Colonizing America

Chapter 2

Objectives

• Explain early Spanish settlement of North America

• Describe the colonial society in New France

Cortes’

• Helped conquer Cuba

• Smallpox swept Cuba sent to find new slaves

• Led an expedition to the Yucatan peninsula to find slaves

Invasion Begins

• Jeronimo shipwrecked sailor, translator

• Spain used technology like the crossbow, cannons and guns to kill 200 warriors

• Malinche, Dona Marina, translates Aztec language

• Allied with the rival Tlaxcalan

• Locals never seen horses, armor, or cannons before

• Montezuma and Quetzalcoatl

• Montezuma sends envoys offering to pay tribute and sacrificed natives and drank blood, Quetzalcoatl hated this

• Cortes launches a surprise attack

Tenochtitlan

• Sat on a huge lake• Central plaza contained

thousands of skulls (tzompantli)

• Takes Montezuma hostage, stops human sacrifice, replaces Aztec symbols with Virgin Mary and crosses

• Montezuma killed “Noche Triste” sad night

• Smallpox erupts and conquistadors win

Pizarro• Explores the west

coast of S. America• Fought the Incas• Atahualpa invited to

meet Pizarro in the plaza, refused to submit and threw down a bible

• Atahualpa was killed 1 yr. later, puppet rulers established

Cities of Gold• Cabeza de Vaca,

Francisco de Coronado and Hernando Desoto searched for the cities and the fountain of youth

• Desoto explored the southeast, later died and was given a funeral pyre on the Mississippi River he discovered

Southwest and the Spanish• Failure to find gold slowed

settlement• Presidios (Forts) were built

for protection• Missions created to spread

the faith• California priests forced

natives into the mission• In New Mexico priests

allowed the Pueblo to live outside missions

• 1680 a Pueblo revolt

Spanish American Society

Peninsulares

Criollos

Mestizos

Native Americans

Spanish Vocabulary

• Encomienda- system that rewarded Cortes men for a good job giving them towns to rule

• Encomendero- commissioner given rights over the Native Americans working the land, was suppose to protect and convert the natives

• Abused their powers leading to suffering an death

Vocabulary

• Peninsulares- people born in Spain who had been appointed to high government and church positions

• Crillos those born in the colonies to Spanish parents

• Mestizos- mix of Spanish and Native Americans, artisans, merchants, shopkeepers and their social status varied

Council of the Indies

• Advised the king and watched over colonial activities

• Audencia- judges, administrators and law makers

• Viceroys- ruled over territories called viceroyalties

Mining and Ranching

• Native Americans used for mining labor• Silver deposits transformed the economy• Silver mines found in the northern arid

lands could not support farming, but did support cattle and sheep

• Haciendas- large ranches thousands of acres in size

• Vaqueros- were cowhands who worked the haciendas

Giovanni da Verrazano and Jacques Cartier

• Searched for the Northwest Passage to find the Pacific Ocean

• Discovered and mapped the St. Lawrence River

New France

• Fur trade became popular due to European demand

• Henry IV sent French merchants to establish colonies

• Samuel de Champlain – settled Nova Scotia, founded Quebec the capital of New France

Coureurs de bois

• Runners of the woods

• Lived among the natives, learned their language, customs and married the natives

• Jesuits tried to convert the natives

Expanding New France

• Louis IVX made New France a royal colony

• Sent 900 women, if man under 20 and woman under 16 married they received land

• Parents of ten children received bonuses, parents of non married children were fined

Exploring the Mississippi

• Jacques Marquette explored the Mississippi river “big river” by the Algonquin

• Rene de La Salle followed the Mississippi river to the Gulf of Mexico

Settling Louisiana

• Count Frontec settled the area

• Not easy since no harbors, shifting sandbars, heat caused food spoilage, mosquitoes brought malaria

• Lord de’Iberville founded Biloxi

• Sugar, rice, and indigo

Rivalry with Spain

• St. Augustine Florida is the oldest permanent settlement in America 1565 (AHSGE)

• 1716 first Spanish settlers in the southwest in Texas

• Empires bordered each other (Louisiana’s and Texas) neither a real threat

Section 2 Objectives

• Explain the religious and economic reasons why England became interested in America

• Describe the founding of Jamestown and explain why it succeeded

English Colonies in North America

• Jamestown first English settlement in the U.S.

• John Cabot sailed west, ordered by Henry VIII, looking for a western way to Asia

• Discovered New Foundland, 2nd voyage 1497 landed in America

• Spanish claim to America, upheld by pope, prevented English colonization at this time

Martin Luther

• Started the Reformation that split apart the Catholic Church (AHSGE)

• This started the Protestant Reformation• Luther was excommunicated• John Calvin said neither kings, or bishops

should control the church• Calvin believed in predestination (AHSGE)

many American settlers believed in Calvinism

Reformation in England

• Began with Henry VIII and pope disagreement over Catherine of Aragon (Spanish) both England and Spain were Catholic

• Henry VIII establishes the Anglican church and gives himself a divorce

• Anglican church kept the Catholic doctrine

• Puritans wanted to purify the Catholic church

• Queen Elizabeth spread puritan ideas of the bible as the supreme authority

• Puritans debated over who should lead the church, wanted congregations to choose their leaders, not bishops and popes

Economic Changes in England

• 1500’s wool industry grew and nobles began raising sheep instead of renting land

• Enclosure movement- enclosing of land to raise sheep

• This movement created thousands of poor and beggars

• By 1550 there was too much wool and prices fell• Needing new markets joint stock companies

arose to find new markets for wool products

England returns to America

• Returned looking for the North West Passage

• Interest in America increased the Spanish rivalry

• The Dutch became protestant and an ally

• During the Dutch revolt Elizabeth I allowed privateers (pirates) to attack Spanish ships

Gilbert and Raleigh

• Wished to colonize America to support privateer attacks in the Caribbean

• Gilbert’s half brother Walter Raleigh established Roanoake and named the colony Virginia after Elizabeth “The Virgin Queen”

Lost Colony of Roanoke (AHSGE)

• 1585 100 settlers came to Roanoke

• One month after settlement John White went back to England for supplies

• War erupted between England and Spain preventing his return until 1590

• When he returned there were no bodies no signs of life, just a carving CRO (Croatoan)

Early Troubles

• Most settlers of Jamestown were townspeople and gentlemen

• Did not know how to raise livestock

• Council argued regularly and gentlemen refused to work

• Lawlessness and food shortages began

• John Smith took over • 1607 Smith explored the area

and food was in short supply• Powhatan Confederacy

agreed to help the colonists (Thanksgiving)

• 1609 people offered land if they worked in America for 7 years

• Smith left the colony and settlers began stealing food, Indians attacked 1609-10 colonists ate rats and dogs to survive

• Lord de La Warr arrived and forced people to work 6 hours a day on labor gangs

• Eventually 2 ½ acres were given to colonists

• Colonists grew tobacco to make a profit

Tobacco saves the Colony

• Smoking became fashionable in Europe

• John Rolfe used seeds from Trinidad to make a sweet tobacco

• Tobacco sold for a good price, but not as good as the Spanish tobacco

The First Assembly• Reform allowed

colonists to choose assembly to create laws

• The first attempt at a representative legislative body in America was The Virginia House of Burgesses (AHSGE)

Head rights• Head rights- settlers who bought a share in the

company were given 50 acres, additional 50 for each family member over 15 and for each servant taken

• A slave ship stopped and traded slaves, or Christian servants” they could not be slaves

• Policy led to mass immigration• Increase in settlers caused Indian attacks• King James, angered by the revolt, created a

royal colony run by a governor chosen by him

Maryland

• Lord Baltimore- became Catholic and angered the English

• Catholics did not accept the king, or bishops and priests as head of the church

• Viewed as traitors and not allowed to teach, or practice law

• Maryland was established to give Catholics a land in America and was a proprietary colony owned by Lord Baltimore

• Maryland became mostly protestant

Lord Baltimore