The New Imperialism

New Imperialism and its Causes

• Colonization of Americas, South Asia, Africa and China

• Europe had little influence on lives of the people

• Strong, centrally governed nation-states had emerged

New Imperialism and its Causes

Economic Interests• Manufacturers wanted

access to natural resources• Rubber, manganese, palm

oil• Colonies offered a valuable

outlet for Europe’s growing population

Political and Military Interests• Steam-powered merchant

ships and naval vessels needed bases

• Industrial powers seized islands or harbors

• Western leaders claimed colonies cause of national security

• Increased nation’s prestige

New Imperialism and its Causes

Humanitarian Goals• Missionaries, doctors and

colonial official believed they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilization

Social Darwinism• Embraced natural selection

and survival of the fittest• European races were

superior to all others• Imperial conquest and

destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human species

Success of Western Imperialism

Weakness of Nonwestern States

• Older civilizations in decline• Ottoman Empire, Mughal

India, Qing china• Wars among African people

and the slave trade

Western Advantages• Strong economies, well-

organized governments, powerful armies and navies

• Superior technology & improved medical knowledge

• Quinine, Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, steam-driven warships

Success of Western Imperialism

Resistance• Ruling areas tried to

strengthen their societies against reforming their own Muslim, Hindu, or Confucian Traditions.

• Many western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movement to expel the imperialists from their lands

Criticism at Home• Anti-imperialists argued

colonialism was a tool of the rich and immoral

• Westerners were moving toward greater democracy at home but were imposing undemocratic rule on other people

Forms of Imperial RuleColoniesFrench• French practiced direct rule, sending officials

and soldiers from France to administer their colonies, impose French culture

British• British relied on a system of indirect rule,

using sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers• Encouraged the children of the local ruling

class to get an education in Britain

Forms of Imperial Rule

• Protectorates– Local rulers were left in place but were expected

to follow the advice of European advisors– Cost less to run than a colony, did not require a

large commitment of military forces• Spheres of Influence• Area in which an outside power claimed

exclusive investment or trading privileges

THE PARTITION OF AFRICA

Africa in the Early 1800sSpoke hundreds of languages and varied governments

North Africa• Sahara Desert and Fertile land along the Med.• Close ties to Muslim world• Under rule of Ottoman Empire

Africa in the Early 1800s

West Africa• Islamic reform movement brought change• Usman dan Fodio preached jihad• New Muslim states arose, built on trade,

farming, and herding• Forest regions– Asante Kingdom

Africa in the Early 1800s

East Africa• Port cities carried profitable trade• Cargoes were often slaves• Marched from interior to coast with slaves• Ivory and Copper from Central Africa

Africa in the Early 1800s

Southern Africa• Shaka united the Zulu nation• Mass migration and wars• Zulus were battling Boers

Africa in the Early 1800s

Slave Trade• Europeans began to outlaw slave trade• Slave trade continued to Middle East and Asia • Britain and US helped freed slaves resettle in

Africa• 1787 Sierra Leone as colony former slaves• Liberia free blacks from U.S.

European Contacts Increase

Explorers• European explorers pushed the interior of

Africa• Mungo Park and Richard Burton set out to

map the course and sources of the Great African rivers

European Contacts Increase

• Missionaries • Catholic and Protestant• Sought to win people to Christianity• Sincere in desire to help• Built schools, medical clinics and churches• Saw Africans as children in need of guidance• African cultures and religions were degraded• Urged Africans to reject their own traditions

European Contacts Increase

• Livingstone• Crisscrossed Africa• Sympathy and less bias• Opposed slave trade• Henry Stanley trekked into Central Africa to

find Livingston

Scramble for Colonies

• King Leopold II of Belgium hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin

• Berlin Conference (1884)• No Africans were invited• European countries must set up government

in any claim in Africa• Established new Africans borders and frontiers• Redrew the map of Africa

Scramble for Colonies

• Horrors in the Congo• Wealthy Belgium's exploited the riches • Forced to work for almost nothing, beaten or

mutilated• Leopold turn colony to Belgian government• Little or no role in government or economy

Scramble for Colonies

French Expansion• Algeria in North Africa• Med. into Tunisia• West and Central Africa• Britain Expansion• West and East Africa• Egypt and Sudan and Cape Colony (South Africa)• Boer War 1899-1902

Scramble for Colonies

• Portuguese– Angola and Mozambique

• German Empire– Eastern and southwestern Africa

• Italy– Libya , horn of Africa

Africans Resist Imperialsm

• Algerians battled French• Samori Toure fought French forces• British battled the Zulus• Asante in West Africa• Maji-maji Rebellion 1905Ethiopia• Menelik II modernized• Imported weapons and Europeans train army• Only nation to preserve independence

EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TO THE MUSLIM WORLD

Stresses in the Muslim World

Three Muslim Empires• Mughals, Ottoman Empire, Safavids• 1700s in decline• CorruptionIslamic Reform Movement• Stressed religious piety and rules of behavior• Returned to purity and simplicityEuropean Imperialism• Won treaties giving favorable trading terms

Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• Extended across the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeastern Europe

• Nationalists Revolts• Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians

gain independence• Arabia, Lebanon and Armenia revolted• Lost control of Egypt

Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• Efforts to Westernize• Reorganize bureaucracy and system of tax

collection• Built railroads, improved education, European

officers to train military• Men sent to study new sciences and

technology• Better medical care and revitalized farming

Problems for the Ottoman Empire

Young Turks• Overthrew the sultan• Ended when WWI erupted Massacre of Armenians• Brutal genocide of Armenians• Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian

Armenians accused of supporting Russian plans against Ottoman empire

• A million + Armenians were killed

Egypt Seeks to ModernizeMuhammad Ali• Improved tax collection, reorganized the

landholding system, large irrigation projects to increase farm output

• Increased Egyptian participation in world tradeSuez Canal (1859)• Ferdinand de Lesseps • 100-mile waterway links the Med. And Red Sea• Egypt ruler unable to repay debt, sold his

shares to Britain prime minister

Iran and the European Powers

• Qajar shahs ruled Iran from 1794-1925• Gov’t improved finances, sponsored the

building of telegraph lines and railroads, experimented with liberal constitution

• Russia and Britain set up sphere of influence in Iran

• Iranian gov’t granted concessions

THE BRITISH TAKE OVER INDIA

East India Company

• Many people and cultures• British took advantage of Indian divisions• Main goal was to make money• Improved roads, preserve peace, and reduce

banditry.• Tried to convert to Christianity• Worked to end slavery and caste system• Improved position of women• Outlawed sati

Sepoy Rebellion• Unpopular moves• 1st Required sepoys to serve anywhere• 2nd a law allowing Hindu widows to remarry• 1857 issued new rifles to sepoys• Angry sepoys rebelled• Massacred British men, women and children.• British rallied and crushed the revolt• Revenge – torched villages and killed thousands of

unarmed Indians.• Parliament ended East India Company rule 1858

British Colonial Rule

• Viceroy• Modernized India adopting technology and

culture• Market of raw materials• Built roads and railroad network• New methods of communication• Ruined India’s hand-weaving industry

British Colonial Rule

• Nomadic herders into farmers of cash crops• Massive deforestation• Population growth put strain on food supply• Legal system to promote justice for Indians• Upper classes sent sons to British schools

Different Views on Cultures

• Ram Mohun Roby combined Hindu and Muslim cultures

• Learn from the west• Condemned traditions, rigid caste distinctions,

child marriage, sati, purdah• Set up educational societies

Indian Nationalism

• 1855 nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress

• Greater democracy would bring more power to Indians

• At first Muslims and Hindus worked together• Muslims grew to resent domination• Worried Hindu’s would oppress Muslims

CHINA AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM

The Trade Issue

• China sold silk, porcelain and tea• China Enjoyed trade surplus• Westerners had a trade deficit• Two developments transformed China’s relations• 1st China entered a period of decline• 2nd Expanded markets for European goods

Opium War

• British made huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea

• Chinese became addicted• Chinese gov’t outlawed opium / Killed dealers• 1839 warships clashed with British merchants• Chinese easily defeated• Treaty of Nanjing• Huge indemnity, Hong Kong, opened five

ports, extraterritoriality

Internal Problems

• Qing dynasty in decline• Irrigation systems and canals poorly maintained –

massive flooding in Huang He Valley• Hardships for peasants, tax evasion, official

corruption

Taiping Rebellion

• 1850-1864• Most devastating peasant revolt in history• Hong Xiuquan wanted to establish a “Heavenly

Kingdom of Great Peace”• Endorsed social ideas

Land reform, community ownership of property, equality of women and men

• Taiping rebels won control for 14 years• 20-30 mil. deaths

Reform Effects

• Scholar-officials no reasons for new industries• Disapproved of western ideas• Technology was dangerous• Empress Ci Xi• Imported western technology• Factories, shipyards, railroads, mining

War with Japan

• Sino-Japanese War 1894• Japan gained Taiwan

Spheres of Influence

• British– Yangzi River

• French– Land near Indochina

• German– Northern China

• Russia– Northern China

100 Days of Reform

• Guang Xu• New laws set to modernize civil service exams,

streamline government, encouraged new industries

• Affected schools, military and bureaucracy

Qing Dynasty Falls

• Boxer Uprising 1899• Expelled “foreign devils”• China admitted women to schools• Expanded economically• Business class emerged, new urban working class

Three Principles of the People

• 1st nationalism, freeing China from foreign domination

• 2nd democracy• 3rd “livelihood”• Sun Yixian named president Chinese republic