Combining multispectral and thermal infrared Combining multispectral and thermal infrared

airborne remote sensing and airborne flux airborne remote sensing and airborne flux

measurement for atmosphere-biosphere measurement for atmosphere-biosphere

interaction studiesinteraction studies

WORKSHOP ON

CLIMATIC ANALYSIS AND MAPPINGFOR AGRICULTURE  (14-17 June 2005, Bologna, Italy)

B. Gioli, F. Miglietta (IBIMET CNR, Italy)

Summary:

SKYARROW ERA PLATFORM

Airborne eddy covariance flux measurements

Airborne IR and multispectral remote sensing

PRODUCTS

Surface fluxes at the regional scale

Vegetation indexes and surface temperature maps

APPLICATIONS

Multispectral remote sensing coupled with CO2 fluxes

IR remote sensing coupled with sensible heat fluxes

CONCLUSIONS

Sky Arrow ERA

Attitude GPS Net Radiation

PAR Radiation

IR camera

Multispectral camera

Laser altimeter

Pressure Sphere

T Fast Response

T Low Response

Novatel GPS

IRGA

GPS

ElectronicsSwitch BOX

The platform: NOAA Mobile Flux Platform The platform: NOAA Mobile Flux Platform

(MFP)(MFP)

Measurement of 3D winds @ 50 Hz

CO2, H2O, T fast sensors

The platform: Airborne Digital Mapping The platform: Airborne Digital Mapping

System - DFRSystem - DFR

Multispectral Digital Camera Duncan MS 4100 3 band - 550 (Green), 680 (Red), 780 (NIR) nm Dicroic Prisma 3CCD 1920 x 1080

Flir IR SC500 Camera Spectral range 7500 – 13000 nm CCD 320 x 240 microbolometer

Range fighter Riegl LD90 e LD90-3300HR

Measure range (without reflector) 1000 m - 100 Hz

GPS attitude 4 antennas Measure of position and attitude Trigger to synchronize the acquisition of instruments

Industrial PC

DFR is a digital multispectral remote sensing system (3 CIR and 1 thermal bands) for mapping, thermography, maps of temperature and water monitoring.

The productsThe products

3D wind + scalar (T, H2O, CO2) fast measurements (50 Hz)

(eddy covariance tecnique)

Surface fluxes along flight track(u*, H, LE, fCO2)

The productsThe products

Multispectral images to derive vegetation indexes

NDVI = (IR-Rd) / (IR+Rd)

IR images to derive surface temperature

maps

The projects:The projects:

• RECAB: (European Commission, V FP) 2001-2003

• CARBIUS ((Italy and USA Gov.) 2003-2005

• CarboEurope IP (European Commission, VI FP) 2004-2008

The goal: The goal: upscaleupscale directly measured directly measured

airborne fluxes along a track to the airborne fluxes along a track to the

regionregion

Aircraft track

3Km

x90

Wind direction

NDVI of the footprint area

• Airborne remote sensing (NDVI)

• Surface flux measurements

• Vertical PBL profiles

Applications: NDVI Vs fCO2

• Flight route

NDVI

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

10.6 10.8 11 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Forest

Cropland

C-f

lux

(u

mo

l m-2

s-1

)

Applications: NDVI Vs fCO2

ND

VI

LON

y = -13.847Ln(x) - 13.645

R2 = 0.6821

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7

NDVI

CO2 flux

Applications: NDVI Vs fCO2

Applications: Tsfc Vs H & LE

Use Tsfc to estimate T0 in the flux footprint area

Use direct H measurements to parametrize ra

Apply parametrization at regional scale

Bulk formulation of sensible heat flux

cp is the volumetric heat capacity

•T0 is the aerodynamic temperature at canopy source/sink height

•Ta is air temperature

•ra is the atmospheric resistance between canopy source/sink height and the

ambient environment above the canopy

Experimental strategy

• 1 aircraft measuring surface fluxes and Tsfc over a small footprint

• 2 aircraft measuring surface fluxes and Tsfc in the entire flux footprint

Tsfc from IR imagesH, LE direct measurement

Applications: Tsfc Vs H & LE

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Sensible Heat Flux [W m-2]

Tair -

Tsfc

[deg

]

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250

Sensible Heat Flux [W m-2]

Tair

- Ts

fc [d

eg]

Applications: Tsfc Vs H & LE

• Rice and lake areas, Spain

• Evergreen forest, The Netherlands

ConclusionsConclusions

Acknowledgments:

RECAB, 2001-2003

(European Commission, V FP)

CARBIUS (2003-2005)

(Ministero Ambiente e Territorio)

CarboEurope IP (2004-2008)(European Commission, VI FP)

• Airborne eddy covariance is a valuable tool for direct surface flux measurements at the regional scale

• Airborne remote sensing within the flux footprint area has been used to develop upscale schemes

• Potential for using satellite products to further bridge the gap between local airborne measurements and complete coverage