Colorecta l Cancer Update
description
Transcript of Colorecta l Cancer Update
Colorectal Cancer Update
Jonathan A. Laryea, MD FACS FASCRS FWACSDivision of Colon & Rectal SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Cancer Coalition Summit XV March 11, 2014
Disclosures
No Disclosures
Outline
Facts and Figures Risk Factors Clinical Presentation and Management Screening
9% Colon & rectum
Facts 2014 Estimates
New cases: 96,830 (colon); 40,000 (rectal) Deaths: 50,310 (colon and rectal combined)
Death rate over last 20 years declining Screening and improvements in treatment
Risk Factors
Adapted from Burt RW et al. Prevention and Early Detection of CRC, 1996
Sporadic (65%–85%) Familial
(10%–30%)
Hereditary nonpolyposis
colorectal cancer (HNPCC) (5%)
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (1%)
Rare CRC syndromes
(<0.1%)
Risk Factors Adenomatous polyps
Age
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
History of Cancer
Family History of Colorectal Cancer
Physical Inactivity/obesity
Smoking
NSAIDS
Diets/Supplements
Race
Cancer Risk in Polyps
<1 cm 1-2 cm >2 cm
Tubular Adenoma 1.0% 10.2% 34.7%
Tubulovillous 3.9% 7.4% 45.8%
Vilous Adenoma 9.5% 10.3% 52.9%
Adenoma-Cancer Sequence
Normal epithelium
Hyper-proliferativeepithelium
Earlyadenoma
Inter-mediate
adenoma
Lateadenoma Carcinoma Metastasis
Loss ofAPC
Activationof K-ras
Deletion of 18q
Loss ofTP53
Other alterations
Adapted from Fearon ER. Cell 61:759, 1990
Age
Familial Risk
Approximatelifetime
CRC risk (%)
Affected family members
0
20
40
60
80
100
None One 1° One 1° and two
2°
One 1° age
<45
Two 1° HNPCC mutation
2% 6% 8% 10%17%
70%
Aarnio M et al. Int J Cancer 64:430, 1995 Houlston RS et al. Br Med J 301:366, 1990 St John DJ et al. Ann Intern Med 118:785, 1993
Risk of Colorectal Cancer
0 20 40 60 80 100
General population
Personal history of colorectal neoplasia
Inflammatory bowel disease
HNPCC mutation
FAP
5%
15%–20%
15%–40%
70%–80%
>95%
Lifetime risk (%)
dietary fiber
vegetables
fruits
antioxidant vitamins
calcium
folate (B Vitamin)
decreased risk
Diet
consumption of red meat
animal and saturated fat
refined carbohydrates
alcohol
increased risk
Diet
Clinical Presentation
CRC by Site
Stage at DiagnosisLocalized
(confined to primary site)
39%
Regional (spread to re-gional lym-phnodes)
37%
Distant (cancer has metasta-
sized)19%
Unknown (unstaged)5%
Adapted from NCI Cancer Facts and Figures 2010
Staging Workup Endoscopy with biopsy
CT Scan
CXR
?PET Scan
CEA
STAGES OF COLON CANCER
Sites of Metastasis
Liver
Lung
Brain
Bone
Principles of Management Surgery is the mainstay of treatment
Complete removal of tumor with negative margins
Removal of involved node-bearing tissue
Avoid spillage or disruption of tumor
Assess for evidence of metastasis
Personalized treatment based on molecular profiling
ManagementColon Cancer Stage I
Surgery alone Stage II
Surgery alone +/- chemotherapy Stage III
Surgery + Chemotherapy Stage IV
Chemotherapy aloneSurgery + chemotherapy + metastasectomy
Rectal Cancer
Similar to Colon Cancer
Chemoradiation for Stages II and III
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Laparoscopy/ Robotic-assisted
Oncologically equivalent
Benefits versus costSmaller incisionsLess painShorter length of stayEarlier return to activitiesOverall cost-effective
Screening Prevents cancer by removing precancerous polyps
Early identification of cancer
Misconceptions and ignorance abound regarding screening
PCP recommendation has most significant impact
Screening fully covered with no out of pocket expenses under ACA
Screening
Average Risk Start at age 50
Family History Start at age 40 or 10 years earlier than youngest family member with
cancer High Risk
Based on risk factors Familial Adenomatous Polyposis; start at age10-12y and
yearly Lynch Syndrome; start at age 20y and q2y till 45y then
yearly
Screening Modalities
High sensitivity Fecal occult blood testing q1yr
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy q5years +FOBT q3yrs
Colonoscopy q10 years
CT colonography*
Stool DNA/ FIT
5-year Survival Stage I 93% Stage IIA 85% Stage IIB 72% Stage IIIA 83% Stage IIIB 64% Stage IIIC 44% Stage IV 8%
Take home message
Incidence and death rates are declining
Eat right, exercise and avoid smoking
Screening saves lives
Most people get screened because their doctor told them to
Advances in treatment have led to improved survival
Advances in molecular profiling of cancers has led to personalized treatments
Thank you
Jonathan A. Laryea, [email protected]
Clinic Appointments: (501) 686-6211Office: (501) 686-6757