Colossal statue of Constantine the Great, Rome

Corona obsidionalis (grass crown)

Corona civica (civic crown)

Corona muralis (mural crown)

Corona navalis (naval crown)

‘Laurel’ crown (gold and silver), 4th century BC

Justinian wearing a purple cloak and crown, Church of San Vitale in Ravenna (ca. 547 AD)

Justinian wearing a purple cloak and crown, Church of San Vitale in Ravenna (ca. 547 AD)

Coin of Diocletian (3th c AD)

Coin of Julian the Apostate (4th c BC)

Visigothic coin (Leovigildus, 6th c)

Charlemagne coin

Lothair II (8th century)

Maximilian I of Habsburg (22 March 1459 - 12 January 1519)

Otto I’s imperial regalia (Frankfurt, Germany)

Jan Van Eyck, God the Father, Ghent Altarpiece (1426-1432)

Ingres, Napoleon Bonaparte (1806), Paris, Army Museum

Elizabeth I, Coronation Portrait

Elizabeth I, Siena Portrait, Siena, Pinacoteca Nazionale

Hilliard, Elizabeth I Playing the Lute, c. 1580

Hilliard, Elizabeth I, Ermine Portrait, 1582

Elizabeth I, Pelican Portrait

Titian, Emperor Charles V at Muhlberg (1548), Madrid, Prado

Alonso Sánchez Coello, Philip II of Spain (after 1570), Madrid, Prado

Alonso Sánchez Coello, Isabella Clara Eugenia (16th c)

Velázquez, Philip III of Spain (17th c), Madrid, Prado

Velázquez, Philip IV (1625), Madrid, Prado

Velázquez, Count-Duke of Olivares (17th c), Madrid, Prado

Velázquez, Queen Maria Anna of Austria (17th c), Madrid, Prado

Carreño de Miranda, Charles II (1675), Madrid, Prado

Van Dyck, Charles I with M. de St Antoine (1633), Royal Collection

Rigaud, Louis XIV (1701), Louvre

Valley of the Fallen (Franco’s mausoleum), Spain

Palace of El Escorial, built by Philip II of Spain (16th c)

Albert Speer’s vision of Hitler’s monumental capitol building

Rome, Palazzo della Civiltà del Lavoro (1938-43)