Colonial Issues / BritishActions

• Mercantilism• French and Indian War• Parliamentary Sovereignty

Natural Rights

• Navigation Laws• Proclamation of 1763• Stamp Act/Sugar• Townshend Acts

Obedience

An Objective View of Mercantilism

• No burden to colonists

• Colonists profited greatly

• Guaranteed military protection from England

• Opportunity for self-government

• Rights as Englishmen

• Economic initiative stifled

• English preference for Southern colonies

• English gouged tobacco farmers

• Debasing to Americans

Mercantilism

British Colonial Trade Regulations• During the reign of James II, economic

restrictions were imposed on the colonists to foster economic dependence.

• Navigation Act (1651): – All crews to be 1/2 English in

nationality– Most goods must be carried on

English ships. • Navigation Act (1660):

– Required all colonial trade to be on English ships

– Master and 3/4 of crew must be English

– List of "enumerated goods" developed that could only be shipped to England or an English colony

• Navigation Act (1663):– Required goods bound for the

colonies from Africa, Asia, or Europe to first be landed in England before shipping to America.

The Triangular Trade Route

The Dominion of New England, 1688

• English colonists exercised a considerable degree of political autonomy.

• Most political structures allowed free white men with property an active voice in local affairs.

• In 1685, James II began to replace the diverse colonial governments with royal proprietorships.

• The King wanted to assert more control over the independent assemblies and enforce economic restrictions.

James II

The Dominion of New England, 1688

• In 1686, the colonial charters of New England, New York, and New Jersey were revoked and the region was politically consolidated as the Dominion of New England.

• The colonists were deprived of their ability to govern themselves, levy taxes, and control religious expression.

• The colonists were subject to the autocratic rule of Sir Edmund Andros for two years.

Sir Edmund Andros

The Glorious Revolution in America, 1689

• In 1688, leading English members of Parliament opposed James II for trying to reestablish absolute monarchy and promote Catholicism.

• They arranged for William of Orange to invade England and restore their liberties. King James fled England.

• This bloodless coup transformed England into a constitutional monarchy.

• William of Orange and his wife Mary became joint rulers after accepting the English Bill of Rights.

The Glorious Revolution in America, 1689

• Following the Glorious Revolution, Sir Edmund Andros was deposed as ruler of the Dominion of New England.

• Massachusetts and Plymouth were combined in 1691 as the royal colony of Massachusetts Bay.

• The other New England colonies reverted their previous forms of government.

The English Bill of Rights, 1689• The English Bill of Rights

assured the English people of certain basic civil rights and became influential in the American colonies as well.

• Most of the colonies were now more directly controlled by the crown, the assemblies followed the example of the British Parliament and maintained their right to vote on taxes and initiate legislation.

• Later, the states and the federal government would eventually adopt their own bills of rights

The Policy of Salutary Neglect

• “Salutary neglect” was the unwritten, unofficial stance of benign neglect by England toward the American colonies.

M oth er cou n tryv.

C o lon ies

C o lon is ts can n o t m ovew es t o f A p p a lach ian

M ou n ta in s

E n g lan d can n o ta ffo rd an o th er w ar

P ro tec tion ag a in s tIn d ian a ttacks

E n g lan d sen t 1 0 ,0 0 0 troop s

to co lon ies

C o lon is ts sh ou ldh e lp d e fray cos ts

o f th e ir ownp ro tec tion

S tric t en fo rcem en to f

N avig a tion A c ts

Real WhigsReal WhigsQ->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over authority over the colonies??the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold How could the colonies give or withhold consent for consent for parliamentary legislation when parliamentary legislation when they did not havethey did not have representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Republicanism Republicanism –stability and authority of –stability and authority of government depended on virtue of citizenry.government depended on virtue of citizenry.

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

3.3. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

2.2. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-Program, 1763-

17651765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-Program, 1763-

17651765

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765- 1765

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – – began in NYC: Samuelbegan in NYC: Samuel AdamsAdams

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – 1765– 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act – – 17661766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

Tar and Feathering

Effects of colonial unity Stamp sellers resigned

British merchants, manufacturers & shippers hurt financially

Unemployment rose in England

Demands from English to repeal Stamp Act

1766 Stamp Act RepealedColonists force London to

back down through boycotts and mob action!

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Townshend, Secretary of the Secretary of the Exchequer.Exchequer.

A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.

A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the

LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

The Boston Massacre The Boston Massacre ((March 5,1770March 5,1770))

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/battles/paul-revere-boston-massacre.jpg

Committees Committees of Correspondenceof Correspondence

PurposePurpose warn neighboring warn neighboring coloniescolonies about incidents with Br. about incidents with Br.

broaden the resistance broaden the resistance movement. movement.

Tea Act Tea Act (1773)(1773)8 British East India Co.:British East India Co.:

Monopoly on Br. tea Monopoly on Br. tea imports.imports.

Many members of Many members of Parl. held shares.Parl. held shares.

Permitted the Co. to Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to sell tea directly to cols. without col. cols. without col. middlemen middlemen (cheaper tea!)(cheaper tea!)

8 North expected the North expected the cols. to eagerly choose cols. to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.the cheaper tea.

Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party (1773)(1773)

Boston Tea Party 1773

The Coercive or Intolerable The Coercive or Intolerable Acts (1/1774)Acts (1/1774)

Lord NorthLord North

1.1. Port Bill Port Bill

2.2. The The Massachusetts Massachusetts Government ActGovernment Act

4.4. Administration Administration ofof Justice Act Justice Act

3.3. New Quartering New Quartering Act Act

The Intolerable Acts

First Continental First Continental Congress Congress (9/1774)(9/1774)55 delegates from 12 55 delegates from 12

coloniescolonies

AgendaAgenda How How to respond to to respond to the Coercive the Coercive Acts & the Acts & the Quebec Act?Quebec Act?

1 vote per colony 1 vote per colony represented.represented.

The British Are The British Are Coming Coming . . .. . .

Paul ReverePaul Revere & & William DawesWilliam Dawes make make their midnight ride to warn the their midnight ride to warn the

MinutemenMinutemen of approaching British of approaching British soldiers.soldiers.

The Shot Heard The Shot Heard ’’Round the WorldRound the World!!

LexingtonLexington & & ConcordConcord – April – April 18,177518,1775

Lexington and Concord

The Second The Second Continental Continental

CongressCongress(May 1775)(May 1775)

Olive Branch Olive Branch PetitionPetition

April, 1775 – July, 1776A War of Inconsistencies

…affirming loyalty to George III

…raising armies against his soldiers

…voicing desire to resolve differences

…printing propaganda against the king

…praying for the king’s health

…willing to die for their rights

Thomas PaineThomas Paine: : Common SenseCommon Sense

Declaration of Declaration of Independence Independence

(1776)(1776)

Independence HallIndependence Hall

1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1770 12/16/73 1774 1775 7/4/1776

Treaty of

Paris

Sugar Tax

Quar. Act

Stamp Act

Admiralty Ct.

Stamp Act Cong.

Non-Imp. Act

S/D of Lib

Stamp Act Rep

Dec. Act

Townshend Act

N.Y Asse. Susp

Tr Boston.

Boston Massacre

T. A. Rep

Boston Tea

Party

1st .C.C

L & C

2nd C.C.

Bunker Hill

Olive Br.

Petition

Dec. of

Ind.