Mercantilism Enlightenment Evil of Slavery Great Awakening Ben Franklin 100 200 300 400 500.
Colonial Slavery, the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment APUSH Unit One.
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Transcript of Colonial Slavery, the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment APUSH Unit One.
Colonial Slavery, the Great Awakening and
the Enlightenment
APUSH Unit One
The Triangular Trade
• New England merchants gain access to slave New England merchants gain access to slave trade in the early 1700strade in the early 1700s
1.1. Rum brought to Africa, exchanges for slavesRum brought to Africa, exchanges for slaves
2.2. Ships cross the Middle Passage, slaves trades Ships cross the Middle Passage, slaves trades in the West Indies.in the West Indies.
• Disease, torture, malnourishment, death for slavesDisease, torture, malnourishment, death for slaves
3.3. Sugar brought to New EnglandSugar brought to New England
• Other items trades across the Atlantic, with Other items trades across the Atlantic, with substantial profits from slavery making substantial profits from slavery making merchants richmerchants rich
Manufactured GoodsManufactured Goods
•Furniture•Clothing•Colonials hadnot factories.
From England to Colonies
•Slavery has been practiced since the beginning of documented history.
•Slavery introduced by the Spanish into the West Indies after Columbus’s
discovery of America.•Spanish and Portuguese expanded
African slavery into Central and South American after enslaved Indians
began dying off.•In 1619, the first recorded
introduction of African slaves into what would become the United States
was in the settlement of Jamestown……Only 20 slaves were
purchased….
Slaves captured in Africa
Slaves aboard ship—Middle Passage
This is called the Middle Passage
))))
Headright SystemHeadright System: Plantation owners were given 50 acres for every indentured servant they sponsored to come to America.
Indentured ContractIndentured Contract: Served plantation owner for 7 years as a laborer in return for passage to America.
Freedom DuesFreedom Dues: Once servant completed his contract, he/she was freed….They were given land, tools, seed and animals. However, they did not receive voting rights.
What factors led to the introduction of
African slaveryAfrican slavery replacing indentured indentured
servitudeservitude as the labor force in the
American Colonies?
What factors led to the introduction of
African slaveryAfrican slavery replacing indentured indentured
servitudeservitude as the labor force in the
American Colonies?
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion((1676 - 1677)1676 - 1677)
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion((1676 - 1677)1676 - 1677)
Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon represents represents
former former indentured indentured servants.servants.
Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon represents represents
former former indentured indentured servants.servants.
GovernorGovernorWilliam William
Berkeley of Berkeley of JamestownJamestown
GovernorGovernorWilliam William
Berkeley of Berkeley of JamestownJamestown
•Involved former indentured servants
•Not accepted in Jamestown
•Disenfranchised and unable to receive their
land•Gov. Berkeley would not defend settlements
from Indian attacks
•Nathaniel Bacon acts as the representative for
rebels•Gov. Berkeley refused to meet their conditions and
erupts into a civil war.•Bacon dies, Gov.
Berkeley puts down rebellion and several
rebels are hung
Consequence of Bacon’s RebellionConsequence of Bacon’s Rebellion Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants
with African slaves because it was seen as a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.
•Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S.
• 250 insurrections have been
documented; between 1780 and 1864.
•91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in Virginia alone.
•First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.
Slave Revolts
•September 9, 1739September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest of Charleston. They took guns and powder from a store and
killed the two storekeepers they found there.
•"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "the rebels raised a standard and headed south toward
Spanish St. Augustine. Burned houses, and killed white opponents.
•Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution.
•Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed
before the rebellion was suppressed.before the rebellion was suppressed. Slave Revolts/Stono
Stono County Rebellion
Slave Revolts would lead plantation Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a series of owners to develop a series of slave slave
laws/codeslaws/codes which restricted the which restricted the movement of the slaves.movement of the slaves.
•Slaves were not taught to read or writeSlaves were not taught to read or write•Restricted to the plantationRestricted to the plantation
•Slaves could not congregate after darkSlaves could not congregate after dark•Slaves could not possess any type of firearmSlaves could not possess any type of firearm
•A larger slave population than white in some statesA larger slave population than white in some states
Slave owners wanted to keep their Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside world slaves ignorant of the outside world
because learning about life beyond the because learning about life beyond the plantation could lead to more slave plantation could lead to more slave
revolts and wanting to escape.revolts and wanting to escape.Slave Laws
•Forced by King James II•NE Colonies, NJ & NY
Goals•Restrict Colonial trade•Defend Colonies•Stop Colonial smuggling
Sir Edmund Andros•Gain control over Colonies•Eliminated town meetings, the press and schools•Taxed without the consent of the governed
•Collapsed after Glorious Revolution
•Forced by King James II•NE Colonies, NJ & NY
Goals•Restrict Colonial trade•Defend Colonies•Stop Colonial smuggling
Sir Edmund Andros•Gain control over Colonies•Eliminated town meetings, the press and schools•Taxed without the consent of the governed
•Collapsed after Glorious Revolution
•This was known as the "Glorious Revolution.""Glorious Revolution."
(Revolution because they overthrew the last Catholic monarch, Glorious because
no one died.)
• Parliament put more restrictions on the
monarch.
•The king couldn't make or suspend laws, have an
army during peacetime, and the king couldn't
interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament.
•English Bill of Rights
The Great Awakening was a spiritual renewal that swept the American Colonies,
particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th Century. It began in England before catching fire across the Atlantic.
Unlike the somber, largely Puritan spirituality of the early 1700s, the revivalism ushered in by the Awakening brought people back to "spiritual life" as they felt a greater
intimacy with God.
The Great Awakening
• Began in Mass. with Jonathan Edwards (regarded as greatest American theologian)
– Rejected salvation by works, affirmed need for complete dependence on grace of God (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”)
• Orator George Whitefield followed, touring colonies, led revivals, countless conversions, inspired imitators
George Whitefield
Jonathan Edwards
Background
Great Awakening
NewDenominations
Political & socialimplications
• Puritan ministers lost authority (Visible Saints)Visible Saints)• Decay of family (Halfway Covenant)Halfway Covenant)• DeismDeism, God existed/created the world, but
afterwards left it to run by natural laws. Denied God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life…get to heaven if you are good. (Old Lights)(Old Lights)
• 1740s, Puritanism declined by the 1730s and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. (devotion to God) (devotion to God)
• ““New Lights”:New Lights”: Heaven by salvation by grace through Jesus Christ. FormedFormed: Baptist, Methodists
• Led to founding of colleges
• Crossed class barriers; emphasized equality of all• Unified Americans as a single people• Missionaries for Blacks and Indians
Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant
• 1st generation’s Puritan zeal diluted over time
• Problem of declining church membership
• 1662: Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant – partial membership to those not yet converted (usually children/ grandchildren of members)
• Eventually all welcomed to church, erased distinction of “elect”
Harvard, 1636—First colonial college; trained candidates for ministry
College of William and Mary, 1694 (Anglican) Yale, 1701 (Congregational) Great AwakeningGreat Awakening influences creation of 5 new
colleges in mid-1700s College of New Jersey (PrincetonPrinceton), 1746
(Presbyterian)
King’s College (ColumbiaColumbia), 1754 (Anglican)
Rhode Island College (BrownBrown), 1764 (Baptist)
Queens College (RutgersRutgers), 1766 (Dutch Reformed)
Dartmouth CollegeDartmouth College, 1769, (Congregational)
Higher Education
Higher Education
•John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged with libel against the colonial governorwith libel against the colonial governor
•Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was true, so it can’t be libeltrue, so it can’t be libel
•English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or notnot
•Jury acquits Zenger anywayJury acquits Zenger anyway
•Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers now took greater risks in criticism of political now took greater risks in criticism of political
figures.figures.
•John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged with libel against the colonial governorwith libel against the colonial governor
•Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was true, so it can’t be libeltrue, so it can’t be libel
•English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or notnot
•Jury acquits Zenger anywayJury acquits Zenger anyway
•Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers now took greater risks in criticism of political now took greater risks in criticism of political
figures.figures.
Zenger decision was a landmark case which paved the way for the
eventual freedom of the press.
Zenger Case, 1734-5: New York newspaper assailed corrupt local
governor, charged with libel, defended by
Alexander Hamilton