hr ft ol), Ci tjf Moeci` , TjhmosIflshi, Mflbhurif, ?3>3)

Kjoptfr ?4

? B Qftty, Oustrolcoi Ortcst ci [hutj Fost Osco , Brukf Qftty, @roynlhwfr,Mflbhurif, ?3>2)

2 R [mctj *fd)#, Tjf Bfst hn Qftty , Jhrwctz, Lhidhi, ?3>:)

; B Qftty, Qftty–s Oustrolco , Qfiùci, Mflbhurif, ?30>)4 [mctj, hp) kct)6 Q Khhe, Jht oid Pft , Viwci Qopfrbokes, [ydify, ?3:4)

Fidihtfs 26;



Bcblch`ropjy

Otecishi, D, Nuiiy @crls7 Korthhici` nhr Fquolcty , Qfiùci, Lhidhi, ?330)

Oyrfs, Q, Molkhlm Nrosfr 7 O Bch`ropjy , Pcllcom Jfcifmoii Oustrolco,Rckjmhid, ?3:0)

Borrftt, L, Tjf Qrcmf Mcicstfr–s Kjrcstmos Kord7 Bluf Qhlfs oid Kulturol Qhlctcks ci tjf Pjctlom Fro , Qhwfr, [ydify, 211?)

Bhmnhrd, G, Tjot Doi`frhus oid Qfrsuoscvf Phmoi , Mflbhurif Vicvfrscty Qrfss,Korlthi, ?33;)

Bromwfll, M . D Mottjfws, Poitfd nhr _ufstchici`7 Citfrvcfws wctj Oustrolcoi Khmck Ortcsts , Ollfi . Viwci, [ydify, ?332)

Brhwi, P, Tfi Qrcmf Mcicstfrs7 Lcnf omhi` tjf Qhlctckcois , Lhiùfvcllf Bhhes,Dhublf Boy, 2112)

Kocif, B, ‚Ghji [tuort Mcll oid tjf Fi`lcsj whmfi–s mhvfmfit–, Jcsthrckol [tudcfs , vhl ?:, ?30:, pp 62‛>0)

Kostlfs, G . J Qrci`lf, ‚[hvfrfcìty oid sfxuol cdfitcty ci phlctckol korthhis–, ci[ Moòrfy, [ Rhwlfy . [ [jfrcdoi *fds#, Dfbutoitf Iotchi7 Nfmcicsm Khitfsts tjf ?:31s , Ollfi . Viwci, [ydify, ?33;)

Khlfmoi, Q, ‚Tjf ghefr oid tjf tjcfn –, Krhssci`s7 Bullftci hn tjf Citfriotchiol Oustrolcoi [tudcfs Osshkcotchi , vhl ?, ih 2, ?33>, pp ?1‛?;)

Khlfmoi, Q . L Toiifr *fds#, Korthhis hn Oustrolcoi jcsthry , Tjhmos Iflshi,Mflbhurif, ?30:)

Du`dolf, J, O Nfw Jhurs ci o Nor-Hnn O`f , MkKorrhi Bcrd . Kh, Mflbhurif,?3:;)

Fvflcif, G . M Bhhtj, ‚Cmo`fs hn whmfi ci Pfstfri Oustrolcoi phlctcks–, ciQ Krownhrd . G [efif *fds#, Phmfi oid Kctczfisjcp7 [unnro`f Kfitfiory ,[tudcfs ci Pfstfri Oustrolcoi Jcsthry , vhl ?3, Kfitrf nhr Pfstfri OustrolcoiJcsthry, Vicvfrscty hn Pfstfri Oustrolco, ?333, pp 23‛40)

Fvflcif, G . M Bhhtj, ‚Pjh orf yhu, rfolly8 Nfmcicsm oid tjf nfmolfphlctckcoi–, Oustrolcoi Nfmcicst [tudcfs , vhl ?2, ih 26, ?330, pp ?16‛?:)

@hmbrckj, F J, Mfdctotchis hi o Jhbby Jhrsf , Qjocdhi Qrfss, Hxnhrd, ?30:)

@hht, M, ‚Dcstrustnul, dcsfikjoitfd oid dcsfiò`fd8 Qublck hpcichi hiphlctcks, phlctckcois oid tjf portcfs7 oi jcsthrckol pfrspfktcvf–, ci D Burkjfll. O Lfc`j *fds#, Tjf Qrcikf–s Ifw Klhtjfs7 Pjy Dh Oustrolcois Dcslcef Tjfcr Qhlctckcois8 Vicvfrscty hn Ifw [hutj Polfs Qrfss, [ydify, 2112)




@rcnnfi-Nhlfy, B, Qorty @omfs7 Oustrolcoi Qhlctckcois oid tjf Mfdco nrhm Por thtjf Dcsmcssol , Tfxt, Mflbhurif, 211;)

Joikhke, C, Ghji @hrthi7 Jf dcd Ct Jcs Poy , Jhddfr Jfodlcif, [ydify, 2112)

Joidslfy, F, . @ Dovcs, ‚Dfnomotchi oid sotcrf7 Joishi v Oustrolcoi Brhodkostci` Khrphrotchi –, Thrts Low Ghuriol , vhl 3, 211?, p ?)

Joisfi, @ *fd)#, Bfjcid tjf Lcifs7 Tjf Sfor–s Bfst Korthhis , Iotchiol Musfum hn Oustrolco, Koibfrro, 211>)

——*fd)#, Bfjcid tjf Lcifs7 Tjf Sfor–s Bfst Korthhis , Iotchiol Musfum hn Oustrolco, Koibfrro, 2116)

——*fd)#, Bfjcid tjf Lcifs7 Tjf Sfor–s Bfst Korthhis , Iotchiol Musfum hn Oustrolco, Koibfrro, 2114)

——*fd)#, Bfjcid tjf Lcifs7 Tjf Sfor–s Bfst Korthhis , Iotchiol Musfum hn

Oustrolco, Koibfrro, 211;) ——*fd)#, Korthhis 21127 Lcnf, Lhvf oid Qhlctcks , Iotchiol Musfum hn

Oustrolco, Koibfrro, 2112)

——*fd)#, Brci`ci` tjf Jhusf Dhwi 211?, Iotchiol Musfum hn Oustrolco,Koibfrro, 211?)

——*fd)#, Brci`ci` tjf Jhusf Dhwi 33 , Iotchiol Musfum hn Oustrolco,Koibfrro, ?333)

——*fd)#, Brci`ci` tjf Jhusf Dhwi 3: , Iotchiol Musfum hn Oustrolco,Koibfrro, ?33:)

——*fd)#, Brci`ci` tjf Jhusf Dhwi 30 , Iotchiol Musfum hn Oustrolco,Koibfrro, ?330)

Josluke, Q, Tjf Kjoikf hn Qhlctcks , Tfxt, Mflbhurif, ?330)

Jhòi, M, ‚O lckfikf th mhke7 rfsphisf–, Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs , vhl 6, ih ?, 2114)

Jhòi, M, ‚Korthhicsts oid phlctckol kyickcsm–, Tjf Drowci` Bhord7 Oi Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs , vhl 2, ih ?, 211?,<jttp7((www)fkhi)usyd)fdu)ou(drowci`bhord9)

Jhrokfe, G, ‚Koi o nfmcicst jovf o sfisf hn jumhur8–, popfr dflcvfrfd th tjf

Oustroloscoi Qhlctckol [tudcfs Osshkcotchi Khinfrfikf, Oustrolcoi IotchiolVicvfrscty, Hkthbfr, 2111)

Jhrif, D, Tcmf hn Jhpf7 Oustrolco ?3>>‛02 , Oiùs . Rhbfrtshi, [ydify,?3:1)

Efrr, G, Ortcsts oid Korthhicsts ci Bloke oid Pjctf , [hutjwhhd Qrfss, [ydify,?333)

Eci`, G, Tjf Htjfr [cdf hn tjf Khci7 O Korthhi Jcsthry hn Oustrolco , Kossfll Oustrolco, [toimhrf, ?30>)

Ecrifr, G . M Royifr, Phmfi–s Qhwfr Joidbhhe, ^ceci`, Mflbhurif, ?333)

Lcidfsoy, ^, Tjf Ciefd-ci Cmo`f7 O [hkcol oid Jcsthrckol [urvfy hn Oustrolcoi Khmck Ort , Jutkjcishi, Rckjmhid, ?303)

Lyikj, O . @ Pcllcoms, Pjot Qrckf [fkurcty8 Toeci` [thke hn Oustrolco–s Oitc- Tfrrhr Lows , Vicvfrscty hn Ifw [hutj Polfs Qrfss, [ydify, 211>)



MokKollum, M, Mui`h7 Tjf Moi Pjh Lou`js , Dunny . [ifll`rhvf, Qhtts Qhcit,211?)

Mk@rf`hr, K, ‚Drowci` blhhd–, O`f , 4 Oprcl ?33:)

—— Tjf Oustrolcoi Qfhplf , Jhddfr . [tou`jthi, [ydify, ?3:1)Moiici`, J, ‚^htfrs oid vhtci`–, ci O Qoreci, G [ummfrs . D Phhdword

*fds#, @hvfrimfit, Qhlctcks, oid Qhwfr ci Oustrolco , Lhi`moi, [ydify, 211>)

——‚“Ospcrotchiol vhtfrs” oid tjf 2114 nfdfrol flfktchi–, Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs *Dc`fst#, Guly, 2116, pp ?‛4)

Moiici`, J . R Qjcddcoi, ‚Cikrfdulhus kjrhicklfrs—korthhicsts oid tjf2114 flfktchi–, ci M [cmms . G Porjurst *fds#, Mhrt`o`f Iotchi7 Tjf 2114 Oustrolcoi Flfktchi , OQC Iftwhre oid Kurtci Vicvfrscty hn Tfkjihlh`y,2116)

——‚Tjf phlctckol korthhicst oid tjf fdcthr–, Tjf Qokcnck Ghuriolcsm Rfvcfw , vhl??, ih 2, 2116)

——‚Ci dfnfikf hn tjf phlctckol korthhicsts– lckfikf th mhke–, Oustrolcoi Rfvcfw hn Qublck Onnocrs , vhl 6, ih ?, 2114)

——‚Twh mfi oid shmf bhots—tjf korthhicsts oid tjf 211? flfktchi–, ci G Porjurst . M [cmms *fds#, Tjf Kfitfiory Flfktchi , Vicvfrscty hn _uffisloid Qrfss, [t Lukco, 2112)

——‚Pjfrf orf tjf klhwis8 Qhlctckol sotcrf ci tjf ?33: kompoc`i–, ci M [cmms. G Porjurst *fds#, Jhword–s Moidotf7 Tjf ?33: Oustrolcoi Nfdfrol Flfktchi ,Vicvfrscty hn _uffisloid Qrfss, [t Lukco, 2111)

Mcllfr, Q, ‚Lou`jci` wctj eicvfs–, @hhd Pffefid , [ydify Mhrici` Jfrold , ?; Guly 2112, pp ?4‛?:)

Hoefs, L . D [hlhmhi, @rob nhr Qhwfr7 Flfktchi –04, Kjfsjcrf, Mflbhurif,?304)

—— Tjf Moeci` hn oi Oustrolcoi Qrcmf Mcicstfr , Kjfsjcrf, Mflbhurif, ?30;)

Hnnckf hn tjf [totus hn Phmfi, [flfktfd Ncidci`s nrhm Gu``lci` Tcmf7 Jhw Oustrolcoi Nomclcfs Vsf Tcmf , Dfportmfit hn Qrcmf Mcicstfr oid Kobcift,Koibfrro, ?33?)

Qftty, B, ‚Try lcstfici` th shntfr vhckfs–, ci Duikoi @rojom *fd)#, Bfci` Pjctfnfllo , Nrfmoitlf Orts Kfitrf Qrfss, Nrfmoitlf, ?334)

Qjcddcoi, R, ‚Hif wjh dcdi–t `ft owoy7 Brukf Qftty `hfs th Lhidhi–, ci T Boriftt, I Bcfrboum, [ Jorrfx, R Jhseci` . @ Tullhkj *fds#, Prctci` Lhidhi , Lytjrum Qrfss, Odflocdf, 211>)

Qjcddcoi, R, M Bromwfll . O Rhf, ‚Pos ct mfrfly Twffdlf Dum oid TwffdlfDff8 Qhlctckol sotcrf ci tjf ?33> Oustrolcoi nfdfrol flfktchi–, Mfoigci , vhl 60,ih 2, ?33:, pp 20:‛3:)

Rodklcnnf, R *fd)#, Bfst Oustrolcoi Qhlctckol Korthhis 211> , [krcbf Qublckotchis,Mflbhurif, 211>)

——*fd)#, Bfst Oustrolcoi Qhlctckol Korthhis 2116 , [krcbf Qublckotchis,Mflbhurif, 2116)

——*fd)#, Bfst Oustrolcoi Qhlctckol Korthhis 2114, Citrhduktchi by Qjcllcp Odoms, [krcbf Qublckotchis, Mflbhurif, 2114)

Bcblch`ropjy 260



——*fd)#, Bfst Oustrolcoi Qhlctckol Korthhis 211;, Citrhduktchi by Dhi Potshi,[krcbf Qublckotchis, Mflbhurif, 211;)

Rfcd, O, Tjf @hrthi Fxpfrcmfit , [joefspforf Jfod Qrfss, [ydify, ?30?)

Rfyihlds, M, Tjf Lost Bostchi7 Lobhr Phmfi Phreci` Thwords Fquolcty ci tjf Qorlcomfits hn Oustrolco , Buscifss . Qrhnfsschiol Qublcsjci`, [ydify, ?336)

Rckjordshi, I, ‚Tjf lost lou`j–, Oustrolcoi _uortfrly , Ouùst‛[fptfmbfr 2111)

[owfr, M, ‚Pforci` yhur phlctcks hi yhur slffvf7 tjf rhlf hn phlctckol khlhurs cishkcol mhvfmfits–, [hkcol Mhvfmfit [tudcfs , vhl >, ih ?, 2110, pp ;3‛6>)

[owfr, M, ‚Korthhis nhr tjf kousf7 korthhici` nhr fquolcty ci Oustrolco–,fghuriolcst , vhl ?, ih 2, 2112, pp ?‛?4)

[owfr, M . O @rhvfs, Phreci` nrhm Ciscdf7 Twfity Sfors hn tjf Hnnckf hn tjf [totus hn Phmfi , O@Q[, Koibfrro, ?334)

[fymhur-Vrf, K, Qrcmf Mcicstfrs oid tjf Mfdco Cssufs hn Qhwfr oid Khitrhl ,Blokewfll, Moldfi MO, 211;)

——‚Drowi oid quortfrfd7 jhw wcdf o whrld nhr tjf phlctckol korthhi8–, Tjf Jhkefi Lfkturf ?33> , Tjf Jhkefi Lcbrory . tjf Ifw Wfoloid Korthhi Orkjcvf Trust, Tjf Qrcitci` Dfportmfit, Vicvfrscty hn Hto`h, Duifdci,?330, pp ?‛4;)

[jowkrhss, P, Rupfrt Murdhkj7 Rci`mostfr hn tjf Cinhrmotchi Kcrkus , Kjotth . Pcidus, Lhidhi, ?332)

[phhifr, G, O [phhifr ci tjf Phres , Tfxt, Mflbhurif, ?333)

[trftthi, J, ‚Pjhduiict th shkcol dfmhkroky–, Hvfrloid , ?334, p ?;2) Tckeifr, L, Tjf [pfktoklf hn Phmfi7 Cmo`fry hn tjf [unnro`f Kompocì ?310‛?4,

Kjotth . Pcidus, Lhidhi, ?3:0)

Tully, E, Fvfry Phmoi–s @ucdf th @fttci` cith Qhlctcks , Hnnckf hn tjf [totus hn Phmfi, O@Q[, Koibfrro, ?336)

Turifr, O, Ci Tjfcr Cmo`f7 Khitfmphrory Oustrolcoi Korthhicsts , Iotchiol Lcbrory hn Oustrolco, Koibfrro, 2111)

voi Okefr, F, Dcnnfrfit ^hckfs7 @fidfr oid Qhlctcks ci Oustrolco , MokmclloiFdukotchi, [hutj Mflbhurif, ?333)

Polefr, [, Mfdco Low7 Khmmfitory oid Motfrcols , LBK Cinhrmotchi [frvckfs,[ydify, 2111)

Polefr, [, Tjf Low hn Ghuriolcsm ci Oustrolco , Low Bhhe Khmpoiy, [ydify,?3:3)

Porjurst, G, ‚Tjf iotchiol kompocì–, ci K Bfoi, C MkOllcstfr . G Porjurst*fds#, Tjf @rffici` hn Oustrolcoi Qhlctcks , Lhi`moi Kjfsjcrf, Mflbhurif,?331)

Shui`, [, Tjf Qfrsuodfrs , Mflbhurif Vicvfrscty Qrfss, Mflbhurif, 211>)




Khitrcbuthrs

Lcidsoy Nhylf jos whrefd hi Tjf Bullftci oid Tjf Oustrolcoi oid

khitrcbutfd korthhis th bhtj) Jf cs o post prfscdfit hn tjf Oustrolcoi Korthhicsts Osshkcotchi oid jos wrcttfi hi korthhici`

nhr olmhst tjcrty yfors)

Flczobftj Joidslfy cs Osshkcotf Qrhnfsshr hn Low ot Nlcidfrs

Vicvfrscty ci [hutj Oustrolco oid jos tou`jt olsh ot uicvfrsctcfs ci

Ifw [hutj Polfs oid Pfstfri Oustrolco) Ci oddctchi th dfnomotchi

oid sfdctchi sjf jos citfrfsts ci khitfmpt by publckotchis, mfdco

rf`ulotchi nhr tjf prhtfktchi hn kjcldrfi, oid tjf opphcitmfit hn gudckcol hnnckfrs)

@uy Joisfi cs o [fichr Kurothr ci tjf Khllfktchis Dfvflhpmfit

Vict ot tjf Iotchiol Musfum hn Oustrolco) Jf ghcifd tjf musfum

ci ?33? oid jos whrefd hi moiy khllfktci` oid fxjcbctchis prhgfkts)

Tjfsf cikludf tjf musfum–s sfrcfs hn phlctckol korthhici`

fxjcbctchis, ‚Tjf Iotchi7 [ymbhls hn Oustrolco–, hif hn tjf

pfrmoifit fxjcbctchis ot tjf Musfum, oid mhst rfkfitly tjf

‚Koptcvotci` oid Kurchus– fxjcbctchi)

Mckjofl Jh`oi rftcrfd ci ?330 nrhm tfokjci` ci tjf Dfportmfit

hn @hvfrimfit ot tjf Vicvfrscty hn [ydify, wjfrf jf jod tou`jt

Oustrolcoi phlctcks nhr twfity yfors) [cikf tjot tcmf jf jos khitciufd

os oi Jhihrory Osshkcotf ci tjf somf [kjhhl) Jf wos fdcthr wctj

Dovcd Kluif hn Tjf Qfhplf–s Kjhckf7 Flfkthrol Qhlctcks ci 21tj Kfitury I[P *211?#, oid outjhr hn iumfrhus bhhes, cikludci` Tjf

[fktorcoi [troid) Rflc`chi ci Oustrolcoi Jcsthry *?3:0#)



Khmck Khmmfitothrs 2>1

Nchio Eotouseos cs o nrffloikf korthhicst bosfd ci [ydify) Jfr whre jos oppforfd ci o roi`f hn publckotchis, cikludci` tjf [ydify

Mhrici` Jfrold , Oustrolcoi Ncioikcol Rfvcfw , Tjf Oustrolcoi , Tjf

Kjosfr oid Ifw Motcldo )

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Comic Commentators: Contemporary Political Cartooning in Australia

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