College Counseling and Psychological Services: College Counseling and Psychological Services: Summarizing Ten Years of LiteratureSummarizing Ten Years of Literature

Alan M. “Woody” SchwitzerAlan M. “Woody” SchwitzerDana BurnettDana Burnett

American College Personnel AssociationAmerican College Personnel Association

March 2011 - Baltimore, MDMarch 2011 - Baltimore, MD

Commission for Counseling & Psychological Commission for Counseling & Psychological Services Sponsored ProgramServices Sponsored Program

I. Providing Some Background I. Providing Some Background and Context:and Context:

Professional Counseling on 2 and 4 Year College Professional Counseling on 2 and 4 Year College and University Campusesand University Campuses

“Although college counselors tend to be more visible during crises such as the … tragedy on the Blacksburg campus, they serve student mental health needs every day.” -- Journal of College Counseling, 2007

• College counseling professionals comprise psychologists, clinical social workers professional counselors, health and mental health specialists, psychiatrists, and others working in counseling centers, mental health centers, and health centers on 2 and 4 year college and university campuses

• The period from 1982 to the present can be characterized by increasing complexity, prevalence, and severity in presenting concerns among students at 2 and 4 year colleges and universities – along with decreasing or limited resources for student support (Archer & Cooper, 1998)

• In fact, on the basis of a comparison of recent experiences of college counseling professionals and trends among adolescents and young adults in off-campus settings, counseling centers are essentially becoming community clinics in a special institutional context (Rudd, 2004)

In order to “[help] students work through psychological and emotional issues that may affect their academic success and personal development” in this institutional context (Dungy, 2003; p. 345), today’s collegiate mental health professionals require a thriving knowledge-base to inform their practice – Journal of College Counseling, In Press

• Critical need for an intellectual foundation that generates and researches theories of college counseling – and for a professional literature that creates a knowledge-, research-, and practice-base (Borrowed from Nidiffer, 2002)

• Includes a need for evidence-based research that examines the relative efficacy of different psychotherapeutic approaches for different student-client populations and different client presentations (Wampold, 2001)

Centralized Features of a Thriving College Counseling Knowledge-Base

• Conferences, presentations, research initiatives, and other efforts of organizations: CAPS (ACPA), Division 17 (APA), ACCA (ACA); U Texas, U Maryland; etc.

• AAUCCCD– Adopted Journal of College Student Psychotherapy– Annual AAUCCCD National Director’s Surveys

• Journal of College Counseling– Journal of the American College Counseling Association (ACCA)– Three sections of articles: Research; Professional Issues and Innovative Practice;

Invited College Counseling Case Studies

• Center for Collegiate Mental Health (CCMH)– Beginning in 2004, a large collaborative nationwide research network involving about

150 college counseling centers using a common database management system; housed at & directed by Penn State University

– Collaborative partnership to publish in an annual summer issue of JCC– First 5 research studies scheduled to appear in Summer 2011

De-Centralized Features of a Thriving College Counseling Knowledge-Base

• College Counseling Literature

– Journal of College Counseling

– Journal of College Student Psychotherapy

• College Student Development Literature

– College Student Journal

– Journal of College Student Development

– NASPA Journal

• College Student Health Literature

– Journal of American College Health

• Counseling Psychology Literature

– Journal of Counseling Psychology

– The Counseling Psychologist

• Professional Counseling Literature

– Journal of Counseling & Development

– Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling and Development

College Counseling

College StudentHealth

Professional Counseling

CounselingPsychology

College StudentDevelopment

Centralized and De-Centralized Literatures: Rational for Our Current Project

II. The Current Project:II. The Current Project:

Reviewing the College Counseling, College Reviewing the College Counseling, College Health, College Student Development, Counseling Health, College Student Development, Counseling Psychology, & Professional Counseling Psychology, & Professional Counseling LiteraturesLiteratures

Current Project: Partially Supported by the ACPA Educational Leadership Foundation

• In Student Services: A Handbook for the Profession, Komives & colleagues (2003) make the case for the important role of counseling and mental health services on college and university campuses. Our project hopefully fills a professional development gap for college counseling professionals by doing the work of bringing together and disseminating knowledge found across several professional literatures

• Review of college counseling articles over 10 years: 1998-2008

• Reviewed over 200 articles in 10 different journals

• Review of 5 specific literatures: – College Counseling

– College Student Development

– College Student Health

– Counseling Psychology

– Professional Counseling

Journals Included in the Project

• College Counseling– Journal of College Counseling

(JCC)– Journal of College Student

Psychotherapy (JCSP)

• College Student Development– College Student Affairs (CSJ)– Journal of College Student

Development (JCSD)– NASPA Journal

• College Student Health– Journal of American College

Health

• Counseling Psychology

– Journal of Counseling Psychology

– The Counseling Psychologist

• Professional Counseling

– Journal of Counseling & Development (JCD)

– Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development (MECD)

Steps We Are Taking During the Project

Share results of comparison-and-contrast analysesvia conference presentation, journal article, and

easily accessible website

Perform analyses comparing and contrasting research method, content, findings, implications for practice

among and between literatures

Share database (with articles organized by tables and themes) via conference presentation and easily accessible website

Prepare an annotated bibliograhy of all of the articles

Form a database divided into 5 tables, one per literature, and organized into qualitatively-derived themes

Collect over 200 articles from 5 literatures spanning 1998-2008

III. The Ten-Year 1998-2008 Literature Review III. The Ten-Year 1998-2008 Literature Review Database:Database:

Divided Into 5 Tables According to 5 Professional Divided Into 5 Tables According to 5 Professional Literatures, Each Organized According to Literatures, Each Organized According to Qualitative ThemesQualitative Themes

Accompanied by Annotated BibliographyAccompanied by Annotated Bibliography

All Accessible at WebsiteAll Accessible at Website

Tables 1A through 1D. College counseling themes emerging from the college counseling literature

• Theme A: College counseling & mental health needs and presenting concerns

– Divided into 12 specific sub-themes

• Theme B: Specialized campus populations– Divided into 6 specific sub-themes

• Theme C: Counseling interventions and outcomes– Divided into 8 specific sub-themes

• Theme D: Professional issues and trends– Divided into 9 specific sub-themes

Table 1A. Theme A emerging from the college counseling literature: College student counseling needs and presenting concerns

• Sub-Theme A(1): Substance use (JCC 15, JCSP 7 articles)• Sub-Theme A(2): Eating disorders (JCC 10, JCSP 11 articles)• Sub-Theme A(3): Dating & relationship violence (JCC 11, JCSP 7 articles)• Sub-Theme A(4): College adjustment & academic success (JCC 13, JCSP 2 articles)• Sub-Theme A(5): Depression & suicide (JCC 6, JCSP 3articles)• Sub-Theme A(6): Family of origin issues & influences (JCC 3, JCSP 4 articles)• Sub-Theme A(7): Maladaptive perfectionism (JCC 2, JCSP 5 articles)• Sub-Theme A(8): Learning disabilities & ADHD (JCC 5, JCSP 2 articles)• Sub-Theme A(9): Non-suicidal self-harm (JCC 5, JCSP 1 article)• Sub-Theme A(10): Other mental disorders (JCC 3, JCSP 4 articles)• Sub-Theme A(11): Wellness & psychological adjustment (JCC 3, JCSP 2 articles)• Sub-Theme A(12): Relationship distress (non-violent) (JCC 1, JCSP 3 articles)

Table 1B. Theme B emerging from the college counseling literature: Specialized campus populations

• Sub-Theme B(1): Gender & ethnicity (JCC 23, JCSP 9 articles)

• Sub-Theme B(2): International students (JCC 14, 4 articles)

• Sub-Theme B(3): Graduate students (JCC 1, 13 articles)

• Sub-Theme B(4): GLBT students (JCC 5, JCSP 3 articles)

• Sub-Theme B(5): Non-traditionally aged students (JCC 5 articles, JCSP 0)

• Sub-Theme B(6): Student athletes (JCC 3 articles, JCSP 0)

Table 1C. Theme C emerging from the college counseling literature: Counseling interventions and outcomes

• Sub-Theme C(1): Individual counseling & psychotherapy: Various innovative practices & programs (JCC 16, 11 articles)

• Sub-Theme C(2): Brief therapy (JCC 2 articles, JCSP 16 articles)• Sub-Theme C(3): Overlapping personal, career, and academic counseling (JCC 4, JCSP 6 articles)• Sub-Theme C(4): Evidence-based psychotherapy/Measuring counseling outcomes (JCC 4, JCSP 5

articles)• Sub-Theme C(5): Group counseling & psychotherapy: Various innovative practices and programs (JCC 1,

JCSP 5 articles)• Sub-Theme C(6): Overlapping counseling & medication treatment (JCC 0, JCSP 6 articles)• Sub-Theme C(7): EMDR & trauma-cuing (JCC 1, JCSP 4 articles)• Sub-Theme C(8): Psychometric intake tools (JCC 2, JCSP 1 articles)

Table 1D. Theme D emerging from the college counseling literature: Professional issues and trends

• Sub-Theme D(1): Administration, policy, & strategic planning (JCC 1, JCSP 14 articles)• Sub-Theme D(2): Outreach, consultation, & campus culture (JCC 11, JCSP 2 articles)• Sub-Theme D(3): Training & supervision (JCC 5, JCSP 6 articles)• Sub-Theme D(4): Help-seeking, service utilization, & attrition (JCC 5, JCSP 6 articles)• Sub-Theme D(5): Emergency, crisis, & trauma responses (JCC 2, JCSP 7 articles)• Sub-Theme D(6): Managed care, session limits, & off-campus referrals (JCC 0, JCSP 9 articles)• Sub-Theme D(7): Professional associations & knowledge-base (JCC 8, JCSP 1 article)• Sub-Theme D(8): Psychiatric medication (JCC 0, JCSP 7 articles)• Sub-Theme D(9): Professional staff (JCC 3, JCSP 0 articles)

Table 2. College counseling themes emerging from the student development literature

• Theme 1: Specialized campus populations– CSJ (2 articles), JCSD (7 articles)

• Theme 2: College student counseling and mental health needs and presenting concerns

– CSJ (0), JCSD (5 articles), NASPA J (1 article)

• Theme 3: Professional issues and trends– CSJ (2 articles), JCSD (4 articles), NASPA J (0)

Table 3. College counseling themes emerging from the college student health literature

• Theme 1: College student counseling and mental health needs and presenting concerns

– JACH (9 articles)

• Theme 2: Depression and suicide– JACH (5 articles)

• Theme 3: Eating disorders– JACH (5 articles)

• Theme 4: Counseling interventions– JACH (5 articles)

• Theme 5: Professional Issues and trends– JACH (3 articles)

• Theme 6: Specialized populations– JACH (3 articles)

Table 4. College counseling themes emerging from the counseling psychology literature

• Theme 1: Specialized campus populations– JCP (40 articles), TCP (4 articles)

• Theme 2: College student counseling and mental health needs and presenting concerns

– JCP (17 articles), TCP (0)

• Theme 3: Attachment theory and self-efficacy– JCP (8 articles), TCP (0)

• Theme 4: College student help-seeking– JCP (5 articles), TCP (0)

• Theme 5: Intake assessment– JCP (4 articles), TCP (0)

• Theme 6: Professional issues and trends– JCP (4 articles), TCP (2 articles)

• Theme 7: Counseling interventions and outcomes– JCP (1 article), TCP (0)

Table 5. College counseling themes emerging from the professional counseling literature

• Theme 1: Specialized campus populations– JCD (10 articles), MECD (1 article)

• Theme 2: College student counseling and mental health needs and presenting concerns

– JCD (4 articles), MECD (5 articles)

• Theme 3: Self psychology and contemporary psychodynamic constructs

– JCD (8 articles), MECD (2 articles)

• Theme 4: Professional issues and trends– JCD (2 articles), MECD (2 articles)

• Theme 5 Self-efficacy construct– JCD (2 articles), MECD (1 article)

• Theme 6: Wellness and prevention– JCD (1 article), MECD (1 article)

Accessing the Website and Next Steps in the Project

• You can access the website at this link:

– http:

• Information available at the site includes:

– This ACPA Power-point presentation– Additional background information– All of the tables with all of the

articles and citations for all 5 literatures

– Annotated bibliography of student development, student health, counseling psychology, & professional counseling literatures

– Annotated bibliography of college counseling literature will be available soon

• Next we will be performing analyses comparing and contrasting research methods, content, findings, and implications for practice among and between the literatures

• We will share our literature review, and findings of our compare-and-contrast analyses via journal articles, website additions, and future presentations.

Dr. Alan M. “Woody” Schwitzer

aschwitz@odu.edu

Dr. Dana Burnettdburnett@odu.edu

Project Website!

ReferencesReferences

Archer, J. Jr., & Cooper, S. (1998). Archer, J. Jr., & Cooper, S. (1998). Counseling and mental health services Counseling and mental health services on campus: A handbook of contemporary practices and challenges. on campus: A handbook of contemporary practices and challenges. San San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Dungy, G. J. (2003). Organization and functions of student affairs. In S. R. Dungy, G. J. (2003). Organization and functions of student affairs. In S. R. Komives, D. B. Woodard, Jr., & Associates (Eds.). Komives, D. B. Woodard, Jr., & Associates (Eds.). Student services: A Student services: A handbook for the profession, Fourth edition. handbook for the profession, Fourth edition. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Jossey-Bass.

Nidiffer, J. (2002). The first deans of women: What we can learn from them. Nidiffer, J. (2002). The first deans of women: What we can learn from them. About Campus Magazine, 7About Campus Magazine, 7(1),(1), 10-16.10-16.

Rudd, M. D. (2004). University counseling centers: Looking more and more Rudd, M. D. (2004). University counseling centers: Looking more and more like community clinics. like community clinics. Professional Psychology: Research and Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, Practice, 35, 316-317.316-317.

Wampold, B. E. (2001). Wampold, B. E. (2001). The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings. and findings. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.