Delhi; Dr. Sunil Kumar,Dy.Director InchargeCentral ResearchInsti tute, NOIDA;Dr.(Mrs.) M.Lahkar,Professor Govt.Medical College,Gauhati; Smt. AmalaAkkineni, Blue Cross of Hyderabad,Hyderabad; Smt. Norma Alvares,People for Animals, Goa; Shri GuljariLal Soni, Fatehpur RajasthanPinjarapole Society, Rajasthan; Mrs.Anjali Sharma, SPCA Noida; ShriDoulat Jain, SPCA Chennai; Dr.J.C.Kochar, SPCA Chandigarh; Dr.Arun Varma, Ex.ADG, ICAR, NOIDA.One representative of MunicipalCorporation of Kolkata, onerepresentative of MunicipalCorporation of Gurgaon and onerepresentative from HRD Ministry.

The tenure of the reconstitutedBoard is for a period of three years witheffect from 1st Dec. 2010 (AWBI)

NewsletterVol No. 7 Issue No. 10 Re.1/- RNI No. TNBIL2003/10675 September 2010 - March 2011

Published by ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIA

13/1, 3rd Seaward Road, PO Box : 8672,Valmiki Nagar, Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai - 600 041

Phone: 044-24454935, 24454958 Fax: 044-24454330E-mail: awbi@md3.vsnl.net.in. Websit: www.awbi.org

Editorial Team

Assistant Secretary : Shri S.Vinod KumaarEditor of Publications : Shri R.B.ChaudharyAssistant Editors : Shri Rajesh Kaushik

Smt. Prasanna Narayanan

A monthly newsletter of theANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIAMin. of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India

Printed by C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre1, Eldams Road, Alwarpet, Chennai - 600 018.

Phone: 044-24337023/24346526/24359366Fax : 044-24320756

The Animal Welfare Board of India isan umbrella of the SPCAs / AWOs andanimal welfare workers. The Board

encourages animal welfare activities,advices the Central and State

Governments on issues relating toAnimal Welfare, particularly the

prevention of cruelty to animals, andalso helps to formulate animal welfare

policies / legislations.

MESSAGE FROM THECHAIRMAN

A commitment toupgrade theprofessional skills

through continuingeducation for its staff are thehallmarks of a matureorganisation, and I amproud to engage the AWBIin partnering with several organisations, bothgovernment and in the NGO sectors, to offera tremendous variety of learningopportunities for those working with animals.

People generally make the mistakeof thinking and believing that since theyhave already received a diploma or acertificate their “school days” are over.Teachers also sometimes hold a mistakennotion that they are in a significantlydifferent position than their students. Butthe fact of the matter is that all of us are, orshould be, on a learning spree throughoutour l ives. Whether formal training orinformal or on-the-job learning, we all needthe fuel for professional growth to remainnot only competitive in our fields, but alsoto remain personally inspired.

In this Newsletter as also in otherAWBI publications you can read about thespectrum of programs and I sincerely hopeyou will consider attending or sending oneof your colleagues to upgrade his / herskil ls. These training programmes offerunique social opportunities as well,enabling participants to meet theircounterparts from other fields ororganisations to share experiences, ideas,and innovations. Many of theserelationships result in easier modes offuture contact—a quick phone call tocompare notes on a difficult veterinarymedicine case; a question about handlinga particular behavior problem in a dog.These can be l ife-saving information-gathering contacts also and the organized,formal courses provide a framework forunlimited growth, informal and highlypractical pursuit of knowledge and ideas.

The spirit of learning teaches us tohave respect for knowledge and theappreciation that quantum progress isimpossible without continuous learning. TheAnimal Welfare Board of India is one ofIndia’s progressive institutions in itsrecognition of the importance of continuingeducation, and I look forward in the future toa buffet of opportunities through which eachof us can find a course, seminar or workshopwhich gives us a chance to grow.

WVS INTERNATIONAL TRAININGCENTER OPENED

AWBI RECONSTITUTEDGOVT. NOMINATES MAJ.GEN.(RETD.) DR. R.M.KHARB A.V.S.M.

AS CHAIRMAN AND DR. S. CHINNY KRISHNA AS VICE CHAIRMAN

CHENNAI: The Ministry ofEnvironment & Forests, New Delhi hasreconstituted the Animal Welfare Boardof India (AWBI) vide Govt. of IndiaNotification No.S.O.2882(E)dt.1.12.2010. Maj. General (Retd.) Dr.R.M. Kharb, A.V.S.M., has beennominated as the Chairman and Dr. S.Chinny Krishna as Vice Chairman ofthe AWBI.

The following Members havealso been nominated to the Board :Director General of Forests, MoEF, theAnimal Husbandry Commissioner,Ministry of Agriculture New Delhi, ShriSada Kant, IAS Joint SecretaryMinistry of Home Affairs; ShriA.K.Srivastava, Inspector General ofForests (Wildlife) MoEF; Shri HemPande, IAS, Joint Secretary, MoEF;Shri Rajiv Gupta IAS, Govt. ofUttrakhand; Shri Asgar Samoon, IAS,Govt. of J & K; Ms.Jasjit Purewal, New

Udhagamandalam: The opening ofan international training centre of theWorldwide Veterinary Service (WVS)at Aruvankadu, near here, marked theobservation of the World Rabies Dayin the district on Sep. 28, 2010.

Inaugurating the facility, theChairman, Animal Welfare Board ofIndia (AWBI), Major General (Retd)R.M. Kharb, AVSM pointed out thatrabies in humans and animals is amajor source of concern particularlyin rural parts of India on account ofilliteracy, lack of facilities and lack ofawareness about dog bite preventionand post-bite precautions.

Underscoring the need toaddress the problem, General Kharbsaid that though rabies is fatal it ispreventable. Pointing out thatvaccination of dogs was the key tosuccess, he said that AWBI hadsuccessfully implemented AnimalBirth Control (ABC) programmesamong stray dogs in various placesincluding Chennai. He estimated thatwith possibly 20 million dogs in India,making India rabies free is a huge

task.

G e n e r a lK h a r bemphasized theneed to implementparticipatory ABCprogrammes, andthat civic bodiesshould beeducated andsensitized to ther e l a t i o n s h i pbetween streetdog sterilization,rabies inoculation,dogs’ territoriality,and humangarbage as foodsource. False notions about straydogs should be dispelled.

The Chief Executive, WVS Dr.Luke Gamble said that the aim of thecentre is to train like-minded peopleand added that the WVS worked withover 300 associations in differentparts of the World.

The Clinical Director of the

Centre, Dr. Ilona Otter said that in Indiacruelty to dogs stems from fear ofrabies. However ridding the countryof the dreaded disease is possible.

The Chairman, WVS, India,Shri Nigel Otter said that massvaccination of dogs has been shownto be the most cost-effective methodof preventing human rabies casesand is the method of choice in mostof the developed countries. (IPAN)

Combined Issue

AWBI’S MISSION TO ENFORCE ANDSTRENGTHEN THE PCA ACT, 1960

New Delhi: From the dawn of civilization animals have contributed immensely to the welfare of humanity. Humanity has used andabused animals to fulfill its need and greed. However, with growing awareness of the sentience—that is, the sensitivity and

complexity of animals as feelingful,emotional beings—many nations haveenacted animal protection laws whichoblige people to treat fellow animals withrespect and compassion and protect andpreserve wildlife.

The 20 th century saw theemergence of an animal welfaremovement, reaching beyond religiousborders into ethics-based philosophicalspheres in many parts of the world.Indian culture is based in part on theconcept of Ahimsa (non- Violenceagainst all living beings. Formalising thisconcept as law, Article 51-A(g) of theConstitution of India holds that “It shallbe the fundamental duty of everycitizen of India to protect and improvethe Natural Environment, includingforests, lakes, rivers and wildlife andto have Compassion for all livingcreatures”. India became one of the firstnations in the world to enact ourPrevention of Cruelty to Animals Act in1960 for the promotion of animal welfarein general and for the purpose ofprotecting animals from being subjected

DOG BREEDING IN ASCIENTIFIC WAY:

Maj. Gen. (Retd.) Dr. R.M. Kharb,AVSM

Ahmedabad: The recent Gujarat policeproposal to let police dogs mate pet dogsfor free has been criticised by dog loversand others. The Animal Welfare Boardof India (AWBI) Chairman Maj. Gen.(Retd.) RM Kharb ,AVSM, held ameeting with Director General of Police,Gujarat, Shri S S Khandwawala on thisissue.

Gen. Kharb said that breeding ofpolice dogs should be done in a scientificway within their own community and notwith civilian dogs. Police dogs are expertsin detecting explosives and carrying outother police operations. These traits aregenetically passed on to their pups. Matingwith showpiece dogs is not advisable.Such a plan will only compound the straydog problem in the city.

The Federation of Indian AnimalProtection Organisations (FIAPO), a non-government umbrella organisation foranimal protectors across the country, wasof the view that such mating will onlyexploit and abuse the dogs for profitmotives and compound stray dogpopulation in the city.

Gen. Kharb who had handled twodog units during counter-insurgencyoperations in the country said that thepolice authorities will give dueconsideration to the proposal weighing inthe experts views also on the matter.

FIAPO Chairman, Dr S. ChinnyKrishna said in a statement that asignificant proportion of dog breeders willcome forward to make use of thisopportunity. Dog breeders are drivensolely by profit motive from the animalsthat they breed, causing them severehardship in the process. (TOI)

Training Programmesfor HAWOs

Ballabhgarh (Haryana): The Ministryof Environment and Forests has agreedto conduct training programmes atNational Institute of Animal Welfare(NIAW), Ballabhgarh, so that the AnimalWelfare Board of India can increaseawareness of animal welfareopportunities and upgrade the skills ofpeople working with animals.

The following trainingprogrammes were held at NationalInstitute of Animal Welfare (NIAW) atBallabhgarh, Faridabad: Basic trainingcourse of Honorary Animal WelfareOfficers (18-22 Oct. & 25-29 Oct. 2010– two batches of 15 HAWOs in eachbatch); for Honorary Animal WelfareOfficer card holder of AWBI; Skilldevelopment Training of Dog Catchers(November 2010 – two batches of 15 DogCatchers in each batch) for Dog Catchersfrom AWOs and Civic bodies engaged incatching dogs for ABC programmes;Orientation training for slaughter housepersonnel (6-10th Dec and 13- 17thDecember 2010 – two batches); and forMembers of SPCAs / Employees of Civicbodies / Sanitary Inspectors. (AWBI)

AMC SIGNS MOU WITH AWBIAhmedabad: The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC)signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Animal WelfareBoard of India for its Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme on1st July, 2010.

Municipal Commissioner, Shri I P Gautam and AWBIChairman, Maj. Gen. (Retd.) Dr. RM Kharb, AVSM signed theMoU forsterilization andvaccination ofstray dogs in thecity. AWBI willbear 50 percentof the totale x p e n s e sincurred.

M u n i c i p a lCommissionerShree I PGautam said,“We will begin by conducting a dog census. This will help usdecide the effort we need to put in to curb the menace.” Thecensus was completed, by a US-based organisation, HumaneSociety International. The civic authorities have set a target oftwo years for visible results in the ABC programme. (AWBI)

NGO’s In ACTIONMumbai: SPCA Thane raided a fabrication workshop in Andheri,Mumbai, after receiving several requests from some complainantsin Mumbai regardingthe pitiful plight ofsome animals keptinside the shop. WithNoah’s Ark as witness,Thane SPCA filed anFIR against theowner and seized theStar Tortoises keptillegally. The ownerwas remanded to JailCustody. However,some more animalsstill inside the shopneed to be removed. The message has been forwarded to severalMumbai organisations seeking their assistance.

The year ended on a great note. Dear, a baby donkey,with necrosis and dislocation of front leg probably due to streetaccident, was left to die on the road. He was rescued, stabilizedand his leg successfully amputated by Dr. Vikram Dave.

He now awaits a tiny prosthetic foot and a lifetime care atNOAHS ARK. Thane SPCA is thrilled to have tied up with Noah’sArk, an organization dedicated to getting abandoned animalsadopted and sheltering the ones for lifetime when they are not fit tobe adopted. Innumerable dogs and cats have been successfullyadopted through Noah’s Ark in this quarter while donkeys andcalves have found permanent homes at the shelter.(AWBI)

to unnecessary pain and suffering.Subsequently various rules have beenadded, and amendments are currentlyunder consideration to strengthen thePCA’s protection of animals againstcruelty and abuse.

An example of specific rules, isthe section which regulates the use ofanimals in sports and entertainment, (forexample, advertisements, films, andcircuses). The AWBI is the prescribedauthority for the performing animalsregistration rules. These laws and rulesare helpful in the AWBI’s mission to banthe so-called “sport” of jallikattu, whichis the lead story in our upcoming AnimalCitizen magazine. Many specificguidelines from the PCA are available onAWBI’s website, www.awbi.org.

The government has banned theexhibition and use of five species ofanimals as performing animals, includingbears, monkeys, tigers, lions andpanthers.

Bullock cart races, horse races,dog fights, cock fights, bull fights,jallikattu, etc. are either outright illegalor require intensive regulation. TheAWBI is fighting legal battles to ensurethat PCA Act and laws to protect animalsare enforced and strengthened.Enforcement is sometimes made difficultbecause police are either ignorant of thelaws, or insensitive to them.

While Societies for thePrevention of Cruelty to Animals havebeen established in many regions. Thepotency of these organisations isstrengthened by the fact that the ApexCourt directs all state governments toconstitute SPCAs. Sadly, they are oftendormant entities whose animalprotection activities have lapsed.Revitalization of regional SPCA’s is animportant opportunity for animalprotectors to take up and I encouragereaders to take this challenge.

The AWBI has great regard forthe animal welfare volunteers andactivists, but they are too few in numberin many places to intervene in cases ofanimal abuse.

We must seek ways, together, torecruit more citizens into the family ofanimal protectors, so that in this “land ofahimsa” our fellow animals no longercontinue to suffer from abuse.

Jallikattu is a primitive “game”introduced in rural areas in the state ofTamil Nadu as a source of entertainmentduring the Pongal festival. Long ago,legend has it that the owners andorganizers of the event were not sogreedy and cruel and they had ensuredthat participating animals were notsubjected to any cruel practice. Therewas no gambling or betting associatedwith the event. But over a period of timethe sport has become violent, and bettinghas intensified the violence. Severalpractices have besieged the sportresulting in severe cruelty to participatingbulls and fatal injuries to the spectatorsand participants.

Therefore, AWBI is working toban jallikattu. Through the medium of thispress conference the AWBI wants tosend a message with the help of print andelectronic media to sensitize thecommunity to our obligation of treatingour fellow animals with compassion andrespect and not to abuse them forpersonal greed. (From General Kharb’spress conference held in Chennai on10.01.2011: AWBI’s mission to enforceand st rengthen the Prevent ion ofCruelty to Animals Act)

WORLD RABIES DAY CELEBRATED IN ASSAMGuwahati (Assam): JBF (Just Be Friendly), organized events for “World RabiesDay and World Animal Day 2010” from 28th September to 4th October 2010.

The whole event wasa success. This yearbesides the FreeHealth Check-up &Vaccination camp atJBF PET CAREUNIT, JBF Teamimparted the conceptof animal welfareamong theveterinarians, buddingvets, children &general public. Nineskits were made onanimal welfarethemes, to spread the

message aboutanimal cruelty,animal sacrifice,animals used foren ter t ain men t ,irresponsible animalkeepers etc.“Tengla AhiAase” spread themessage againstsacrificing animalsfor any purpose, beit religion orsuperstition. (JBFIndia)

Animal Welfare FortnightNew Delhi: Animal Welfare Fortnight, 2011was observed by the Animal WelfareOrganizations (AWOs) across the countryfrom 14 to 31 January, 2011. The aim of AnimalWelfare Fortnight was to create publicawareness about the need for humanetreatment of animals to prevent unnecessarypain and suffering to them; and to generate afeeling of love and compassion for speechlessanimals, said Chairman, Animal Welfare Boardof India.

AWOs and NGOs working forAnimal Welfare along with Co-optedMembers, Honorary Animal Welfare Officers,animal activists participated in various ways.Literature, publications on animal welfare andanimal protection laws were distributedduring the rally among the general public.

Gen. Kharb has said that AnimalWelfare Fortnight should be observed so thatmore people are sensitized to join the AnimalWelfare Movement in India. He recommendsthat in future, the following activities beconducted by AWOs and NGOs duringAnimal Welfare Fortnight:

a. Adarsh Gaushalas should conducttraining programmes for Gaushala personnelto utilize full potential of cow dung and urinefor production of bio-gas, vermicompost, bio-pesticides, organic farming and makingpanchgavya medicines to take Gaushalastowards self sustenance and to generateemployment in these institutions.

b. Carry out mass Anti Rabies (AR)vaccination programme of stray dogs forcontrolling of rabies.

c. Rescue sick animals and injured animalsand taking them to veterinary clinics andshelters, and start a campaign for adoptionof homeless puppies and to provide home toownerless puppies.

d. Visit and volunteer at animal shelters.

e. Distribute to police and enforcingauthorities literature on animal compassionand the animal protection laws.

f. Distribute earthen bowls in variousneighborhoods so that people areencouraged to put food and water for thefeeding birds.

g. Organise veterinary first aid classes andshow children what to do when they comeacross an injured animal. We should alsoorganize painting competition of animals inschools to raise awareness in very youngchildren.

h. Plant bird-friendly trees like jamun, neem,shehtoot, bargat, peepal etc. so that birdscan eat their fruits and nest in.

i. Sensitize people against using plastic bagsand educating people not to throw awayedible leftovers tied up in plastic bags asmany animals, including cows, eat the plasticbags and die.

j. Sensit ize dairy farmers not to use“Oxytocin” injections in dairy cattle. Its useis il legal under the Food and DrugAdulteration Prevention Act.

k. Visit slaughter houses and educatebutchers on humane slaughter to createawareness of Slaughter House Rules withinthe civic bodies.

l. Distribute copies of “Animal Cit izen”,“Jeev Sarthy” and “AWBI Newsletter” toAWOs / NGOs.

m.Organize group discussions on TV / Radioto sensitize public on their obligation to co-exist with animal friends and to treat themwith compassion and dignity. (AWBI)

It’s not the urban habitat but themodification in architecture like use of glassand aluminum, the pollution caused bymicrowave towers; the excessive uses ofpesticides, a gradual decrease in nestingsites, food sources and the replacement ofnative plants by exotic varieties, that are tobe blamed. Modern architecture and urbanhousing is also responsible as there is noplace where these can build their nests.B r e e d i n ghabitat ism o s t l ya s s o c i a t e dwith humanenvironmentssuch asfarms, andresidential andurban areas.Modern houseconstructionhas meant thath o u s es p a r r o w sstruggle tofind adequatenesting sites int o d a y ’ sm a t c h b o xs h a p e dhouses. Allthese changes have resulted in lack ofnesting sites for our winged friends. Whileconstructing new buildings, care should betaken that nesting site are provided to housesparrows.

Due to extensive use of pesticides,the food for its young ones, which arecaterpillars and soft worms, are no longereasily available. Young house sparrows feedexclusively on an insect diet for the first15 days of their life. The lack of insects intheir surroundings will lead to an increasein the mortality rate of chicks leading todecline in the population of House sparrow.

Ludhiana (Panjab): March 20 is observedas the ‘World House Sparrow Day’.Sparrows, owls and vultures top theendangered birds’ list in India. Sparrows,once the most widely-found bird, areregarded as an indicator of a healthyenvironment. But, unfortunately, there hasbeen a rapid decline in the number ofcommon house sparrows.

The house sparrow (PasserDomesticus), which has been part of ourculture and stories (told by the Granniesand parents to the kids), is decreasing innumber. The house sparrow once nestedon almost every house, on cups and uponfans, in roofs with wooden planks. Inbushy hedges they lived in colonies andsurvived on food grains and leftovers,worms, caterpillars, and termites.

But now, it is a disappearingspecies. The sparrow is a species that hasevolved with humans and is always foundin and around human habitations. It cannot be found on trees, in jungles, desertsor places where humans are not present.In South India, people even considered ita good omen if the house sparrow built anest inside their houses under the raftersor a niche in the wall. Such was the bondbetween man and sparrow that it came tobe classified as a domestic species withthe scientific name Passer domesticus.

The decline of house sparrows isa global phenomenon and the species isdeclining in most of its natural range. Thedecline is visible in countries like the UKwhere they have historical statistical datawith a decline rate as high as 67% becauseof which its conservation status has beenchanged to a red listed species of highconservation concern.

Factors Responsible for itsDisappearance:

WORLD HOUSE SPARROW DAY CELEBRATED

Newsletter

ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIAANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIA

(Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India)13/1, Third Seaward Road, Valmiki Nagar,

Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai - 600 041.Phone : 044-2445 4958, 2445 4935 Fax : 044-2445 4330

E-mail : awbi@md3.vsnl.net.in**

To___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

AWBI NEWSLETTEROfficial Organ of the Animal Welfare Board of India

Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India13/1, Third Seaward Road, Valmiki Nagar,

Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai - 600 041.Phone : 044-2445 4958, 2445 4935 Fax : 044-2445 4330

E-mail : awbi@md3.vsnl.net.in

PRINTED BOOKRegistered with theRegistrar of Newspapersfor India under No. RNINo. TNBIL2003/10675

(Monthly)

If undelivered, please return to :

INTERNATIONAL ANIMAL WELFARE TRAINING CENTER OPENED

BE KIND TO ANIMALS AND RESPECT THEM:Gen. Kharb

AMC SIGNS MOU WITH AWBI WORLD HOUSE SPARROW DAY CELEBRATED

The Animal Welfare Board of India is an umbrella of the SPCAs /AWOs and Animal Welfare Workers. The Board encourages Animal

Welfare activities, advices the Central and State Governments on issuesrelating to Animal Welfare, particularly the Prevention of Cruelty to

Animals, and also helps to formulate Animal Welfare Policies / Legislations.

Vol. No. 7 Issue No. 10 Re. 1/- RNI No. TNBIL2003/10675 September 2010 - March 2011

Combined Issue

We also no longer find manywomen sitting outside the house andcleaning grains, which provided sufficientfood to these birds. Today, people get flourand grains in pre-cleaned andpacked packets which they buy frommalls, where our winged friends are notable to go.

We should plant native trees andshrubs andvines whichcan providet h e me n o u g hpr otectiona n dcamouflagef r o mp r e d a t o rbirds andanimals andalso whichattractinsects andpests, all ofwhich arepart of then a t u r a lecosystem.Plants andtrees like

Bougainvilleas, citrus family, Henna, ber,mulberry etc provide them enough spaceand food, as these attract the native wormsand pests .The bougainvillea and certainother creepers can be used as ornamentalplants in urban homes. Exotic plants inthe garden/homes, use of pesticides andchemicals also lead to destruction ofhabitat and food base. Organic farmingpractices should be encouraged and bird-friendly restoration programs which willhelp farmland birds and house sparrowsshould be undertaken. The use of organicfertilizersshould be encouraged and strictregulations on the use of chemical

fertilizers and pesticides should beimplemented.

Research in Spain proved that themicrowaves released from Cell phonetowers are harmful to house sparrows andthe increase in the concentration ofmicrowaves results leads to decrease inHouse Sparrow populations. Living in suchhigh concentration of Microwave pollutionis as good as sitting in an x-ray room. Thedecline of House Sparrow due to pollutedenvironments is an indicator of thedegrading environment in which we all live.The governments should bring in strictnorms and research should be done toeliminate the harmful effects of microwavetechnology or other alternative technologyshould be seriously explored.

Feeding Sparrows:

We can make a habit of providingsupply of food for sparrows and birdsthroughout the year. The grains can be keptin earthen bowls or spread in a safe shadyplace or filled in feeders. Feed housesparrows broken rice or broken grains inthe summer and bajra (pearl millet) year-round. Small quantity of zero sized marblechips can be added to it or other bird feed.Please avoid feeding birds stale, salty andoily leftover food. Bread and cooked foodhas a little nutritional food value.

In buildings or homes where nonatural nesting places exist, we can usenest boxes for sparrows. Utmost care hasto be taken that no predators like crows,shikras or snakes etc harm the eggs oryoung ones. It has also to be seen thatsparrows have access to green plants forWorms and feed of Young ones and nestboxes should not be exposed to extremesof weather. Nest boxes can help the housesparrow raise a family. Providing nestboxes should be the last option.

-By Dr. Sandeep Kumar Jain