Collective Intelligence in Human Groups - MIT Center for
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Collective Intelligence in Human Groups
Anita Williams WoolleyyCarnegie Mellon University
Center for Collective IntelligencegApril 19, 2012
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The Collective . . .
• Ishani Aggarwal Carnegie Mellon• Ishani Aggarwal, Carnegie Mellon
• Christopher Chabris, Union College
• Nada Hashmi MIT• Nada Hashmi, MIT
• Thomas Malone, MIT
Special thanks to NSF and Cisco Systems for financial support of the research
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The Puzzle of Collective Intelligenceg
Ant ColonyAnt Colony
Animal Herd
Flock of Birds
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The Question
• Does general collective intelligence exist in humanDoes general collective intelligence exist in human groups?
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Individual Intelligenceg
• Spearman’s g• Spearman s g
Charles Spearman
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The “g-factor”
8
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Collective Intelligenceg
• Is there evidence of a general collective• Is there evidence of a general collective intelligence (a “c” factor) in groups?
• Can we isolate a small set of tasks that isCan we isolate a small set of tasks that is predictive of group performance on a broader range of more complex tasks?g p
• Does c have predictive validity beyond individual intelligence of group members?
• How can we use this information to build a better science of groups?
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Study 1
Task 1 Average IQ
Task 2
Collective
.32*
.36*
Video Game51**
.08
Task 3
Task 4
Collective Intelligence
.72**
.57*
.69*
Video Game Score
.51**
Task 4
Task 5
χ2 = 13.92 p = .45; CFI = .99
Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi & Malone, Science, 2010
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Study 2
Task 1 Average IQ
Task 2
Collective
.72**
.79**
Architectural36**
.05
Task 3
Task 4
Collective Intelligence
.10
.48*
.61*
Architectural Design Task
.36**
Task 4
Task 5 χ2 = 4.05, p=.13; CFI = .94
107 groups of sizes 2, 3, 4, and 5
Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi & Malone, Science, 2010
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Predictive value of c and g factors
0 5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.2
Study 1: Video Game Study 2: Architectural Design0
Collective Intelligence Average Member Intelligence Maximum Member Intelligence
Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi & Malone, 2010
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Collective Intelligence & Learning
Aggarwal WoolleyAggarwal, Woolley, Chabris & Malone, under review
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What Predicts Collective Intelligence?
• Not group satisfaction (r = -.07) cohesion (r = -.12), or
motivation (r = 01)motivation (r = -.01)
• Not personality• Proportion of females in group ( 23 < 05)• Proportion of females in group (r=.23, p<.05)
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Source: Harvard Business Review
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Why do women enhance c?y
• Social sensitivity (r= 26 p< 05)• Social sensitivity (r=.26, p<.05)
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Social Sensitivity
Playful Comforting Irritated Bored
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What enhances c?
• Social sensitivity (r= 26 p< 05)• Social sensitivity (r=.26, p<.05)
• Communication patterns
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CI and Communication
Sociometric Badge
•Uneven distribution in speaking turns negatively predicts c
Sociometric Badge
•Higher proportion of women leads to more even distribution of speaking
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What enhances c?
• Social sensitivity (r= 26 p< 05)• Social sensitivity (r=.26, p<.05)
• Communication patterns• Diversity• Diversity
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Cognitive Diversity & cg y
Aggarwal, Woolley, Chabris, & Malone, under review
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Summary and Conclusionsy• Our studies suggest that collectives exhibit a
characteristic level of intelligence which ischaracteristic level of intelligence which is – distinct from skills of individual members– predictive of future performancep ed ct e o utu e pe o a ce
• Knowledge of c can enhance science of team performancep– Provide a more robust dependent variable to use in studying
the effects of tools and interventions
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Future Directions
• Further explore what predicts c• Further explore what predicts c• Use the CI battery to predict team performance in
other contextsother contexts– Groups in online environments– Teams in organizational settings
• Study interventions and tools that enhance the processes known to enhance c