Columbia Roosevelt Review 2013

7/28/2019 Columbia Roosevelt Review 2013

1/79

Afpyrmdjt >?01

@ii ^mdjts ^hshrvhb

Afiucnm` Xkmvhrsmty

Qprmkd >?01

AFIXCNM@

^FFQHUHIR^HUMHT


2/79

Rjh Hxhautmvh Nf`rb

Iùrhk Rfc`suif, Hbmtfr-mk-Ajmhe

Dràh ^yn`g, @bcmkmstr`tmvh Bmrhatfr

K`tìmh \hrwhgj, _fimay Bmrhatfr

B`kmhi Dfkzìhz, Rrh`surhr

Qj`rmk Gj`kbhr, Futrhàj Bmrhatfr

Ih`j ^hmss, Qharht`ry

Ahkthr Ih`bhrs

Ryihr Br`taj, Hquì Lustmah

@iimsfk Qajimsshi, Jhìtj

^`yihmdj Ihm, Hkhrdy `kb Hkvmrfkchkt

^ma`rbf ^fbrmduhz `kb

Nrmt Nyrb, Hafkfcma Bhvhifpchkt

G`tjhrmkh Jìihr, Hbua`tmfk

@brm`k L`yafx, Bhehksh `kb Bmpifcày

Hbmtfrs p`dh.mkbb > 2/02/01 8


3/79

Ihtthr erfc tjh Hbmtfr

Rjms ms tjh ffetj `kkuì Afiucnm` ^ffshvhit ^hvmhw punimsjhb ny tjh Afiucnm`

Xkmvhrsmty aj`pthr fe tjh ^ffshvhit Mkstmtuth. Th `rh prfub tf prhshkt

twhkty-twf pfimay prfpfsìs wrmtthk ny stubhkts erfc Afiucnm` Xkmvhrsmty

ukbhrdr`bu`th stubhkts.

Rjh ^ffshvhit Mkstmtuth j`s ` p`rtmaui`r kmajh mk tjh Afiucnm` Xkmvhrsmty

mkthiihatuì afccukmty. @s ` stubhkt-ruk, kfk-p`rtms`k, prfdrhssmvh tjmkg-

t`kg, wh fhr stubhkts ` ukmquh fppfrtukmty tf bmsauss aurrhkt hvhkts, mssuhs

fe punima pfimay, `kb hvìu`th tjh hhatmvhkhss fe prfpfsìs mk `k fphk

hkvmrfkchkt fk ` whhgiy n`sms.

Fur chcnhrsjmp ms mkkfv`tmvh `kb pr`dc`tma, fhrmkd arh`tmvh sfiutmfkstf phrphtuì prfnihcs `kb afksmbhrmkd ìi fnstàihs mk tjh w`y fe prfdrhss.

Rjh v`rmhty fe prfpfsìs ms hvmbhkahb ny tjh r`kdh erfc bmsaussmfks fe shx

hbua`tmfk mk sajffis rh-ìifa`tmkd X.Q. Ums`s. Rjh safph fe tjh mbh`s `kb tjh

arh`tmvmty fe tjh prfpfsìs mk tjms lfurkì rhhat tjh nhst hihchkts fe tjh

^ffshvhit Mkstmtuths afccmtchkt tf fphk-cmkbhb nut rmdfrfus bmsaussmfk.

Rjh prfpfsìs `rh frd`kmzhb wmtjmk fur smx ahkthrs< Hafkfcma Bhvhifpchkt,

Hbua`tmfk, Hkhrdy `kb Hkvmrfkchkt, Hquì Lustmah, Jhìtja`rh `kb Bhehksh `kb

Bmpifcày.

Qhrvmkd `s tjh Hbmtfr-mk-Ajmhe fe tjh Afiucnm` ^ffshvhit ^hvmhw j`s nhhk suaj

` wfkbhreui prmvmihdh. M `c pih`shb tf prhshkt tjms punima`tmfk tj`t eh`turhs

pfimay sfiutmfks tf suaj bùktmkd, afcpihx mssuhs tj`t k`tmfks eàh tfb`y.

Rf ìi fe fur wrmthrs `kb hxhautmvh nf`rb chcnhrs, tj`kg yfu efr ìi yfur j`rb

wfrg. Mt j`s auicmk`thb mk ` suaahsseui mssuh fe tjh Afiucnm` ^ffshvhit ^hvmhw.

Qmkahrhiy,

Iùrhk Rfc`suif

Afvhr.mkbb 0 2/02/01 8


4/79

>

R`nih fe Afkthkts

Hafkfcma Bhvhifpchkt8 @k @kìysms fe MCE Qtruaturì Afkbmtmfkìmty

Qmr`k Lm`kd

: Kfw fr Khvhr< Hkbmkd tjh X.Q.-Nr`zmi Afttfk Bmsputh

@ubrhy Drhhkh0? @ Khw Nubdht`ry _`r`bmdc

^ma`rbf ^fbrmduhz

0: ^htjmkgmkd tjh ^hdui`tmfk fe ^fQA@s Tfribwmbh

C`rhk Gmiiàghy

>? Hkd`dmkd Qunurn`k _fvhrty< @ Khw Ehbhrì Er`chwfrg

Nrmt Nyrb

Hbua`tmfk>2 ^hefrcmkd Qt`th _fimamhs fk Qhx Hbua`tmfk

G`tjhrmkh Jìihr

>: Rjh Umfimk `s ` Qfamì Cht`pjfr

Ghvmk Ihh

1? Mcprfvmkd tjh HX Mbhktmty _rfnihc tjrfudj Efrhmdk-I`kdu`dh Hbua`tmfk _fimay

Ghkbìi Ruaghr

Hkhrdy `kb Hkvmrfkchkt12 @k @ii Hkhrdy fk Bhag @pprfàj

^`yihmdj Ihm

18 Ràgimkd Aimc`th Aj`kdh

Emfk` Gmkkmnurdj

14 Afcpfstmkd `t Afiucnm`

Rrm`k` Gìc`kf

1: K`turì D`s `kb K`tmfkì Mkthrhst< @ Nrmdjthr Euturh efr ^hkhw`nihs Qj`rmk Gj`kbhr

Hquì Lustmah20 C`kb`tfry Cmkmcucs< Qhkthkamkd tf Mklustmah

Dràh ^yn`g

21 ^hìifa`tmkd Ums`s tf Chht Bhc`kb

K`tìmh \hrwhgj

25 Ch`surmkd @aahss tf Effb

B`kmhi Dfkzìhz

2= Dht ]fur B`y-Fib N`ghb Dffbs Jhrh

]mkd Aj`kd Jhìtja`rh8> ^hefrcmkd Brud _fimay< @ithrk`tmvh tf tjh Ihdìmz`tmfk fe C`rmlu`k`

Iùrhk Rfc`suif

82 @drmauiturì Qunsmbmhs `kb Affgmkd Ai`sshs< Rjh Qfiutmfk tf tjh Fnhsmty Hpmbhcma6

@iimsfk Qajimsshi

88 @bbrhssmkd Chbma`rh Qfivhkay tjrfudj C`rght Qfiutmfks

Kf`j \mkschmsthr

Afvhr.mkbb > 2/02/01 8


5/79

84 @k Xrdhkt T`gh Xp A`ii< @ Qtuby fe Ahii _jfkhs mk JMU/@MBQ _rfdr`cs mk Qfutjh`st @sm`

Hcmiy Afrkmkd

Bhehksh `kb Bmpifc`ay

51 Numibmkd Hafkfcma Rmhs wmtj Cy`kc`r

@brm`k L`yafx

52 ^htjmkgmkd tjh Xkmthb Qt`ths Hcn`rdf @d`mkst Aun`

Ih`j ^hmss

Afvhr.mkbb 1 2/02/01 8


6/79

HAFKFCMABHUHIF_CHKR


7/79

@K @K@I]QMQ FE MCE QR^XARX^@IAFKBMRMFK@IMR]

Qmr`k lm`kd

Nàgdrfukb

Rjh Mkthrk`tmfkì Cfkht`ry Eukb (MCE) w`s hst`n-imsjhb `s ` ch`ks tf hksurh difnì hafkfcma st`nmimty.@ifkd wmtj tjh Tfrib N`kg, tjh MCE frmdmk`thb burmkdTfrib T`r MM `s ` rhsuit fe tjh XK Cfkht`ry `kb Emk`kamìAfkehrhkah t Nrhttfk Tffbs, Khw J`cpsjmrh mk Luiy0=22. Lust `s tjh Xkmthb K`tmfks w`s efukbhb tf hksurhdifnì pfimtmaì st`nmimty, tjh MCE w`s efukbhb wmtj tjhmkthktmfk fe affphr`tmfk nhtwhhk afuktrmhs mk frbhr tfprfcfth hafkfcma st`nmimty. Frmdmkìiy, tjh MCE w`s tfàt icfst hxaiusmvhiy mk hchrdhkay smtu`tmfks wjhk` afuktrys hafkfcy ms mk armsms, kb tjhrhefrh khd`tmvhiymcpàtmkd difnì ddrhd`th bhc`kb. Mk ftjhr wfrbs,

wjhk tjh MCE bhhcs tj`t ` afuktrys hafkfcma ms mk bhs-phr`th khhb fe `mb, mt wmii prfvmbh imqumbmty mk tjh efrc feif`ks tf tjh afuktry tf stmcui`th mts `ddrhd`th bfchstmabhc`kb.

Mts kft j`rb tf afklhaturh tj`t tjh àtfrs `t tjhNrhttfk Tffbs afkehrhkah wjf efukbhb tjh MCE j`btjh Drh`t Bhprhssmfk fe tjh 0=1?s fk tjhmr cmkbs. Nrmtmsjhafkfcmst Lfjk C`yk`rb Ghykhs, ` ghy p`rtmamp`kt `t tjhafkehrhkah, efrchb `k hafkfcma tjhfry `t tjh tmch tj`t`ttrmnuthb hafkfcma bfwkturks tf iàg fe ddrhd`thbhc`kb. Tmtj tjms hafkfcma tjhfrhtmaì nàgnfkh mkcmkb, tjh MCE sfudjt tf `bbrhss hafkfcma armshs tjrfudj

hxthrkì stmcui`tmfk fe `ddrhd`th bhc`kb.Jfwhvhr, tjrfudjfut tjh 0=:?s, tjh MCE nha`ch

mkarh`smkdiy mkvfivhb mk bhvhifpmkd afuktrmhs, tf tjharmtmamsc fe c`ky hafkfcmsts tfb`y. @s tjh Tfrib N`kgnha`ch cfrh mkvfivhb mk prfvmbmkd nrf`b-n`shb suppfrtefr pffr afuktrmhs, tjh MCE hxp`kbhb mts efaus nhyfkbarmshs `kb tfw`rbs tjh bhvhifpmkd afuktrmhs tj`t whrhafkst`ktiy mk khhb fe jhip. Cmajhi A`cbhssus, C`k`d-mkd Bmrhatfr fe tjh MCE mk tjh 0=:?s, aj`ràthrmzhb tjmstr`ksmtmfk s tjh smihkt rhvfiutmfk tj`t rmpphb tjrfudjc`ky bhvhifpmkd afuktrmhs cfrh `kb cfrh afuktrmhs`rh c`gmkd tjh p`mkeui bhamsmfk tf strhkdtjhk tjhmr haf-

kfcma pfimamhs kb mcpihchkt drfwtj-frmhkthb blust-chkt prfdr`cs wmtj ffk`kamì suppfrt erfc tjh MCE.>Mkrhspfksh, tjh MCE nha`ch cfrh mkvfivhb mk tjh struaturì`kb pfimtmaì pfimamhs fe tjhsh afuktrmhs `k `rhk` tj`tefsthrhb tjh drfwtj fe tjh MCEs afkbmtmfkìmty rhqumrh-chkts i`thr bhsarmnhb mk tjms `rtmaih.1

Rjh khw sht fe nhimhes tj`t rhpiàhb tjh Ghykhsm`ker`chwfrg fe tjh MCE, wjmaj hcpj`smzhb c`rght e`miurhs

`kb tjh rfih efr dfvhrkchkt mk lfn arh`tmfk, w`s afmkhb

tjh T`sjmkdtfk Afkshksus. Rjms thrc rhehrs tf ` sht fe

pfimamhs`drhhb upfk nhtwhhk tjh MCE, Tfrib N`kg, `kb

X.Q. Rrh`sury ny hafkfcmst Lfjk Tmiim`csfk tf rhehr tf

tjh ifwhst afccfk bhkfcmk`tfr fe pfimay `bvmah nhmkd

`bbrhsshb ny tjh T`sjmkdtfk-n`shb mkstmtutmfks tf I`tmk

@chrma`k afuktrmhs `s fe 0=:=.2Mk ftjhr wfrbs, tjhsh

whrh tjh sht fe rfudjiy 0? hafkfcma pfimay prhsarmptmfks

tj`t whrh afksmbhrhb rmdjt efr bhnt-rmbbhk bhvhifp-

mkd afuktrmhs k`chiy mk I`tmk @chrma`. Rjhsh pfimamhs

mkaiubhb. @ rhbmrhatmfk fe punima hxphkbmturh prmfrmtmhs tf-

w`rb ffhibs fhrmkd nftj jmdj hafkfcma rhturks `kb tjh

pfthktmì tf mcprfvh mkafch bmstrmnutmfk, suaj `s prmc`ry

jhìtj a`rh, prmc`ry hbua`tmfk, `kb mker`struaturh

1. R`x rhefrc (tf ifwhr c`rdmkì r`ths `kb nrf`bhk

tjh t`x n`sh)

2. Mkthrhst r`th imnhrìmz`tmfk

8. @ afcphtmtmvh hxaj`kdh r`th

5. Rr`bh imnhrìmz`tmfk

4. Imnhrìmz`tmfk fe mkfws fe efrhmdk bmrhat mkvhst-

chkt

:. _rmv`tmz`tmfk=. Bhrhdui`tmfk (tf `nfimsj n`rrmhrs tf hktry `kb

hxmt)

0?. Qhaurh prfphrty rmdjts8

Rf `kìyzh tjh MCEs rfih mk tjh I`tmk @chrma`k hafkfcma

armsms fe tjh 0=:?s, wh cust ffrst hx`cmkh tjh aùshs fe

tjh armsms mtshie. Erfc 0=44 tf 0=:>, I`tmk @chrma`k aur-

rhkt aafukt bhffamts `kb kht hxthrkì nfrrfwmkd drhw

sth`bmiy. Mkthrhst r`ths ìsf rfsh, phrj`ps buh tf tjh jmdj

ihvhis fe bhnt ffk`kamkd (ffrcs shii nfkbs, nmiis, fr kfths

tf mkbmvmbuìs fr ftjhr mkvhstfrs tf eukb mkvhstchkts `kb

hxphkbmturhs mk rhturk efr `k mkthrhst fk tjh bhnt) erfc

prhvmfus bhffamts. Rjh hafkfcma e`miurh fe sf c`ky afuk-

trmhs mk I`tmk @chrma` smcuit`khfusiy j`vh j`b bhn`thb

aùshs, mkaiubmkd bfchstma pfimamhs fe ffsaì hxp`ksmfk

`kb hxaj`kdh r`th fvhrvìu`tmfk, `s whii `s hxthrkì

v`rm`nihs imgh aj`kdmkd thrcs fe tr`bh.5Qfch s`y tj`t tjh

rhi`x`tmfk fe aurrhkt aafukt rhstr`mkts ihb tf `k mkarh`sh

mk I`tmk @chrma`k àahss tf mkthrk`tmfkì a`pmtì c`rghts

mk 0=4?s, nut wjhk tjh 0=:?s nrfudjt ` autffe khw

if`ks tf I`tmk @chrma`, tjh afuktrys nì`kah fe p`ychkts

w`s smdkmffa`ktiy ìthrhb. Ftjhrs strhss tjh afcnmk`tmfk fe

mkthrkì `kb hxthrkì eàtfrs< drfwtj fe c`lfr afuktrmhssuaj `s tjh X.Q. j`b `k mcpàt fk mkthrhst r`ths, thrcs fe

tr`bh, `kb a`pmtì `v`mi`nmimty `kb tjh mkthrkì rhspfksh

tf tjhsh hxthrkì eàtfrs tfdhtjhr aùshb tjh 0=:?s

I`tmk @chrma`k hafkfcma armshs. @ vmamfus ayaih `rfsh mk

wjmaj I`tmk @chrma`k nfrrfwhrs, efiifwhb irh`by ny

bhnts, nfrrfwhb cfrh erfc Thsthrk n`kgs rhsuitmkd mk

mkarh`smkd bhnt aaucui`tmfk.4^hd`rbihss fe tjh bhn`thb aùshs fe tjh I`tmk @chrm-

a`k hafkfcma bmfiauitmhs, tjh sjmet tf rhstrmatmvh cfkht`ry

pfimay mk tjh Xkmthb Qt`ths eurtjhrhb tjhsh hafkfcma


8/79

trfunihs mktf shrmfus armshs tj`t rmppihb tjrfudj c`kyafuktrmhs `t tjh s`ch tmch. I`tmk @chrma`k hxpfrt vfi-uch `kb prmahs bhaimkhb wjmih mkthrhst r`ths fk prhvmfusbhnts sgyrfaghthb. @aafrbmkd tf MCE ffdurhs, I`tmk @chrm-a`k rhshrvhs bharh`shb ny fvhr 1?%. Bharh`smkd efrhmdkbmrhat mkvhstchkt `s ` rhspfksh ìsf afktrmnuthb tf I`tmk@chrma`s a`pmtì mdjt.:

h MCE Qthps Mk

Rf c`gh ` vhry ifkd stfry sjfrt, tjh pfwhr fe tjh MCEbmcmkmsjhb smdkmffa`ktiy mk tjh 0=4?s buh tf tjh i`rdh`v`mi`nmimty fe prmv`th arhbmtfrs mk bhvhifphb afuktrmhssuaj `s tjh Xkmthb Qt`ths. Mksth`b fe if`kmkd eukbs efr`blustchkt `kb ffk`kamkd fe nì`kah fe tr`bh bhffamts,I`tmk @chrma`k afuktrmhs turkhb tf tjhsh arhbmtfrs efrnfrrfwmkd kb afktrmnuthb tf tjhmr hvhr-àaucui`tmkdbhnt. C`ky dfvhrkchkts fe tjhsh afuktrmhs bmb kft j`vhtjh rhdui`tfry ch`surhs mk piàh tf bharh`sh tjh nfrrfw-mkd `kb pràtmah ffsaì bmsampimkh, buh tf c`ky mbhfifdm-

aì, jmstfrmaì, `kb v`rm`kt rh`sfks tj`t ms ` wjfih bm

hr-hkt stfry mk mtshie. Mk tjh 0=:?s, I`tmk @chrma`k afuktrmhsefukb tjhcshivhs aut ferfc tjh khw prmv`th arhbmt buhtf tjh aj`kdmkd bfchstma pfimamhs fe c`ky fe tjhmr arhbm-tfr afuktrmhs. Rjus, mk a`pmtì-sa`rah wfrib, tjh a`pmtìfe tjh MCE nha`ch ìi tjh cfrh mcpfrt`kt `s ` i`st rhsfrttf vfmb hafkfcma afii`psh.=

Tmtj rhd`rbs tf tjh T`sjmkdtfk Afkshksus `sbhsarmnhb nfvh, tjh MCEs mkthrk`tmfkì mkvfivhchktsjmethb erfc ffk`kamkd mkvhstchkt `kb n`mifuts tf prf-cftmkd pfimay rhefrc. Mrfkmaìiy, t tjh Nrhttfk Tffbsafkehrhkah, tjfsh typhs fe t`sgs whrh bhihd`thb sph-

amffaìiy tf tjh Tfrib N`kg wjmih n`mimkd fut afuktrmhsffk`kamìiy mk a`shs fe hafkfcma hchrdhkamhs wj`t tjhMCE bmb nhefrh tjh 0=:?s `kb 0==?s w`s bhihd`thb tftjh MCE. Qf wjy bmb tjms swmtaj faaur6 C`ky vmhw mt `s `struaturì sjmet tj`t w`s ` ifkd-thrc c`kmehst`tmfk fe tjhT`sjmkdtfk Afkshksus. Mk ftjhr wfrbs, shttmkd imst fesuaahsseui fr rmdjt hafkfcma pfimamhs tj`t afuktrmhssjfuib `bfpt tr`ksi`thb mktf ffx`tmkd upfk ` afuktrys mk-thrkì bfchstma hafkfcma pfimamhs. Rjus, tjh MCE sjmethberfc n`mifut-frmhkthb tf pfimay-frmhkthb.

Rjh er`chwfrg sjmet `t tjh hkb fe 0=== c`kmehsthbtjrfudj twf c`mk `dhkamhs arh`thb ny tjh MCE< afuktry-

ùtjfrhb _fvhrty hbuatmfk Qtr`thdy _`phrs (_^Q_s),wjmaj whrh hxphathb tf br`w fk nrf`b-n`shb afksuit`-tmfk wmtj ghy st`ghjfibhrs, `kb tjh _fvhrty ^hbuatmfk`kb Drfwtj Eàmimty (_^DE), wjmaj w`s tf rrmvh t pfim-amhs tj`t whrh cfrh aih`riy efaushb fk hafkfcma drfwtj`kb pfvhrty rhbuatmfk.0?Rjhsh twf frd`kmz`tmfks whrhtf nh rhsuits frmhkthb kb efaushb fk futafchs tj`t rhprf-pffr.00Cfrh rhahktiy, tjh Cmiihkkmuc BhvhifpchktDfìs (CBDs) tj`t wfuib sht t`rdhts fk jhìtj, hbua`-tmfk, kb ftjhr pfvhrty mkbma`tfrs efr mcprfvhchkt.Rjhsh bhvhifpchkt-efaushb drfups `rh tjh frd`kmz`-

tmfkì c`kmehst`tmfks fe >0st ahktury afkbmtmfkìmty.0>

Rjms khw sjmet tfw`rb pfimay-frmhkt`tmfk mk afuktrmhs k`chiy ifw-mkafch afuktrmhs w`s ` rhsuit fe tjh I`tmk@chrma`k armshs fe tjh 0=:?s `kb 0==?s. Rjh khw pfimayfutiffg fe tjh MCE j`s ihb tf c`ky mssuhs tj`t `hat tjhMCEs hhatmvhkhss mk tjh mkthrk`tmfkì `rhk`. AfkbmtmfkÌhkbmkd Rfb`y Rfw`rb tjh nhdmkkmkd fe tjh >0st ahktury, tjh MCEbhambhb tf strh`cimkh afkbmtmfkìmty. Rjms mkvfivhbrhstruaturmkd tjh afkbmtmfks sht mk tjh 0=:?s `kb 0==?stj`t sht hafkfcma `kb struaturì prhafkbmtmfks efr afuk-trmhs mk rhturk efr MCE if`ks. @ ift fe tjh st`kb`rbs shtny tjh T`sjmkdtfk Afkshksus whrh rhvhrshb fr rhvmshbbuh tf prfthsts. Mk shttmkd bfchstma pfimamhs tj`t afuktryih`bhrs cust mcpihchkt mk rhturk efr ffk`kamì `mb mk bmrhamraucst`kahs, afuktrmhs armhb fut tj`t tjh MCE w`s c`g-mkd tjhc ajffsh tjh ihsshr fe twf hvmis. @s tf tjh hha-tmvhkhss tf tjhsh afkbmtmfks, tjh bhn`th afktmkuhs. Jfwhvhr, afkbmtmfkìmty ms kft afcpihthiy ukefukb-hb fk tjh p`rt fe tjh MCE. Ny shttmkd sphamffa afkbmtmfks

fe tjh struaturh fe dfvhrkchkt kb hafkfcma pfimay,mkaiubmkd jfw tjh afuktry rhp`ys bhnts, jfw ifkd mtt`ghs tjhc, tjh `cfukt fe prmv`th `kb punima mkvhstchktmt hkafur`dhs, kb c`ky ftjhrs. Rjhsh afkbmtmfks rhc`mkiy `ssfam`thb wmtj tjh dfìs fe nì`kah-fe-p`ychkts`blustchkts, hafkfcma drfwtj, kb blustchkt mk tmchsfe hafkfcma armsms. Rjh MCE hksurhs tj`t mt tff j`s sèh-du`rbs `d`mkst bheùit. Mt ìsf jhips himcmk`th ` pjhkfc-hkfk aìihb bhntfrs cfrì j`z`rb, mk wjmaj ` nfrrfwhrtrmhs ihss tf rhp`y bhnts me ihkbhrs c`gh if`ks tff dhkhr-fusiy smcpiy nhaùsh nfrrfws shh afktmkufusiy t`gmkdif`ks `s ` sfiutmfk r`tjhr tj`k rhp`ymkd tjhc.01Qfch

afkbmtmfkìmty ms khhbhb, nut j`s tjh MCE t`ghk tjms fkhsthp tff e`r6 Ryphs fe sphamffa afkbmtmfks tj`t j`vh nhhk mk piàhmkaiubh prmfr àtmfks, phrefrc`kah armthrm`, `kb struaturìnhkajc`rgs. _rmfr àtmfks afksmbhr`tmfks `rh hxàtiywj`t tjhy sfukb imgh `k hvìu`tmfk fe ` afuktrysffk`kamì rhafrb. _hrefrc`kah armthrm` kb nhkajc`rgscfkmtfr tjh prfdrhss fe chcnhrs blustchkt prfdr`c`kb afrrhatmfks tf dumbh prfdr`cs nàg fk tràg. Nhkaj-c`rgs tj`t `rh cht rhw`rb ` afuktry wmtj àahss tf Eukbrhsfurahs wjhk afkbmtmfks `rh cht, `kb t`ghs àahss`w`y wjhk afkbmtmfks `rh kft. Mk tjh 0=:?s, phrefrc`kah

armthrm` afkbmtmfks mkarh`shb mcchkshiy `s p`rt fe bmrhat-mkd tjh pfimamhs fe ` afuktrys rhafvhry prfdr`c. Qphame-mas fe phrefrc`kah armthrm` mkvfivh pfimamhs imgh rhqumrmkdchcnhrs kft tf r`msh rhstrmatmfks fk tr`bh fr p`ychkts,fr hvhk tj`t ` ahrt`mk `cfukt fe sfch mcpfrts wmii nhimnhrìmzhb ny bh`bimkh. Jfwhvhr, tjh pfimamhs dht cfrhafcpihx `kb mkbmrhat wjhk `ttàjmkd sfch ahmimkdstf ahrt`mk v`rm`nihs suaj `s bfchstma drfwtj ny sfch`ssucptmfks tj`t ` ahrt`mk ihvhi fe drfwtj c`y ih`b tftff jmdj ` p`ychkt bhffamt, hta. Rjhrhefrh, c`ky sthpsmk tjhsh afkbmtmfks rhìiy jurt hafkfcmhs `kb ìifwhb `


9/79

vhry smdkmffa`kt `cfukt fe MCE mkthrehrhkah mk bfchstma` mrs.02

Afkthkts fe afkbmtmfks isf v`ry. Rjhrh rh afrhafkbmtmfks, wjmaj bhì wmtj t`x pfimay `kb `bcmkmstr`tmfk,ffsaì tr`ksp`rhkay, cfkht`ry `kb hxaj`kdh r`th pfimamhs,`kb càrfhafkfcma b`t`. Qj`rhb afkbmtmfks fe tjh MCE`kb tjh Tfrib N`kg mkaiubh ffk`kamì shatfr rhefrc, tr`bhpfimay, kb prmv`th shatfr prfcftmfk. Kfk-afrh afkbm-tmfks mkaiubh punima hkthrprmsh rhefrcs, prmv`tmz`tmfk,c`rghtmkd kb prmah rhefrcs, amvmi shrvmah rhstruaturmkd,sfamì sèhty khts, cfkmtfrmkd pfvhrty rhbuatmfk, `kbftjhr shatfrmì pfimamhs. Qtrh`cimkmkd mk tjh h`riy >???s,àafrbmkd tf tjh MCE, wfuib himcmk`th ìi nut afrh afkbm-tmfks `kb afkbmtmfks tj`t c`y j`vh ` bmrhat càrfhaf-kfcma mcpàt me kft mcpihchkthb.08

Cuaj fe MCE afkbmtmfkìmty tfb`y `bbrhsshs tjhcàrf-ffsaì pfimamhs fe dfvhrkchkts. Jfwhvhr, c`ky`rduh tj`t tjh wjmih tjh nrh`btj fe afkbmtmfkìmty j`sbharh`shb, tjh bhptj j`s rhc`mkhb afkst`kt. Rjh MCE msstmii shttmkd mkarhbmniy jmdj-bhc`kbmkd afkbmtmfks mk rhi`-

tmfk tf hafkfcmas tj`t smcpiy bf kft t`mifr tf tjh st`tusfe cfst ifw-mkafch afuktrmhs.05@aafrbmkd tf ffkbmkds nyC`ttjhw C`rtmk `kb J`kk`j N`rd`wm mk ` rhpfrt fk tjhMCE kb mts rhi`tmfk tf ifw-mkafch afuktrmhs ny EFKB@B,tjh kucnhr fe afkbmtmfks mk _^DEs j`s nhhk rhbuahb ny>8%-11% mk >??>.04Jfwhvhr, tjhsh rhbuatmfks j`vh nhhkspfr`bma `kb mkafksmsthkt àrfss afuktrmhs. @t tjh s`chtmch, tjh kucnhr fe prmfr àtmfks afkbmtmfks j`vh eìihk,`s whii `s tjh kucnhr fe phrefrc`kah armthrm`.0:Rjh cfstsmdkmffa`kt strh`cimkmkd j`pphkhb `t tjh nhdmkkmkd fetjh >0st ahktury `kb smkah tjhk cfst MCE àtmfks fk afk-bmtmfkìmty shhcs tf nh scìi-saìh rhvmsmfk.0=

@aafrbmkd tf ffkbmkds ny C`ttjhw C`rtmk `kb J`k-k`j N`rd`wm mk ` rhpfrt fk tjh MCE `kb mts rhi`tmfk tfifw-mkafch afuktrmhs ny EFKB@B, ffsaì afkbmtmfkìmtyj`s kfw nhafch bfcmk`kt. C`ky struaturì afkbmtmfksj`vh nhhk himcmk`thb `kb ffsaì afkbmtmfks j`vh nhafchcfrh bht`mis efausmkd fk `bcmkmstr`tmfk `kb sphamffa t`xch`surhs. @s st`thb `nfvh, tjh c`lfrmty fe afkbmtmfkì-mty eìis mktf tjh afrh a`thdfry fe ffsaì afkbmtmfkìmty.@nfut twf-tjmrb fe tjh afkbmtmfks `rh bhffkhb `s afrhafkbmtmfks. Tmtj tjh prfimehr`tmfk fe afkbmtmfks rhd`rbmkddfvhrk`kah, tr`ksp`rhkay, kb kfk-afrruptmfk (wjmaj mkrhahkt yh`rs whrh bhffkhb `s afrh afkbmtmfks), tj`t kuc-

nhr j`s fkiy drfwk. Jfwhvhr, wjmih tjh cuaj fe cmarf-ihvhi afrh struaturì afkbmtmfks j`vh nhhk rhcfvhb,C`rmk `kb N`rd`wm `rduh tj`t tfb`ys MCE afkbmtmfkìmtystmii afkt`mks tff cuaj cmarfc`k`dhchkt.>?Rjhrhefrh,tjh hhatmvhkhss fe strh`cimkmkd afkbmtmfkìmty `t tjhnhdmkkmkd fe tjh ahktury ms stmii jftiy bhn`thb.

Qf wj`t gmkb fe afkbmtmfkìmty, me `ky, ms tjh cfsthhatmvh6 Rjms j`s nhhk ` quhstmfk tj`t sajfi`rs j`vhtrmhb ehrvhktiy tf `kswhr efr tjh p`st ehw yh`rs. Tjmih tjhMCE j`s stuag cfrh fr ihss tf tjh s`ch niuhprmkt erfctjh h`riy >???s, c`ky rhpfrts j`vh hchrdhb fk jfw

afkbmtmfkìmty a`k `kb sjfuib nh aj`kdhb. Fkh fe tjhshrhpfrts ms erfc rhsh`rajhs C`ttjhw C`rtmk `kb J`kk`jN`rd`wm, `kb tjhy `rduh tj`t tjh MCE sjfuib bmvmbh strua-turì afkbmtmfkìmtmhs mktf tjrhh drfups< tf hkj`kah st`nm-imz`tmfk, tf prfcfth drfwtj `kb pfvhrty rhbuatmfk, `kbtj`t j`vh kf ghy bmrhat càrf fr drfwtj mcpàt.>0Tmtjmktjhsh tjrhh drfups, C`rtmk `kb N`rd`wm hsj fut sphamffa`kb afcpihx pfimay bmrhatmfks, mkaiubmkd shatfrì str`th-dmhs nhyfkb imnhrìmz`tmfk mk rhd`rbs tf tr`bh, i`nfr `kbmker`struaturh sgmiis mcprfvhchkts, kb rhvhkuh-r`msmkdch`surhs tjrfudj ahktrì n`kg rhefrc `kb cfkht`ry `kbhxaj`kdh r`th pfimay. Mk sjfrt, tjh sphamffa afkbmtmfkìmtmhstj`t `rh bhhchb hhatmvh bf kft efiifw ` dhkhrì trhkb.>>

Jfwhvhr, C`rtmk `kb N`rd`wm nftj nhimhvh tj`t tjhMCE khhbs tf `b`pt mts afkbmtmfkìmty nhtthr tf tjh khhbsfe ifw-mkafch afuktrmhs, wjmaj cfrh afuktry-ihb mkmtm`-tmvh `s whii `s MCE hxmnmimty. Rf ajmhvh tjhsh ifkd-thrcdfìs, tjh MCE khhbs tf prfcfth cfrh hcpfwhrchkt fetjh nfrrfwmkd dfvhrkchkts tf sht tjhmr fwk ifkd-thrcdfìs.>1Tjmih kft ìi afkbmtmfkìmty ms khd`tmvh, cfrh

bfchstma dfvhrkchkt jhdhcfky hvhk wmtj afkbmtmfks msmcphr`tmvh.Bhputy dfvhrkfr `t N`kg fe Xd`kb` Ifums G`shg-

hkbhs rhpfrt suddhsts tj`t me tjh MCE afktmkuhs tf euka-tmfk fk tjh n`sms fe tjh _^Q_s, tjhy khhb tf nh cfrpjhbmktf cfrh rhìmstma dfìs. Jh st`ths, Rjh MCE afuib h`shtjh afkbmtmfks khahss`ry efr `nsfrnmkd hxthrkì `ssms-t`kah, hsphamìiy dr`kts, `kb tjh ffsaì spàh rhqumrhb efrmkarh`smkd mkvhstchkts mk pjysmaì mker`struaturh.>2G`shg-hkbh amths tjh hx`cpih fe mker`struaturh mcprfvhchkts8

_rfehssfr fe hafkfcmas Dr`j`c Nmrb ìsf fhrs sfchmksmdjt fk pfssmnmimtmhs tf mcprfvh MCE afkbmtmfkìmty

pfimamhs. Jh rduhs tj`t tjhrh c`y nh ` afkbmtmfkìmtyI`hr aurvh.>5Mk càrfhafkfcma thrcs, tjh I`hr aurvhrhehrs tf tjh ihvhi fe t`xhs tj`t a`k nh mcpfshb tf stmiir`msh dfvhrkchkt rhvhkuh nhefrh mkbmvmbuìs atuìiynhdmk tf wfrg ihss buh tf tjh ifw ymhib fe wfrgmkd `st`xhs mkarh`sh, kb tjus dfvhrkchkt rhvhkuh bharh`shs.I`hr aurvh i`kdu`dh mk rhehrhkah tf MCE afkbmtmfkìmtysuddhsts tj`t tjhrh wmii nh ` ihvhi fe afkbmtmfkìmty tj`tdhkhr`ths tjh jmdjhst hhatmvhkhss fe MCE pfimay mk bh-vhifpmkd afuktrmhs, nut fkah tj`t ihvhi ms p`sshb prfdr`chhatmvhkhss nhdmks tf bharh`sh. Rjhrhefrh, Nmrb suddhsts


10/79

` cmkmcìmst `pprfàj tf afkbmtmfkìmty, wjmaj mkvfivhsmcpfsmkd afkbmtmfks fkiy fk pfimamhs tj`t wmii `hat àfuktrys `nmimty tf rhp`y mts bhnt fr tf `vfmb `kftjhrc`lfr hafkfcma hchrdhkay mk tjh euturh.>4Dhkhrìiy,tjhsh pfimamhs `rh cuaj cfrh `drhhb upfk tj`k pfimaysfiutmfks efr hafkfcma drfwtj `kb pfvhrty rhbuatmfk. Mktjhsh rh`s, Nmrb prfpfshs, dfvhrkchkts Wfe nfrrfwmkdafuktrmhsS sjfuib nh dr`kthb `s cuaj bmsarhtmfk `s pfs-smnih. Rjh Eukb afuib c`gh rhafcchkb`tmfks nut sjfuibkft mcpfsh tjhsh `s phrefrc`kah armthrm`. >:

Mk `bbmtmfk, Nmrb ìsf `bvfa`ths efr drh`thr thcpfrìhxmnmimty mk mcpihchktmkd MCE afkbmtmfks. Qmkah hàjafuktry ms bmhrhkt, mt ms ìcfst mcpfssmnih tf hvìu`th`kb bhsmdk (hvhk fk ` a`sh-ny-a`sh n`sms, wjmaj ahrt`mkiyj`s nhhk prfpfshb) `k `pprfprm`th tmch-imkh tf `sshsstjh suaahss fe tjh mcpihchkt`tmfk fe afkbmtmfks. Nmrbmksth`b prfpfshs tj`t afkbmtmfkìmty, hsphamìiy tjfshtj`t rhqumrh sfch sfrt fe struaturì aj`kdh mk ` afuktry,sjfuib nh euiiy shie-bhsmdkhb. @s rhsuit, tjh nhkaj-c`rgs `kb dfìs sht efr tjhsh afuktrmhs ìsf hkb up nhmkd

tff rmdmb `kb ms ` rhamph efr e`miurh hsphamìiy wjhk tjhdfìs rh fvhr-`cnmtmfus kb ukrhìmstma t`rdhts mk thrcsfe hafkfcma drfwtj, hxpfrt drfwtj, kb ffsaì `blust-chkt.>=

Tjmih tjhrh `rh v`rymkd fpmkmfks fk MCE Afkbmtmfkì-mty, tjh fvhr`rajmkd fpmkmfk fe c`ky ms tj`t tjhsh afkbm-tmfks khhb tf nh rhbuahb `kb `blusthb. Rjfudj tjh MCEc`bh c`lfr prfdrhss mk mts sthps tf strh`cimkh afkbmtmfk-ìmty mk >??>, tjh prfnihcs tj`t eàh ifw-mkafch afuk-trmhs j`vh phrsmsthb hvhk mk afuktrmhs rhahmvmkd MCE `mb.@itjfudj b`t` erfc tjh i`thst yh`rs c`y nh tff rhahkttf `kìyzh, wh a`k ahrt`mkiy hvìu`th tjh hhatmvhkhss fe

tjh aj`kdh mk afkbmtmfkìmty `t tjh nhdmkkmkd fe tjh >0stahktury tf nhtthr arèt afkbmtmfkìmty tfb`y efr tjh euturh.

Tjhk _rhsmbhkt fussh`kb _rhsmbhkt Fn`c` chttjms p`st @udust `t tjh Tjmth Jfush, tjhy bmsausshb tjhmr

rfihs `s jh`bs fe tjh Fphk Dfvhrkchkt _`rtkhrsjmp,wjfsh `mc ms tf mkarh`sh tr`ksp`rhkay `kb àafukt`nmimtymk dfvhrkchkts ìi `rfukb tjh wfrib.0Rjms i`tthr vìuhàafukt`nmimtyms cmssmkd erfc Afkdrhss hafkfcma p-prfàj tfw`rbs Nr zmi. Hvhry yh`r smkah >??=, tjh XkmthbQt`ths j`s p`mb cfrh tj`k $024.1 cmiimfk tf Nr`zmi efr fure`miurh tf rhefrc tr`bh-bmstfrtmkd afttfk pfimamhs. Rjms p`ychkt ms tjh rhsuit fe ` br`wk-fut afkmat nhtwhhk tjhXkmthb Qt`ths `kb Nr`zmi tj`t nhd`k mk >??>. Mk tjms hr` feffsaì nhit-tmdjthkmkd, Afkdrhss sjfuib bbrhss Nr`zmim`kbhc`kbs mcchbm`thiy `kb nrmkd `k hkb tf w`stheui `k-kuì p`ychkts.

Mk Qhpthcnhr fe >??>, Nr`zmi ffihb ` bmsputh `d`mkst@chrma`k sunsmbmhs `kb tr`bh pfimamhs, `rdumkd tj`t tjhyj`rchb Nr`zmis afttfk mkbustry erfc 0==>->??>. Mk >??2,ukbhr tjh @hdms fe tjh TRF, mt w`s efukb tj`t tjrhh@chrma`k afttfk prfdr`csc`rghtmkd if`ks, sunsmbmhs,`kb hxpfrt arhbmt du`r`kthhsrhqumrhb rhefrc mk frbhrtf afcpiy wmtj TRF rhdui`tmfks. Rjh c`rghtmkd if`ks`kb sunsmbmhs prfvmbh afttfk e`rchrs wmtj ffk`kamì sup-pfrt wjhk tjh prmah fe afttfk ms nhifw ` ahrt`mk cfkht`ryihvhi. Nr`zmi `rduhb tj`t `k `rtmffamìiy jmdj cfkht`ryihvhi ihb @chrma`k e`rchrs tf fvhrprfbuah afttfk `kb tfrhbuah tjh mkthrk`tmfkì prmah fe tjh dffb. Ch`kwjmih,

hxpfrt arhbmt du`r`kthhs whrh efukb tf nh prfjmnmthbhxpfrt sunsmby nhaùsh tjh afsts `nsfrnhb ny tjh dfv-hrkchkt hxahhbhb tjh prhcmucs aj`rdhb tf p`rtmamp`t-mkd afttfk e`rchrs. Mk rhspfksh, tjh Xkmthb Qt`ths himcm-k`thb twf fe tjrhh fhkbmkd hxpfrt du`r`kthh prfdr`csnut ihet mk piàh ` prfdr`c ukbhr DQC-0?> tj`t j`b nhhkruihb `s tr`bh-bmstfrtmkd. @bbmtmfkìiy, tjh >??: e`rcnmii bmb kft ifwhr tjh prmah trmddhrs fk c`rghtmkd if`ks`kb afukthr-ayaimaì p`ychkts. Mk >??4, Nr`zmi nhd`k tfbmsauss rhtìm`tfry ch`surhs.>

Mk >??=, tjh TRF ruihb tj`t Nr`zmi afuib t`ghafukthr-ch`surhs `d`mkst tjh Xkmthb Qt`ths. Mk frbhr tfprhvhkt Nr`zmi erfc hkàtmkd tjhsh afukthr-ch`surhswjmaj wfuib j`vh ìifwhb Nr`zmi tf amraucvhkt @chrma`kp`thkts fk ahrt`mk thajkfifdytjh Xkmthb Qt`ths `drhhbtf ` thcpfr`ry sfiutmfk< Rjh Xkmthb Qt`ths wfuib p`y Nr`-zmi 021.4 cmiimfk hàj yh`r uktmi Afkdrhss c`ghs aj`kdhstf efiifw tjh rhihv`kt TRF i`ws.1 ^`tjhr tj`k c`gmkdtjh khahss`ry rhefrcs, shvhrì mk Afkdrhss j`vh sfudjttf amraucvhkt tjh TRF-s`katmfkhb p`ychkts tf Nr`zmi.Rjh Nr`zmi-X.Q. Nusmkhss Afukami (N^@\R@A) rhpfrts tj`t,Mk >?00 `kb >?0>, tjhrh whrh efur `tthcpts mk tjh Jfush`kb fkh mk tjh Qhk`th tf stfp tjh thcpfr`ry p`ychkt fe

@ubrhy Drhhkh

KFT F^ KHUH^< HKBMKD RJH X.Q.N^@\MI AFRRFK BMQ_XRH


11/79

eukbs ukbhr tjh thcpfr`ry `drhhchkt.2Ftjhr pmii`rs fe tjh er`chwfrg `drhhchkt mkaiubhb

tjh prfcmsh tf ffkìiy rhsfivh rhefrc afttfk prfdr`cstjrfudj tjh >?0> E`rc Nmii, wjmaj wfuib nh vmhwhb `ssuaahssfr ihdmsi`tmfk. Rjh Qhk`th p`sshb Q. 1>2?, tjh@drmauiturh ^hefrc, Effb, `kb Lfns @at fe >?0>, fk Lukh4. Rjh Jfush fe hprhshkt`tmvhs arh`thb mts fwk c`rgup,J.^. 5?:1. Rjh e`rc nmiis prfpfshb mk >?0> afktmkuh twfprfdr`cs tj`t Nr`zmi j`s t`ghk mssuh wmtj, àafrbmkd tfTRF ruihs< tjh c`rghtmkd if`k prfdr`c `kb tjh hxpfrtarhbmt du`r`kthh prfdr`c. Fkh pfsmtmvh sthp prfpfshbmk >?0> (ny nftj aj`cnhrs fe Afkdrhss) w`s tjh himcmk`-tmfk fe tjh afukthr-ayaimaì p`ychkts7 jfwhvhr, tjms w`srhpiàhb ny tjh khw Qtàghb Mkafch _rfthatmfk _i`k(QR@Z), wjmaj `pph`rs cfrh tr`bh-bmstfrtmkd tj`k mtsprhbhahssfr. Hxphrts ffkb tj`t QR@Z cust nh br`c`tmaìiyrhefrchb me mt ms tf s`tmsey tjh Nr`zmim`k dfvhrkchkt.8

Emsaì aimbhn`ths prhvhkthb Afkdrhss erfc utjf-rmzmkd hmtjhr fe tjh ffvh-yh`r e`rc nmiis mk >?0>. Mksth`b,Afkdrhss mssuhb `k hxthksmfk fe tjh >??: i`w uktmi

Qhpthcnhr 1?, >?01. Rjh hxthksmfk afktmkuhb tjh >??:-hr` prfdr`cs mk quhstmfk. Efrtuk`thiy, Nr`zmi bmb kft vmhwtjh hxthksmfk `s suaahssfr ihdmsi`tmfk, ch`kmkd tj`t tjhXkmthb Qt`ths wmii kft suhr j`rsjhr s`katmfks mk tjh afc-mkd cfktjs (prfvmbhb tj`t tjh XQ afktmkuhs mts `kkuìp`ychkt fe kh`riy $08? cmiimfk).

Fk L`ku`ry 02, Qharht`ry Umisàg prhsshb Afkdrhsstf t`gh àtmfk fk ` ffvh-yh`r e`rc nmii. Rjh p`ss`dh fe `kfckmnus e`rc nmii ms `k urdhkt khhb efr @chrma`k e`rc-hrskft lust i`rdh `drmnusmkhsshstj`t tj`t tjhy a`kc`gh pi`ktmkd bhamsmfks `kb ftjhr ffk`kamì ajfmahs mktjh afcmkd cfktjs. Jfwhvhr, fkdfmkd nubdht`ry tìgs

j`vh pusjhb tjh tmchimkh efr ` khw fckmnus nmii mktfi`th tjms succhr. Me Afkdrhss w`mts tf `bbrhss tjh afttfkmssuh tjrfudj tjh fckmnus nmii, twf khd`tmvh sahk`rmfsafuib ukefib. Emrst, Nr`zmi afuib nhafch mcp`tmhkt wmtjX.Q. mkàtmfk rhd`rbmkd tjh e`rc nmii, `kb hkàt rhtìm`-tfry ch`surhs fk tjh X.Q. Qhafkb, Afkdrhss afuib e`mi tft`gh Nr`zmis euii afkahrks mktf àafukt `kb p`ss ` khwE`rc Nmii tj`t bfhs kft rhsfivh tjh armsms. Dmvhk tjhsh rmsgs,Afkdrhss sjfuib p`ss ` shp`r`th pmhah fe ihdmsi`tmfk tj`tbhìs prmc`rmiy wmtj tjh afttfk prfdr`c. Tj`t wfuib afkstmtuth suaj ` nmii6 Mk tjh >?0?er`chwfrg drhhchkt, A@CHZ mkbma`thb tj`t aahpt-

`nih afttfk sunsmbmhs cust nh smdkmffa`ktiy ifwhr tj`k$1.85: nmiimfk phr yh`r, tjh `vhr`dh suc dmvhk tf upi`kbafttfk e`rchrs mk rhahkt yh`rs.5@ afttfk nmii sjfuib nhsurh tf c`gh aj`kdhs tf tjh c`rghtmkd if`k prfdr`c,hxpfrt arhbmt du`r`kthh prfdr`c, kb QR@Z tj`t Nr`zmij`s rhquhsthb. Rjms wfuib nh shhk `s suaahssfr ihdmsi`-tmfkfhrmkd tjh aj`kah efr ` ffkì rhsfiutmfk tf tjmsbha`bh-ifkd afkmat.

Ghy pi`yhrs mk tjms afttfk rhefrc nmii sjfuib nh mkerhquhkt afccukma`tmfk wmtj Nr`zmim`k ùtjfrmtmhs tfhksurh tj`t tjhy wmii nh s`tmsffhb ny tjh khw ch`surhs.

Bfchstmaìiy, tjms wmii rhqumrh aifsh affphr`tmfk nhtwhhktjh atmkd X.Q. Rr`bh hprhshkt`tmvh, Bhchtrmfs C`r`ktms,`kb Afkdrhss. Rjh mbh` fe shp`r`tmkd afttfk erfc ftjhrXQB@ prfdr`cs wmii eàh fppfsmtmfk mk Afkdrhss. Jfw-hvhr, Cr. C`r`ktms, wjf w`s tjh ajmhe mkthrk`tmfkì tr`bhafukshi efr tjh Qhk`th Emk`kah Afccmtthh, j`s bhvhi-fphb ` aifsh wfrgmkd rhi`tmfksjmp mk tjh p`st wmtj ghyAfkdrhsschk suaj `s Ajuag Dr`ssihy (Mfw`-^). Afttfk mk-thrhsts sjfuib vmhw tjms `s ` nmii tj`t wmii arh`th ahrt`mktymk tjh mkthrk`tmfkì afttfk c`rght. Nr`zmis p`tmhkah mk rhahkt cfktjs sjfuib kft nht`ghk efr dr`kthb. Mts wmiimkdkhss kft tf afukt tjh Afk-tmkumkd hsfiutmfk `s suaahssfr ihdmsi`tmfk c`y nh buh,mk p`rt, tf tjh a`kbmbày fe Nr`zmim`k bmpifc`t ^fnhrtfA`vìjf bh @zhvbf efr jh`b fe tjh TRF.4Cr. bh @zhv-bf ms fkh fe kmkh ffkìmsts shhgmkd tf rhpiàh tjh aurrhktjh`b, _`saì I`cy, wjhk jms thrc hkbs mk @udust >?01.Nhefrh C`y 10st, tjh a`kbmb`ths cust d`mk tjh `pprfvìfe ìi TRF chcnhrs, mkaiubmkd tjh Xkmthb Qt`ths. Cr. bh@zhvbf jmcshie j`s rhc`rghb tj`t Me fkh s`ys kf, lust

fkh, mt bfhskt j`pphk.:

Nhaùsh Nr`zmi khhbs tjh X.Q.ssuppfrt, mt c`y nh thcpfr`rmiy ihkmhkt fk tr`bh rhi`-tmfks tjms sprmkd. Efiifwmkd C`y 10st, jfwhvhr, Afkdrhsssjfuib nh prhp`rhb efr ` cfrh `sshrtmvh st`kah fk tjmstr`bh bmsputh. Kfw ms tjh tmch tf àt fk ` afttfk-sphamffarhefrc nmii tj`t wfuib hkb afstiy p`ychkts `kb mcprfvhrhi`tmfks nhtwhhk tjh twf i`rdhst hafkfcmhs mk tjh Thst-hrk Jhcmspjhrh.


12/79

@s cfst wfrib dfvhrkchkts eàh tjh ajìihkdhs fermsmkd bhnt, `k mkarh`smkd kucnhr fe pfimay-c`ghrs j`vhj`b tf rhiuat`ktiy eàh tfb`ys prmcì quhstmfk< jfw bfwh rhbuah fur bhffamt6 Fe afursh, `kswhrmkd tjms quhstmfkms mcpfssmnih wmtjfut ffrst ukbhrst`kbmkd tjh dfvhrk-chkts afktmkufusiy hvfivmkd rfih mk tjh hafkfcy kbprmv`th imeh. Mkbhhb, ` ahktury `df dfvhrkchkt w`s j`rbiyvmsmnih mk tmchs ftjhr tj`k w`r7 fkiy burmkd tmchs fe nhi-imdhrhkah wfuib dfvhrkchkt subbhkiy nhafch brmvmkdefrah mk tjh hafkfcy. Rjhsh phrmfbs whrh usuìiy aafc-p`kmhb ny ` r`pmb rmsh mk bhnt, `s dfvhrkchkts br`c`tm-aìiy mkarh`shb tjhmr cmimt`ry hxphkbmturh. Jfwhvhr, tjhywhrh ìsf qumagiy efiifwhb ny yh`rs, me kft bha`bhs, febhaimkmkd bhnt, s dfvhrkchkts imcmthb rhspfksmnmimtmhs

ch`kt tj`tburmkd tmchs fe phàhcfst dfvhrkchktrhvhkuh w`s khahss`rmiy iifa`thb tfw`rb rhbuatmfk fetjh bhnt aaucui`thb burmkd w`r.0Rjms ayaih fe rmsmkd`kb bhaimkmkd bhnt afktmkuhb wmtjfut mkthrruptmfk erfctjh h`riy cfbhrk st`th uktmi tjh Emrst Tfrib T`r`kb tfsfch hxthkt, tjh Qhafkb. Tmtj tjh bhvhifpchkt fe dfv-hrkchkt s a`rht`ghr fe whie`rh, jfwhvhr, tjh rhspfksm-nmimtmhs fe tjh punima shatfr hxpfkhktmìiy mkarh`shb. Tmtjtjhsh khw rhspfksmnmimtmhs, bhffamts a`k kf ifkdhr nh smc-piy bmscmsshb `s tjh rhsuit fe nusmkhss fr pfimtmaì ayaihs7wh a`k kf ifkdhr `ssuch tj`t bhffamts wmii rhsfivh tjhc-shivhs fkah phàh j`s `rrmvhb fr tjh hafkfcy ms hxp`kb-

mkd. J`vmkd tjus nhafch ` ajrfkma p`mk mk tjh jhìtj fefur k`tmfkì hafkfcy `kb pfimtmaì spjhrh, mt ms aruamì tfffkb khw sfiutmfks tf fur shhcmkdiy khvhr-hkbmkd bhffamtprfnihcs.

@t ` di`kah, rhsfivmkd bhffamts sjfuib nh rhi`tmvhiystr`mdjtefrw`rb. @ethr ii, bhffamts `rh ` n`sma `rmtjchtmafphr`tmfk< rhvhkuh cmkus sphkbmkd, wjhrh sphkbmkd msi`rdhr tj`k rhvhkuh. Rjrhh smcpih sfiutmfks rh mcch-bm`thiy aih`r< mkarh`sh rhvhkuhs, bharh`sh sphkbmkd, fr àfcnmk`tmfk fe tjh twf. Jfwhvhr, kfkh fe tjhsh fptmfksms wmtjfut afktrfvhrsy, kfr str`mdjtefrw`rb tf àafc-pimsjp`rtmaui`riy tjh ffrst< r`msmkd dfvhrkchkt rhvhkuhs.

Efr hx`cpih, tjh I`hr aurvh, efrcìmzhb burmkd tjh0=:?s mk tjh nffc fe suppiy-smbh hafkfcmasprfpfs-hs wj`t ms àtuìiy ` sfchwj`t afukthr-mktumtmvh `ssucp-tmfk< tj`t `t ` ahrt`mk pfmkt, t`x rhvhkuh wmii bharh`sh `stjh t`x r`th mkarh`shs. Rjus, tjh I`hr aurvh bhsarmnhs tjhefiifwmkd t`x r`th-t`x rhvhkuh rhi`tmfksjmpRjus, dfmkd ifaì wjmih rmbbmkd furshivhs fe fur cmsih`b-mkd, I`hr-aurvh nhimhes a`k nh dffb ffrst sthps tfw`rbcfrh ffsaìiy rhspfksmnih hafkfcma pfimamhs.

Bhahktrìmz`tmfk kb _`rtmamp`tfry Nubdhtmkd

Iffgmkd `t ` twf-bmchksmfkì pfimay spàh `kb pift-tmkd prhehrrhb pfimamhs fk t`x rhvhkuhs vhrsus tjh ihvhi fesphkbmkd, wh a`k sjfw tj`t nubdht bhffamts `rh usuìiytjh prhehrrhb pfimay futafch mk fur prhshkt systhc feefrcui`tmkd nubdht`ry pfimay.

Mk tjms d`ch wjhrh pfmkts @, N, A, `kb B rhprhshktbmhrhkt pfimay-c`gmkd drfups fr mkbmvmbuìs, `ky `rh`wjhrh tjhrh ms fvhri`p nhtwhhk hàj pi`yhrs mkbmhrhkahaurvh ms ` pfssmnih pfimay futafch. Rjus, `ssucmkd tj`tpi`yhrs prhehr ` pfimay futafch aifshr mk spàh tf tjhmrfwk prhehrrhb pfimay, efur bmstmkat pfssmnih futafchs rhaih`r. Rwf fe tjhsh futafchs rhprhshkt nubdht surpius0Hvhk tjfudj tjh `ssucptmfktj`t r`msmkd t`x r`ths wmii bharh`sh tjh t`x n`sh ms afrrhat,

wj`t ms mkafrrhat ms tjh `ssucptmfk tj`t tjms eìi mk tjh t`xn`sh fvhr-afcphks`ths tjh rmsh mk tjh t`x r`th, prfbuamkdbhaimkmkd t`x rhvhkuhs.

Mkbhhb, wh a`k nhdmk rhi`xmkd tjh `ssucptmfks fetjh I`hr aurvh tj`t j`vh afkstr`mkhb fur dfvhrkchktshafkfcma pfimay. Ny iffgmkd `t ` smcpih cfbhi tj`t bh-sarmnhs tjh `cfukt fe jfurs wfrghb t`gmkd mktf afksmbhr-`tmfk tjh t`x r`th, wh a`k prfvh tj`t tjh `cfukt fe jfurswfrghb mk `k hafkfcy (wjmaj mk tjms a`sh wmii shrvh `s `prfxy efr tjh t`x n`sh) wmii khvhr rhàj zhrf (wjmaj ms


19/79

Fur c`mk `ssucptmfk, tjus, ms tj`t rhvhkuh bfhs kftkhahss`rmiy j`vh tf hquì zhrf `t ` 0??% t`x r`th, nhaùshphfpih wmii stmii wfrg buh tf nmfifdmaì khahssmtmhs, sfamìkfrcs, pfimtmaì ruihs, kb dfvhrkchkt tr`ksehrs. Rjhshv`rm`nihs, mk turk, wmii bhphkb fk tjh typh fe sfamì `kbpfimtmaì systhc mk piàh mk tjh afuktryìfkd wmtj tjhrhsphatmvh wfrg htjma kb `ttmtubhs tfw`rb dfvhrkchkt. Mkbhhb, wjhrh tjh nì`kah nhtwhhk mkbmvmbuì erhh-

bfc `kb afiihatmvh rhspfksmnmimty wmii àtuìiy imh bhphkbsfk tjh typh fe sfamhty. Mt wmii bhphkb fk tjh sfamì, haf-kfcma, `kb pfimtmaì nhj`vmfr fe hàj k`tmfk wjhtjhr `t`x pfimay ms bhsmdkhb tf e`vfr tjh afiihatmvh fvhr tjh mkbm-vmbuì ny t`xmkd tjh i`tthr mk e`vfr fe tjh efrchrs nhkhfft,fr wjhtjhr mt wmii e`vfr tjh mkbmvmbuì `t tjh hxphksh fetjh afiihatmvh (ny t`xmkd tjh efrchr ihss). Cfrhfvhr, mt ìsfbhphkbs fk tjh sfamì, hafkfcma, `kb pfimtmaì nhj`vmfrfe hàj sfamhty wjhtjhr tjh dfìs fe tjh dfvhrkchkt `rhtjh s`ch fe tjh phfpih, fr vmah vhrs`. Fkah tjh dfìs fetjh twf `rh tjh s`ch (fr `rh `bhqu`thiy afccukma`thb`kb `drhhb upfk), tjhk tjh prfphr nì`kah wmii nh efukb,

`kb ìi smbhs wmii truiy nhkhfft` ai`mc wjmaj rhhatsnàg fk fur prhvmfus pfimtmaì `rduchkt fvhr bhahktrì-mz`tmfk `s ` ch`ks tf mkarh`sh tjh afkdruhkah nhtwhhkamtmzhks w`kts `kb dfvhrkchktì àtmfk. Rjhrhefrh,dfvhrkchkt cust ih`rk tf prfphriy ukbhrst`kb `kb afc-cukma`th prmfrmtmhs< mt cust ih`rk tf ukbhrst`kb wjhtjhrphfpih prhehr tf nh t`xhb cuaj `kb rhahmvh hquìiy jmdj`cfukts fe dfvhrkchkt shrvmahs, fr tjhy prhehr ifwhr t`xr`ths wmtj afrrhspfkbmkdiy ifw ihvhis fe shrvmahs erfc tjhpunima shatfr. Cfrhfvhr, mk tjh sahk`rmf wjhrh tjh phfpihprhehr nftj jmdj dfvhrkchkt shrvmahs `kb ifwhr t`xhs,dfvhrkchkt cust ih`rk tf afccukma`th tj`t ` k`turì

tr`bh-fhxmsts nhtwhhk t`xhs `kb shrvmahs< me fkh bhsmrhstf nh ffsaìiy rhspfksmnih` thrc wjmaj wh ai`rmffhb a`kmkaiubh nubdht bhffamts wjhk sf rhqumrhbc`ky shrvmahsch`k jmdj t`xhs, wjmih ifw t`xhs cust ch`k ehwhr shr-vmahs. Jfw hhatmvh dfvhrkchkt ms mk ukbhrst`kbmkd `kbafccukma`tmkd tjh prmfrmtmhs `kb tr`bh-fs (`kb jfwhhatmvhiy tjh phfpih c`gh tjhmr prmfrmtmhs ukbhrstffb`kbmkvhrshiyukbhrst`kb tj`t tjh tr`bh-fs hxmst)bhphkbs, fkah `d`mk, fk tjh sfamì, hafkfcma `kb pfimtm-aì nhj`vmfr fe hàj sfamhty. Fe afursh, nhaùsh mk tjh rhì wfrib wh j`vh tjh`bbhb bmihcc` fe tr`ksàtmfk afsts, kft ìi amtmzhks `drhhfk wj`t shrvmahs tjhy prhehr `kb jfw cuaj tjhyb imghtf nh t`xhb, `kb kft ìi amtmzhks sph`g wmtj ` aih`r `kbukmffhb vfmah, `drhhchkts imgh tjhsh cmdjt nh cfrh pfs-smnih `kb hfiamhkt `t tjh cmarf ihvhi. Khvhrtjhihss, `t tjmsifaì ihvhi, drhhchkts kb afccukma`tmfk nhtwhhk tjhpfimay-c`ghrs (wjmaj `t tjms ihvhi bmrhatiy mkaiubhs tjhamtmzhks) c`y ih`b tf ` t`x r`th-t`x rhvhkuh rhi`tmfksjmpvhry bmhrhkt erfc tjh I`hr aurvh. Rjhrhefrh, tjh I`hraurvh mskt khahss`rmiy wrfkd, nut nhaùsh mt smcpiy iffgs`t rhvhkuh, mts sj`ph cmdjt kft bhsarmnh ìi hafkfcma sys-thcs `kb sfamhtmhs. Hvhk `t ` 0??% t`x r`th, phfpih cmdjt

nh wmiimkd tf wfrg me^hdui`tmfk j`s nhhk bhhchb kha-

hss`ry mk c`ky afuktrmhs efiifwmkd v`rmfus armshs mk tjh

cmarfffk`kah shatfr, tj`t mk tjh Mkbm`k st`th fe @kbjr`

_r`bhsj01nhmkd cfst kft`nih. Burmkd tjh 0=:?s mk Ajmk`,

i`wc`ghrs d`vh ` armcmkì phkìty tf tjfsh wjf tffg

punima bhpfsmts miihdìiy ethr fQA@s mk shvhrì prfv-

mkahs nhd`k hkd`dmkd mk prfffthhrmkd `kb pràtmahs tj`t

j`rchb tjh ffk`kamì shaurmty fe ^fQA@ p`rtmamp`kts.02Fk

` càrf ihvhi, tjh r`tmfkì nhjmkb suaj cfvhs ms fethk

tj`t c`ky ahktrì n`kgs `rfukb tjh wfrib ehhi afcphiihb

tf mkvfivh tjhcshivhs hvhk mk dr`ssrffts frd`kmz`tmfks

dmvhk tjhmr shie-bhsarmnhb c`kb`th tf prfthat bhpfsm-

tfrs `kb `vfmb systhcma rmsg.08Mt s ukbhrst`kb`nih tj`t

dfvhrkchkts, hsphamìiy tjfsh wjfsh pi`tefrcs ahkthrfk

tjh whii nhmkd fe mts afkstmtuhkts cmdjt nh w`ry fe `ky

sfrt fe cmarfffk`kah fphr`tmfks, `s j`s nhhk tjh a`sh mk

shvhrì I`tmk @chrma`k afuktrmhs,05

hsphamìiy tjfsh tj`t`rh nfukb ny suaj shhcmkdiy thkt`tmvh ch`ks `s trust.

Jfwhvhr, mt ms prhamshiy tj`t sfamì a`pmtì tj`t dmvhs ^fQ-

A@s mk p`rtmaui`r tjhmr br`c`tma bhvhifpchktì a`p`nmi-

mty `kb ymhibs suaj hafkfcma rhw`rbs. Bhspmth tjh rmsg

mkvfivhb efr tjh nfrrfwhr, jh fr sjh st`kbs tf d`mk cuaj

cfrh tj`k jms fr jhr bhpfsmt erfc hkd`dmkd mk ` cutuì

`mb `ssfam`tmfk suaj `s tjh ^fQA@. Tjmih tjhrh `rh ahrt`mk

amraucst`kahs wjhrh rhdui`tmfk c`y nh pràtmaì (wjmaj,

efr nrhvmty, wmii kft nh bmsausshb jhrh), tjh frd`kma sua-

ahss fe ^fQA@s `kb tjhmr `nmimty tf hvfgh dr`ssrffts

nfkbmkd wmtjmk ` afccukmty `rh twf eukb`chktì rh`-

sfks wjy dfvhrkchkt rhdui`tmfk ms ukkhahss`ry.

Efr cmiimfks fe phfpih `rfukb tjh wfrib, ^fQA@s `rh

` p`rt fe b`miy imeh.04Rjhy cmdjt nhifkd tf fkh, fr c`ky,

bhphkbmkd fk tjh bhsmrhb a`pmtì mkvhstchkt `kb if`k

ayaih,0:fr phrj`ps tf nrf`bhk tjhmr sfamì amraihs7 Nhkb`

(>?0>) amths khtwfrgmkd fppfrtukmtmhs `kb tjh sj`rmkd

fe mbh`s `s lust ` ehw fe tjh kfk-ffk`kamì nhkhffts ^fQA@

p`rtmamp`tmfk afkehrs. @aafrbmkd tf C`yfux (>??5),

dr`ssrffts cmarfffk`kah prfdr`cs afuib isf j`vh ` vhry

smdkmffa`kt afktrmnutmfk tf dhkbhr hquìmty `kb wfchks

hcpfwhrchkt, `s whii `s prf-pffr bhvhifpchkt `kb amvm

sfamhty strhkdtjhkmkd. Rjhy j`vh ìrh`by j`b ` smdkmff-

a`kt mcpàt mk wfchks àtmvmsc mk Qfutj @erma` mk thrcs

fe prfvmbmkd ffk`kamkd efr jfushs, tjms bhspmth ` jmstfry

fe bmsarmcmk`tmfk `d`mkst wfchk mk tjms `rh`, hvhk pfst-

`p`rtjhmb.0=Rjh mkthksh bhphkbhkah fk mkthrphrsfkì rh-

i`tmfksjmps kb rhim`kah fk sfamì a`pmtì tr`ksefrcs mkbm-

vmbuì ^fQA@s mktf drfups a`p`nih fe fhrmkd suppfrt tf

tjhmr chcnhrs. Nhkb` (>?0>) qufths, WS nhefrh lfmkmkd

tjms drfup, M ushb tf ehhi ifkhiy, nut kfw M a`k chht ftjhrphfpih, dht suppfrt, `kb sfchjfw sj`rh cy prfnihcs,

`kb M ehhi nhtthr! Rjms mcprhssmvh shksh fe nhifkdmkd kb

suppfrt ms sfchtjmkd fkh wfuib nh `t ` ifss efr sjfuib

tjh drfup chcnhrs ifsh ùtfkfcy fe tjhmr afiihatmvh.

Mt ms vmrtuìiy unmqumtfus tj`t ` ^fQA@ j`vh sfch sfrt fe

afkstmtutmfk, hihatmfks, `kb ruihs fe p`rtmamp`tmfk, bfwk

tf tjh pràtmah fe fhrmkd pr`yhr nhefrh chhtmkds.>?Rjms

ihvhi fe frd`kmz`tmfk `kb mkefrc`tmfk `nfut tjh afccu-

kmty, c`ghs s`vmkds drfups imgh ^fQA@s mbhì efr hhatmkd

drh`thr pfimtmaì aj`kdh, phrj`ps tjh cfst whii-bfau-

chkthb a`sh nhmkd tj`t fe wfchk.>0Rjh c`mk rduchkts

efr mcpfsmkd sfch sfrt fe hxthrkì rhdui`tmfk `rh nfrk fe

dfvhrkchkt fr, cfrh fethk, ahktrì n`kg sghptmamsc tj`t

` dr`ssrffts rukffk`kamì `ssfam`tmfk afuib nh nhkhffamì

efr tjh wfribs pffr, nut tjhsh `rduchkts `rh mii efukbhb.

Bhspmth thstmcfky suaj s, W...S burmkd tjh chhtmkds,

phfpih fphk ftjhr phfpihs cmkbs fk jfw tf bhvhifp,

jfw tf mcprfvh fwk imvhimjffb, jfw tf st`rt ` nusmkhss

W...S,>>tjh efaus ms hafkfcma `kb tjh wfrry ms ny `kb i`rdh

tjh cfrì j`z`rb. Trmdjt (>???) wrmths, tjh drh`thr tjh ff-

k`kamì rmsg `kb tjh cfrh cfkhy `t rmsg ny bhpfsmtfrs, tjh

cfrh mcpfrt`kt hxthrkì rhdui`tmfks nhafchs tf `vfmb

wj`t hafkfcmsts aìi cfrì j`z`rb ny c`k`dhchkt kbfwkhrs. Rjms suddhsts tjh khhb efr shp`r`th tmhrs fe rhdu-

i`tmfk `kb suphrvmsmfk n`shb fk qu`ktmt`tmvh ch`surhs.

Dmvhk tjh fvhrwjhicmkd hvmbhkah fe sfamì `kb pfimtmaì

bhvhifpchkt tj`ts àjmhvhb ny ^fQA@s, mt wfuib nh bme-

ffauit tf mc`dmkh ìi nut ` ehw `khabfths wjhrhmk mkefr-

cì s`vmkds `kb if`k `ssfam`tmfks j`vh j`b bhtrmchktì

hhats fk afccukmty. Eurtjhrcfrh, tjh tr`ksi`tmfk fe

efrcì rhdui`tfry pfimay fktf ` dr`ssrffts frd`kmz`tmfk

wfuib kft fkiy ukbhrcmkh tjh shksh fe àjmhvhchkt

c`ky p`rtmamp`kts ehhi, nut suaj i`ws `rh kft hkdmkhhrhb


22/79

àafukt tjh mkbfcmt`nih sfamì tmhs fe ` scìi, afjhsmvh

afccukmty, r`tjhr tjhy dfvhrk cfbhrk sfamhty, wmtj

W`S aj`kdmkd fe sfamì struaturh, WwjhrhS mkthrphrsfkì

rhi`tmfksjmps dr`buìiy ìmhk`th, amraucst`kahs ukbhr

wjmaj tjh tr`bmtmfkì FQA@ mcpimhs drh`t rmsg,>1wjmaj ms

aih`riy kft tjh a`sh.

Hvhk me tjh ahktrì n`kgs whrh tf `tthcpt tf bh-

vhifp pfimamhs tj`t ìifwhb ^fQA@s tf rht`mk tjh c`lfrmty

fe tjhmr shie-dfvhrk`kah `s whii `s mcpfsh upfk tjhc

aj`rthrs tj`t ìifwhb efr tjh v`st hxmnmimty `kb `b`pt`nmi-

mty tjhy hklfy, s`ys Trmdjt (>???), Fkh a`kkft jhip nut

wfrry tj`t tjh ahktrì n`kgs, iàgmkd tjh rhsfurahs `kb

a`p`nmimty tf suphrvmsh tjh efrcì afcchramì n`kgmkd

shatfr, cmdjt nh strhtajhb nhyfkb rh`sfk`nih imcmts me rh-

qumrhb tf suphrvmsh i`rdh kucnhrs fe CEMs rukkmkd ` nusm-

khss efr wjmaj ahktrì n`kghrs usuìiy j`vh sa`kt rhd`rb,

`kb fe wjmaj tjhy j`vh ihss ukbhrst`kbmkd. Tj`t wfuib

nh phrj`ps cfrh mrfkma, s`ys Ifkbfk Qajffi fe Hafkfc-

mas ìuck` _r`l`gt` Gj`rg`r Kmd`c, ms tjh mbh` fe ahktrì

n`kgs mk afrruptmfk-rmbbhk afuktrmhs imgh N`kdi`bhsj `kb

Mkbfkhsm` trymkd tf ruk scìi-saìh fphr`tmfks tj`t j`vhfurmsjhb wmtj cfstiy aih`k rhput`tmfks wmtjfut ihdms-

i`tmvh mkthrvhktmfk. Eurtjhrcfrh, mk tjh hvhkt tj`t tjh

dfvhrkchkt bhambhs tf mksurh bhpfsmts (`k ukimghiy `kb

mcpràtmaì ukbhrt`gmkd), tjh mbh` fe mksurmkd `d`mkst tjh

cfrì j`z`rb afuib nh ukbhrcmkhb, ih`bmkd tf `k mk-

arh`shb bheùit r`th, `s ^fQA@ jh`bs ehhi kf cfrh cfrì

afcpukatmfk tf du`rb s`vmkds me hvhryfkhs cfkhy wmii

nh rhturkhb kyw`y.>2@s Nmk Jfquh `kb Gjìmiy (>??>)

efukb mk tjhmr hxpifr`tmfk fe tjh `ssucptmfk tj`t mkefr-

cì ffk`kah ms ` rubmchkt`ry sunstmtuth efr efrcì ffk`kah,

Xrn`k ^FQA@s `kb @QA^@s hxmst `kb furmsj mk tjh prhs-

hkah fe `k mkstmtutmfkì ffk`kamì systhc, wjmaj ms hvmbhkt

mk fur a`sh stubmhs. @isf, mk Mkbm` bmhrhkt typhs fe Ajmt

eukbs `rh drfwmkd mk urn`k `rh`s imgh Nfcn`y, C`br`s,

`kb Khw Bhijm. _`rtmamp`kts erfc bmhrhkt faaup`tmfkì

drfups `rh mkvfivhb `kb frd`kmzhb mk tjhsh ajmt eukbs

(^`b`grmsjk`k, 0=48). Rjms phrj`ps afkvhys us tjh chs-

s`dh tj`t efrcì ffk`kah ms `k mcphrehat sunstmtuth efr

mkefrcì ffk`kah. Rjh prfahburì rmdmbmtmhs kb shvhrì

ruihs `kb rhdui`tmfks fe tjh efrcì ffk`kamì systhc c`gh

mt bmfiauit tf rhàj tjh phfpih fe ìi str`t` `kb tjhsh `rh

tjh rh`sfks efr hchrdhkah kb rhhchrdhkah fe mkefrcì

drfups imgh ^fQA@s `kb @QA@s wmtjmk tjh mkstmtutmfkìffk`kamì systhc.

Tmtj tjh smcuit`khfus rmsh fe efrcì ffk`kamì mkstm-

tutmfks fhrmkd cmarfif`ks tf tjh rurì `kb urn`k pffr

(nr`kajihss n`kgmkd) `kb tjh pfpui`rmty fe efr-prffft

cmarfffk`kah mkstmtutmfks, tjhrh ms ahrt`mkiy ` piàh efr

rhdui`tmfk mk tjh cmarfn`kgmkd shatfr. Jfwhvhr, dmvhk

tjh suaahss dr`ssrffts ffk`kamì `ssfam`tmfks j`vh hxphrm-

hkahb `rchb wmtj fkiy shie-rhdui`tmfk, `kb tjh mcprfn-

`nmimty tj`t ahktrì n`kg dfvhrk`kah wfuib ìifw suaj

`ssfam`tmfks tf rht`mk tjh quìmtmhs tj`t c`gh tjhc suaj

hxahiihkt chaj`kmscs fe afccukmty bhvhifpchkt, mt

ms jmdjiy rhafcchkbhb tj`t `ky `tthcpts `t hxthrkì

dfvhrk`kah nh rhbmrhathb tf pfimamhs tj`t wfuib prfcfth

ffk`kamì imthrày `kb ffii mk wjhrh dr`ssrffts a`k `kb imghiy

sjfuib kft hxthkb (m.h. mk prfvmbmkd arhbmt efr a`pmtì-

mkthksmvh vhkturhs).

Rjh rhhchrdhkah fe urn`k ahkthrs j`s nhafch

` nfk` ffbh trhkb fe tjh i`st bha`bh `kb tjh pfst->??:

rhafvhry. Efr tjh cfst p`rt, tjms trhkb j`s nhhk cht

wmtj ahihnr`tmfk, i`rdhiy wmtj dffb rh`sfk. Rjh rmsh fe

mkkhr amtmhs prhshkts ` shrmhs fe ìiurmkd prfdrhssmvh `kb

sust`mk`nih fppfrtukmtmhs, nut prfdrhssmvhs sjfuib ìsf

nh aùtmfus tf kft dht tff bmstràthb wmtj tjhsh dhku-mkh sfurahs fe fptmcmsc. Futsmbh fe tjh prfcmsmkd smdks

fe tjh mkkhr amty ms `k hchrdmkd sht fe khw ajìihkdhs

mk @chrma`k sunurns `kb hxurns. Xkbhrst`kbmkd tjhsh

prfnihcs kb prfvmbmkd ehbhrì er`chwfrg efr ifaìmtmhs

tf `bbrhss tjhc ms ` aruamì sthp tfw`rb bhvhifpmkd cfrh

prfdrhssmvh, st`nih afccukmtmhs r`tjhr tj`k ` smcpih

rhbmstrmnutmfk fe pfvhrty tfw`rb tjh urn`k c`rdmk, `kb `

judh w`sthb fppfrtukmty. @ ehbhrì er`chwfrg tj`t uk-

bhrst`kbs tjms bhcfdr`pjma sjmet `kb prfvmbhs rhsfurahs

`kb ` strh`cimkhb er`chwfrg efr ifaìmtmhs tf t`gh àtmfk

ms khahss`ry.

h Aj`kdmkd Eàh fe Qunurnm`

Fkah tjh mbhì fe @chrma`k cmbbih-ai`ss

p`stfrì-imehstyih-ehtmsjmsc, tjh sunurns `rh mk-

arh`smkdiy nhafcmkd tjh smth fe pfvhrty. @aafrb-

mkd tf tjh Nrffgmkds Mkstmtutmfks Chtrfpfimt`k

_fimay _rfdr`c, nhtwhhk >??? kb >??:, sunurns

mk tjh afuktrys i`rdhst chtrf `rh`s s`w tjhmr pffr

pfpui`tmfk drfw ny >8 phrahktìcfst ffvh tmchs

Nrmt Nyrb

HKD@DMKD QXNX^N@K _FUH^R]???, tjh phrahkt`dh mkarh`sh mk efrhmdk-nfrk pfpui`tmfkmk tjh sunurns futpàhb amtmhs 14.2% tf 01.>%. Rjh afc-

pfsmtmfk fe tjhsh efrhmdk-nfrk pfpui`tmfks ìsf bmhrs7tjh sunurn`k efrhmdk-nfrk pfpui`tmfk ms prhbfcmk`ktiyChxma`k, wjmih amtmhs j`vh ` cfrh afscfpfimt`k afcpfsm-

tmfk.>

Rjms trhkb uphkbs c`ky prhv`mimkd kftmfks fe pfv-hrty `kb @chrma`k amtmhs `kb bhc`kbs ` rhhvìu`tmfk fepfvhrty rhbuatmfk `kb afccukmty bhvhifpchkt pfimamhs.

Rjh tr`bmtmfkì rher mk `d`mkst armtmamscs fe amtmhs `s ahk-thrs fe pfvhrty j`s nhhk ` pih` tf afcp`rh urn`k pfvhrtytf sunurn`k `kb rurì pfvhrty, r`tjhr tj`k urn`k pfvhrty

tf sunurn`k fr rurì prfsphrmty. Amtmhs `rh tr`bmtmfkìiytjfudjt tf nh dffb piàhs tf nh pffr< tjhy prfvmbh sfamì`kb hcpifychkt khtwfrgs, àahss tf sfamì `kb punima rh-sfurahs, `kb cfrh fppfrtukmtmhs efr khmdjnfrjffb afjh-

smfk. Rjms r`tmfkìh `ppimhb erfc tjh Hiims Msi`kb `kb R c-c`ky Jìi hr` fe mccmdr`tmfk whii mktf tjh >?tj ahktury.Jfwhvhr, tjh rhfrmhkt`tmfk fe pfvhrty tfw`rb tjh sunurnstjrh`thks tf mkvhrt tjms p`r`bmdc. Rjhsh khw sunurn`k

ahkthrs fe pfvhrty `rh fethk ifa`thb e`rtjhr erfc lfnstj`k khmdjnfrjffbs mk tjh urn`k afrh, fr mk ftjhr p`rtsfe tjh rhdmfk, `kb iàg afkvhkmhkt punima tr`kspfrt`tmfk

fptmfks tf cfvh wfrghrs tf kfbhs fe hcpifychkt.1Rjh`ssucptmfk tj`t tjh pffr a`k ajffsh nhtwhhk amtmhs kbtjh afuktrysmbh, `kb c`ky shksmniy ajffsh amtmhs ms kfifkdhr `s sèh, `s tjhy mkarh`smkdiy ajffsh tjh ajh`p rhì

hst`th fe tjh sunurns fvhr tjh tr`bmtmfkì sfamì rhsfurahsfe tjh amty.2

Umdmi`kkah `t tjh Ifaì Ihvhi

_fimtmam`ks `kb pi`kkhrs khhb tf nh cfrh vmdmi`kt mktjhmr hfrts tf prfvmbh sfamì shrvmahs. @s fe yht, tjhrh `p-ph`rs tf nh ` rmsg fvhr fvhrhcpj`smzmkd tjh `rrmvì fe tjh

Arh`tmvh Ai`ss. Afmkhb ny ^maj`rb Eifrmb` mk >??2, tjms

ai`ss fe mkkfv`tfrs, hktrhprhkhurs, kb yfukd prfehssmfk-ìs bhffhs fibhr cfbhis fe urn`k bhvhifpchkt efaushb fkc`kueàturmkd hxpfrts fr afkahktr`thb mk e`vfr fe ` efaus

fk mkkfv`tmfk. Rjh cfst `cnfy`kt punima hxphkbmturhmk pursumt fe tjh Arh`tmvh Ai`ss ms tjh `w`rb fe $0?? cmi-imfk mk mker`struaturh `kb rhì hst`th mkvhstchkt mk pursumtC`yfr Niffcnhrds vmsmfk fe Khw ]frg Amty `s `k H`st

Af`st Qmimafk Uìihy. @kb mt ms kft lust tjh nmddhst amtmhshklfymkd `kb ahihnr`tmkd tjh erumts tj`t tjh Arh`tmvh Ai`ssymhibamtmhs suaj `s Aihvhi`kb, tjh fet-cìmdkhb hx`cpih

fe urn`k bha`y, j`vh ìsf hklfyhb ` surdh fe yfukd

`buits cmdr`tmkd tf tjhmr bfwktfwks.8

Rjhsh prflhatswjmih mcpfrt`ktsjfuib kft afch

`t tjh hxphksh fe prfvmbmkd shrvmahs tf tjh chtrfpfimssmkarh`smkdiy bmushb pffr. Rjhsh mkkfv`tmfk-frmhkthbprflhats `rh fethk dffb afcpfkhkts fe ` rhdmfkì-aiusthrp`r`bmdc fe hafkfcma bhvhifpchkt, nut ìsf mrfkmaìiy

rmsg `tthcptmkd ` tfp-bfwk cfbhi fe bhvhifpchkt. Me`kytjmkd, tjh rhmkvmdfr`tmfk fe amtmhs `s ahkthrs fe mk-kfv`tmfk mkbma`ths tj`t pfimayc`ghrs sjfuib kft wfrrytff cuaj `nfut tjhc. Nrffgmkds G`tz `kb Curf suc-

c`rmzh whii< Rjh prhhxmsthkah fe Wmkkfv`tmfkS aiusthrch`ks tj`t `k mkbustry jftspft j`s p`sshb tjh c`rghtthst. Ny afktr`st, hfrts `t wjfihsìh mkvhktmfk wmii imghiy

nh erùdjt wmtj shihatmfk mssuhs, mkhfiamhkay, `kb prfn-`nih e`miurh `kb w`sth.5_fimayc`ghrs sjfuib nh a`rheuikft tf tjrfw cfkhy, nffkbfddihs, `kb imp shrvmah `t tjhkhnuifus afkahpt fe mkkfv`tmfk wjmih rhsfurahs a`k nh

ìifa`thb tfw`rb tjh rhì, t`kdmnih c`rght e`miurhs fe pfv-hrty tj`t `rh mkarh`smkdiy fk tjh c`rdmk fe tjhmr nhifvhbmkkfv`tmfk ahkthrs. Mkkfv`tmfk ms ny khahssmty frd`kma

`kb hhtmkd, wjmih pfvhrty ms mktràt`nih `kb bhc`kbsphrsmsthkt tthktmfk. Rjh ajìihkdh, fe afursh, ms tj`t c`yfrs `kb amtyafukamis bf j`vh afktrfi fvhr tjh i`rdh prflhats wmtjmk

tjhmr amty, wjhrh`s tjhy rh`p kf nhkhffts erfc bmrhatmkdrhsfurahs tfw`rb amtmzhks futsmbh tjhmr afkstmtuhkamhs.Qhie-jhip fk ` jyphr-ifaì ihvhi a`k nh bhtrmchktì tf rh-dmfkì afjhsmfk. Rjhrh ms ` prhssmkd khhb efr ` er`chwfrg

tj`t hkafur`dhs ifaì `kb cukmampì dfvhrkchkts tfiffg futw`rbs mk `bbmtmfk tf mkw`rbs, sf `s tf hkafur`dhrhdmfkì bhvhifpchkt tj`t nhkhffts nftj tjhmr afkstmtu-

hkamhs `kb tjh rhdmfk `t i`rdh.

@ Ehbhrì Qfiutmfk6

Nhsfudjt fk ìi smbhs wmtj shie-mcpfshb armshs `kb

p`rìysms, tjh ehbhrì dfvhrkchkt ms kf pfsmtmfk tf prf-vmbh `k `cnmtmfus pàg`dh fe dr`kts fr c`tajmkd eukbs tfeàmimt`th mts dfìs. Nrffgmkds Chtrfpfimt`k _fimay _rfdr`csucc`rmzhs< tjh afcnmk`tmfk fe ehbhrì p`rìysms kb

sun-k`tmfkì purpfsh fnimdhs tjh Fn`c` `bcmkmstr`tmfktf iffg nhyfkb T`sjmkdtfk kb pursuh k`tmfkì rhvmvìwmtj ` rhafdkmtmfk tj`t prfdrhss kfw bhphkbs fk mts af-

bhvhifpchkt wmtj st`ths `kb chtrfs.4

Efrtuk`thiy, mt shhcs tj`t tjh Fn`c` `bcmkmstr`tmfkj`s àgkfwihbdhb tjms rhìmty tjrfudj bmhrhkt ch`ks,suaj `s mbhktmeymkd 85 ehbhrìiy eukbhb aiusthr mkmtm`tmvhs

tjrfudj tjh Qcìi Nusmkhss @bcmkmstr`tmfk,:bhvftmkdtmch mk tjh Qt`th fe tjh Xkmfk @bbrhss tf tfpma fe rhdmfk`bhvhifpchkt, `kb tjh iùkaj fe tjh Qust`mk`nih Afc-cukmtmhs Mkmtm`tmvh, mkaiubhb mk tjh stmcuius nmii fe >??=.

@itjfudj tjh prfdr`c w`s scìi mk safph, mt prfvmbhb ùsheui er`chwfrg mk wjmaj ifaìmtmhs whrh hkafur`dhb tfafccukma`th `kb affphr`th. Nhaùsh pfvhrty ms nhafc-

mkd mkarh`smkdiy dhfdr`pjmaìiy bmsphrshb, tjh hfiaày


24/79

`kb rhihv`kay fe tr`bmtmfkì piàhb-n`shb prfdr`cs `kb

dr`kts sjfuib nh put mktf quhstmfk.=Rjh Qust`mk`nih

Afccukmtmhs Mkmtm`tmvh ms `k `pprfprm`th niuh prmkt efr

ìifwmkd cukmampìmtmhs tf c`k`dh tjhmr fwk prfdr`cs

`kb eukbs tf drh`thr hhat. Rjms gmkb fe er`chwfrg ìsf

prhshkts drh`thr fppfrtukmty efr ehhbnàg fk khw `p-

prfàjhs mk tjms armtmaì tmch fe bhcfdr`pjma sjmets.

Xkefrtuk`thiy, tjh eukbmkd efr tjh Qust`mk`nih Afc-

cukmtmhs Mkmtm`tmvh w`s dutthb upfk tjh `rrmvì fe tjh

00?tj Afkdrhss `kb rhc`mks mkhrt ukbhr tjh 00>tj. @ khw

prfdr`c, rhehrrhb tf ny tjh bcmkmstr`tmfk s QA>, efiifws

mk mts sthps wmtj ` smcmi`r er`chwfrg `kb sp`rsh eukb-

mkd. @itjfudj ukefrtuk`th, tjhrh ms aùsh efr afkstr`mkhb

fptmcmsc nhaùsh sfch fe tjh cfst suaahsseui prfdr`cs

ukbhr tjh Qust`mk`nih Afccukmtmhs Mkmtm`tmvh suddhsthb

tj`t prfvmbmkd er`chwfrg efr mkthrdfvhrkchktì afc-

cukma`tmfk ìfkh w`s `k hhatmvh mcphtus tf affphr`-

tmfk. Rjh cfst miiustr`tmvh hx`cpih fe tjh prfdr`cs dfìs

ms tjh affphr`tmfk nhtwhhk sunurn`k afccukmtmhs mk

Thstajhsthr Afukty, K], futsmbh fe Khw ]frg Amty, wjhrh

futiymkd afccukmtmhs nhd`k tf afccukma`th fk khwtr`ks-sunurn`k c`ss tr`ksmt fptmfks tj`t wfuib afkkhat

rhsmbhkts tf cfrh sfamì kb hcpifychkt rhsfurahs usmkd

hxmstmkd eukbs wmtjmk tjh cukmampìmtmhs nubdhts.0?

Rjh aruhi mrfky nhjmkb tjh duttmkd fe tjh prfdr`c

ny tjh khw ^hpunima`k afkdrhss ms tj`t mts ifaì dfvhrk-

chkt dfìs `rh imghiy tf afmkambh wmtj tjh mbhfifdy fe

c`ky scìi dfvhrkchkt `bvfa`ths. Me gkhhlhrg `ktm-urn`k

prhlubmahs `kb `vhrsmfks tf `ky sphkbmkd fe ehbhrì eukbs

a`k nh fvhrafch, prfdr cs suaj `s tjh Qust`mk`nih Afc-

cukmtmhs Mkmtm`tmvh cmdjt st`kb ` aj`kah tf nh afksmbhrhb

ny khw Afkdrhsshs `s `t ih`st ` stfp-d`p urn`k pfimay

str`thdy. Mk tjms w`y, tjh mktràt`nih `kb bmfiauit k`turh

fe ehbhrì pfimtmas a`k nh shhk `s ` nihssmkd mk bmsdumsh me

mt a`k bhimvhr ` shksmnih pfimay tj`t hkafur`dhs bhvhifp-

chkt ihb ny ifaì ih`bhrs tj`t a`k nhst bhthrcmkh jfw tf

`bcmkmsthr tjh khw ajìihkdhs nrfudjt ny tjh rhahkt bh-

cfdr`pjy fe pfvhrty. @s G`tz `kb Curf hcpj`smzh, tjh

aiusthr p`r`bmdc fe hafkfcma bhvhifpchkt hhatmvhiy

rhhats tjh k`turh fe tjh khw difnìmzhb hafkfcy.00

Jfwhvhr, ifaì ih`bhrsjmp sjfuib kft dht a`rrmhb

`w`y wmtj tjh _rhsmbhkts pr`msh kb nihssmkds. Rfp-bfwk

piàh-n`shb prflhats `t tjh ifaì ihvhi `rh kft tjh gmkb fe

mkkfv`tmfk tj`t a`k hhatmvhiy thst tjh khw ajìihkdhs fetjh dhfdr`pjma bmsphrsmfk fe pfvhrty. Mk tjms c`kkhr, tjh

Fn`c` `bcmkmstr`tmfk sjfuib nh aùtmfus mk bfimkd fut

pr`msh tf `ky c`yfrs nmd-bfii`r mkmtm`tmvhs wmtjfut afksmb-

hrmkd ` jfimstma hvìu`tmfk fe mts rhdmfkì mcpàt. Rjus wh

a`k afkaiubh wmtj efur rhafcchkb`tmfks `kb urdh Afkdrhss tf nfisthr tjh prfdr`c

wmtj `bbmtmfkì eukbmkd. Rjms dfì sjfuib nh mkarh`smkdiy

pfssmnih `s tjh mbhfifdy nhjmkb tjh prfdr`c sjfuib nh mk

imkh wmtj scìi dfvhrkchkt `bvfa`ths `s whii `s rhim`nih

prfdrhssmvhs.

`ppima`tmfk fe sfukb pfimay, `kb kft niukbhr tjrfudj

nffkbfddihs mk tjh k`ch fe nuzzwfrbs suaj `s mkkfv`-

tmfk `kb vhkhr`tmfk fe tjh Arh`tmvh Ai`ss

sfiutmfks tf tjh khw prfnihcs prhshkthb ny sunurn`k

pfvhrty

Rjhsh tjrhh rhafcchkb`tmfks a`k afktrmnuth sua-

ahsseuiiy tf ` euturh mk wjmaj ifaì pfimayc`ghrs a`k bmrhat

` cfrh prfdrhssmvh vmsmfk fe fur urn`k spàhs wmtjfut

khdihatmkd tjh khw ahkthrs fe pfvhrty mk tjh sunurn`k

pffr.


25/79

HBXA@RMFK


26/79

Mktrfbuatmfk

@ smxthhk-yh`r-fib punima sajffi stubhkt mk @r-g`ks`s c`y khvhr j`vh ` shx hbua`tmfk ai`ss mk jms fr jhrimeh. @rg`ks`s st`th pfimamhs bf kft c`kb`th shx fr JMUhbua`tmfk, `kb me sajffi bmstrmats bf vfiukt`rmiy mcpih-chkt suaj prfdr`cs, tjh fkiy rhqumrhchkts `rh tj`t`nstmkhkah ms strhsshb `kb tjh mcpfrt`kah fe shx fkiywmtjmk c`rrm`dh ms mkaiubhb.

@i`n`c` fkiy c`kb`ths mts stubhkts tf p`rt`ghmk JMU hbua`tmfk ai`sshs, tjfudj tjh st`th j`s ` p`rhk-tì fpt-fut, r`tjhr tj`k fpt-mk, cfbhi. Me shx hbua`tmfkai`sshs `rh tùdjt, tjhsh ai`sshs cust hcpj`smzh, mk èàtuì c`kkhr `kb erfc ` punima jhìtj phrsphatmvh,tj`t jfcfshxuìmty ms kft ` imehstyih àahpt`nih tf tjhdhkhrì punima .

Mk afktr`st, ` smxthhk-yh`r-fib mk Khw ]frg Amtyspunima sajffi systhc ms rhqumrhb tf `tthkb afcprhjhk-smvh shx hbua`tmfk ai`sshs. Rjh stubhkts p`rhkts a`kfpt-fut fe ahrt`mk shatmfks rhi`tmkd tf prhvhktmfk `kbnmrtj afktrfi. Rjh Khw ]frg Amty stubhkt wmii rhahmvhchbmaìiy àaur`th mkefrc`tmfk fk phrsfkì jhìtj `kbjydmhkh, mbhktmeymkd `kb `vfmbmkd jmdj rmsg smtu`tmfks,shxuì `kb rhprfbuatmvh jhìtj rhsfurahs, hta .

Aih`riy, hàj fe tjhsh jmdj sajffi stubhkts msrhahmvmkd v`stiy bmhrhkt mkefrc`tmfk `nfut shx. Rjhrh`rh vhry ehw ehbhrì i`ws rhdui`tmkd shx hbua`tmfk mk tjhafuktrys punima sajffis. Rjus, mt ms ihet up tf tjh st`ths

`kb, tf `k hxthkt, ifaì sajffi bmstrmats tf arh`th pfimamhsefr shx hbua`tmfk. Rjhrh ms afkshquhktiy `k hkfrcfusihvhi fe v`rm`tmfk nhtwhhk `kb hvhk wmtjmk bmhrhktst`ths wjhk mt afchs tf wj`t punima sajffi stubhkts `rhfr `rh kft ih`rkmkd `nfut tjhmr nfbmhs, tjhmr shxuìmtmhs,`kb tjhmr rhi`tmfksjmps.

Rjhrh rh ehw, me `ky, afccfk eàtfrs tj`t `ppiytf ìi st`th `kb sajffi bmstrmat pfimamhs rhd`rbmkd shx hbu-a`tmfk. Rjh fkh afccfk eàtfr ms tj`t thhk`dhrs, rhd`rb-ihss fe wjhrh tjhy imvh `kb `tthkb sajffi, `rh j`vmkd shx.@aafrbmkd tf tjh Ahkthr efr Bmsh`sh Afktrfi, cfkd X.Q.jmdj sajffi stubhkts survhyhb mk >?00, 24.2% j`b hvhr

j`b shxuì mkthrafursh . 5>% fe jmdj sajffi shkmfrs j`vhj`b shxuì mkthrafursh , `kb ny tjhmr kmkhthhktj nmrtj-b`ys, shvhk mk thk thhk`dhrs j`vh j`b shx .

Qt`th `kb Ehbhrì _fimamhs fk Qhx Hbua`tmfk

Qt`th pfimamhs@s fe Ehnru`ry >?01, fkiy >> st`ths `kb tjh Bmstrmat

fe Afiucnm` c`kb`th shx hbua`tmfk, `kb 11 st`ths `kbtjh Bmstrmat fe Afiucnm` c`kb`th JMU hbua`tmfk . @bbm-tmfkìiy, >4 st`ths `kb tjh Bmstrmat fe Afiucnm` c`kb`thtj`t, me prfvmbhb, shx `kb JMU hbua`tmfk prfdr`cs chht

ahrt`mk rhqumrhchkts. Rjhsh rhqumrhchkts v`ry erfcst`th tf st`th, nut cfst `rh cmkmcì. Efr mkst`kah, fkiytwhivh st`ths rhqumrh tj`t tjh mkstruatmfk nh chbmaìiyàaur`th, `kb fkiy twf st`ths prfjmnmt tjh prfdr`c erfcprfcftmkd rhimdmfk. 14 st`ths `kb B.A. rhqumrh p`rhktìmkvfivhchkt mk shx `kb/fr JMU hbua`tmfk prfdr`cs, nuttjh typh fe mkvfivhchkt a`k r`kdh erfc p`rhktì kftmff-a`tmfk tf p`rhktì afkshkt (fpt-mk) fr p`rhktì fpt-fut.

Eurtjhrcfrh, st`ths v`ry drh`tiy mk tjhmr afkthkt rh-qumrhchkts efr shx hbua`tmfk prfdr`cs. Fkiy shvhkthhkst`ths kb B.A. rhqumrh tj`t mkefrc`tmfk fk afktràhptmfknh prfvmbhb. 14 st`ths rhqumrh tj`t mkefrc`tmfk fk `n-stmkhkah nh prfvmbhb< >5 st`ths rhqumrh tj`t `nstmkhkahnh strhsshb, wjmih hihvhk st`ths rhqumrh tj`t `nstmkhkahnh afvhrhb. Hihvhk st`ths rhqumrh bmsaussmfk fe shxuìfrmhkt`tmfk< hmdjt st`ths rhqumrh tj`t tjms bmsaussmfk nhmkaiusmvh, wjmih tjrhh st`ths rhqumrh fkiy khd`tmvh mkefr-c`tmfk fk shxuì frmhkt`tmfk.

Ehbhrì eukbmkd

Tjmih tjhrh ms imttih ehbhrì rhdui`tmfk rhd`rbmkdshx hbua`tmfk, tjhrh `rh sfurahs fe ehbhrì eukbmkd `v`mi-`nih tf st`ths sphamffaìiy efr tjh purpfsh fe shx `kb JMUhbua`tmfk prfdr`cs. Ehbhrì sfurahs fe eukbmkd mkaiubhRmtih U `nstmkhkah fkiy eukbmkd, tjh _hrsfkì ^hspfk-smnmimty Hbua`tmfk _rfdr`c (_^H_), kb Rhhk _rhdk`kay_rhvhktmfk Mkmtm`tmvh (R__M) dr`kts.

Mk 0==5, `s p`rt fe whie`rh rhefrc, tjh ehbhrìdfvhrkchkt hkàthb Rmtih U, Qhatmfk 80? fe tjh QfamìQhaurmty @at, wjmaj c`bh eukbs `v`mi`nih tf st`ths tf prf-cfth shxuì `nstmkhkah futsmbh fe c`rrm`dh. Qt`ths tj`tàahpthb tjhsh eukbs j`b tf afcpiy wmtj tjh dfvhrk-

chkts bhffkmtmfk fe `nstmkhkah hbua`tmfk, ` bht`mihb,hmdjt-pfmkt bhffkmtmfk wmtj strmat stmpui`tmfks fk wj`t a`k`kb a`kkft nh tùdjt `nfut shx. Rjms prfdr`c thajkm-aìiy hxpmrhb mk Lukh >??=, nut mk ` shrmhs fe nmp`rtms`kafcprfcmshs, Rmtih U w`s rhkhwhb efr ffvh yh`rs (>?0?->?02) mk C`raj >?0? `s p`rt fe tjh @frb`nih A`rh @at.$8? cmiimfk ms `v`mi`nih hàj yh`r efr dr`kts tf tjh st`ths7st`ths cust c`taj tjhmr ehbhrì dr`kts `t 48%. Mk >?0?,tjh Fn`c` `bcmkmstr`tmfk mssuhb ` shrmhs fe dumbhimkhsefr mcpihchktmkd tjms rhmka`rk`tmfk fe tjh Rmtih U `n-stmkhkah hbua`tmfk prfdr c. Tjmih tjh `bcmkmstr`tmfkaih`riy trmhb tf ffkb w`ys tf wfrg `rfukb tjh `nstmkhkah

fkiy pfimamhs, mt w`s imcmthb ny tjh strmat bhffkmtmfk fe`nstmkhkah hbua`tmfk mk tjh st`tuh. Xkbhr tjhshdumbhimkhs, tjh Fn`c` `bcmkmstr`tmfk `bvmshb st`thstj`t rhahmvh Rmtih U eukbmkd tf bhsmdk hxmnih, chbmaìiyàaur`th `kb hhatmvh `nstmkhkah-n`shb pi`ks . Rjhdumbhimkhs prfvmbh eurtjhr rhafcchkb`tmfks efr w`ys tfush tjh eukbmkd efr afcprhjhksmvh prfdr`cs. Bhspmthtjhsh strmbhs, tjh eàt rhc`mks tj`t tjhrh ms kftjmkd tjhFn`c` `bcmkmstr`tmfk a`k bf `bcmkmstr`tmvhiy tf nifagsfamìiy afkshrv`tmvh st`ths erfc usmkd Rmtih U `nstmkhkaheukbs tf mcpihchkt rmdmb, `nstmkhkah-fkiy-uktmi-c`rrm`dh

G`tjhrmkh Jìihr

^HEF^CMKD QR@RH _FIMAMHQ FK

QHZ HBXA@RMFK


27/79

prfdr`cs tj`t j`vh nhhk bmsarhbmthb ny ` wmbh nfby fehvmbhkah .

@ cfrh prfdrhssmvh pfrtmfk fe tjh >?0? @frb`nihA`rh @at ms tjh _hrsfkì ^hspfksmnmimty Hbua`tmfk _rf-dr`c (_^H_). _^H_, tjh ffrst sfurah fe ehbhrì eukbmkd efrprfdr`cs tj`t thàj `nfut nftj `nstmkhkah `kb afktr`-ahptmfk efr tjh prhvhktmfk fe prhdk`kay `kb shxuìiytr`kscmtthb mkehatmfks (QRMs), prfvmbhs $88 cmiimfk hàjyh`r tf st`ths tj`t `ppiy efr `kb rhahmvh dr`kts efr ffvhyh`rs (>?0?->?02) . Xkimgh tjh Rmtih U prfvmsmfks, tjhrhms kf st`th c`tajmkd dr`kt rhqumrhb, sf _^H_ bfhs kftafst st`ths `ky cfkhy. _^H_-eukbhb prfdr`cs custmkaiubh afkthkt fk numibmkd imeh sgmiis efr `buitjffb, `kbtjhsh prfdr`cs rh hkafur`dhb tf nh mkaiusmvh fe IDNRPyfutj.

Rjh Rhhk _rhdk`kay _rhvhktmfk Mkmtm`tmvh (R__M) ms mkpiàh efr >?0?->?08 wmtj tjh dfìs fe rhbuamkd thhk`dhprhdk`kay `kb `bbrhssmkd bmsp`rmtmhs mk thhk prhdk`kay`kb nmrtj r`ths . Rjh R__M prfvmbhs dr`kts tf punima `kbprmv`th hktmtmhs tf eukb hvmbhkah-n`shb `kb mkkfv`tmvh,

chbmaìiy àaur`th, `kb `dh-`pprfprm`th prfdr`cs tj`trhbuah thhk prhdk`kay `kb ftjhr rhi`thb rmsg nhj`vmfrs .Rjms prfdr`cs efaus ms fk rhàjmkd @erma`k @chrma`k `kbI`tmkf/Jmsp`kma yfutj `dhs 08-0= . Rjh nubdht efr Emsaì]h`r >?01 eukbs tjh R__M t $0?2.4= cmiimfk.

_rfpfshb ehbhrì i`ws Fk Ehnru`ry 02, >?01, twf smdkmffa`kt nmiis rhi`t-

mkd tf shx hbua`tmfk whrh rh-mktrfbuahb mk Afkdrhss.Rjh ^hì Hbua`tmfk efr Jhìtjy ]futj @at, frmdmkìiy

mktrfbuahb mk Kfvhcnhr >?00, w`s rh-mktrfbuahb nyQhk`tfr Er`kg Iùthknhrd (B-KL) `kb ^hprhshkt`tmvh

N`rn`r` Ihh (B-A@). Me tjms nmii whrh p`sshb, mt wfuib c`rg` c`lfr aj`kdh mk jfw shx hbua`tmfk pfimay wfrgs mk tjhXkmthb Qt`ths, rhqumrmkd st`ths tf afcpiy wmtj ehbhrìpfimay prfvmsmfks. Rjh ^hì Hbua`tmfk efr Jhìtjy ]futj@at futimkhs wj`t ` afcprhjhksmvh `pprfàj tf shx hbu-a`tmfk sjfuib iffg imgh7 rhafdkmzhs yfukd phfpihs rmdjttf shxuì jhìtj mkefrc`tmfk7 rhqumrhs ìi eukbhb prf-dr`cs tf nh mkaiusmvh fe IDNRP yfutj7 hta. Rjh @at wfuibeurtjhr prfjmnmt ehbhrì eukbmkd efr `ky prfdr`cs tj`twmtjjfib mkefrc`tmfk nfut JMU, rh chbmaìiy mkàaur`thfr prfvhk mkhhatmvh, prfcfth dhkbhr sthrhftyphs, fr`rh mkshksmtmvh kb ukrhspfksmvh tf tjh khhbs fe IDNRP

yfutj . Rjms nmiis suddhstmfk fe ` tjfrfudj, prfdrhssmvhfvhrjùi fe tjh k`tmfks shx hbua`tmfk systhc ms drfukb-nrh`gmkd. Jfwhvhr, tjh nmiis ukprhahbhkthb swmtaj ferhdui`tmfk pfwhr erfc tjh st`ths tf tjh ehbhrì dfvhrk-chkt ms ` br`stma aj`kdh erfc tjh aurrhkt systhc. Qhxhbua`tmfk pfimay j`s ìw`ys nhhk ihet tf tjh st`ths, `kbtjh hì Hbua`tmfk efr Jhìtjy ]futj @at afkt`mks sfc`ky rhvfiutmfk`ry prfvmsmfks tj`t mt ms ukimghiy tf p`ss mkAfkdrhss, fr me mt bfhs p`ss, tf df ukajìihkdhb ny st`ths`kb sajffi bmstrmats.

Fk tjh s`ch b`y, tjh @nstmkhkah Hbua`tmfk

^hìifa`tmfk @at w`s rh-mktrfbuahb mk tjh Jfush ny ^hp-rhshkt`tmvhs ^`kby Juitdrhk (^-MI) `kb B`kmhi Impmksgm (^-MI). Rjms @at wfuib rhefrc ehbhrì eukbmkd fe shx hbua`-tmfk ny rhqumrmkd tj`t `t ih`st 2?% fe eukbmkd nh ushb efrshxuì rmsg `vfmb`kah hbua`tmfk wjfsh sfih efaus ms tjhbhvhifpchkt `kb `bv`kahchkt fe `nstmkhkah hbua`-tmfk . Rjh @nstmkhkah Hbua`tmfk ^hìifa`tmfk @at wfuibsmdkmffa`ktiy sht nàg tjh prfdrhss c`bh mk >?0? wmtj tjhmktrfbuatmfk fe tjh _^H_ `kb R__M prfdr`cs.

Tj`ts Trfkd wmtj @nstmkhkah Fkiy Hbua`tmfk6

@bvfa`ths fe `nstmkhkah fkiy shx hbua`tmfkprfdr`cs `rduh tj`t tjh nhst w`y tf rhbuah tjh rmsgs `s-sfam`thb wmtj thhk shxuì nhj`vmfr ms tf thàj tjh nhk-hffts fe `nst`mkmkd erfc shx. Nut tjhrh ms strfkd hvmbhkahtj`t `k `nstmkhkah fkiy `pprfàj bfhs kft wfrg. @>??4 Afkdrhssmfkìiy c`kb`thb ehbhrì rhpfrt hvìu`t-mkd Rmtih U nstmkhkah fkiy hbua`tmfk prfdr`cs efukbtj`t tjhy j`b kf mcpàts fk r`ths fe shxuì `nstmkhkah. Mk >?0?, Cmssmssmppm j`b tjh jmdjhst thhk nmrtj r`th fe

ìi X.Q. st`ths, wmtj 88 fut fe 0,??? dmris `dhs 08-0= dmv-mkd nmrtj. Ch`kwjmih, Khw J`cpsjmrh j`b tjh ifwhstr`th, wmtj ehwhr tj`k 05 nmrtjs efr hvhry 0,??? thhk dmris. Tjmih ftjhr eàtfrs, suaj `s sfamfhafkfcma st`tus `kbàahss tf afktràhptmfk, rhprfbuatmvh jhìtj rhsfurahs,`kb `nfrtmfk, ahrt`mkiy afktrmnuth tf tjms bmsarhp`kay,shx hbua`tmfk pfimamhs isf pi`y ` c`lfr rfih. Cmssms-smppm i`w st`ths tj`t `nstmkhkah hbua`tmfk sjìi nh tjhst`th st`kb`rb efr `ky shx-rhi`thb hbua`tmfk tùdjt mktjh punima sajffis , `kb bmstrmats `kb amtmhs a`k fkiymkaiubh tfpmas suaj `s afktràhptmfk fr QRMs wmtj sphamìphrcmssmfk erfc tjh Qt`th Bhp`rtchkt fe Hbua`tmfk . Mk

>?0?, Khw J`cpsjmrh c`kb`thb afcprhjhksmvh shxhbua`tmfk tj`t mkaiubhb nftj `nstmkhkah `kb mkefrc`-tmfk `nfut afkbfcs kb afktràhptmfk (ìtjfudj tj`ti`w j`s smkah nhhk rhphìhb). Rhhk`dhrs, rhd`rbihss fewj`t gmkb fe shx hbua`tmfk tjhy rhahmvh (me `ky `t ìi), `rhj`vmkd `kb wmii afktmkuh tf j`vh shx. Tjmih `nstmkhkaha`k `kb sjfuib nh `k mcpfrt`kt p`rt fe `ky shx hbua`-tmfk prfdr`c, ` afcprhjhksmvh `pprfàj tj`t mkaiubhsmkefrc`tmfk nfut afktràhptmfk ms khahss`ry.

Tj`t Bfhs ` Afcprhjhksmvh @pprfàj Hkt`mi6

Afcprhjhksmvh shx hbua`tmfk thàjhs `nfut

`nstmkhkah `s tjh nhst chtjfb efr `vfmbmkd ukpi`kkhbprhdk`kamhs `kb QRMs, nut mt ìsf mkvfivhs bmsaussmfk feafkbfcs `kb afktràhptmfk tf rhbuah tjhsh rmsgs . Rjms`pprfàj eurtjhr mkaiubhs mkthrphrsfkì `kb afccu-kma`tmfk sgmiis `kb mkbmvmbuì vìuhs-n`shb hbua`tmfk.Xkimgh c`ky nstmkhkah fkiy prfdr`cs, afcprhjhksmvhshx hbua`tmfk bfhs kft prfcfth sphamffa rhimdmfus vìuhs,kfr bfhs mt prfjmnmt bmsaussmfk fe `kb/fr prhshkt nm`shb,chbmaìiy mkàaur`th mkefrc`tmfk fk afktrfvhrsmì mssuhsimgh `nfrtmfk, c`sturn`tmfk, `kb shxuì frmhkt`tmfk.Qhvhrì ih`bmkd punima jhìtj `kb chbmaì prfehssmfkì


28/79

frd`kmz`tmfks, suaj `s tjh @chrma`k Chbmaì @ssfam`tmfk,tjh @chrma`k Kurshs @ssfam`tmfk, tjh @chrma`k @a`bhcyfe _hbm`trmas, kb ftjhrs, bvfa`th afcprhjhksmvh p-prfàj . @bbmtmfkìiy, Xkmvhrsmty fe T`sjmkdtfk rhsh`raj-hrs efukb tj`t thhks wjf rhahmvhb afcprhjhksmvh shxhbua`tmfk whrh 5?% ihss imghiy tf dht prhdk`kt fr tf dhtsfchfkh prhdk`kt tj`k tjfsh wjf rhahmvhb kf shx hbu-a`tmfk .

^hefrc hafcchkb`tmfks

Jfw, tjhk, a`k tjh Xkmthb Qt`ths cfvh tfw`rbmcpihchktmkd chbmaìiy aaur`th, afcprhjhksmvh shxhbua`tmfk prfdr`cs6 Rjh efiifwmkd imst fe rhefrc rhafc-chkb`tmfks t`ghs mktf àafukt tjh hvmbhkah fe e`miurh fe`nstmkhkah fkiy prfdr`cs `kb tjh khhb efr afcprhjhk-smvh hbua`tmfk. Dmvhk tjh ifkd jmstfry fe st`th afktrfifvhr shx hbua`tmfk pfimay, tjh nhst vhkuh efr prfdrhs-smvh shx hbua`tmfk rhefrc ms wfrgmkd tf rhstruaturh st`thpfimamhs.

^hefrcmkd st`th shx hbua`tmfk pfimamhs ms surh tf

nh cht wmtj fnstàihs. Fppfsmtmfk erfc sfch sfamìiyafkshrv`tmvh sajffi bmstrmats `kb st`th ihdmsi`turhs ms ahr-t`mk. @bbmtmfkìiy, ` v`rmhty fe frd`kmz`tmfks, erfc e`mtj-n`shb drfups tf p`rhkt `ssfam`tmfks tf ifaì, st`th, `kbk`tmfkì frd`kmz`tmfks, `rh jmdjiy mkthrhsthb mk c`mkt`mk-mkd fr mcpihchktmkd `nstmkhkah fkiy prfdr`cs `kb/frprhvhktmkd afcprhjhksmvh shx hbua`tmfk. Rjh efiifwmkdrhafcchkb`tmfks t`gh tjhsh `kb ftjhr sfurahs fe fp-pfsmtmfk mktf aafukt kb, wjhrhvhr pfssmnih, `tthcpt tf`bbrhss pfthktmì `kb prfn`nih afkahrks fe fppfkhktsfe afcprhjhksmvh rhefrc.

0) Aj`kdh afkthkt rhqumrhchktsefr shx `kb JMU hbua`tmfk. @s èfrhchk-tmfkhb, st`ths v`ry afksmbhr`niy mk tjhmrafkthkt rhqumrhchkts efr shx `kb JMUhbua`tmfk.

0`) C`kb`th tj`t, wjhk prfvmbhb, shx `kb JMUhbua`tmfk prfdr`cs nh chbmaìiy àaur`th. Chbmaìàaurày ms p`r`cfukt mk `ky `rhk` fe jhìtj hbua`tmfk,`kb shx hbua`tmfk sjfuib nh kf bmhrhkt. Mk shvhrì shxhbua`tmfk prfdr`cs, stubhkts rh rhahmvmkd nm`shb, sh-ihatmvh, `kb/fr chbmaìiy eìsh mkefrc`tmfk `nfut `k`t-

fcy, shxuì nhj`vmfr, `kb shxuì frmhkt`tmfk. (Tjmih,tjhfrhtmaìiy, ìi st`ths sjfuib c`kb`th shx hbua`tmfk, mkpràtmah tjms ukmvhrsì c`kb`th a`k sfchtmchs nàgffrh.Efr mkst`kah, Cmssmssmppm c`kb`ths shx hbua`tmfk, nut mtìsf c`kb`ths ` strhss fk `nstmkhkah, hcpj`sms fk tjhmcpfrt`kah fe shx fkiy wmtjmk c`rrm`dh, `kb mt prfjmnmtsbmsaussmfk fe afktràhptmfk fr QRMs wmtjfut sphamì phr-cmssmfk erfc tjh Qt`th Bhp`rtchkt fe Hbua`tmfk. Rjus,Cmssmssmppm stubhkts `rh rhqumrhb tf `tthkb shx hbua`tmfkai`sshs tj`t c`y bf cfrh j`rc tj`k dffb.)

0n) C`kb`th tjh mkaiusmfk fe mkefrc`tmfk fkafkbfcs `kb afktr ahptmfk. Fkiy 04 st`ths `kb B.A.aurrhktiy rhqumrh tj`t mkefrc`tmfk fk afktràhptmfk nhprfvmbhb . Mk c`ky st`ths `kb sajffi bmstrmats, p`rtmau-i`riy tjfsh wmtj prfdr`cs tj`t strhss `nstmkhkah `kb/frwmtj tmhs tf e`mtj-n`shb drfups, kf mkefrc`tmfk fk afk-tràhptmfk ms prfvmbhb tf stubhkts, rhsuitmkd mk jmdj QRM`kb thhk nmrtj r`ths. Rjh Khw ]frg Amty sajffi systhcsafcprhjhksmvh shx hbua`tmfk cfbhi mkaiubhs prfvm-smfk ny wjmaj p`rhkts a`k fpt tjhmr ajmib fut fe ihssfksj`vmkd tf bf wmtj JMU/QRM prhvhktmfk `kb nmrtj afktrfi .Rjms prfvmsmfk a`k nh `bbhb tf st`th pfimamhs mk frbhr tfafcn`t fppfsmtmfk.

0a) Aj`kdh tjh rhqumrhchkt tj`t `nstmkhkah nhstrhsshb tf fkh wjhrh `nstmkhkah cust nh afvhrhb.Tjmih `nstmkhkah fkiy prfdr`cs `rh mkhhatmvh, mkefrc`-tmfk fk `nstmkhkah ms ` vmtì p`rt fe `ky shx hbua`tmfkprfdr`c. Aurrhktiy, fut fe 14 st`ths tj`t rhqumrh tj`t mk-efrc`tmfk fk `nstmkhkah nh prfvmbhb, >5 fe tjhsh st`ths

rhqumrh tj`t `nstmkhkah nh strhsshb . Mk tjhsh >5 st`ths,tjh rhqumrhchkt sjfuib nh aj`kdhb sf tj`t `nstmkhkahcust nh afvhrhb, kft strhsshb.

0b) Mk st`ths wjhrh shxuì frmhkt`tmfk afkthkt pfim-amhs rh khd`tmvh fr kfkhxmsthkt, mktrfbuah k mkaiusmvhpfimay. Fkiy hihvhk st`ths aurrhktiy rhqumrh bmsaussmfkfe shxuì frmhkt`tmfk7 fe tjhsh, hmdjt rhqumrh tj`t tjmsbmsaussmfk nh mkaiusmvh, nut @i`n`c`, Qfutj A`rfimk`, `kbRhx`s rhqumrh tj`t tjms bmsaussmfk nh khd`tmvh. Khd`tmvh

fr kfkhxmsthkt pfimamhs khhb tf nh rh-efrchb tf nh mkaiusmvh fe IDNRP+ yfutj.

0h) Mkaiubh mkefrc`tmfk `nfutafkshkt `kb jhìtjy rhi`tmfksjmps. Qt`thpfimamhs sjfuib rhqumrh tj`t mkefrc`tmfk`nfut vfmbmkd afhramfk, rheusì kbbhi`y tàtmas, rhafdkmzmkd jhìtjy kb

ukjhìtjy rhi`tmfksjmps, hta. nh mkaiubhb mk shx hbua`-tmfk.

>) Hksurh tjh ush fe afcprhjhksmvh, samhkah-n`shbaurrmaui`. Rjhrh hxmsts ` wmbh v`rmhty fe aurrmaui` erfcwjmaj sajffi bmstrmats a`k ajffsh efr tjhmr shx hbua`tmfk

prfdr`cs. Qfch fe tjhsh aurrmaui` `rh arh`thb ny Ajrms-tm`k drfups fr frd`kmz`tmfks wmtj ` strfkdiy afkshrv`-tmvh chss`dh. Mt ms vmtì tj`t wj`thvhr aurrmaui` st`ths frsajffi bmstrmats shihat nh samhkah-n`shb `kb chbmaìiy à-aur`th. Rjh Khw ]frg Amty sajffi bmstrmats shx hbua`tmfkprfdr`c ushs cuitmpih aurrmaui` `kb afcnmkhs hihchktsfe hàj. Eurtjhrcfrh, tjh K]A prfdr`c j`s cfbmffhbpfrtmfks fe ahrt`mk aurrmaui` `s w`s afksmbhrhb `pprfprm-`th. Efr mkst`kah, tjh amty wfrghb wmtj tjh punimsjhr fetjh Cmbbih Qajffi JhìtjQc`rt aurrmauiuc tf rhcfvhahrt`mk ihssfks tj`t whrh kft bhhchb tf nh `dh `pprf-

Tjmih nstmkhkah a`k kbsjfuib nh `k mcpfrt`ktp`rt fe `ky shx hbua`tmfkprfdr`c, ` afcprhjhksmvh`pprfàj tj`t mkaiubhsmkefrc`tmfk nfut afktr`-ahptmfk ms khahss`ry.


29/79

prm`th . @ smcmi`riy afcprhjhksmvh `kb sphamìiy-t`mifrhb`pprfàj a`k nh ushb ny ftjhr st`ths `kb bmstrmats tfhksurh tj`t aurrmaui` `rh nftj chbmaìiy àaur`th `kb à-ahpt`nih tf p`rhkts, tjh afccukmty, `kb fppfkhkts.

1) Himcmk`th p`rhkt fpt-mk cfbhis mk e`vfr fe fpt-fut prfdr`cs. Fut fe tjh 14 st`ths (`kb B.A.) tj`t rhqumrhsajffi bmstrmats tf mkvfivh p`rhkts mk shx hbua`tmfk, JMUhbua`tmfk, fr nftj, 12 st`ths `kb B.A. ìifw p`rhkts tfrhcfvh tjhmr ajmibrhk erfc mkstruatmfk (fpt-fut) . Rwfst`ths rhqumrh p`rhktì afkshkt efr stubhkts tf p`rtmam-p`th mk shx fr JMU hbua`tmfk (fpt-mk). @kb @rmzfk spfimay ms cmxhb, wmtj `k fpt-mk chtjfb efr shx hbua`tmfk`kb `k fpt-fut chtjfb efr JMU hbua`tmfk. Fpt-mk cfb-his c`gh mt cuaj cfrh bmfiauit efr stubhkts tf rhahmvhtjh mkefrc`tmfk `nfut shx tj t tjhy khhb. Rjhsh prf-dr`cs, aurrhktiy mk piàh mk @rmzfk`, Khv`b`, `kb Xt`j(wmtj ` nmii mk prfdrhss mk tjh Cfkt`k` st`th ihdmsi`turh `sfe C`raj >?01), rhqumrh p`rhktì afkshkt nhefrh stubhktsa`k `tthkb shx hbua`tmfk ai`sshs. Rjh p`rhkts wjf `rh

ih`st imghiy tf fpt tjhmr ajmib mk `rh fethk tjh fkhs wjf`rh cfst mk`tthktmvh fr tjh fkhs wjf e`mi tf prfvmbh tjhmrajmibrhk wmtj àaur`th mkefrc`tmfk `nfut shx. Fpt-futcfbhis `rh cuaj cfrh pràtmaì< p`rhkts wmii nh j`ppywmtj tjhmr ajfmah tf fpt tjhmr ajmib fut fe ai`sshs, wjmih `ttjh s`ch tmch cfrh stubhkts wmii nh hxpfshb tf mkefrc`-tmfk `nfut shx. @k hvhk nhtthr `pprfàj tf afksmbhr mstj`t fe tjh Khw ]frg Amty sajffi bmstrmat, wjhrh p`rhktsa`k fpt fut fe ahrt`mk shssmfks (tjfsh rhi`tmkd tf afktr`-ahptmfk), nut kft fut fe cfst ftjhrs.

2) Xsh ehbhrì eukbmkd mkkfv`tmvhiy tf mcpihchkt

afcprhjhksmvh prfdr`cs. Qt`ths sjfuib rhlhat Rmtih U`nstmkhkah fkiy eukbmkd7 fr, me tjms eukbmkd ms àahpthb,st`ths sjfuib ush mt mk àafrb`kah wmtj tjh Fn`c``bcmkmstr`tmfks dumbhimkhs sf tj`t tjh nstmkhkah fkiyprfvmsmfks a`k nh sgmrthb. (@isf, tjh aurrhkt mka`rk`tmfkfe Rmtih U hxpmrhs mk >?02 tjms prfdr`c sjfuib kft nhrhkhwhb!) ^`tjhr tj`k `ppiy efr Rmtih U eukbmkd, mk wjmajehbhrì eukbs cust nh c`tajhb `t ` r`th fe 48% ny st`ths,st`ths sjfuib `ppiy efr _^H_ `kb/fr R__M eukbmkd. Rjhsheukbmkd sfurahs bf kft j`vh ` c`tajmkd rhqumrhchkt, sfprfpfkhkts fe bharh`smkd st`ths nubdhts wmii nh pih`shbtf kfth tj`t st`ths wmii kft j`vh tf p`y `ky hxtr` cfkhy.

_^H_ `kb R__M eukbmkd a`k nh ushb efr ` v`rmhty fe afc-prhjhksmvh shx hbua`tmfk mkmtm`tmvhs kb prfdr`cs.

8) Er`ch tjh shx hbua`tmfk bmsaussmfk mk thrcs fejhìtj hbua`tmfk, kft cfrìmty. Qhx hbua`tmfk ms `k mkth-drì p`rt fe jhìtj hbua`tmfk. Tjhk mkefrc`tmfk `nfutshx ms chbmaìiy àaur`th, tjh shx hbua`tmfk stubhktsrhahmvh ms lust `s khahss`ry `s ihssfks fk kutrmtmfk, brud`nush, `kb chktì jhìtj. Mt ms mcpfrt`kt efr st`ths kbafccukmtmhs tf trh`t shx hbua`tmfk `s tjh jhìtj hbua`-tmfk mssuh mt ms, r`tjhr tj`k er`cmkd mt mk cfrì fr rhimdmfus

thrcs.

Afkaiusmfk

Rjhsh rhafcchkb`tmfks efr rhefrcmkd st`th shxhbua`tmfk pfimamhs `mc tf rhbuah tjh wmbh bmsarhp`kaymk st`th shx hbua`tmfk prfdr`cs. Mt ms mcpfrt`kt tf wfrgefr rhefrc `t tjh st`th ihvhi, smkah shx hbua`tmfk j`s ifkdnhhk mk afktrfi fe st`ths `kb sajffi bmstrmats, `kb kft tjhehbhrì dfvhrkchkt. Jfwhvhr, ehbhrì sfurahs fe eukb-mkd imgh _^H_ `kb R__M a`k `kb sjfuib nh ushb, `t kf afsttf st`ths, tf mcpihchkt afcprhjhksmvh, chbmaìiy àau-r`th shx hbua`tmfk prfdr`cs. Afkthkt rhqumrhchkts efrshx hbua`tmfk a`k nh rhefrchb tf rhsuit mk ` prfdrhssmvh`kb samhkah-n`shb `pprfàj tj`t, wmtj tjh jhip fe p`r-hkt fpt-fut prfdr`cs, wmii nh s`tmseàtfry tf nftj pfimayrhefrchrs kb fppfsmtmfk drfups.

Tjy ms mt sf mcpfrt`kt tj`t st`ths cfvh tfw`rbprfvmbmkd afcprhjhksmvh, chbmaìiy aaur`th shx hbu-a`tmfk6 @aafrbmkd tf >?00 Ahkthr efr Bmsh`sh Afktrfistuby, 24.2% fe X.Q. jmdj sajffi stubhkts j`vh hvhr j`b

shx, `kb 08.1% j`vh j`b shx wmtj efur fr cfrh p`rtkhrsburmkd tjhmr imvhs . @cfkd tjfsh wjf j`b j`b shxuìmkthrafursh burmkd tjh prhvmfus tjrhh cfktjs, 1=.:% bmbkft ush ` afkbfc tjh i`st tmch tjhy j`b shx, wjmih 45.4%bmb kft ush nmrtj afktrfi pmiis tjh i`st tmch tjhy j`b shx .Rjhsh jmdj ihvhis fe ukprfthathb shx j`vh afkshquhkahsEfr mkst`kah, tjh Xkmthb Qt`ths stmii j`s tjh jmdjhst thhknmrtj r`th mk tjh mkbustrmìmzhb wfrib. Rjrhh fut fe hvhrythk dmris wmii nh prhdk`kt `t ih`st fkah nhefrh tjhmr >?tjnmrtjb`ys . Rhhk`dh cftjhrs `kb tjhmr ajmibrhk `rh cfrhimghiy tf bhphkb fk punima `ssmst`kah, imvh mk pfvhrty,`kb j`vh jhìtj prfnihcs. Rjh K`tmfkì A`cp`mdk tf

_rhvhkt Rhhk kb Xkpi`kkhb _rhdk`kay hstmc`ths tj`tthhk ajmibnh`rmkd afsts t`xp`yhrs `t ih`st $0?.= nmiimfkhvhry yh`r . Cfrhfvhr, thhk`dhrs `rh bmsprfpfrtmfk`thiy`hathb ny QRMs. Kh`riy jìe fe tjh 0= cmiimfk khw QRMshàj yh`r `rh `cfkd yfukd phfpih `dhs 08->2 . Dmris`dhs 08-0= j`vh tjh jmdjhst r`ths fe dfkfrrjh` `kb tjhshafkb jmdjhst r`th fe aji`cybm` fe `ky `dh drfup7 nfys`rh ìsf `hathb, nut tjhy `rh ihss imghiy tf j`vh sycp-tfcs fr shhg chbmaì a`rh, sf tjhmr mkehatmfks fethk dfukrhpfrthb `kb ukbm`dkfshb . Hfrts tf aurn `bfihs-ahkt shxuì nhj`vmfr tjrfudj `nstmkhkah fkiy hbua`tmfkj`vh prfvhk uksuaahsseui. Rhhk`dhrs wmii afktmkuh tf

j`vh shx. Me `bfihsahkts bf kft rhahmvh tjh khahss`rymkefrc`tmfk `nfut shx, afktràhptmfk, `kb QRMs, tjh thhknmrtj r`th `kb QRM r`th wmii afktmkuh tf nh bmsprfpfrtmfk-`thiy jmdj, afstmkd t`xp`yhrs nmiimfks fe bfii`rs `kkuìiy`kb ih`bmkd tf bhv`st`tmkd hhats fk yfukd phfpihsimvhs. Afcprhjhksmvh shx hbua`tmfk mk ìi punima sajffisms tjh nhst `kb cfst eh`smnih w`y tf hksurh tj`t wjhkthhk`dhrs bf j`vh shx, tjhy wmii nh hbua`thb, sèh, `kb`w`rh fe mts afkshquhkahs.


30/79

Mktrfbuatmfk

@ phrefrc`kah fe ai`ssmaì cusma ms `k mkthrkìbmìfduh wjmaj st`rts mk tjh pràtmah rffc wmtj safrhstuby `kb pràtmah, ahkthrmkd fk bhhp `rtmstma rhhatmfktf nh mkkfv`tmvh. ]ht ukimgh tjh afkthcpi`tmvh kb ifkhiy

imehstyihs fe tjh ^fc`k A`tjfima rhimdmfus, tjms rhhatmfknhds tf nh jh`rb, ifsmkd mts cht`pjysmaì mbhktmty mk nh-mkd qumhtiy ukjh`rb. @ phrefrc`kah ms tjus ` p`r`bfx1?,??? Hurfph`k stubhkts hàj yh`r àj`kah tf stuby `nrf`b wmtjmk tjh HX. H^@QCXQ p`rtmam-p`kts tr`vhi tf fkh fe 11 afuktrmhs `kb hkrfii mk ` efr-hmdk Xkmvhrsmty. Tjhtjhr stubhkts ih`rk khw i`kdu`dhs,khw auiturhs fr bmhrhkt ih`rkmkd styihs wjmih tjhy `rh`nrf`b, tjh H^@QCXQ prfdr`c bfhs cuaj tf strhkdtjhkmkthrk`tmfkì tmhs `kb tf mcprfvh tjh quìmty fe jmdjhrhbua`tmfk arfss Hurfph.

Rjh H^@QCXQ prfdr`c, ìtjfudj strfkd, ms kft tjh

`kswhr tf tjh HXs prfnihcs. H^@QCXQ fkiy shrvhs stu-bhkts whìtjy hkfudj tf df tf Xkmvhrsmty `kb tf tr`vhi`nrf`b. Mt ms ìsf eàmkd ffk`kamì bmfiauitmhs `kb quhs-tmfks `nfukb `nfut wjhtjhr mt wmii nh `nih tf nh afktmk-uhb. @ rhi`thb prfdr`c, tjh Qajhkdhk @drhhchkt, wjmajìifws HX amtmzhks tf tr`vhi tjrfudjfut Hurfph wmtjfutvms`s, j`s ìrh`by st`rthb tf nh saìhb nàg nhaùshc`ky k`tmfkì ih`bhrs `rh eàmkd ` armsms fe e`mtj `nfuttjh shaurmty prfahburhs mk ftjhr afuktrmhs. Rjh prfnihcwmtj nftj H^@QCXQ `kb Qajhkdhk ms tj`t tjhy bf kft`bbrhss tjh bhhphst rfft fe tjh mbhktmty prfnihc. K`tmfk-ì (fr mkthrk`tmfkì) mbhktmtmhs `rh arh`thb wjhk ajmibrhk

ffrst st`rt tf ukbhrst`kb i`kdu`dh, kftmah bmhrhkah kbt`gh p`rt mk auiturh. Nhaùsh mbhktmtmhs `rh efrchb erfc `vhry yfukd `dh, tjh prfnihc fe Hurfph`k mbhktmty custnh bhìt wmtj `s sffk `s pfssmnih `t jfch `kb mk sajffi.

Qfiutmfk

Rjh sfiutmfk tf sfivmkd tjh Hurfph`k mbhktmty prfn-ihc ms thàjmkd HX stubhkts twf Hurfph`k i`kdu`dhs`smbh erfc tjhmr jfch i`kdu`dh. Rjhrh `rh 00 ffiamìi`kdu`dhs fe tjh Hurfph`k Xkmfk `kb mk 0==4, wjhk tjhHurfn`rfchthr bmb ` survhy, fvhr =?% fe stubhkts mk tjh

Qa`kbmk`vm`k afuktrmhs shie-rhpfrthb tj`t tjhy gkhw èfrhmdk i`kdu`dh, wjmih 8:-4=% fe stubhkts mk tjh ftjhrHurfph`k afuktrmhs rhpfrthb tj`t. Rjh XG w`s tjh fkiyhxahptmfk tf tjms trhkb, nhaùsh ihss tj`k 8?% fe Nrmt-msj stubhkts rhpfrthb tj`t tjhy gkhw `kftjhr i`kdu`dh.Rjhsh kucnhrs suddhst tj`t cfst sajffi systhcs `rhìrh`by thàjmkd i`kdu`dhs futsmbh tjhmr jfch afuk-trys k`tmvh tfkduh, sf tjhsh prfdr`cs lust khhb tf nhstrhkdtjhkhb kb hxp`kbhb.

Kft fkiy bf c`ky Hurfph`k stubhkts ìrh`bygkfw efrhmdk i`kdu`dhs, mk tjh s`ch Hurfn`rfchthrstuby chktmfkhb `nfvh, cfrh tj`k 48% fe Hurfph`kstubhkts futsmbh fe tjh XG hxprhsshb ` bhsmrh tf ih`rk`kftjhr efrhmdk i`kdu`dh. Rjms hktjusm`sc efr ih`rk-mkd efrhmdk i`kdu`dhs ms kft surprmsmkd. @s ` kucnhr fe^fi`kb Rj`rp, _hddy Hstr`b`, Qthpj`kmh Bìtfk kb Ifms]`cuajm wrfth mk tjhmr `rtmaih Rhàjmkd Rr`ksefrchb?01 Qt`th fe tjhXkmfk `bbrhss, _rhsmbhkt N`ràg Fn`c` st`thb tj`t efr

euturh dhkhr`tmfks, tjh Xkmthb Qt`ths cust t`gh àtmfk

`d`mkst aimc`th aj`kdh . Tjmih jms mkùdur`tmfk efaushb

cfrh fk mbhfifdmaì rh`sfks , jms Qt`th fe tjh Xkmfkpr`dc`tmaìiy `rduhb tjh khhb tf cfvh efrw`rb `kb fut-

imkhb dhkhrì prfpfsìs tf bf sf . Efr mkst`kah, _rhsmbhktFn`c` bhai`rhb tj`t me Afkdrhss wfuibkt t`gh àtmfk efr

` c`rght-n`shb sfiutmfks, jh wfuib bmrhat WjmsS A`nmkht

tf afch up wmtj hxhautmvh àtmfks jh a`k t`gh, kfw `kbmk tjh euturh, tf rhbuah pfiiutmfk, prhp`rh fur afccukm-

tmhs efr tjh afkshquhkahs fe aimc`th aj`kdh, `kb sphhb

tjh tr`ksmtmfk tf cfrh sust`mk`nih sfurahs fe hkhrdy.Rjhsh àtmfks wfuib prhsuc`niy mkaiubh sfch tf sup-

pfrt wmkb `kb sfi`r hkhrdy nhaùsh _rhsmbhkt Fn`c`

pfmkthb fut tj`t jìe fe tjh khw hkhrdy `bbhb i`st yh`r

w`s wmkb n`shb `kb sfi`r hkhrdy ms nhafcmkd ajh`phr . Jfwhvhr, tjhrh w`s `k `wgw`rb kb afktr`bmatfry

pfmkt mk jms Qt`th fe tjh Xkmfk fk hkhrdy< k`turì d`s.Tjmih aih`khr, k`turì d`s ms kft hktmrhiy tjh aih`k hkhrdy

sfurah. @ethr ìi, wjmih nurkmkd k`turì d`s rhih`shs ehwhr

nyprfbuats `kb hcmts ihss a`rnfk bmfxmbh tj`k afì `kbfmi, nurkmkd mt stmii rhih`shs sfch a`rnfk bmfxmbh, ` drhhk-

jfush d`s. Bhspmth k`turì d`s jhipmkd tf brmvh bfwk

a`rnfk bmfxmbh hcmssmfk , tjhrh ms ` ffr tf tjhsh rhbua-tmfks `kb tjus ` imcmt tf jfw cuaj mt a`k sifw bfwk

aimc`th aj`kdh. Eurtjhr, mt ms ìsf wfrtj pfmktmkd fut

tj`t jybrferàgmkd, tjh hxtràtmfk chtjfb rhspfksmnihefr tjh i`thst nffc mk k`turì d`s prfbuatmfk, j`s nhhk

àafcp`kmhb wmtj jhìtj afcpi`mkts erfc tjfsh imvmkdkh`r brmiimkd smths. Nhaùsh tjh afktràts `rh struaturhb

tf c`gh mt j`rb tf bhthrcmkh tjh hhats fe jybrferàgmkd

, mt wfuib shhc `pprfprm`th tf bf rhsh`raj tf bhthrcmkhme jybrferàgmkd w`s sèh fr kft, hsphamìiy mk imdjt fe tjh

H_@s rhpfrt tj`t mk _`vmimfk, Tyfcmkd, jybrferàgmkd

ajhcmaìs whrh efukb mk drfukb w`thr . Rjhrh `rh ftjhr afkahrks `ssfam`thb wmtj k`turì

d`s. Aurrhktiy, hvhk wmtj tjh jh`tij afcpi`mkts, jybrf-

eràgmkd ms mk c`ky w`ys ukrhdui`thb nhaùsh fe rhdu-i`tfrs iàg fe rhsfurahs `kb hxhcptmfks erfc ehbhrì

rhdui`tmfks, suaj `s `k hxhcptmfk erfc rhpfrtmkd tjh

ajhcmaìs nhmkd ushb . @kb yht, _rhsmbhkt Fn`c` `k-kfukahb mkthktmfks tf aut rhdui`tmfks tf hkafur`dh

cfrh brmiimkd ., @kftjhr prfnihc ms tj`t tjh suppiy fe

k`turì d`s mk tjh XQ. Quppfshbiy, tjh XQ j`vh ` 0?? yh`rsuppiy . Jfwhvhr, tjms ms n`shb fk mkbustry ffdurhs, wjmaj

mkaiubh prfn`nih, pfssmnih, sphaui`tmvh, `kb afì-nhb

rhshrvhs . Iffgmkd fkiy `t prfvhb rhshrvhs, `ssucmkdaurrhkt afksucptmfk bfhs kft drfw, tjhrh ms fkiy `k 00

yh`r suppiy wmtjmk tjh XQ . Rjms tff c`y nh fvhr-fptmcms-

tma nhaùsh prfvhb rhshrvhs mkaiubh `rh`s khxt tf tjfsh

nhmkd jybrferàghb, wjmaj c`y kft nh `s prfbuatmvh . Qf,

tjh àtuì `cfukt fe k`turì d`s mk tjh XQ ms ukahrt`mk

`kb c`y afktmkuh tf nh sf uktmi tjhrh `rh cfrh yh`rs fkrhafrb . Rjms afuib nh prfnihc`tma nhaùsh ` CMR rhpfrt

prhbmathb tj`t tjh ush fe sjìh-n`shb k`turì d`s wfuib

stukt tjh drfwtj fe rhkhw`nih hkhrdmhs . Jfwhvhr, me wh stfp usmkd k`turì d`s, mt ms kft aih`r

jfw wh a`k qumagiy tr`ksmtmfk erfc afì tf rhkhw`nih

hkhrdmhs, suaj `s wmkb `kb sfi`r. @aafrbmkd tf tjh HM@, mk>?00, `rfukb >.4= nmiimfk chd`w`tt jfurs fe hihatrmamty

whrh prfbuahb erfc efssmi euhi sfurahs7 Mk afcp`rmsfk,

fkiy `rfukb 0>> jukbrhb cmiimfk chd`w`tt jfurs fehihatrmamty whrh prfbuahb erfc wmkb `kb sfi`r .

Rjus, tjh phrtmkhkt quhstmfk ms wj`t pfimamhs a`k nh ushb

tf hksurh tj`t k`turì d`s shrvhs `s ` nrmbdh euhi tf rh-khw`nih sfurahs. Mk `bbmtmfk tf tjh ftjhr `pprfàjhs wh

j`vh t`ghk `kb c`y `bfpt, fkh ftjhr `pprfàj afuib nh

tf c`gh hxmstmkd pfwhr st`tmfks mkafrpfr`th mkarh`smkdiycfrh rhkhw`nih sfurahs. Efr hx`cpih, fkh suaj systhc

afuib nh tf afkahktr`th sfi`r hkhrdy tf jh`t cfithk sìts

tf dhkhr`th hihatrmamty. Rjh mker`struaturh tf tr`kspfrtpfwhr ìrh`by hxmsts mk tjms smtu`tmfk. Rjhk, ny bfmkd sf,

wh afuib eurtjhr brmvh bfwk tjh afst fe rhkhw`nih sfura-

hs nhaùsh fe c`ss mcpihchkt`tmfk, put mk piàh c`rghtmkahktmvhs efr nhtthr sfurahs fe rhkhw`nih hkhrdy, `kb

arh`th ` i`nfr efrah tj`t afuib jhip hk`nih ` tr`ksmtmfk

tfw`rb ` cfrh sust`mk`nih euturh. Mt sjfuib ìsf nh kfthbtj`t mk tjh ifkd ruk, tjrfudj tjms `pprfàj `kb/fr ftjhr

pfimamhs tf suppihchkt mt, wh sjfuib ìsf arh`th rhkhw-

`nih hkhrdy pi`kts piàhb mk tjh cfst fptmcì `rh`s,suaj sfi`r hkhrdy pi`kts mk bhshrts, tj`t a`k stmii afktrmn-

uth tf fur hkhrdy drmb.

Mk tjh sjfrt ruk, tjms `pprfàj afuib ih`b tf jmdjhr

hihatrmamty afsts. Jfwhvhr, tjms afuib nh bhìt wmtj nyhkafur`dmkd hkhrdy afkshrv`tmfk. Efr mkst`kah, tjh

dfvhrkchkt afuib prfvmbh dr`kts tf jhip mkbmvmbuìs `kbnusmkhsshs tf c`gh numibmkds cfrh hkhrdy hfiamhkt. Rjms

wfuib prfn`niy tjhk arh`th ifaì wh`tjhrmz`tmfk `kb/fr

afkstruatmfk lfns. Afkdrhssmfkì atmfk wfuib prfn`niy nh khhbhb

efr tjhsh dr`kts. Mt c`y ìsf nh khhbhb efr tjh `pprfàj

chktmfkhb `nfvh `s whii, `t ih`st efr hxmstmkd pfwhrpi`kts. @ethr ìi, sfchtjmkd smcmi`r tf tjms prfpfsì ms tjh

rhkhw`nih euhi st`kb`rb. @aafrbmkd tf _rfehssfr Cmaj`hi

Dhrr`rb, Bmrhatfr fe tjh Ahkthr fe Aimc`th Aj`kdh I`w `tAfiucnm` Xkmvhrsmty, tjh H_@ sht rhkhw`nih euhi st`k-

b`rbs nhaùsh ` sphamffa st`tuh rhqumrhs tjh `dhkay tf .

Eurtjhr, tjh H_@ a`k fkiy suddhst dumbhimkhs efr hxmstmkdpfwhr pi`kts tf tjh st`ths, wjmaj tjhk mcpihchkt tjhc.

Jfwhvhr, tjh H_@ bfhs j`vh tjh ùtjfrmty tf arh`th

phrefrc`kah st`kb`rbs efr khw pfwhr pi`kts, wjmajafuib afkahmv`niy rhqumrh rhkhw`nihs . Tjmih tjhsh

tfudjhr phrefrc`kah st`kb`rbs wfuib nh afktrfvhrsmì

, tjms afuib nh ` dffb ffrst sthp tfw`rb mcpihchktmkdtjms prfpfsì. @s st`thb `nfvh, tf afkvhrt hxmstmkd pfwhr

^`yihmdj Ihm

@K @II HKH^D] FK BHAG @__^F@AJ

Hkhrdy (_BE).mkbb 12 5/5/01 :


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pi`kts wfuib prfn`niy rhqumrh `k àt fe Afkdrhss.

Mt ms mcpfrt`kt tf kfth tj`t tjms ms chrhiy ` st`rt. Th stmii

j`vh tf bhì wmtj tr`kspfrt`tmfk. Th stmii j`vh tf bhì

wmtj bfchstma hkhrdy ush, suaj `s jh`tmkd `kb affgmkd.Th stmii j`vh tf bhì wmtj `drmauiturh `kb ftjhr `rh`s `s

whii. Qtmii, me wh a`k suaahsseuiiy mkafrpfr`th rhkhw`nih

hkhrdy tf hxmstmkd pfwhr sfurahs tf spur tjh `bfptmfk

fe cfrh rhkhw`nihs, tjhk tj`t cmdjt nh ` st`rt tf `k ìihkhrdy fk bhag `pprfàj tj`t jhips us arh`th ` cfrh

sust`mk`nih euturh.

Rjh bhv`st`tmkd hhats fe aimc`th aj`kdh, erfcbmrhat hkvmrfkchktì b`c`dh tf mkbmrhat sfamfhafkfcma

bmsturn`kahs, j`vh nhafch mkarh`smkdiy vmsmnih `kb j`vh

afkshquhktiy `ttràthb wmbhsprh`b mkthrk`tmfkì `tthk-

tmfk. Rj`t efssmi euhis `rh tjh efukb`tmfk fe tjh cfbhrkdifnì hafkfcy c`ghs tàgimkd aimc`th aj`kdh ìi tjh

cfrh ajìihkdmkd. Jfwhvhr, ihssfks erfc tjh dhkhrìiysuaahsseui Cfktrhì _rftfafi, wjmaj t`rdhthb fzfkh-

bhpihtmkd sunst`

Columbia Roosevelt Review 2013

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