Colonial Government
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Transcript of Colonial Government
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Colonial GovernmentA Need for ReformList of GrievancesThe Situation in Lower CanadaRebellion and Reform
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Representative Government
• A government made up of people who are elected by voters to make laws on their behalf
• We vote in who we want to represent our needs in government*
• Example Vancouver Island Elizabeth May
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Responsible Government • Governments that can be
voted out if elected representatives fail to please a majority of the people who elected them
• Governments are responsible for fulfilling our needs , so if they fail we vote them out!
• Vote of Non- Confidence
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Why are they Important?•They form the cornerstones of Democracy
•Democracy on paper!
•Who was really in control?
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Early Colonial Government•Colonial governments were indirectly run
form Britain- Britain appointed a Governor but he ruled
according to what the Oligarchy demanded•This policy put power in the hands of the
Oligarchy who ran the government in Upper and Lower Canada
• No Representative or Responsible Government
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What is an Oligarchy?•A small group of ruling elite•Family Compact or Chateau Clique- A small group of wealthy and influential men- Upper class officials in Upper/Lower Canada who
made up the Executive Council- Controlled the government, government jobs,
and spending of tax money
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Oligarchies Exist Today!• They are just not talked
about as much• The illusion of
democracy• Control politics and
economics
• 1% of the population controls 99% of the wealth and power
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Upper Canada 1791•1791 The Constitution Act established the
government of Upper Canada- Divided Upper and Lower Canada- Gave an elected law- making Legislative
Assembly, a governor, and 2 councils (oligarchy) made up the government
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Elected Legislative Assembly gave the illusion of democracy
• Every property owning male could vote BUT
- Governor and 2 councils (executive) he appointed had all the power
- Any law the Elected Legislative Assembly tried to pass could be vetoed by the other branches of government (Governor or Executive 2 councils)
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William Lyon Mackenzie“The most extraordinary collection of
sturdy beggars, parsons, priest, pensioners, army people, navy people, place-men, bank directors, and stock and land jobbers ever established to operate as a paltry screen to a rotten government”
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List of Grievances in Upper Canada•Land- overpriced, good land gone, Family
Compact dominated land ownership, crown and clergy reserve land blocked road construction
•Roads- wanted more roads and better quality roads
•Government- upset with policies and structure (oligarchy)
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Robert Gourley(1778-1863) • Land Agent who
attempted to bring about reforms in the system of land ownership in early-19th-century Upper Canada
- surveyed farmers about their life in Upper Canada
- Discovered many extremely upset with the government
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Robert Gourley continued• He drew up the list of
grievances and petitioned the government to change
- The result- he was arrested and sent out of the colony
• Important because - it shows you the
government power over people and policies
- Shows that the government does not care what people want
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The Colonial Advocate• William Lyon
Mackenzie’s newspaper
- Published articles that criticized the government and the Family Compact
• Family Compact retaliation
- Burned office and printing press
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Mackenzie Fights Back•Sued!•He wanted radical
change •1812 Elected to
the Legislative Assembly
•Led the reform movement in Upper Canada
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Problems in Lower Canada• Ruling class was
English BUT- The majority of people
were French
• French population feared the loss of their
- Language- Religion- culture
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American Revolution’s Impact on Lower Canada• Exposed Lower
Canadians to the democratic ideas of the French and American Revolution
• French Canadians identify with Americans
- Despise British Rule
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Power In Lower Canada• English Speaking
Minority held all the power
- Those who control the money control the power
- ¼ of the population
• Think like the Godfather
“First you get the money, then you get the women, then you get the power”
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The Threat of a Union•In 1822 an attempt
to unify Upper and Lower Canada under English rule and language threatened French speaking colonists
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Land, Farming and Debt in Lower Canada•Increased immigration and settlement of
farmers overworked the soil- Soil became less fertile- Wheat crops failed
•Failed crops led to an economic deficit - More spending than income- Farmers went broke- Many took jobs in the forest industry- Many upset!
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Nationalism•A devotion to your
culture and country
- The Olympics!
•What about colonists?
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Reform Movement in Lower Canada•Main Focus- To protect French Culture and heritage from
English assimilation
•Why?- Britain encourages English settlement to phase out
“French Problem”- Conspiracy theory Cholera Epidemic 1832- French thought this was planned to wipe out French
population
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Reform Movement In Lower Canada
•Main Grievances- Discrimination against French Schools- Lack of Representation in Government- Taxes (No taxation without
representation)- Schools in Lower Canada
•These 4 points all connect to a need to protect French Culture
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Louis Joseph Papineau• Leader of Radical
Reformers in Lower Canada
- Also a Lawyer
• Initially optimistic about British rule
- Disagreed about British controlling all power
• Became the leader of the Parti Canadien
- Lobbied for Reform
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Ninety-Two Resolutions• What forced Papineau
to Submit this to the Governor?
- Fear of an unfair union 1822
- British soldiers shot protestors on Montreal
• After 30 years of legal attempts to reform, Papineau and his patriots rebelled against the government