ColonialismColonialism

Political, social, economic, Political, social, economic, cultural domination of a cultural domination of a

territory and its people by a territory and its people by a foreign power for an foreign power for an

extended period of timeextended period of time

2 MAJOR PHASES OF EUROPEAN 2 MAJOR PHASES OF EUROPEAN COLONIALISMCOLONIALISM

PHASE 1: 1490s—1820sPHASE 1: 1490s—1820s Spain & Portugal colonized Central, South, and Spain & Portugal colonized Central, South, and

North AmericaNorth America

Britain colonized North America, India, Australia Britain colonized North America, India, Australia (1788), parts of the Caribbean(1788), parts of the Caribbean

Dutch colonized South Africa, SingaporeDutch colonized South Africa, Singapore

France colonized Canada, parts of the France colonized Canada, parts of the CaribbeanCaribbean

1800s: Independence Movements began1800s: Independence Movements began

Islamic CivilizationsIslamic Civilizations Islam spread from Arabic region (Middle Islam spread from Arabic region (Middle

East) to: North Africa, Spain, and AsiaEast) to: North Africa, Spain, and Asia

Early civilizations: Baghdad (Iraq), Cairo Early civilizations: Baghdad (Iraq), Cairo (Egypt), Cordoba (Spain), Palermo (Sicily)(Egypt), Cordoba (Spain), Palermo (Sicily)

Baghdad (750 – 1258)Baghdad (750 – 1258) UniversitiesUniversities Translated texts from Greek, Roman, Translated texts from Greek, Roman,

Hindu, & Persian cultures into Arabic; Hindu, & Persian cultures into Arabic; synthetic philosophysynthetic philosophy

Algebra, geometry, trigonometry, Algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics, astronomy, philosophy, art, physics, astronomy, philosophy, art, architecture, medicinearchitecture, medicine

Arabic = (700-1300, Middle Ages) world’s Arabic = (700-1300, Middle Ages) world’s major intellectual & scientific language & major intellectual & scientific language & influenced the Westinfluenced the West

Western colonizationWestern colonization 1095-1291 = “Crusades,” EU launched 1095-1291 = “Crusades,” EU launched

military expeditions to defeat Islamic military expeditions to defeat Islamic dynasties & return Holy Land to dynasties & return Holy Land to Christian ruleChristian rule

EU wanted control of Eastern trade EU wanted control of Eastern trade routes (spices, silk, cotton)routes (spices, silk, cotton)

1400’s = Portuguese establish ports 1400’s = Portuguese establish ports from Arabia to SE Asia, controlled from Arabia to SE Asia, controlled spice tradespice trade

1800’s = EU colonizes Middle East: 1800’s = EU colonizes Middle East: seeking raw materials & new marketsseeking raw materials & new markets

TRANS-ATLANTIC TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: 1600—1800SLAVE TRADE: 1600—1800

Europeans captured West African slaves Europeans captured West African slaves (c. 12 million total) (in exchange for (c. 12 million total) (in exchange for guns, alcohol, tobacco, etc.) guns, alcohol, tobacco, etc.)

Shipped slaves to the Americas and Shipped slaves to the Americas and Caribbean Islands to work on Caribbean Islands to work on plantations (sugar, cotton, tobacco, plantations (sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee)coffee)

Beginning of the Global Plantation Beginning of the Global Plantation Economy Economy

Suez Canal: 1869Suez Canal: 1869 Connects Connects

Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea w/Gulf of Suez in Egyptw/Gulf of Suez in Egypt

101 miles long101 miles long immediate and dramatic immediate and dramatic

effect on world tradeeffect on world trade combined w/ American combined w/ American

Transcontinental railroad, Transcontinental railroad, allowed entire world to allowed entire world to be circled in record timebe circled in record time

British & French ownedBritish & French owned increased EU penetration increased EU penetration

& colonization of Africa& colonization of Africa

2 MAJOR PHASES OF EUROPEAN 2 MAJOR PHASES OF EUROPEAN COLONIALISMCOLONIALISM

PHASE 2: 1850s—1950sPHASE 2: 1850s—1950sWestern Europe colonized Africa, the Western Europe colonized Africa, the

rest of Asia, parts of the Middle East, & rest of Asia, parts of the Middle East, & the Pacific Islandsthe Pacific Islands

1914: Britain and French Empires were 1914: Britain and French Empires were at their height; EU Empires controlled at their height; EU Empires controlled 85% of world!85% of world!

1950s: Independence Movements 1950s: Independence Movements started to succeedstarted to succeed

EgyptEgypt: British colony in 1882; sugar, : British colony in 1882; sugar, cottoncotton

AlgeriaAlgeria, , TunisiaTunisia, , MoroccoMorocco: French : French colonies; railroads, mining, agriculturecolonies; railroads, mining, agriculture

IranIran: N. Iran was Russian colony, S. : N. Iran was Russian colony, S. Iran was British; tobaccoIran was British; tobacco

SE AsiaSE Asia: Dutch in 1917; sugar, coffee, : Dutch in 1917; sugar, coffee, tobacco, indigotobacco, indigo

MalaysiaMalaysia: British; tin, rubber, Chinese : British; tin, rubber, Chinese laborlabor

Post-WWII coloniesPost-WWII colonies French: North Africa, Lebanon, SyriaFrench: North Africa, Lebanon, Syria British: Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, South British: Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, South

AsiaAsia Dutch: SE AsiaDutch: SE Asia Colonial economies based on cash Colonial economies based on cash

crops: tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco, crops: tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, opiumcotton, opium

Independence/nationalist Independence/nationalist movements, new nation-states in movements, new nation-states in 1960’s:1960’s:Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Indonesia, Malaysia, Kuwait, Iraq, Indonesia, Malaysia, Kuwait, Iraq, Tunisia, Syria, JordanTunisia, Syria, Jordan

AFRICA

http://www.ilike2learn.com/ilike2learn/africa.html

AFRICA

CONTINENT with regions (North, South, East, West)

1776-1870: Colonized by Europe and US during last phase of colonialism

1807: Britain abolished slave trade

1834: Britain abolished slavery & established “legitimate trade” in cash crops, turning subsistence economies into “mono crop” economies

AFRICA1884: “Scramble for Africa” at the Berlin Conference on West Africa

1884-1912: 5 EU nations—Germany, Italy, Portugal, France, Britain ( + Spain, Belgium) sliced Africa up like a pie

Most African nations fought for and won independence from their colonizers in the mid-1900s

1960: Niger became independent from France

NIGER

NIGERStraddles the Sahara & Sahel Deserts

Fragile environment of semi-arid brush

Farming: shifting cultivation

Pre-colonial Economy: trans-Saharan trade in livestock, agricultural products

Colonial Economy: cowpea trade (cash crop)

Vulnerable to drought & unreliable global commodity markets

Cowpeas, black-eyed peas

cowpea

NIGERSize: about twice size of TX, 1 of hottest countries in the world

Capital: Niamey

2005 population estimate = 11.6 million

Ethnic Groups: Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, & Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200 French expatriates

Life Expectancy = 42 years

Resources: gold, uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, cowpeas, cotton, peanuts, millet, cassava, and rice

NIGER ECONOMYExports: uranium ore, livestock products, cowpeas, onions

Imports: consumer goods, machinery, vehicles and parts, gasoline, cereal

2000: Qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) program for Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)

Reduces Niger's annual debt: frees funds for basic health care, primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and other programs

Half Niger’s budget: from foreign donor resources

Future growth: may be sustained by exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources

NIGER POLITICS1993: held first free and open elections

1996 & 1999: military coups led by Tuaregs

1999: National Reconciliation Council facilitated transition to civilian rule

Since 1999: President of the Republic, Mamadou Tandja

NIGER RELIGION80%: Muslim

20%: Christian & indigenous beliefs

Fusion of the Worlds: How do the Songhay turn to their indigenous worldview and practices in order to “talk back to” the impending crises of drought and living in poverty?