Collection of Multiple Choice Questions on Toxicological...
Transcript of Collection of Multiple Choice Questions on Toxicological...
MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHARMACY
DEPARTMENT OF DRUG AND ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY
Collection of Multiple Choice Questions
on Toxicological Chemistry with answers and explanations
for self-training foreign students
in specialty 8.12020101 "Pharmacy"
Kharkiv
2017
UDC 54.01:615 (075)
Revieweres:
A. I. Panasenko, Professor, Doctor of Pharmacy; head of Toxicological and
Inorganic Chemistry Department, Zaporizhzhia State Medical
University;
I. S. Gritsenko, Professor, Doctor of Сhemistry; head of Analytical Chemistry
Department, National University of Pharmacy;
L. A. Toryanik, Assistant professor of Foreign Language Department, PhD in
Pedagogical Science; National University of Pharmacy.
Karpushyna S.A.
Collection of Multiple Choice Questions on Toxicological Chemistry with
answers and explanations : for self-training foreign students in specialty 8.12020101
"Pharmacy". – Kh.: NUPh Publishing, 2017. – 92 p.
This сollection of multiple choice questions on Toxicological Chemistry with
answers and explanations is intended for individual work of foreign English-course-
language students in specialty 8.12020101 Pharmacy. The collection of MCQ
includes the following topics: Introduction into Toxicological Chemistry;
Regularities of the poison behaviour in a body and metabolism; Metallic poisons;
Volatile poisons; Pesticides; Drugs; Mineral acids, alkalis, nitrate and nitrite; Carbon
monoxide. The theoretical and practical aspects of toxicokinetics, sample preparation,
toxicological screening, identification and quantitative determination of poisonous
substances are displayed. The manual teaching is recommended for Pharmaceutical
faculties and Pharmaceutical universities of III-IV accreditation levels.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
4
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION INTO TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY.
GENERAL RULES OF POISON BEHAVIOUR IN A BODY
5
TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE
BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY MINERALIZATION (METALLIC
POISONS)
9
TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTNCES ISOLATED FROM THE
BIOLOGICAL MATERIA BY STEAM DISTILLATION (VOLATILE
POISONS)
27
TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE
BIOLOGICAL MATERIA BY ORGANIC SOLVENT EXTRACTION
(PESTICIDES)
41
TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE
BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION (DRUGS)
50
TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE
BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY EXTRACTION WITH WATER
77 TOPIC: SUBSTANCES DETERMINED IN THE BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL WITHOUT ISOLATION (CARBON MONOXIDE)
82 TABLES FOR SELF-CONTROL OF ANSWERS TO MCQ
(REFERENCE REPLIES)
84 LITERATURE
88
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INTRODUCTION
This сollection of multiple choice questions on Toxicological Chemistry with
answers and explanations is intended for individual work of foreign English-course-
language students in specialty 8.12020101 Pharmacy. The collection of MCQ
includes the questions on the following topics: Introduction into Toxicological
Chemistry; Regularities of the poison behaviour in a body and metabolism; Metallic
poisons; Volatile poisons; Pesticides; Drugs; Mineral acids, alkalis, nitrate and nitrite;
Carbon monoxide. The theoretical and practical aspects of toxicokinetics, sample
preparation, toxicological screening, identification and quantitative determination of
poisonous substances are displayed.
The correct answers are given at the end of the manual. There are short
comments and explanations as Nota bene for the tests relating to the key issues of the
topic, or for the most difficult questions. This manual will help the student to self-
prepare for the current and the final module control.
The manual teaching is recommended for Pharmaceutical faculties and
Pharmaceutical universities of III-IV accreditation levels.
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THEMATIC MODULE 1. Introduction into toxicological chemistry. Basic laws
of poisonous substance behaviour in an organism. Groups of substances, isolated
from the biological material by water extraction, mineralization, steam
distillation
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION INTO TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. GENERAL
RULES OF POISON BEHAVIOUR IN A BODY
Organization and rules of chemicotoxicological analysis performing
1. Professional activity of forensic toxicologist, the duties and rights are
regulated by the Criminal Procedure Code. Forensic toxicologist has the right:
A. To refuse the difficult toxicological examination
B. To carry out the interrogations
C. Do not give the expert conclusion for the difficult questions
D. To review the case materials concerned with the toxicological examination
E. To give the expert conclusion on the basis of one reaction or one analytical
method in the case of lack of reagents or instruments
2. The indirect forensic-toxicological research of corpse is carried out.
What group of poisons is the analysis started with?
A. Metallic poisons
B. Volatile poisons
C. Medicinal poisons
D. Pesticides
E. Mineral acids, alkalis and inorganic salts
3. Preservation of the samples for forensic-toxicological examination is
forbidden to use any substance. However, as the exception, the preservation is
assumed with the help of:
A. Formaline
B. Ethyl alcohol
C. Phenol
D. Chloramine
E. Methyl alcohol
4. Storage or transportation of the samples for forensic-toxicological
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examination supposes their preservation. In this case the delivery of the ethanol
sample used for preservation is:
A. Performed at the requirement of investigation and court
B. Not necessarily together with the sample of the examination
C. Performed at the special query of the expert performing the analysis
D. Performed at the query of the forensic-medical expert
E. Necessary together with the sample of the examination
Preliminary tests in chemicotoxicological analysis
5. When examining corpse material for the presence of ammonia it is
necessary to take into account the probability of ammonia formation as a
product of the biological material decomposition. Therefore, before ammonia
detection the biological sample is tested for the presence of:
A. Nitrogen (ІІ) oxide
B. Carbon sulphide
C. Carbon (IV) oxide
D. Carbon (II) oxide
E. Hydrogen sulphide
6. At the forensic-toxicological examination different reagent papers can
be used. The litmus paper and paper treated with copper sulphate turned dark-
blue. What substance can be suspected:
A. Hydrogen sulphide
B. Hydrogen chloride
C. Ammonium hydroxide
D. Sulphuric acid
E. Sodium hydrochloride
7. At the forensic-toxicological examination different reagent papers can
be used. The reagent paper treated with lead acetate is turned in black. It
indicates the presence in the biological sample:
A. Hydrogen chloride
B. Hydrogen sulphide
C. Sulphuric acid
D. Sodium hydroxide
E. Ammonium hydroxide
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8. For the preliminary decision of the question about the cause of
poisoning the determination of biological material pH is carried out with the
help of indicator paper scraps. Paper scrap moistened by lead acetate alkaline
solution is turned in black under the action of fumes of the biological material
examined. This testifies to the presence in the biological material of:
A. Methane
B. Ammonia
C. Hydrogen sulphide
D. Carbon monoxide
E. Carbon dioxide 9. Forensic-toxicological examination of the biological sample for the
presence of alkalis is carried out. First pH value and the presence of an alkali
metal carbonate should be determined. The following reagents are added to the
obtained biological extract for this purpose:
A. Barium chloride solution and phenolphthalein ethanol solution
B. Barium sulphate solution and phenolphthalein aqueous solution
C. Barium carbonate solution and phenolphthalein ethanol solution
D. Strontium sulphate solution and phenolphthalein ethanol solution
E. Barium sulphate solution and methyl orange aqueous solution
Metabolism of xenobiotics
10. O-methylation is an important pathway of xenobiotic
biotransformation in an organism. Substances undergo this route of
biotransformation if they contain the following functional group:
A. Nitro group
B. Amino group
С. Thiol group
D. Phenolic group
E. Carboxyl group 11. Biotransformation of xenobiotics in an organism occurs in two phases.
What metabolic transformation is referred to the Phase II reactions?
A. Oxidation
B. Conjugation
C. Reduction
D. Hydrolysis
E. Dealkylation
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12. Biotransformation of xenobiotics in an organism occurs in two phases.
The processes referred to the second phase of metabolism decrease:
A. Toxicity of xenobiotics
B. Solubility of toxic substances in water
C. Polarity of toxic substances
D. Speed of toxic substance excretion
E. Speed of organism detoxication
13. Xenobiotics undergo the biotransformation and become:
A. Less polar
B. Polarity is not changed
C. More volatile
D. Less soluble in water
E. More polar 14. In an organism toxic substances are exposed to destruction by
biotransformation. The main mechanism of ester biotransformation is:
A. Reduction
B. Desulphonation
C. Hydrolysis
D. Oxidation
E. Hydroxylation
15. Which substance metabolizes with forming hippuric acid?
A. Glucuronic acid
B. Glutathione
C. Glycine
D. With sulphates
E. With glutamine
Detoxification
16. At decontamination of poisonous substances by kidneys it is necessary
to take into account the urine pH. Acidic xenobiotics are excreted more quickly
by kidneys at:
A. Urine pH does not affect
B. Acidic urine
C. Neutral urine
D. Alkaline urine
E. Urine pH affects slightly
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TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL BY MINERALIZATION (METALLIC POISONS)
Toxicity and antidotes in metal compound poisonings
1. What is the toxicological value of arsenic compounds based on? On
their application in:
A. Pyrotechnics
B. Food industry
C. Light industry
D. Medicine
E. Manufacture of fusible alloys
2. Poisoning by a metallic poison happened. What is the reason of toxic
action of metallic poisons?
A. Binding with lipids
B. Binding with amino acids, proteins and polypeptides
C. Binding with carbohydrates
D. Binding with hydrochloric acid
E. Binding with cholesterol
3. Barium salt was taken by mistake. What barium salt is not toxic for a
living organism?
А. Barium nitrate
B. Barium carbonate
C. Barium sulphate
D. Barium acetate
E. Barium chloride
4. Mercury (II) chloride and ethyl mercuric chloride are highly toxic
substances. Ethyl mercuric chloride is more toxic than mercury (II) chloride
because of the presence in its structure of:
A. Ethyl radical
B. Mercury (ІІ) cation
C. Chloride ion
D. Carbon atoms
E. Ionic bond
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5. Mercury compounds are toxic substances. The toxicity rate of
compounds depends on their chemical structure. What substance is the most
toxic?
A. Hg2Cl2
B. C2H5HgCl
C. HgCl2
D. HgO
E. Hg2O
6. When performing toxicological examination dark blue-green stomach
content was observed. Which substance should the toxicological examination be
carried out for?
A. Ammonium oxalate
B. Barium chloride
C. Potassium nitrate
D. Sodium chloride
E. Copper sulphate
7. In the case of heavy metal or arsenic compound poisoning the following
antidote is used:
A. Glucagon
B. Vitamin B6
C. Lipoic acid
D. Methyl blue
E. Unithiol
8. What medicine as antidote must be present for the first aid at an
industrial enterprise where acute poisoning by arsenic, mercury, chromium or
bismuth compounds is possible?
A. Adrenalin
B. Unithiol
C. Atropine
D. Droperidol
E. Morphine 9. At barium salt poisoning such specific chemical antidote is used:
A. Potassium iodide
B. Sodium chloride
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C. Sodium sulphate
D. Sodium carbonate
E. Copper acetate 10. What specific antidote is used at poisoning by iron preparations?
A. Penicillamine
B. Bemegride
C. Atropine sulphate
D. Deferoxamine
E. Protamine sulphate
11. The toxic substances are divided into groups according to the isolation
method from the biological material. What method is used for isolation of the
metallic poisons:
A. Infusion with acidified ethanol or acidified water
B. Steam distillation
C. Mineralization of the biological material
D. Infusion with water
E. Infusion with lipophilic solvent
12. Mineralization is the isolation method of the metallic poisons from the
biological material. Mineralization of the biological samples when heating in the
crucible to high temperature at free air is named:
A. Distillation
B. Alloying
C. Wet ashing
D. Extraction
E. Dry ashing 13. At research of the biological material for the presence of a metallic
poison the mineralization by the mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids is carried
out. The first stage of the mineralization is:
A. Oxidization
B. Denitration
C. Sulphurization and nitration
D. Ashing
E. Destruction
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14. When performing the mineralization by the mixture of sulphuric and
nitric acids the end of this process is determined by:
A. Yellow colour of liquid in the reaction flask
B. Orange colour of liquid in the reaction flask
C. The absence of black inclusions at heating to heavy white steam liberation
and when nitric acid addition is discontinued
D. The absence of colour changes of liquid when nitric acid is added
E. After expiration of the set time
15. Which scientist was the first to suggest the idea of the necessity of the
mineralization in the study of the biological material for the presence of heavy
metal compounds?
A. Nelyubin A. P.
B. Ravdanikis P. K.
C. Krilova A. N.
D. Zaykovskiy F. V.
E. Shvaykova M. D.
16. What oxidizers are used for the mineralization destruction of the
biological material by the Kaan method?
A. Hydrogen peroxide and sulphuric acid
B. Nitric acid
C. Sulphuric and nitric acids
D. Sulphuric, nitric and perchloric acids
E. Hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid NB! Inorganic mercury compounds are isolated from the biological material by the
special method which is called destruction because mercury and its compounds are
volatile 17. The biological sample contains mercury. What method is used for
isolation of mercury compounds from the biological material?
A. Mineralization
B. Destruction
C. Steam distillation
D. Extraction with organic solvent
E. Extraction with acidified ethanol
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18. Various poisons are isolated from the biological material using
different methods. Inorganic mercury compounds are isolated from the
biological material by the following method:
A. Infusion with ethanol acidified by oxalic acid
B. Mineralization
C. Steam distillation
D. Infusion with by water acidified by sulphuric acid
E. Destruction
19. Which metallic poison is isolated from the biological material by the
mineralization destruction?
A. Silver
B. Mercury
C. Thallium
D. Cadmium
E. Antimony
20. Using the mineralization destruction for isolation of mercury
compounds from the biological material allows:
A. To mask the interfering cations
B. To decrease the duration of the biological material destruction
C. To warn the severe losses of mercury compounds in the conditions of the
hard thermal mode
D. To increase the method sensitivity for mercury detection in the biological
material
E. To decrease the method sensitivity for mercury detection in the biological
material 21. Some metallic poison is separated from the biological material by the
destruction method. What metallic poison is separated by this method?
A. Antimony
B. Mercury
C. Cadmium
D. Silver
E. Arsenic
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22. For the prevention of mercury loss during forensic-toxicological study
of the biological material some special isolation method is used. This method is
named:
A. Destruction
B. Denaturation
C. Degradation
D. Disintegration
E. Mineralization NB! Denitration is the process of removing nitric, nitrogenous, nitrososulphuric acids
and nitrogen oxides from the mineralizate. These substances are oxidizers, which
prevent the analysis for metallic poisons. Denitration is performed by adding to the
mineralizate various reductants. The most effective reductant is formalin.
23. After the metallic poisons isolation using mineralization the denitration
is carried out. What method of the denitration is the most widespread and fast?
A. Distillation
B. Hydrolysis
C. By urea
D. By sodium sulphate
E. By formalin 24. For denitration of the mineralizate different reductants can be used.
What reagent is the most effective for denitration?
A. Sodium sulphate
B. Thiourea
C. Formaldehyde solution
D. Urea
E. Sodium thiosulphate
25. For the mineralizate denitration different reductants were proposed.
What reagent is used for denitration?
A. Thiourea
B. Solution of formaldehyde
C. Sodium sulphite
D. Urea
E. Sodium of thiosulphate
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26. Poisoning by inorganic mercury compounds happened. After
destruction of the biological sample the denitration is carried out with the help of:
A. Urea
B. Formalin
C. Sodium sulphate
D. Sodium thiosulphate
E. Sodium sulphide
27. After the biological material mineralization the denitration is carried
out. Which reagent is used for verification of the denitration completeness?
A. Diphenylamine
B. Urea
C. Diphenyldithiocarbazone
D. Diethyldithiocarbamate
E. Glycerol 28. Forensic toxicologists examines the mineralizate obtained from the
biological material. For verification of the denitration completeness the
following reagent is used:
A. Aniline solution
B. Diphenylbenzidine solution
C. Diphenylamine in concentrated sulphuric acid
D. Dithizone solution
E. α-Naphthol solution 29. Which scientist suggested the method of the mineralizate denitration
using formaldehyde?
A. Krylova A. N.
B. Nelyubin A. P.
C. Kramarenko V. F.
D. Zaykovskiy F. V.
E. Shvaykova M. D.
Detection and identification of metallic poisons in the mineralizate
NB! In the chemical toxicological analysis of metallic poisons the fractional method
is used. The fractional method is based on using the reactions, which allow to detect
metallic cations in separate small portions of the solution examined. Tananaev N. A.
was the founder of the fractional analysis method.
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30. Which scientist was the founder of the fractional analysis method?
A. Tananaev N. А.
B. Krylova A. N.
C. Kaan
D. Sherbak A.
E. Nelyubin A. P. NB! Masking the interference ions is one of the main approaches used in the
fractional method. Complexation, the binding the interference ions into colourless
stable complexes, is widely used for this purpose. Cyanide, fluoride, phosphate are
used for masking many trace metals.
31. In the fractional analysis method masking is one of the main methods
of eliminating the interference ion influence. The basic masking method is:
A. Oxidation
B. Evaporation
C. Complexation
D. Extraction
E. Destruction 32. To mask which cation when detecting cobalt cation in the mineralizate
by the reaction with ammonium rhodanide according to the fractional analysis
method is fluoride used?
A. Copper (II) cation
B. Ferric (III) cation
C. Cadmium cation
D. Lead cation
E. Bismuth cation
33. To mask which cation when studying the mineralizate in accordance
with the fractional analysis method is phosphate used?
A. Zinc (II)
B. Copper (II)
C. Iron (III)
D. Cadmium (II)
E. Manganese (II)
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34. To mask which cation when studying the mineralizate in accordance
with the fractional analysis method is phosphate used?
A. Cuprum (II)
B. Zinc (II)
C. Plumbum (II)
D. Cadmium (II)
E. Ferrum (III)
35. For masking the interference ions in the fractional method of the
metallic poisons analysis various reagents are used. Usage of fluoride for this
purpose is based on its ability to form colourless stable complexes with the
following cation:
A. Mg2+
B. Fe2+
C. Ba2+
D. Fe3+
E. Ag+ 36. In chemicotoxicological analysis of heavy metal compounds the masking
copper (II) cations when performing the fractional method following reagent is used:
A. Fluoride
B. Glycerol
C. Thiourea
D. Cyanide
E. Phosphate
37. In the fractional analysis method various chelating agents are used for
elimination of the interference ions. Follow-up destruction of the complexes
obtained is named:
A. Masking
B. Dismasking
C. Denitration
D. Mineralization
E. Extraction NB! Separation of PbSO4 and BaSO4 .To separate barium and lead sulphates obtained
after minaralization the precipitate is washed by a hot solution of ammonium acetate
which results in dissolving PbSO4.
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38. The mineralizate studied contains sediments of barium sulphate and
lead sulphate. These salts may be separated with the use of:
A. Acetic acid
B. Sulphuric acid
C. Ammonium acetate solution
D. Sodium acetate solution
E. Ammonium nitrate solution
39. The mineralizate contained white precipitate of lead sulphate, barium
sulphate and strontium sulphate. What procedure should be used to separate
lead sulphate?
A. Transformation into arsine
B. Dissolution in concentrated sulphuric acid
C. Transformation into carbonate
D. Transformation into diethyldithiocarbamate
E. Dissolution in ammonium acetate
NB! Dithizone is often used as a reagent in the qualitative analysis of metallic poisons
Dithizonates can be coloured. Dithizonates are dissolved in organic solvents and
destroyed by acids, and this fact is used for separating some heavy metal cations from
the mineralizate.
40. Some complexation reactions are used as preliminary tests. Which
reaction is used for detection of thallium cations in the mineralizate?
A. With thiourea
B. Sodium rhodizonate
C. With dithizone
D. With diphenylcarbazide
E. With sulphuric acid 41. It is necessary to detect and determine mercury ions in the
mineralizate. Which reaction is used for this purpose?
A. With sodium rhodizonate
B. With dithizone
C. With diphenylcarbazide
D. With thiourea
E. With ammonium persulphate
19
42. Metal poisoning happened. During the reaction with dithizone
chloroform layer is turned in pink. Which metallic poisons is it necessary to
carry out the confirmative reactions for?
A. Manganese and chromium
B. Thallium and antimony
C. Copper and bismuth
D. Lead and zinc
E. Silver and arsenic
43. Poisoning by heavy metals happened. Which metal detection is the
preliminary test with dithizone used for?
A. Copper and cadmium
B. Zinc and silver
C. Arsenic and antimony
D. Manganese and chromium
E. Bismuth and copper
44. At the mineralizate study for the presence of zinc the following
reaction is used as the preliminary test:
A. With dithizone
B. With diphenylcarbazide
C. With sodium rhodanide
D. With thiourea
E.With diethyldithiocarbamate
45. Heavy metal poisoning happened. The reaction with dithizone is
carried out when studying the mineralizate. Which heavy metal does not react
with this reagent:
A. Thallium
B. Silver
C. Mercury
D. Lead
E. Barium 46. What is dithizone by the chemical structure?
A. Diphenylcarbazone
B. Diphenyldithiocarbazone
20
C. Diphenylthiocarbazone
D. Dithiocarbazone
E. Dithiophenylcarbazone
Detection of Lead compounds
47. For the metallic poison isolation from the biological material the
mineralization by the mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids was carried out. In
the process the white precipitate was obtained. It testifies to the possible
presence of:
A. Lead
B. Thallium
C. Zinc
D. Copper
E. Antimony
48. What metallic poison is detected with KI by the reaction of “gold rain
formation”?
A. Mn2+
B. Cu2+
C. Pb2+
D. Ag+
E. Ba2+
Detection of Barium compounds
49. For the mineralization of the biological material the mixture of nitric
and sulphuric acids is used. What metal cation forms insoluble sulphate:
A. Copper
B. Barium
C. Silver
D. Manganese
E. Zinc
50. When studying the mineralizate for the presence of barium cations the
reaction with sodium rhodizonate is used. What colour is the product of this
reaction?
A. Red
B. Yellow
21
C. Brown
D. Violet
E. Dark blue
51. What is barium rhodizonate in appearance?
A. Prismatic crystals
B. Red solution
C. Yellow solution
D. Blue-violet sediment
E. Red-brown sediment
Detection of Manganese compounds NB! For detection of Manganese compounds the reactions of Mn2+ oxidization by
means of potassium periodate or ammonium persulphate to permanganate-ion are
carried out.
52. The preliminary test of the mineralizate for the presence of manganese
compounds is carried out. What reagent is used?
A. Thiourea
B. Potassium periodate
C. Copper acetate
D. Sulphuric acid
E. Dithizone
53. A man was poisoned by manganese salt. The manganese (II) cations
are detected in the mineralizate. What reactions are in the base of chemical
method of manganese detection?
A. Dissociation reactions
B. Hydrolysis reaction;
C. Oxidation-reduction
D. Neutralization reactions
E. Exchange reactions
54. When carrying out the reaction with potassium periodate a violet
colour is appeared. It testifies the presence in the mineralizate the following
metallic poison:
A. Zinc
B. Manganese
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C. Cadmium
D. Arsenic
E. Antimony
Detection of Chromium compounds
55. What reaction is used for detection of chromium (III) cations?
A. With malachite green
B. With dithizone
C. With sodium rhodizonate
D. With diphenylcarbazide
E. With thiourea
Detection of Copper compounds NB!. The reaction with (DDTC)2Pb is preliminary for Cu2+. The yellow-brown colour
of the chloroform layer is observed. With the positive result of this reaction a copper
cation is re-extracted into the aqueous layer by HgCl2 and confirmative reactions are
carried out (e.g. the reaction with ammonium mercuric thiocyanate).
56. In the fractional analysis method in order to eliminate the interference
ion influence the copper (II) cation is separated from the mineralizate using the
reagent:
A. Ammonium tetrarhodanomercuriate
B. Dithizone
C. Lead diethyldithiocarbamate
D. Potassium hexacyanoferrate
E. Sodium sulphate
57. When study the mineralizate copper was detected. What reagent was
used for preliminary detection of the copper (II) cations in the mineralizate?
A. Dithizone
B. Sodium DDTC
C. Lead DDTC
D. Diphenylcarbazide
E. Diphenylamine
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58. What reaction is used for detection of the copper (II) cations in the
mineralizate?
A. With thiourea
B. With dithizone
C. With ammonium persulphate
D. With ammonium mercuric thiocyanate
E. With 8-oxyiquinoline
Detection of Bismuth compounds NB! The reactions with 8-oxyquinoline and thiourea are carried out. Both reactions
are preliminary. With the positive result of these reactions Bi3+ is separated from the
mineralizate as (DDTC)3Bi, then re-extracted by nitric acid and the re-extract is used
for the confirmative research – the reaction with thiourea is performed again.
59. It is necessary to prove the presence of bismuth (III) cation in the
mineralizate. Which preliminary reaction is used for this purpose?
A. With dithizone
B. With copper acetate
C. With potassium chromate
D. With 8-oxyquinoline
E. With sodium rhodizonate 60. Bismuth poisoning results in severe damage of kidneys. Which
preliminary reaction is used for detection of bismuth in the mineralizate?
A. With thiourea
B. With brucine and potassium bromide
C. With calcium chloride and potassium iodide
D. With copper acetate
E. With dithizone
61. Which reaction for bismuth (III) cation detection in the mineralizate is
used both preliminary and confirmative?
A. With 8-oxyquinoline
B. With thiourea
C. With calcium chloride and potassium iodide
D. With brucine and potassium bromide
E. With sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
24
Detection of Zinc compounds
62. When detecting the zinc (II) cation in the mineralizate some ions can
interfere with the analysis. So zinc is separated from the mineralizate by its
conversion into:
A. Hexacyanoferroate (ІІ)
B. Dithizonate
C. Diethyldithiocarbamate
D. Sulphide
E. Tetrarhodonomercuroate
Detection of Antimony compounds
63. The mineralizate is studied for the presence of antimony. For this
purpose following reaction is used:
A. With lead sulphate and ammonium mercuric thiocyanate
B. With malachite green
C. With diphenylcarbozide
D. With dithizone
E. With sodium rhodizonate
Detection of Arsenic compounds
NB! The Sanger-Bleck test is preliminary. The Marsh test is one of the most specific
tests for arsenic detection in the mineralizate. The sample to be tested is mixed with
the Zn(s) and H2(SO4)(aq).The resulting AsH3(g) passes through a tube that is divided
into two sections by a narrow constriction that is strongly heated with an alcohol lamp
or gas burner. AsH3(g) thermally decomposes and the As(s) deposits as a mirror thin
coating in the second section of the Marsh tube. Antimony, if present in the sample,
will also deposit as a metallic mirror during the Marsh test and testing the mirror with
the aqueous solution of chlorinated lime or calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] is
necessary to distinguish these two deposits.
64. The mineralizate is studied for the presence of arsenic compounds. The
analysis is started with:
A. Reactions with (DDTC)Ag in pyridine
B. Sanger-Bleck Test
C. March’s method
25
D. Reaction with dithizone
E. Reaction with thiourea
65. In the chemicotoxicological analysis of metallic poisons the March’s
reaction is used. Which metallic poisons can be detected by this reaction?
A. Barium and manganese
B. Arsenic and cadmium
C. Tin and antimony
D. Arsenic and antimony
E. Bismuth and lead
66. Which reaction of arsenic compound detection in the biological
material is specific:
A. Reaction with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
B. Zanger-Blek’s reaction
C. Reaction with of silver diethyldithiocarbamate pyridine solution
D. Reaction with dithizone
E. March’s reaction
67. When carrying out the March test for the presence of arsenic in the
mineralizate the mirror thin coating in the Marsh tube should be tested to
except presence in the sample following metallic poison:
A. Zinc
B. Silver
C. Thallium
D. Cadmium
E. Antimony 68. Formation of thin coating in the March tube is one of the most
essential proofs of arsenic presence in the mineralizate studied. However, it is
necessary to take into account, that the thin coating may be due to following
metallic poison deposits:
A. Cadmium
B. Barium
C. Antimony
D. Bismuth
E. Zinc
26
Quantitative analysis of metallic poisons
NB! Mercury dithizonate is coloured, and this fact is used in quantitative
determination of this metallic poison by extraction-photometric method.
69. In chemicotoxicological analysis for quantitative determination of
mercury compounds in the biological material the extraction-photometric
method can be used. It is based on the reaction with:
A. Sodium thiosulphate
B. Sodium sulphide
C. Diphenylcarbazide
D. Dithizone
E. Thiourea
70. Toxicologist used the extraction-photometric method for quantitative
determination of mercury in the sample. What reagent was used for mercury
determination by this method?
A. Dithizone
B. Sodium thiosulphate
C. Sodium sulphide
D. 8-oxyquinoline
E. Thiourea
For notes:
27
TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTNCES ISOLATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL
MATERIA BY STEAM DISTILLATION (VOLATILE POISONS)
Metabolism of Volatile poisons
1. Hydrocyanic acid and its salts are the extraordinarily toxic substances.
In an organism cyanide toxicity decreases due to the enzymatic
biotransformation to:
A. Carbon (IV) oxide
B. Thiocyanate
C. Nitrogen (ІІ) oxide
D. Ethanol
E. Acetic acid
2. During toxic substance metabolism formaldehyde can appear in an
organism. In this case the reason of intoxication is:
A. Isopropyl alcohol
B. Ethanol
C. Resorcinol
D. Methanol
E. Acetone
3. Formaldehyde was detected in the distillate. What substance is the
reason of intoxication?
A. Aminazine
B. Chloral hydrate
C. Methanol
D. Chlorodiazepoxide
E. Chloroform
4. Methanol is widely used in industry. Negligible amount of this alcohol
administrated an organism results in heavy disorders of human health. This
effect is explained by action of the main methanol metabolite:
A. Acetic acid and acetic aldehyde
B. Ethyl alcohol and acetic aldehyde
C. Methyl acetate and ethyl acetate
D. Ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate
E. Formaldehyde and formic acid
28
5. In methanol poisoning the blindness occurs. It is related to metabolism
of this substance in an organism and formation of such toxic metabolite as:
A. Formaldehyde
B. Methanol conjugate
C. Carbon (II) oxide
D. Carbon dioxide
E. Formic acid
6. Substances administrated an organism are exposed to enzymatic
biotransformation. What is the main pathway of polyatomic alcohol
metabolism?
A. Reduction
B. Hydroxylation
C. Dealkylation
D. Oxidation
E. Conjugation
NB! Strong odour produced by the sample for toxicological study assumes the
presence of Volatile poisons
7. Organs of dead body have an odour of bitter almond. What volatile
poison presence is it necessary to carry out the toxicological study for?
A. Phenol
B. Hydrocyanic acid
C. Acetone
D. Acetic acid
E. Chloroform 8. Samples of liver, kidney, stomach with the content are delivered to
forensic-toxicological laboratory. Stomach was ulcerated, stomach content
contains the bloody admixtures with specific odour. What substance is it
necessary to carry out toxicological study for:
A. Copper sulphate
B. Acetic acid
C. Chlorophos
D. Formaldehyde
E. Novocaine
29
9. Poisoning by a volatile poison happened. Urine has a dark green colour.
What volatile poison can be suspected as the reason of the poisoning?
A. Formaldehyde
B. Methanol
C. Phenol
D. Acetone
E. Ethanol
10. In the medical practice this substance is used for disinfection. In
poisoning by this substance the urine is turned in olive or black olive. Which
substance is it?
A. Acetoethyl ether
B. Isoamyl alcohol
C. Iodoform
D. Phenol
E. Ethylbenzoate
11. The urine sample was sent to forensic-toxicological laboratory. Phenol
poisoning is suspected. Which external sign indicates the phenol poisoning:
A. Olive colour urine
B. Colourless urine
C. Light orange urine
D. Sulphide smell produced by urine
E. Acetone smell produced by urine NB! The antidotes are used in acute intoxications by cyanide and ethylene glycol.
12. In treatment of cyanide poisoning a range of antidotes are used. What
antidote contributes to the formation of methaemoglobin?
A. Ethanol
B. Atropine
C. Sodium hydrocarbonate
D. Unithiol
E. Methylene blue
13. In poisoning by antifreeze contained ethylene glycol the following
substance is used as biochemical antidote:
A. Unithiol
30
B. Nalorphine
C. Ethanol
D. Atropine
E. Amylnitrite NB! Steam distillation is the main isolation method of Volatile poisons.
14. When isolating substances related to the group of volatile poisons the
protein-volatile poison bond is broken. What method is used for this purpose:
A. Extraction
B. Infusion with alcohol
C. Mineralization
D. Steam distillation
E. Dialysis
15. Dead body organs are sent for toxicological study. Chloral hydrate
poisoning is suspected. What method is used to isolate this poison?
A. Extraction by organic solvent
B. Infusion with acidified alcohol
C. Infusion with acidified water
D. Mineralization
E. Steam distillation
16. The following substance is isolated by steam distillation:
A. Barbituric acid
B. Sodium nitrite
C. Phenol
D. Quinine
E. Carbon (IV) oxide NB! Steam distillation of some Volatile poisons has the characteristic features
17. Cyanide poisoning happened. The isolation is carried out by the
method of steam distillation. The vessel for collection of the distillate must
contain:
A. Solution of iodine
B. Solution of sodium hydroxide
C. Solution of sulphate acid
31
D. Solution of sodium chloride
E. Solution of chloride acid
18. Forensic-toxicological study of stomach content for the presence of
volatile poisons is carried out. Thus, the first fractions of the distillate are
collected into receiver containg:
A. Sodium hydroxide solution
B. Sulphuric acid solution
C.Hydrochloric acid solution
D. Oxalic acid solution
E. Chloroform
19. Forensic-toxicological examination for volatile poisons is carried out.
When isolating by steam distillation method methanol is collected in:
A. Vessel with distillated water
B. Empty vessel
C. Vessel with sodium hydroxide
D. Cooled vessel
E. Vessel with hydrochloric acid
20. Isolation of particular volatile poisons has the characteristic features.
When isolating phenol from the biological sample it is necessary to perform:
A. Collection of the distillate in cooled vessel
B. Collection of the distillate in sodium hydroxide solution
C. Concentration of the poison by extraction with diethyl ether
D. Collection of the distillate in empty vessel
E. Collection of the distillate in sulphuric acid solution
21. Isolation of particular volatile poisons has the characteristic features.
When isolating isopentanol from the biological sample it is necessary to
perform:
A. Collection of the distillate in empty vessel
B. Collection of the distillate in sodium hydroxide solution
C. Collection of the distillate in chilled vessel
D. Concentration of the poison by extraction with diethyl ether
E. Collection of the distillate in sulphuric acid solution
32
22. Isolation of particular volatile poisons has the characteristic features.
When isolating acetic acid from the biological sample it is necessary to perform:
A. Concentration of the poison by extraction with diethyl ether
B. Collection of the distillate in sodium hydroxide solution
C. Collection of the distillate in chilled vessel
D. Collection of the distillate in empty vessel
E. Collection of the distillate in sulphuric acid solution
23. Directed forensic-toxicological study for the presence of acetic acid is
carried out. What acid is used for acidification of the biological sample for steam
distillation?
A. Formic acid
B. Sulphuric acid
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Oxalic acid
E. Nitric acid 24. When isolating poisonous volatile substances from the biological
material by steam distillation method formic and oxalic acids are used. Mineral
acids, phosphoric or sulphuric, are used when isolating:
A. Chloral hydrate
B. 1,2-dichloroethane
C. Acetone
D. Ethanol
E. Acetic acid 25. Ethylene glycol is isolated from the biological material by the steam
distillation method. In this a method the selective transporter of ethylene glycol is:
A. Benzene
B. Ethyl alcohol
C. Heptane
D. Toluene
E. Chloroform
26. Ethylene glycol isolation method by Lapkina-Nazarenko technique is
effective to separate the alcohol from the biological material. What selective
transporter of ethylene glycol is used in this method?
A. Chloroform
33
B. Water
C. Benzene
D. Ethyl alcohol
E. Acetone NB! The vapour phase method uses the transfer of the volatile poison examined to
the vapour phase followed by the analysis of the resulting phase with the help of the
gas chromatography (GC) method.
27. Express testing the urine and blood for the presence of alcohols is
carried out. Which method is used:
A. Liquid chromatography
B. Dialysis
C. Electrophoresis
D. Vapor phase analysis
E. Hydrolysis
Analysis of Volatile poisons by chemical method
28. Poisoning by formaldehyde happened. What identification reaction for
formaldehyde does not prove the presence of formaldehyde in the distillate if a
blue-violet colour of the solution appears in 30 minutes after the beginning of this
reaction?
A. Reaction with codeine in sulphuric acid solution
B. Reaction with chromotropic acid
C. Reaction with fuchsinsulphuric acid
D. Reaction with resorcinol in alkaline solution
E. Reaction with Fehling’s reagent
29. What reaction for formaldehyde detection is based on the formation of
copper oxide and dihydroxide sediment?
A. Reaction with chromotropic acid
B. Reaction with Fehling’s reagent
C. Reaction with fuchsinsulphuric acid
D. Reaction with methyl violet
E. Reaction with codeine and sulphuric acid
34
30. Poisoning by some volatile poison happened. When performing the
reaction with resorcinol in alkaline solution the pink colour is observed. What
volatile poison doesn’t give this reaction?
A. Tetrachloromethane
B. Chloroform
C. Chloral hydrate
D. Formaldehyde
E. Acetone
31. Toxicologist carries out testing the distillate for the presence of volatile
poisons. What reagent is used for detection of acetone in the distillate?
A. Bromine water
B. Furfural
C. The Millon’s reagent
D. Lanthanum nitrate
E. Fuchsinsulphuric acid
32. What reaction is not used for acetone detection in the distillate in the
practice of toxicological analysis:
A. Formation of indigo
B. Formation of iodoform
C. Formation of izonitrile
D. With furfural
E. With sodium nitroprusside
33. Acetic acid can be detected in the distillate by the reaction:
A. Formations of izonitrile
B. With Fehling’s reagent
C. With resorcinol
D. With ferric (III) chloride
E. With benzaldehyde
34. What reaction or method is the most evidential for the detection of
hydrocyanic acid in the distillates after steam distillation?
A. Microdiffusion
B. Ferric rhodanide formation
C. Benzidine blue formation
35
D. Reaction with ferric (III) chloride
E. Prussian blue formation
35. When detecting ethylene glycol by its oxidization to oxalic acid the
following reagent is used:
A. Nitric acid
B. Potassium iodate
C. Sodium nitrite
D. Potassium iodate
E. Ferric chloride 36. What substance can interfere with the ethylene glycol detection by the
chemical method?
A. Hydrocyanic acid
B. Acetone
C. Chloroform
D. Methanol
E. Phenol
37. Distillate is studied for the presence of volatile substances. The reaction
with salicylic acid, the oxidization reaction with potassium permanganate or
dichromate followed by adding chromotropic or fuchsinsulphuric acid were
positive. The most credible poisonous substance is:
A. Methyl alcohol
B. Ethylene glycol
C. Formaldehyde
D. Ethyl alcohol
E. Chloral hydrate
38. Some volatile poison was detected in the second distillate. What
substance interferes with the detection of methanol in the distillate by the
chemical method?
A. Acetone
B. Formaldehyde
C. Ethanol
D. Chloral hydrate
E. Izopentanol
36
Detection of phenol
39. Forensic-toxicological study of the distillate for the presence of volatile
poisons is carried out. The reaction with ferric (III) chloride resulted in the blue-
violet colour. Which volatile poison can be suspected?
A. Ethanol
B. Acetic acid
C. Phenol
D. Acetone
E. Aniline
40. Preliminary testing the distillate for the presence of phenol was
positive. Which reagent can confirm its presence in the distillate:
A. Marqui’s reagent
B. Millon’s reagent
C. Froehde’s reagent
D. Fehling’s reagent
E. Nessler’s reagent 41. Which reaction for phenol detection is based on the formation of
indophenol?
A. Reaction with benzaldehyde
B. Reaction with bromine water
C. Reaction with ferric (III) chloride
D. Reaction with the Millon’s reagent
E. Libermann reaction
42. The Libermann reaction which is used for phenol detection is based on
the formation of:
A. Indigo
B. Tribromophenol
C. 1,2-Quinon monoxime
D. Indophenol
E. Iodophorm NB! Ethanol and acetone give the reaction of iodoform formation.
37
43. Which substance interferes with the iodoform test when detecting ethyl
alcohol in the biological material?
A. Acetone
B. Isoamyl alcohol
C. Formaldehyde
D. Phenol
E. Methanol 44. When distillate testing the iodoform test resulted in specific odour.
This test is positive for:
A. Chloroform
B. Methanol
C. Ethanol
D. Dichloroethane
E. Izoamyl alcohol
45. Poisoning by acetone happened. The iodoform test was positive when
examining the distillate. Which substance can interfere with the detection of
acetone:
A. Phenol
B. Formaldehyde
C. Ethyl alcohol
D. Chloral hydrate
E. Cresol
Detection of Halocarbons
46. What reaction is used for the preliminary detection of chlorinated
hydrocarbons?
A. Formation of copper acetylide
B. With Fujiwara reagent
C. With quinoline
D. With silver nitrate
E. Formation of formaldehyde
47. The reaction of chlorine separation is used for detection of:
A. Acetone
B. Ethyl alcohol
38
C. Phenol
D. Chloroform
E. Formaldehyde 48. Chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic drug, in overdose can cause
poisoning. Its detection by the reaction with the Nessler’s reagent can be
mistaken in the case of the presence in the biological material of:
A. Dichloroetane
B. Chloroform
C. Tetrachlorometane
D. Aldehydes
E. Chlorinated ethylene
The reactions distinguishing chlorinated halocarbons from each other
49. Chlorinated hydrocarbon intoxication happened. Which reaction
allows to distinguish chloroform from tetrachloromethane?
A. With Fehling’s reagent
B. Isonitrile formation
C. With resorcinol alkaline solution
D. Fujiwara reaction
E. Separation of organically bound chlorine
50. Poisoning by 1,2-dichloroethane happened. What reaction allows to
distinguish it from other chlorinated halocarbons?
A. Fujiwara reaction
B. Reaction of ethylene glycol formation followed by its oxidation to formaldehyde
C. Reaction of izonitrile formation
D. Reaction of chlorine separation
E. Reaction with alcohol solution of silver nitrate
51. What reaction can be used for distinguishing chloral hydrate from
chloroform?
A. Separation of organically bound chlorine
B. With Fehling’s reagent
C. Fujiwara reaction
D. With resorcinol alkaline solution
E. With Nessler’s reagent
39
NB! Gas-Liquid chromatography uses a gas as a mobile phase and a liquid coated on
a support material as an immobile phase. The retention time is defined as the time
from injection of the substance into chromatograph to the peak maximum at the
detector.
52. Gas-liquid chromatography is widely used for identification and
quantitative determination of toxic substances. Substances can be injected into
the chromatographic column in the following aggregate states:
A. Gaseous and solid
B. Liquid and solid
C. Liquid
D. Liquid and gaseous
E. Gaseous
53. In Gas Liquid Chromatography the separation of mixture components
takes place between immobile liquid phase and mobile phase (carrier-gas). Thus,
the separation of complex mixture is produced by:
A. Chemical reaction between a mixture component and carrier-gas
B. Adsorption and desorption of a mixture component on the support material
C. Adsorption and desorption of a mixture component on the immobile liquid
phase
D. Chemical reaction between a mixture component and the immobile liquid
phase
E. Solubility of mixture components in the immobile liquid phase
54. The method of Gas Liquid chromatography is used for identification of
toxic substances. The identification of substances with the Gas Liquid
chromatography method is carried out by:
A. Area of peak
B. Retention parameters
C. Character of zero line
D. Height of peak
E. Width of peak on the half of its height
55. Ethanol poisoning happened. Detection and identification of ethanol by
GLC is carried out by:
A. Absolute height of the peak
40
B. Relative height of the peak
C. Retention time
D. Area of the peak
E. Width of the peak base 56. Poisoning by alcohols happened. What derivatives of alcohols are used
in the analysis by GLC method?
A. Alkylnitrites
B. Alkylnitrates
C. Alkylsulphites
D. Alkylsulphates
E. Alkylacetates
57. Poisoning happened. When detecting the toxic substance by Gas
Liquid Chromatography method the detector which determined heat
conductivity was used. The technical name of this detector is:
A. Electron-capture
B. Flame-ionization
C. Thermionic
D. Katharometer
E. Helium
For notes:
41
THEMATIC MODULE 2. Group of substances, isolated from the biological
material by extraction (pesticides, drugs). Substances isolated by special
methods and determined directly in the biological samples without isolation.
Analytical diagnosis of acute intoxications, drug addiction and substance abuse
TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL
MATERIA BY ORGANIC SOLVENT EXTRACTION (PESTICIDES)
Usage, toxicity of pesticides, antidotes in pesticide poisonings
1. To destroy large areas of forests and agricultural crops US first used in
the war against Vietnam the “agent orange” pesticide which caused falling
leaves. This pesticide refers to a group of:
A. Acaricides
B. Desikants
C. Defoliants
D. Repellentes
E. Fungicides NB! Natural and synthetic pyrethrins are derivatives of cyclopropancarboxylic acids,
the esters. The natural pyrethrin insecticides are esters of keto-alcohols – cinerolone,
jasmolone, pyrethrolone and chrysanthemum or pyrethrin acids. The basic structure
of natural pyrethrin insecticides:
CH3
CH3
R 1
CH3
O
O O
R 2
CH3
2. Synthetic pyrethrins by the chemical structure are:
A. Heterocycle compounds
B. Esters
C. Amides
D. Phenols
E. Aldehydes NB! The main route of heptachlor metabolism is oxidation to heptachlor epoxide
which is more toxic than the parent substance.
42
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
CCl2
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
CCl2
O[O]
heptachlor epoxide of heptachlor
3. Some poisonous substances are converted in living organisms to more
toxic products. Because of heptachlor oxidation the following more toxic
substance appears:
A. Hexachlorocyclohexane
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Heptachlor oxide
E. Heptachlor epoxide NB! Chlorinated pesticides, e.g. heptachlor, accumulate in a human organism,
forming body depot for pesticides storage (the material accumulation), mainly in the
adipose tissue.
4. Pesticide poisoning happened. Which pesticide has got the material
accumulation?
A. Carbaryl
B. Chlorophos
C. Metaphos
D. Heptachlor
E. Permethrin NB! Organophosphorus compounds are the cholinesterase inhibitors. Cholinesterase
is the catalyst of acetylcholine hydrolysis leading to choline and acetic acid
formation:
[CH3COOCH2CH2N(CH3)3]+OH-
cholinesterase
H2OCH3COOH + [HOCH2CH2N(CH3)3]
+OH-
The organophosphorus pesticide poisoning is accompanied by accumulation of
acetylcholine, the transmitter of nervous impulses. Atropine as a pharmacological
antagonist to the organophosphorus compounds and cholinesterase reactivators: 2-
PAM (pralidoxime), dipyroxime and isonitrozine, are administered as specific
antidotes.
43
5. Some antidote was given to the victim with the organophosphorus
pesticide intoxication. Which antidote is an organophosphorus compound
pharmacological antagonist?
A. Atropine
B. Methylene blue
C. Caffeine
D. Unithiol
E. Ethanol
6. Blocking the cholinesterase by organophosphorus pesticides proceeds in
two stages. In the second stage cholinesterase phosphorylation, the chemical
interaction of PhOS with the enzyme, occurs. So in the case of
organophosphorus pesticide intoxication the antidote therapy is performed
using acetylcholinesterase reactivator:
A. Levomicetine
B. Dipyroxime and isonitrozine
C. Amylnitrate and sodium nitrite
D. Nalorfine
E. Dubinol
7. Granosan is one of the most toxic and dangerous pesticides. Its active
component is:
A. Carbaryl
B. Metaphos
C. Heptachlor
D. Hexachlorocyclohexane
E. Ethylmercury chloride
Isolation of pesticides
NB! The general isolation method of pesticides from the biological samples is
organic solvent extraction (hexane, ether, chloroform). Pesticides are volatile
(chlorinated pesticides, for example hexachlorocyclohexane, organophosphorus
pesticides, e.g. chlorophos (trichlorfon)) so they can be isolated by steam distillation.
8. Methods of pesticide isolation from the biological material are
determined by their physicochemical properties. What isolation method is the
general for organophosphorus pesticides:
A. Extraction by water
44
B. Extraction by water acidified with oxalic acid
C. Extraction by organic solvents
D. Extraction by alcohol acidified with oxalic acid
E. Extraction by acetonitrile acidified with hydrochloric acid 9. Poisonous substances are separated from the biological samples using
various methods. In organophosphorus pesticide poisoning the following
isolation method is used:
A. Infusion with organic solvents
B. Steam distillation from alkaline medium
C. Infusion with alkalified water
D. Infusion with water acidified by perchloric acid
E. Dialysis from alkaline solutions
10. In carbophos poisoning the acute depression of the acetylcholinesterase
activity resulted in conduct disorder and CNS dysfunction occurs. The isolation
of this pesticide from the biological material is carried out by:
A. Extraction by water acidified with oxalic acid
B. Extraction by chloroform
C. Steam distillation
D. Extraction with water
E. Mineralization
11. Biological sample is delivered for the forensic-medical examination.
The presence of trichlorfon and dichlorvos pesticides is suspected in the sample.
When isolating the poisons toxicologist will perform the infusion with:
A. Ethanol acidified by oxalic acid
B. Water alkalified by ammonia solution
C. Propanol acidified by oxalic acid
D. Chloroform
E. Water acidified by sulphuric acid 12. Methods of pesticide isolation from the biological material are
determined by their physicochemical properties. What isolation method is
specific for chlorophos (trichlorfon):
A. Mineralization by the mixture of concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids
B. Steam distillation
45
C. Destruction
D. Extraction by alcohol acidified with oxalic acid
E. Extraction by acetonitrile acidified with hydrochloric acid
13. Poisoning by hexachlorocyclohexane happened. Hexachlorocyclohexane
can be isolated from the biological material by the following method:
A. Extraction by a polar solvent
B. Extraction by water
C. Mineralization
D. Isolation is not necessary
E. Steam distillation NB! Trichlorfon (chlorophos) dissolves in water so it can be isolated from the
biological samples by extraction by water acidified with sulphuric acid.
14. Methods of pesticide isolation from the biological material are
determined by their physicochemical properties. What isolation method is
specific for chlorophos (trichlorfon):
A. Destruction
B. Mineralization by the mixture of concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids
C. Extraction by water acidified with sulphuric acid
D. Extraction by alcohol acidified with oxalic acid
E. Extraction by acetonitrile acidified with hydrochloric acid NB! For purification of pesticide extracts the following methods are most commonly
used: extraction, chromatography, combination of extraction and chromatography,
freezing-out of fat. Chromatography methods of purification include adsorption
column chromatography, paper chromatography, chromatography in a thin layer of
sorbent (TLC). TLC is the most widely applied because it provides the most careful
purification from admixtures.
15. In chemicotoxicological analysis of pesticides various purification
methods are used. What method provides the most careful purification from the
biological admixtures:
A. Centrifugation
B. Filtration
C. Thin layer chromatography
D. Extraction method
E. Freezing of fats
46
Detection and identification of pesticides
NB! The biochemical test (inhibition of cholinesterase test) is used for determination
of organophosphorus pesticides. The biochemical test is highly sensitive but non-
specific for organophosphorus pesticides. Inhibition of cholinesterase takes place
when taking carbamates, in such diseases as cirrhosis of the liver, anaemia, etc. The
analysis for organophosphorus compounds should be started with the biochemical
test because of its high sensitivity.
16. In biochemical laboratory the inhibition of cholinesterase test is
carried out. Which substance causes the inhibition of cholinesterase?
A. Heptachlor
B. Chloroform
C. Ethylmercury chloride
D. Trichlorfon (Clorophos)
E. Hexachlorane
17. When treating agricultural plant woman was poisoned. What reaction
is preliminary for PhOS pesticide detection in the extracts from the biological
samples?
A. The Biochemical test
B. The reaction for the phosphate-ion
C. The reaction for methoxy- or ethoxy-groups
D. The reaction for the presence of chlorine atom
E. The reaction for the presence of sulphur atom
18. Poisoning by pesticides happened. What reaction is preliminary for
PhOS pesticide detection in the extracts from the biological samples?
A. By methoxy- and ethoxy- groups
B. By sulphur
C. By phosphorus after mineralization
D. By chlorine
E. Biochemical test
19. Poisoning by organophosphorus pesticides happened. What method of
the analysis is used as a preliminary test for PhOS?
A. TLC
B. Biochemical test
47
C. Spectrophotometry
D. Chemical method
E. GLC 20. Biological sample is delivered to toxicological laboratory. PhOS
poisoning is suspected. The examination for this group of poisonous substances
is started with:
A. Reaction for sulphide anion
B. Reaction for phosphate anion
C. Biochemical test
D. Reaction for sulphate anion
E. Reaction for hydrocarbon chain
21. Teenager is delivered to hospital with suspicion of trichlorfon
(chlorophos) poisoning. The most sensitive method of this substance
detemination is:
A. Determination by phosphate anion
B. Determination of the active functional groups produced by hydrolysis
C. Cholinesterase test
D. Reaction for methyl group
E. Determination of phosphorylic ability
22. Poisoning by pesticides is found. The biochemical test gave the positive
result. What pesticide presence can be suspected?
A. DDT
B. Dichlorvos (Dichlophos)
C. Hexachlorocyclohexane
D. Heptachlor
E. Ethylmercury chloride
23. The detection of phosphorus is carried out by the reaction:
A. With sodium of nitroprusside
B. With ammonium molybdate
C. With silver nitrate
D. With zirconium salts
E. Prussian blue formation
48
24. Pesticide poisoning happened. Which pesticides are detected by azo
coupling reaction?
A. Carbophos
B. Carbaryl
C. Heptachlor
D. Chlorophos
E. Hexachlorocyclohexane
Quantitative analysis of pesticides
25. In chemicotoxicological analysis of pesticides various methods of
quantitative determination are used. What method is the most sensitive for
quantitative analysis of trichlorfon (chlorophos):
A. Argentometric
B. Photometric
C. Biochemical
D. Planimetric
E. Gravimetric
26. In chemicotoxicological analysis of pesticides various methods of
quantitative determination are used. What spot parameter is used when
determining chlorophos by thin layer chromatography in accordance with the
planimetric method:
A. Area of the colour spot on chromatogram
B. Colour intensity of the spot on chromatogram
C. Rf value of the spot on chromatogram
D. Rs value of the spot on chromatogram
E. Distance from the more faithful point of the spot to the line of start on
chromatogram
27. Quantitative determination of pesticides in the biological extracts is
carried out by various methods. What parameter is used when determining
chlorophos by thin layer chromatography in accordance with the densitometric
method:
A. Distance from the more faithful point of the spot to the line of start on
chromatogram
B. Area of the colour spot on chromatogram
49
C. Rf value of the spot on chromatogram
D. Rs value of the spot on chromatogram
E. Colour intensity of the spot on chromatogram
28. Quantitative determination of pesticides in the biological extracts is
carried out by various methods. What method of quantitative analysis of
chlorophos is based on the measurement of peak height:
A. Gas liquid chromatography
B. Thin layer chromatography
C. Photometry
D. Argentometry
E. Biochemical method NB! The product of of metaphos alkaline hydrolysis is p-nitrophenolate.
CH3O
PO
CH3O S
NO2
NaO NO2
NaOH
metaphos
29. Poisoning by a plenty of metaphos happened. Toxicologist uses the
photocolorimetric method for the quantitative determination of the poison. This
method is based on the reaction of metaphos alkaline hydrolysis resulting to the
formation of the following substance:
A. Thiophos
B. Nitrobenzene
C. Methanol
D. p-Nitrophenolate
E. Dimethylphosphanic acid
For notes:
50
TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION (DRUGS)
General and special methods of drug isolation from the biological material NB! Drugs are isolation from the biological material by infusion (extraction) with
acidified water or acidified ethanol (these extragents can be named the polar
solvents). In the indirected toxicological studies of the biological material for the
presence of drugs the general isolation methods are used. They are the extraction by
water acidified with oxalic acid (by Vasileva’s method) and the extraction by ethanol
acidified with oxalic acid (by Stas-Otto method).
1. Choose the isolation method of salicylates from the biological material:
A. Mineralization
B. Infusion with water
C. Extraction by acidified alcohol or acidified water
D. Steam distillation
E. Extraction by organic solvents
2. Choose the isolation method of phenacetin from the biological material:
A. Steam distillation
B. Infusion with water
C. Extraction by organic solvents
E. Extraction by acidified alcohol or acidified water
D. Mineralization
3. The following method is used to isolate ephedrine from the biological
material:
A. Extraction by a polar solvent
B. Extraction by a nonpolar solvent
C. Drug detection in the biological material without preliminary sample
preparation
D. Extraction by water
E. Extraction by an organic solvent 4. The various groups of poisons are isolated from the biological samples
using particular methods. The following method is used to isolate pyrazolones:
A. Extraction by water alkalified with sodium hydroxide
51
B. Extraction by water acidified with oxalic acid
C. Extraction by water
D. Mineralization by the mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids
E. Steam distillation
5. The following extragent is used to isolate a drug from the biological
sample by the Vasileva’s method:
A. Acidified water
B. Acidified ethanol
C. Acidified acetone
D. Acidified acetonitrile
E. Neutral acetonitrile
6. For isolation of drugs from the biological material various solvents are
used. Alcohol acidified by oxalic acid is used for the drug isolation by the following
method:
A. Vasileva’s method
B. Stas-Otto method
C. Valov’s method
D. Kramarenko’s method
E. Stepanov’s method
7. Isolation of a drug by the Stass-Otto method is carried out. In this
method the protein admixtures are precipitated with:
A. Acetone
B. Trichloroacetic acid
C. Ammonia chloride
D. Absolute ethanol
E. Acetonitrile
8. During drug isolation from the biological material by the Vasileva’s
method the most complete destruction of protein-poison bonds takes place at рН
values of:
A. 2-3
B. 4-5
C. 6-7
D. 9-10
E. 11-12
52
9. Isolation of alkaloids from the biological material with water acidified
by sulphuric acid in accordance with the Kramarenko’s method is carried out at
the рН values of 2-3 because:
A. Complete mineralization of the biological material takes place
B. Adsorption of alkaloids on a filter decreases
C. Destruction of protein-alkaloid complexes takes place
D. The need for filtering the extract disappears
E. The need for extracting alkaloids by chloroform disappears NB! The stages of the general isolation methods of drugs from the biological material
are infusion of the biological sample with acidified water or acidified ethanol;
purification of the extract from the biological admixtures; extraction of drug by an
organic solvent from acidic and then alkaline aqueous (or ethanol-aqueous) solutions.
In the general isolation methods chloroform is used as an organic solvent. Thus the
extracts obtained are labeled as “the acid chloroform extract” (acid, neutral, weak
basic drugs are detected here) and “the basic chloroform extract” (basic drugs are
detected here). But pyrazolones, weak basic drugs, could be detected both in the acid
chloroform extract and in the basic chloroform extract. There is the special isolation
method for these drugs. In this method the acidic aqueous extract obtained after
infusion of the biological sample is alkalified to pH values of 9-10 and pyrazolones
are extracted by chloroform.
10. In the directed toxicological study of the biological material for the
presence of pyrazolones the drugs are extracted by an organic solvent at the
following aqueous medium:
A. Neutral
B. Acidified to рН values of 1-2
C. Acidified to рН values of 4-5
D. Alkalified to рH values of 9-10
E. Alkalified to рH values of 12-13
Special methods of the drug isolation from the biological material NB! In directed toxicological studies of the biological material for the presence of a
particular drug or group of drugs the special isolation methods are used.
53
11. For drug isolation from the biological material various methods named
by the scientist names have been developed. In which method listed below the
water acidified with sulphuric acid is used as an extragent of drugs from the
biological sample?
A. Izotov’s method
B. Vasileva’s method
C. Stas-Otto method
D. Valov’s method
E. Kramarenko’s method
12. When isolating drugs by Kramarenko’s method ammonia sulphate is
added to purify the extract. What process or physical phenomena is in the base
of this purification method?
A. Extraction
B. Centrifugation
C. Filtration
D. Salting-out
E. Straining
13. When isolating drugs from the biological material protein admixtures
are extracted simultaneously with the substance determined. The effective
method of the extract purification from the protein admixtures is:
A. Salting-out
B. Filtration
C. Precipitation of admixtures at increased temperature
D. In-salting
E. Extraction 14. Which procedure is not used in the alkaloid isolation method by
Kramarenko?
A. Filtration
B. Infusion
C. Centrifugation
D. Extraction by ether
E. Extraction by chloroform
15. When isolating alkaloids from the decomposed biological material by
Kramarenko’s method crystalline ammonium sulphate is used. For what purpose?
A. To change of the extract рН
54
B. To create optimal ionic strength of the solution
C. To increase of specific density of the extract
D. To facilitate the sulphate conjugation
E. To precipitate the protein admixtures
16. Drug isolation by the Vasileva’s method is carried out. Which drug is
extracted by chloroform from acidic aqueous medium:
A. Codeine
B. Ephedrine
C. Benzonal
D. Aminazine
E. Atropine
17. Which chemical transformation of 1,4-benzodiasepines occurs when
isolating them from the biological material by the Izotov’s method?
A. Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Hydrolysis
D. Esterification
E. Hydroxylation
18. The general isolation method of alkaloids from the biological material
is extraction by a polar solvent. Which alkaloid can be isolated by the steam
distillation?
A. Cocaine
B. Coniine
C. Strychnine
D. Atropine
E. Quinine
19. Bases of pyridine and piperidine alkaloids are volatile. To avoid their
losses when isolating them from the biological material these bases are
transformed into their non-volatile salts. Thus the chloroform extract containing
anabasine is saturated with:
A. Hydrochloride
B. Hydrogen sulphide
C. Carbon (IV) oxide
55
D. Ammonia
E. Carbon (II) oxide
20. Isolation of barbiturate by the Popova’s method is carried out. In this
isolation method the biological admixtures are removed using the following
purification method:
A. TLC
B. Centrifugation
C. Sublimation
D. Dialysis
E. Gel-chromatography
Methods used for chemicotoxicological analysis of drugs 21. Back extraction is the purification method based on the of liquid-liquid
extraction process. Liquid-liquid extraction is a substance separation method
which is based on the:
A. Different distribution of the components to be separated between two liquid
phases
B. Substance diffusion from the distribution surface between two liquid phases
into the extragent volume
C. Differences in the concentration of the components to be separated in two
liquid phases
D. Chemical interaction of the components to be separated with liquid phases
E. Substance adsorption on the surface of one phase 22. How is the substance transition from an organic solvent phase into
aqueous phase called?
A. Liquid extraction
B. Re-extraction
C. Washing away
D. Straining
E. Salting-out NB! Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a method widely used in toxicological
studies. In this method a mobile phase moves by capillary action across a uniform
thin layer of a finely divided stationary phase (adsorbent) bonded to a plate. The basic
chromatographic measurement of a substance in TLC is the Rf value, determined as:
56
Rf = The distance the solventtravels from the origin
The distance the substancetravels from the origin
23. TLC drug screening is carried out. The Rf value does not depend on:
A. Size of a chromatographic plate
B. Properties of substances being separated
C. Saturation of a chromatography chamber with mobile phase vapour
D. Composition of a mobile phase
E. Homogeneity of a sorbent layer NB! Immunoassays now occupy a sound place among routine methods for the
analysis of drugs in the biological fluids. The immunoassay technique uses an
antibody specific for the drug being assayed (antiserum), and a labelled form of the
same drug (labelled antigen). According to the kind of label (specific radioisotope, an
active enzyme, or fluorescent label incorporated synthetically) there are such kinds of
immunoassays: radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, fluoroimmunoassay.
When the bound and free labelled-drug are separated before measurement the assays
are referred to as heterogeneous immunoassays. The specific binding antibodies and
antigens takes place on the polystyrol plate with holes. Thus, no separation step and
the methods are referred to as homogeneous immunoassays. In homogeneous
immunoassays all components of the reaction (antibodies (antiserum), antigens
conjugated to the enzyme label, antigens that are the substance being determined, a
chromogenic substrate) are in the solution.
24. Opiate immunoassay is carried out with the urine on the polystyrol
plate using horseradish peroxidase as a chromogenic substrate. This method is
classified as:
A. Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay
B. Heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay
C. Fluoroimmunoassay
D. Heterogeneous fluoroimmunoassay
E. Heterogeneous radioimmunoassay
57
Chemicotoxicological analysis of the acid chloroform extract for presence of
acidic, neutral and weak basic drugs
Chemicotoxicological analysis of barbiturates NB! The preliminary colour test for barbiturates is the reaction with a cobalt salt in
alkaline medium. In the reaction with cobalt acetate in presence of lithium hydroxide
a blue colour appears. In the reaction with cobalt chloride in presence of potassium or
barium hydroxide a pink colour appears. In the reaction with cobalt acetate in
presence of ammonium hydroxide or isopropyl amine a violet colour appears. The
structure of the inner-complex compound that formed as a result of this reaction:
NH
N
O
O
O
C2H
5
C2H
5 Co NH
N
O
O
O
C2H
5
C2H
5
CH3
NH3
NH3
25. Which reaction is preliminary when detecting barbiturates in the urine
during toxicological studies?
A. With cobalt acetate and lithium hydroxide
B. With chlorine-zinc-iodine reagent
C. With ferric chloride-potassium iodide solution
D. With potassium diiodine cuproate
E. With potassium iodide acidic ethanol solution
26. Which reaction of the barbiturate detection results in a violet colour
appearance?
A. Reaction with a cobalt salt and alkali
B. Reaction with Rhodamine G
C. Reaction with chlorine-zinc-iodine reagent
D. Reaction with copper-pyridine reagent
E. Reaction with cobalt salts and isopropyl amine NB! Barbiturates give the crystalline precipitates with the following reagents: chlorine-
zinc-iodine reagent, ferric-iodine reagent, copper-iodine reagent, copper-pyridine
reagent.
58
27. Corps liver is sent to a toxicological laboratory for pathomorphological
diagnostics of barbiturate poisoning. Which reagent for barbiturates do not give
precipitation with?
A. Solution of cobalt nitrate in methanol
B. Chlorine-zinc-iodine reagent
C. Copper-pyridine reagent
D. Ferric-iodine reagent
E. Copper-iodine reagent NB! Majority of barbiturates give the Murexide reaction which resulting in a pink
colour. This reaction is unspecific (e. g., Caffeine, the purine, gives this reaction) and
little sensitive for barbiturates. Some barbiturates as Hexenalum and Cyclobarbital
don’t give the Murexide Test.
28. Toxicologist carried out the Murexide reaction which resulted in
forming a pink colour. Which drug could be suspected in the sample studied?
A. Atropine
B. Morphine
C. Strychnine
D. Barbamyl
E. Cocaine
29. The Murexide Test was positive during toxicological testing the urine.
Which group of drugs could be suspected?
A. Benzodiazepines
B. Phenothiazines
C. Barbiturates
D. Derivatives of indole
E. Salycilates
30. The Murexide Test is the general identification reaction for
barbiturates. The substances listed below give this reaction except for:
A. Caffeine
B. Barbamil
C. Barbital
D. Phenobarbital
E. Hexenalum
59
NB! Mercury sulphate spraying followed by the diphenylcarbazone chloroform
solution spraying is used for barbiturate visualisation in TLC drug screening (blue
and red-violet spots).
31. TLC drug screening is the preliminary test in indirected toxicological
studies. The detection of barbiturates is carried out by use:
A. Mercury sulphate then diphenylcarbazone in chloroform
B. Diphenylamine
C. Sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate
D. Dragendorff’s spray
E. Iodine vapour 32. For detection of barbiturates on the chromatogram the following
reagent (reagents) is (are) used:
A. Diphenylamine
B. Dragendorff’s reagent and then sulphuric acid
C. Solution of diphenylcarbazone
D. Iron (III) chloride
E. Mercury (II) sulphate and then diphenylcarbazone solution
Chemicotoxicological analysis of purine alkaloids NB! Purine alkaloids, Caffeine, Theobromine, Theophylline are weak basic
substances. When isolating by the general isolation methods purine alkaloids are
extracted by chloroform from the acidic aqueous solution. Thus they are detected in
the acid chloroform extract. Structure of purine alkaloids:
N
N
N
N
O
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
N
N
N
N
O
O
H
CH3
CH3
NH
N
N
N
O
O
CH3
CH3
Caffeine Theobromine Theophylline
33. Alkaloid poisoning occurred. The positive reactions with general
sedimentation reagents were obtained when analyzing the acid chloroform
extract. What substance presence can be suspected?
A. Morphine
B. Atropine
C. Quinine
60
D. Caffeine
E. Codeine
34. Caffeine poisoning occurred. The Murexide Test resulted in forming a
pink colour when testing the acid chloroform extract. Which drug could
interfere with the caffeine detection by this reaction?
A. Phenobarbital
B. Strychnine
C. Atropine
D. Quinine
E. Nicotine
NB! Purine alkaloids are extensively metabolized, their metabolism involves
N-demethylation and oxidation of the 8-carbon to uric acid derivatives. Thus in adults
approximately 90 % of theophylline is metabolized in the liver mainly undergoing
8-hydroxylation to 1,3-dimethyluric acid.
N
N NH
NCH3
CH3
O
O
N
N NH
NH
CH3
O
O
H
N
NH
NH
NH
O
O
CH3
O
N
N NH
NH
O
O
CH3
O
CH3
theophylline
3-methylxanthine
(10-15%)1-methylxanthine
(15-20%)
1,3-dimethyluric acid
(45-55%)
35. The main product of Theophylline metabolism is:
A. 1,3-dimethyluric acid
B. 1-methylxanthine
C. 1-methyluric acid
D. 3-methyluric acid
E. 1,7-dimethylxanthine
Chemicotoxicological analysis of pyrazolones
36. Which drug can be detected in the acid chloroform extracts by the
reaction with iron (III) chloride?
A. Barbital
61
B. Caffeine
C. Antipyrine
D. Diazepam
E. Theophylline 37. Drug poisoning occurred. Which medicine can be detected in the acid
chloroform extracts by the reaction with iron (III) chloride?
A. Metamizole
B. Phenobarbital
C. Caffeine
D. Diazepam
E. Theophylline
Chemicotoxicological analysis of the basic chloroform extract for presence of
alkaloids NB! The traditional way of describing xenobiotic absorption is by the pH-partition
hypothesis. The hypothesis regards the passage of a poison into the blood as being by
passive diffusion of non-ionized molecules across the lipoid barrier of the cells of the
gut lining and into the blood. Thus an acidic medicine such as aspirin (pKa 3.5) is
absorbed in the stomach at about pH 2 when the poison is non-ionized. The poison
diffuses passively across a single barrier into the capillaries and is taken up by the
plasma at pH 7.4. Here, it ionizes and is, therefore, unable to return to the stomach.
Basic medicines such as ephedrine (pKa 9.6) are only slightly absorbed in the
stomach, the major part being absorbed from the upper section of the small intestine
(pH from 5 to 7), its lower section (pH from 7 to 8), or from the colon (pH from 7 to
8).
38. Absorption of xenobiotics from the gastrointestinal tract is determined
by their physico-chemical properties and the particular conditions in different
parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Alkaloids as basic substances are absorbed:
A. From the mouth
B. In the stomach
C. From the small intestine
D. From the gullet
E. From the large intestine
62
39. Unknown substance poisoning occurred. The positive result of the
reactions with Dragendorff’s, Sonnenschein’s, Sheybler’s reagents were
obtained. Which substance presence could be suspected?
A. Heavy metal salts
B Ammonia and its salts
C Carboxylic acids
D Phenols
E Alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing basic compounds 40. Corps liver is delivered to toxicological laboratory for laboratory
diagnostics of drug poisoning. The reactions with Dragendorff’s, Marqui’s,
Bushard’s, Mayer’s reagents were positive. What medicine cannot be detected
by these reactions?
A. Barbamil
B. Morphine
C. Caffeine
D. Diazepam
E. Tisercin
Chemicotoxicological analysis of pyridine and piperidine alkaloids NB! Physicochemical properties of alkaloids. Majority of alkaloids as bases are
powders, which are readily soluble in organic solvents (chloroform, ether,
isopentanol), poorly soluble or practically insoluble in water. Alkaloids as salts are
readily soluble in water, poorly soluble or practically insoluble in organic solvents.
As an exception the bases of pyridine and piperidine alkaloids (arecoline, coniine,
nicotine, anabazine and pachycarpine) are colourless oily liquids, which are quickly
pitched on air; readily soluble in water and organic solvents.
41. Alkaloid poisoning occurred. Isolation of the poisonous substance from
the biological material resulted in obtaining an oily residue. The presence of
which alkaloid group can be suspected in the biological material?
A. Indole alkaloids
B. Tropane alkaloids
C. Quinoline alkaloids
D. Isoquinoline alkaloids
E. Pyridine alkaloids
63
42. Alkaloid poisoning occurred. Isolation of the poisonous substance from
the biological material resulted in obtaining an oily residue. The presence of
which alkaloid can be suspected in the biological material?
A. Codeine
B. Quinine
C. Nicotine
D. Strychnine
E. Atropine
43. Microcrystaloscopic reactions are used to confirmthe presence of
pyridine and piperidine alkaloids in the basic chloroform extract. Which reagent
do these alkaloids give the most characteristic crystals with?
A. Dragendorff’s reagent
B. Marme reagent
C. Mayer’s reagent
D. Sheybler’s reagent
E. Sonnenschein’s reagent
44. Which colour reaction is used in chemicotoxicological analysis of
anabazine and nicotine?
A. With picric acid
B. With Sonnenschein's reagent
C. With Dragendorff’sreagent
D. With Bushard’s reagent
E. With vanillin in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid
45. Which reaction is not used for the anabasine detection in
chemicotoxicological analysis?
A. The reaction with peroxyde
B. The reaction with formaldehyde
C. The reaction with vanillin
D. The reaction with picric acid
E. The reaction with Dragendorff’s reagent
Chemicotoxicological analysis of tropane alkaloids NB! The general pathway of tropane alkaloid metabolism is hydrolysis as they are
esters:
64
ON CH3
O OH
ON CH3
O
O
O CH3
Atropine Cocaine
About 24 % of atropine dose is present in the urine as noratropine (due to
demethylation), 15 % as atropine-N-oxide (due to oxidation), 3 % as tropic acid and
2 % as tropine (due to hydrolysis). Cocaine is rapidly inactivated in man by the
hydrolysis of one or both of the ester groupings. Cocaine is eliminated in the urine
primarily as the unchanged drug (1–9 % dependent on the urine pH),
benzoylecgonine (35–54 %) which is produced by hydrolysis of the methyl ester
bond, ecgonine methyl ester (32–49%) which is produced by hydrolysis of the
benzoyl ester bond (benzoic acid, a metabolite, appears), and ecgonine (hydrolysis of
both ester groupings).
46. The final products of cocaine metabolism are:
A. Ecgonine and benzoic acid
B. Ethylecgonine and oxalic acid
C. Trimethylecgonine and tartaric acid
D. Ecgonine and tropic acid
E. Benzoylecgonine and benzoic acid
47. Ecgonine was detected in the urine as a result of the toxicological
study. Which substance poisoning can be assumed?
A. Cocaine
B. Phenacetin
C. Caffeine
D. Phenol
E. Morphine NB! Vitali-Moren’s reaction is general for the esters of tropic acid (such as atropine,
scopolamine). Though some other drugs (strychnine, an indole alkaloid, diprazine, a
phenothiazine, dicainum, a derivative of p-aminobenzoic acid) also give positive
result of this reaction.
48. Drug poisoning occurred. Vitali-Moren’s reaction was positive when
studying the basic chloroform extract. Which substance poisoning can be
assumed?
A. Morphine
65
B. Quinine
C. Ephedrine
D. Atropine
E. Nicotine 49. Vitali-Moren’s reaction is positive for some poisonous substances.
Which drugs can be detected by this reaction?
A. Strychnine, atropine, scopolamine
B. Morphine, codeine, dionin
C. Pachycarpine, nicotine, anabazine
D. Quinine, quinidine
E. Aminazine, diprazine, diazolinum
50. The extract from the biological material is analyzed for the presence of
a basicsubstance. Which drug does not give Vitali-Moren’s reaction?
A. Atropine
B. Aminazine
C. Dicainum
D. Strychnine
E. Diprazine
Chemicotoxicological analysis of quinoline alkaloids
51. Forensic toxicological analysis for alkaloids is carried out. A blue
fluorescence was observed as a result of adding sulphuric acid solution to the
aqueous extract from the biological sample. Which drug can be suspected?
A. Atropine
B. Quinine
C. Scopolamine
D. Morphine
E. Ephedrine
52. The lethal alkaloid poisoning occurred. Which alkaloid could be
quantitatively determined by the fluorescence intensity of its sulphuric acid
solution?
A. Morphine
B. Codeine
C. Quinine
66
D. Strychnine
E. Atropine 53. Quinine overdose causes serious disturbances of the central nervous
system. For quinine detection in the biological extracts the erythroquinine
reaction is used. At the positive result of this reaction the solution examined
turns:
A. Pink
B. Yellow
C. Black
D. Blue
E. Brown
Chemicotoxicological analysis of isoquinoline alkaloids NB! Let's define some terms. Opioids are psychoactive chemicals that work by
specific binding to opioid receptors and narcotic analgesics in clinical manifestations.
Natural alkaloids (morphine, codeine) found in the resin of the opium poppy
(Papaver somniferum) and semi-synthetic derivatives that are obtained by further
chemical treatment of morphine (acetylation – heroin (diacethylmorphine), alkylation
– dionin (ethylmorphine), etc.) are considered to be opiates. Synthetic opioids are
fentanyl and its derivatives, promedol, tramadol, methadone, buprenorphine,
naloxone, naltrexone, etc. Morphine and codeine, as well as their synthetic
derivatives, contain the phenanthrene isoquinoline heterocycle:
O
OH
OCH
3
NCH
3
O
OH
OH
NCH
3
codeinemorphine
O
NCH
3
O
CH3
O
CH3
героїн
O
NCH
3
H5C
2O
OH
діонін
. HCl. 2H2O
heroin dionin
67
54. Most narcotic and drastic substances are obtained from the plant raw
material. Which substance listed below is obtained synthetically or semi-
synthetically?
A. Morphine
B. Codeine
C. Narcotine
D. Heroin
E. Papaverine NB! Opium in a variety of dosage forms (tinctures, extracts, tablets) for a long time
was widely used in medicine as a painkiller, but because of pronounced narcotic
effect and high toxicity it was removed from usage. Opium (poppy tears, lachryma
papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the unripe poppy heads of opiumpoppy. It
contains more than 20 alkaloids (3–20 % morphine, codeine (0.2–2 %), papaverine
(0.1–1.5 %), narcotine (0.75–9 %), narceine, thebaine et al.), and a number of other
substances, the main ones are proteins, carbohydrates, acids and some other
substances of acidic nature (meconic acid, meconium):
CH
CO
C
CC
O
OH
COOHHOOC H
3CO
H3CO
CO
CH2
O
meconic acid meconium
55. Opium alkaloids cause severe poisonings because of their high toxicity.
The main opium alkaloid is:
A. Morphine
B. Codeine
C. Papaverine
D. Anabazine
E. Strychnine NB! The evidence of the opium presence in the sample being analysed is the
detection of morphine, codeine, narcotine, meconic acid and meconium.
56. Opiate poisoning occurred. Which substance should be detected in
order to prove the presence of opium and not morphine in the sample?
A. Hydrochloric acid
68
B. Tropic acid
C. Salicylic acid
D. Acetic acid
E. Meconic acid
NB! Omnopon is a mixture of five opium alkaloids (morphine 50 %, codeine 2.5-
5 %, narcotine 16-22 %, papaverine 2.5-7 %, thebaine 0.4% as hydrochlorides). It
does not contain meconic acid meconium. Omnopon is used in medicine mainly for
the same purpose as morphine. It is believed that this mixture of alkaloids depresses
respiration in less degree than morphine.
57. Narcotic poisoning occurred. Which substance should the reaction be
carried out on to prove that the sample contained opium and not omnopon?
A. Morphine
B. Meconic acid and meconium
C. Papaverine
D. Thebaine
E. Codeine NB! Narcotine does not have narcotic and analgesic properties, so it is not used as an
individual drug in medicine. However, this alkaloid is a component of the opium and
omnopon. Narcotine detection in the biological samples is one of the evidence of the
opium or omnopon poisoning.
58. Narcotine should be detected in the case when the following drug
presence is suspected in the extract from the biological material:
A. Morphine
B. Cocaine
C. Nicotine
D. Heroin
E. Atropine NB! In blood heroin (diacetylmorphine) rapidly hydrolyzes to 6-O-
monoacetylmorphine and then to morphine. Heroin is more toxic than morphine. Its
use in medicine is prohibited in many countries. Frequent and regular administration
is associated with tolerance and physical dependence. Internationally,
diacetylmorphine is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs.
69
59. Heroin administrated an organism is metabolized mainly to:
A. Codeine
B. 3-monoacetylmorphine
C. 6-monoacetylmorphine
D. 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine
E. 3-monoacetylmorphine and morphine NB! Codeine is biotransformed in man via O-demethylation to morphine and via N-
demethylation to norcodeine. All three compounds are excreted in the urine as both
free drugs and as glucuronide conjugates; over 95 % of a single dose is eliminated in
48 hours.
60. When the forensic toxicological studies are performed it should be
taken into account that the codeine biotransformation product is:
A. Morphine
B. Ethylmorphine
C. Heroin
D. Thebaine
E. Papaverine
61. Opium poisoning occurred. When studying the basic chloroform
extract it should be taken into account that the codeine biotransformation
product is:
A. Papaverine
B. Thebaine
C. Heroin
D. Ethylmorphine
E. Morphine NB! Papaverine, an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from opium, vasodilator and
antispasmolic is used in the treatment of spasm of blood vessels and muscles of the
abdomen. Its molecule contains the benzylisoquinoline heterocycle:
N
H3СO
H3СO
OСH3
OСH3
papaverine
70
Biotransformation of papaverine includes O-demethylation to form phenolic
compounds which are excreted in urine as glucuronides.
62. The main pathway of papaverine biotransformation is:
A. Acetylation
B. N-methylation
C. O- methylation
D. O-demethylation
E. Hydroxylation NB! Group reagent for opiates is Marqui’s reagent (sulphuric acid concentrated and
formaldehyde). Violet, green and other colour appears.
63. Express-testing the biological extract for presence of opium is carried
out. Which reagent should be used?
A. Concentrated sulphuric acid
B. Concentrated perchloric acid
C. Marqui’s reagent
D. Strong dark blue solution
E. Potassium iodide solution NB! Pellagri reaction was used primary for apomorphine detection. Morphine and
codeine when heated with concentrated hydrochloric and sulphuric acids are
converted into apomorphine. The resulting solution is neutralized with a sodium
carbonate solution and an alcoholic solution of iodine is added. In this case, a green
colour appears. After adding diethyl ether and shaking, the aquous layer retains a
green colour, and the etheric one becomes purple-red. This reaction is suitable for
detection of morphine, codeine, heroin and dionine.
64. Which compound listed below gives the positive result of Pellagri
reaction?
A. Caffeine
B. Codeine
C. Papaverine
D. Quinine
E. Cocaine NB! Promedol gives the positive reactions with general sedimentation reagents and
with Marqui’s reagent (red colour).
71
65. Liver, blood and urine were delivered to laboratory for forensic-
toxicological study. Which reaction should be used to prove the presence of
promedol in the basic chloroform extract?
A. Pellagri reaction
B. With Sonnenschein’s reagent
C. With Mayer’s reagent
D. With Marquis’s reagent
E. With picric acid NB! Morphine gives positive reactions with iron (III) chloride (violet) and iodate acid
(violet) due to the phenolic hydroxyl presence in its molecule. In the last reaction
when shaking a weak acidic solution of morphine with iodate acid solution (KIO3),
which does not contain iodide, free iodine is released. Then when adding chloroform
and shaking, the organic layer is turned into violet.
66. Opiate poisoning occurred. Which reagent should be used to
distinguish morphine and codeine?
A. Dragendorff’s reagent
B. Pellagri reagent
C. Iodate acid
D. Hydrogen peroxyde
E. Picric acid
67. Opiate poisoning occurred. Which reagent should be used to
distinguish morphine and codeine?
A. Dragendorff’s reagent
B. Pellagri reagent
C. Iron (III) chloride
D. Hydrogen peroxyde
E. Picric acid
Chemicotoxicological analysis of indole alkaloids
68. Froehde reagent is used for detection of various alkaloids extracted from
the biological material. Which substance does not give the reaction with this
reagent?
A. Strychnine
B. Morphine
72
C. Papaverine
D. Heroin
E. Brucine
NB! Strychnine is a weak base (pKa = 8.26). So it is extracted with chloroform from
acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions. The structure of strychnine:
69. Alkaloid poisoning is occurred. Which alkaloid is extracted by
chloroform from the acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions?
A. Morphine
B. Quinine
C. Cocaine
D. Papaverine
E. Strychnine
Chemicotoxicological analysis of acyclic alkaloids
NB! Ephedrine, an acyclic alkaloid, is a secondary amine:
CH3
OH
NHCH
3
Ephedrine is metabolized in human primarily by N-demethylation to norephedrine
(phenylpropanolamine) and probably to a minor extent by p-hydroxylation and
conjugation. In normal subjects, from 70–80 % of a dose is eliminated unchanged in
the 48-hour urine and about 4 % is present as norephedrine.
70. Analysis of the biological extract resulted in the detection of
phenylpropanolamine. Which alkaloid is it a metabolite of?
A. Rezerpine
B. Pyrocatechine
C
CH2
N
C
CH2
CH
CN
CCH
2
C
C
O
CH2
CH2
CH
O CH2
HHH
H
73
C. Akonitine
D. Securinine
E. Ephedrine
71. Ephedrine, an acyclic alkaloid, is excreted mainly unchanged in the
urine. A certain part of ephedrine is metabolized to phenylpropanolamine by:
A. O-demethylation
B. N-demethylation
C. O-dealkylation
D. S-dealkylation
E. Hydroxylation NB! Ninhydrin (2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is a reagent used to detect ammonia
or primary and secondary amines. When reacting with these amines, a deep blue or
purple color is produced. Ninhydrin is most commonly used to detect fingerprints, as
the terminal amines of lysine residues in peptides and proteins sloughed off in
fingerprints react with ninhydrin. 72. Which reagent is used for visualization of ephedrine in TLC drug
screening?
A. Concentrated sulphuric acid
B. Concentrated perchloric acid
C. Marqui’s reagent
D. Ninhydrin acetone solution
E. Iron (III) chloride
Chemicotoxicological analysis of phenothiazine derivatives
73. Phenothiazines can result in acute poisonings. Which substance is not a
phenothiazine derivative?
A. Diprazine
B. Dicainum
C. Levomepromazine
D. Propazine
E. Aminazine
NB! The metabolism of phenothiazines is exceedingly complex; for example, 168
possible metabolites of aminazine have been postulated and at least 20 of these have
been isolated. Less than 1 % of a dose of aminazine or levomepromazine is excreted
74
unchanged in the 24-hour urine. The elimination of the medecine from the body is
very slow, and metabolites have been identified in the urine of patients as long as 18
months after discontinuation of therapy. The main pathways of phenothiazine
biotransformation are N-demethylation (and O-demethylation for levomepromazine),
sulphoxidation, phenolic hydroxylation at positions 3 and 6 followed by the
glucuronide conjugation.
N
S
CH3
N(CH3)
2
N
S
CH3
N(CH3)
2
O
N
S
CH3
N(CH3)
2
OO
diprazine sulphoxide sulphone
74. Diprazine, a psychotic drug, has the additive effect with the narcotic
and sleeping drugs. Diprazine poisoning can be diagnosed even in 14 days by the
presence of the following metabolite in the urine:
A. Sulphoxide
B. Phenylpropanolamine
C. Diethylaminoethanol
D. p-Aminobenzoic acid
E. p-Aminophenol
75. Which group of drugs is metabolized by sulphur oxidization?
A. Phenothiazine derivatives
B. Tropane derivatives
C. Quinoline derivatives
D. Benzodiazepine derivatives
E. Purine derivatives NB! The preliminary test for phenothiazines is the reaction with FPN reagent (mix
together 5 ml of ferric chloride solution, 45 ml of 20 % perchloric acid solution and
50 ml of 50 % nitric acid solution). Phenothiazines give pink and violet colour.
Phenothiazines give positive reactions with general sedimentation reagents and the
range of colour tests: with concentrated acids (H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, HClO4),
Froehde’s, Mandelin’s, Maqui’s reagents, FeCl3, NaNO2 solutions.
75
76. The aminazine poisoning is suspected. The preliminary test for
phenothiazines is the reaction with:
A. FPN reagent
B. Bromine water
C. Nitric acid
D. 5 % KMnO4 solution
E. Bushard reagent
77. Thin Layer Chromatography is used for aminazine detection in
toxicological studies. Which reagent is not used for aminazine visualization?
A. Marqui’s reagent
B. Iron (III) chloride solution
C. Dragendorff’s reagent
D. Diphenylcarbazide chloroform solution
E. Iodine vapour
Chemicotoxicological analysis of 1,4-benzodiasepine derivatives
NB! The basic routes of benzodiazepine metabolism are hydroxylation followed by
the glucuronidation, N-demethylation, reduction, hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of
1,4-benzodiazepines results in 2-aminobenzophenon formation:
NH2
Cl
C6H
5
ON
NH
Cl
O
C6H
5
OHNH
2
OH
COOH
2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenonoxazepam
H2O
+
78. The forensic toxicological study could be carried out by the
metabolism products of the toxic substances. Aminobenzophenones are
biotransformation products of:
A. Phenothiazines
B. Barbiturates
C. 1,4-Benzodiazepines
D. Butyrophenones
E. Opiates NB! Aromatic primary amines could be converted into its diazonium salts
(diazotization process), then diazonium salts undergo coupling reactions to form azo
dyes:
76
NH2
C
C6H
5
OCl
N+
C
C6H
5
OCl
N Cl
OH
NHNH
2
N
C
C6H
5
OCl
N
OH
N
C
C6H
5
OCl
N
NH
NH2
HCl
NaNO2
2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenon the salt of diazonium
an orange colour a pink-lilac colour
In chemicotoxicological analysis Azo coupling reaction is used for benzodiasepine
detection by the product of its acidic hydrolysis.
79. When examining the basic chloroform extract for 1, 4-benzodiasepine
presence the reaction with β-naphtol resulted in an orange colour appearance.
Which substance gives the positive Azo coupling reaction?
A. Aminobenzophenone
B. Methylaminobenzofenone
C. Oxazepam
D. Nitrazepam
E. Diazepam
Chemicotoxicological analysis of p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives
NB! In organism Novocaine (Procaine) is readily hydrolyzed in plasma, primarily by
plasma esterases, to p-aminobezoic acid and diethylaminoethanol: NH
2
OON
C2H
5
C2H
5
NH2
OHO
OHN
C2H
5
C2H
5H2O, t
+
80. At the toxicological study p-aminobenzoic acid was detected. Which
substance could be the reason of the poisoning?
A. Promedol
B. Aminazine
C. Chlorodiazopoxide
D. Novocaine
E. Rezerpine
77
TOPIC: GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL BY EXTRACTION WITH WATER
NB! Nitrates are converted by intestinal flora to nitrites that oxidize ferrous
hemoglobin to ferric methemoglobin.
1. Nitrites and nitrates are toxic substances. Considerable amounts of
nitrite induce formation in an organism:
A. Dezoxyhemoglobin
B. Oxyhemoglobin
C. Carboxyhemoglobin
D. Oxymioglobin
E. Methhemoglobin
2. Poisoning by an unknown substance happened. When testing the
biological material, it was determined that the pH values of the sample was 2-3.
Which substances can be suspected?
A. Mineral acids or a lot of organic acids
B. Alkalis
C. Ammonia
D. Weak organic acids and salts of heavy metals
E. Salts of alkaline metals NB! The general isolation method of mineral acids, alkalis and salts of alkaline
metals from the biological material is extraction (infusion) with water.
3. In toxicological chemistry poisons are divided into groups according to
their isolation method from the biological material. Which group of poisons
according to the isolation method does hydrochloric acid belong to? Group of
substances isolated by:
A. Steam distillation
B. Extraction with water
C. Extraction with acidified water
D. Some special method
E. Substances which are determined in the sample without isolation
78
4. In toxicological chemistry poisons are divide into groups according to
their isolation method from the biological sample. Which group of poisons
according to the isolation method does nitrites and nitrates belong to? Group of
substances isolated by:
A. Steam distillation
B. Extraction with water
C. Extraction with acidified water
D. Some special method
E. Substances which are determined in the sample without isolation 5. Mineral acids, alkalis and salts of alkaline metals are isolated from the
biological samples by the followed method:
A. Microdiffusion
B. Extraction with polar solvents
C. Infusion of the biological material with water
D. Infusion of the biological material with organic solvents
E. Substances which can be determined in the biological sample without
isolation
6. Poisoning by a mineral acid happened. What method is used for
isolation of mineral acids from the biological material?
A. Steam distillation
B. Mineralization
C. Infusion with water
D. Extraction by an organic solvent
E. Extraction by a polar solvent
7. Child outpoured on itself concentrated sulfuric acid. His shirt was sent
for toxicological study. What method is used for the isolation of this substance
from the sample:
A. Extraction by an organic solvent
B. Mineralization
C. Steam distillation
D. Infusion with water
E. Extraction by benzene
79
8. For isolation of particular poisons from the biological material various
methods are used. Alkalis and ammonia are isolated by:
A. Infusion with water followed by the dialysis
B. Mineralization followed by the denitration
C. Microdiffusion
D. Infusion with acidified ethanol
E. Infusion with an organic solvent
9. Nitrite and nitrate are isolated from the biological samples by extraction
with water. What method is used for purification of the aqueous extracts
obtained from the biological admixtures?
A. TLC
B. Extraction
C. Distillation
D. Dialysis
E. Electrophoresis
10. For isolation of alkalis from the biological material the method of
infusion with water is used. The aqueous extracts obtained are filtered and
purified by the following method:
A. Sublimation
B. Thin layer chromatography
C. Extractions by an organic solvent
D. Distillations
E. Dialysis
11. What purification method from admixtures is used after isolation of
nitrites and nitrates from the biological sample by extraction with water?
А. Extraction
B. Sublimation
C. Dialysis
D. Gel-chromatography
E. Thin layer chromatography
12. After extraction of the mineral poisons from the biological material by
water the purification by dialysis was carried out. Dialysis is a process of:
А. Membrane filtration
80
B. Sorbtion
C. Substitution
D. Sedimentation
E. Complexation NB! For isolation of concentrated sulphuric acid from clothes the specific isolation
method is developed. It is the infusion of the sample with ethanol.
13. A charred shirt is delivered to the laboratory for toxicological study.
Which method is used for the isolation of sulphuric acid from clothes?
A. Infusion with water
B. Infusion with ethanol
C. Distillation
D. Mineralization
E. Dialysis
14. Toxicological study is carried out. Which acid is detected by the
reaction with diphenylamine?
A. Sulphuric acid
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Nitric acid
D. Phosphoric acid
E. Boric acid
15. Nitrite poisoning happened. Detection of nitrite in the extract is carried
out using the following reagent:
A. Griss reagent (sulphanilic acid and α-naphthyl amine)
B. Dragendorff’s reagent
C. Marqui’s reagent
D. Nessler’s reagent
E. Fehling’s reagent 16. Nitrite poisoning happened. What acid is used for detection of nitrtite
by azodye coupling reaction?
A. Sulphuric
B. Sulphurous
C. Sulphanilic
D. Hydrochloride
E. Salicylic
81
17. Toxicological study for nitrite and nitrate is carried out. Which
reaction allows to distinguish nitrite and nitrate?
A. With Griss reagent
B. With diphenylamine
C. With brucine
D. With ferric (III) chloride and sulphuric acid concentrated
E. With Nessler’s reagent
18. Potassium salt poisoning happened. Which reagent is used for
detection of potassium ions in the dialysate?
A. Dithizone
B. Sodium hydrotartrate
C. Nessler’s reagent
D. Fehling’s reagent
E. Uranyl zinc acetate
19. At the strong alkaline medium of the aqueous extract from the
biological material and at the absence of carbonate and ammonium salt the
presence of alkalis can be suspected. To confirm the presence of potassium
hydroxide a toxicologist should use the following reaction for sodium ions:
A. With Griss reagent
B. With Nessler’s reagent
C. With potassium antimonite (V)
D. With sodium hydrotatrate
E. With uranyl zinc acetate
For notes:
82
TOPIC: SUBSTANCES DETERMINED IN THE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
WITHOUT ISOLATION (CARBON MONOXIDE)
1. Poisoning by carbon monoxide happened. Which compound appears in
a living organism exposed to this gas?
A. Carboxyhemoglobin
B. Oxyhemoglobin
C. Methemoglobin
D. Dezoxyhemoglobin
E. Mioglobin
2. Different poisons are isolated from the biological samples using various
methods. Carboxyhemoglobin is detected and determined:
A. After isolation from kidneys by infusion with ethanol
B. After isolation from lungs by steam distillation
C. After isolation from blood by dialysis
D. After isolation from liver by mineralization
E. Directly in blood without preliminary isolation
3. Carbon monoxide poisoning happened. In order to isolate and detect
this substance in the biological material it is necessary to:
A. Isolate by infusion with acidified water and then to detect
B. Isolate by mineralization and then to detect
C. Isolate by steam distillation and then to detect
D. Detect it directly in the biological sample without preliminary isolation
E. Isolate by infusion with acidified alcohol and then to detect
4. When detecting a toxic substance in the blood toxicologist adds 2 ml of
0.01 % potassium bichromate solution and 5 drops of 20 % potassium
ferrocyanide (III) solution in two test tubes containing equal volumes of diluted
blood. In the first test tube the blood examined retains its red colour and in the
other one it is turned into brown-green. Toxicologist can conclude that the blood
in the second test tube contains the following poisonous substance:
A. Atropine
B. Caffeine
C. Hexenal
D. Concentrated nitric acid
E. Carbon (II) oxide
83
5. Quantitative determination of carbon (II) oxide in the blood by
spectrophotometric method is based on differences between spectra of the
following compounds:
A. Carboxyhemoglobin and dezoxyhemoglobin
B. Oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin
C. Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin
D. Methemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin
E. Oxyhemoglobin and dezoxyhemoglobin
6. For quantitative determination of carbon (II) oxide in the blood the
spectrophotometric method by V. Ph. Kramarenko can be used. In this method
the following spectra are compared:
A. Dezoxyhemoglobin and methohyhemoglobin
B. Oxyhemoglobin and methoxyhemoglobin
C. Carboxyhemoglobin and methoxyhemoglobin
D. Oxyhemoglobin and dezoxyhemoglobin
E. Dezoxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin
7. Determination of carboxyhemoglobin by spectrophotometric method is
possible to carry out in corpse material if the sample is:
A. Fresh
B. Rotting
C. Saved no more than 10 days
D. Fresh or saved no more than 10 days
E. Burnt
8. Toxicological examination of blood for the presence of
carboxyhemoglobin is carried out. What reagent is used for transformation of
oxyhemoglobin to dezoxyhemoglobin?
A. Urea
B. Formaldehyde
C. Sodium salphate
D. Sodium phosphate
E. Sodium sulphide
84
TABLES FOR SELF-CONTROL OF ANSWERS ON TEST TASKS
(REFERENCE REPLIES)
Question Answer Question Answer
INTRODUCTION INTO TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. GENERAL
RULES OF POISON BEHAVIOUR IN A BODY
1 D 9 A
2 B 10 D
3 B 11 B
4 E 12 A
5 E 13 E
6 C 14 C
7 B 15 C
8 C 16 D
GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
BY MINERALIZATION (METALLIC POISONS)
1 D 36 D
2 B 37 B
3 C 38 C
4 A 39 E
5 B 40 C
6 E 41 B
7 E 42 D
8 B 43 B
9 C 44 A
10 D 45 E
11 C 46 C
12 E 47 A
13 E 48 C
14 C 49 B
15 A 50 A
16 D 51 E
17 B 52 B
18 E 53 C
19 B 54 B
20 C 55 D
21 B 56 C
22 A 57 C
23 E 58 D
24 C 59 D
25 B 60 A
26 A 61 B
27 A 62 C
85
28 C 63 B
29 D 64 B
30 A 65 D
31 C 66 E
32 B 67 E
33 C 68 C
34 E 69 D
35 D 70 A
GROUP OF SUBSTNCES ISOLATED FROM BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY
STEAM DISTILLATION (VOLATILE POISONS)
1 B 30 E
2 D 31 B
3 C 32 C
4 E 33 D
5 A 34 E
6 D 35 A
7 B 36 D
8 B 37 A
9 C 38 B
10 D 39 C
11 A 40 B
12 E 41 E
13 C 42 D
14 D 43 A
15 E 44 C
16 C 45 C
17 B 46 B
18 A 47 D
19 D 48 D
20 C 49 A
21 D 50 B
22 B 51 E
23 B 52 D
24 E 53 E
25 A 54 B
26 C 55 C
27 D 56 A
28 C 57 D
29 B
GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL BY ORGANIC SOLVENT EXTRACTION (PESTICIDES)
1 C 16 D
2 B 17 A
86
3 E 18 E
4 D 19 B
5 A 20 C
6 B 21 C
7 E 22 B
8 C 23 B
9 A 24 B
10 B 25 C
11 D 26 A
12 B 27 E
13 E 28 A
14 C 29 D
15 C
GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION (DRUGS)
1 C 41 E
2 E 42 C
3 A 43 A
4 B 44 E
5 A 45 B
6 B 46 A
7 D 47 A
8 A 48 D
9 C 49 A
10 D 50 B
11 E 51 B
12 D 52 C
13 A 53 A
14 A 54 D
15 E 55 A
16 C 56 E
17 C 57 B
18 B 58 A
19 A 59 D
20 E 60 A
21 A 61 E
22 B 62 D
23 A 63 C
24 B 64 B
25 A 65 D
26 E 66 C
27 A 67 C
28 D 68 A
87
29 C 69 E
30 E 70 E
31 A 71 B
32 E 72 D
33 D 73 B
34 A 74 A
35 A 75 A
36 C 76 A
37 A 77 D
38 C 78 C
39 E 79 A
40 A 80 D
GROUP OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL BY EXTRACTION WITH WATER
1 E 11 C
2 A 12 A
3 B 13 B
4 B 14 C
5 C 15 A
6 C 16 C
7 D 17 A
8 A 18 B
9 D 19 E
10 E
SUBSTANCES DETERMINED IN THE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
WITHOUT ISOLATION (CARBON MONOXIDE)
1 A 5 A
2 E 6 E
3 D 7 D
4 E 8 E
88
LITERATURE
Basic
1. Bondar, V. S. Toxicological chemistry. Schemes and Tables: Handbook for
students of higher schools / V. S. Bondar, S. A. Karpushina. – Kharkiv : NUPh
: Golden Pages, 2009. – 120 p.
2. Karpushina, S. A. Toxicological chemistry. Lecture course / S. A. Karpushina,
V. S. Bondar, I. A. Zhuravel. – Kharkiv : NUPh : Golden pages, 2011. – 208 p.
3. Toxicological Chemistry. Laboratory workbook / S. A. Karpushina, I. A.
Zhuravel, V. S. Bondar, S. V. Bayurka. – Kharkiv : NUPh, 2012. – 63 p.
Additional
1. Baselt, C. R. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man: 9-th edition /
R. C. Baselt. – California : Biomedical Publications, 2011. – 1900 p.
2. Basic Analytical Toxicology / R. J. Flanagan [et al.]. – Geneva : World Health
organization, 1995. – 363 p.
3. Bell, S. Forensic Chemistry / S. Bell. – New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall. –
671 p.
4. Clarke's analysis of drugs and poisons in pharmaceuticals, body fluids and
postmortem material: 4-th edition / A. C. Moffat [et al.]. – London ; Chicago :
Pharmaceutical Press, 2011. – 2736 p.
5. Clarke’s Analytical Forensic Toxicology / ed. by Sue Jickells, Adam Negrusz.
– London : Pharmaceutical Press, 2008. – 648 p.
6. Flanagan, R. J. Developing Analytical Toxicology Services: Principles and
Guidance [Electronic resource] / R. J. Flanagan. – Geneva : World Health
Organization, 2005. – 36 p. – Available at :
http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications
/training_poisons/hospital_analytical_toxicology.pdf (date of the application :
(07.09.2017). – Developing Analytical Toxicology Services: Principles and
Guidance.
7. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. Fourth Edition / ed. by Kent R. Olson. – Zange
Medical Books, Mc Graw-Hill, 2004. – 718 p.
89
FOR NOTES:
90
FOR NOTES:
91
FOR NOTES:
92
Збірка тестових питань з токсикологічної хімії, що містить відповіді та пояснення,
призначена для індивідуальної роботи іноземних студентів спеціальності 8.12020101
«Фармація», які навчаються англійською мовою. Збірка включає в себе тести з наступних
тем: Вступ у токсикологічну хімію; Закономірності поведінки отрут в організмі та
метаболізм; Металічні отрути; Леткі отрути; Пестициди; Лікарські речовини; Мінеральні
кислоти, луги, нітрати та нітрити; Чадний газ. Висвітлено теоретичні та практичні аспекти
токсикокінетики, пробопідготовки, токсикологічного скринінгу, ідентифікації та кількісного
визначення отруйних речовин. Видання рекомендується для фармацевтичних факультетів та
фармацевтичних університетів III-IV рівнів акредитації.
Навчальне видання
Карпушина Світлана Анатолівна
Нетьосова Кристина Юріївна
Баюрка Сергій Васильович
ТОКСИКОЛОГІЧНА ХІМІЯ
Збірка тестів
Англійською мовою