Guitar tunings 1

Guitar tunings

Guitar playing range in standard tuning.

Guitar tunings describe the pitch of open strings. The standard tuning

EADGBElists the string-pitches from lowest (low E) to highest (high e').Standard tuning is used by most guitarists, and most other tunings canbe understood as variations on standard tuning. This article's discussionof standard tuning introduces the terminology for discussing alternativetunings.Nonstandard tunings are also called "alternative" or "alternate". Sometunings are used for particular songs by professional guitarists, and may be called after the song's title. There arehundreds of such tunings. Fewer alternative tunings are used regularly by communities of guitarists, who share amusical tradition.

The hundreds of alternative tunings have been classified into a smaller number of categories. Two categories—open,both major and minor (crossnote) and miscellaneous ("special")—are discussed by both Denyer and Sethares. Fouradditional categories are provided by Denyer (modal and dropped)[1] and by Sethares (instrumental, based on otherstringed instruments, and regular).[2]

Standard tunings and alternativesThis summary of standard tuning also introduces the terms for discussing alternative tunings

Standard

Helmholtz notation

Note: This article uses Helmholtz pitch notation to define guitar tunings.

Guitar standard tuning (actual pitches sound oneoctave lower than notated).

Notes in standard tuning.

Standard tuning is by far the mostpopular tuning on a 6-string guitar. Itconsists of the following notes.

Guitar tunings 2

String Note Frequency Scientific pitch notation

1 (Highest) e' 329.63 Hz E4

2 b 246.94 Hz B3

3 g 196.00 Hz G3

4 d 146.83 Hz D3

5 A 110.00 Hz A2

6 (Lowest) E 82.41 Hz E2

The pitches referred to above are referenced standard pitch (a' = 440.0 Hz.). In some regions of Europe, especiallyGermany, Serbia and Poland, and in Russia and Ukraine, where classical musicians use the German system, the Bnatural is indicated with the letter H: in music notation, H is B♮ (B natural) and B is B♭ (B flat).• The guitar, as conventionally fretted, is an equal tempered instrument.• The guitar is a transposing instrument. In the case of the guitar, its actual pitches sound one octave lower than

notated.• Letter names in the table reflect pitch in Helmholtz pitch notation.This pattern can also be denoted as E-A-d-g-b-e'. (See note for an explanation of the various symbols used in theabove table and elsewhere in this article.)Standard tuning has evolved to provide a good compromise between simple fingering for many chords and theability to play common scales with minimal left hand movement. The separation of the first (e') and second (b)string, as well as the separation between the third (g), fourth (d), fifth (A), and sixth (E) strings by a five-semitoneinterval (a perfect fourth) allows notes of the chromatic scale to be played with each of the four fingers of the lefthand controlling one of the first four frets (index finger on fret 1, little finger on fret 4, etc.). It also yields asymmetry and intelligibility to fingering patterns.The separation of the second (b), and third (g) string is by a four-semitone interval (a major third). Though thisbreaks the fingering pattern of the chromatic scale and thus the symmetry, it eases the playing of some often-usedchords and scales, and it provides more diversity in fingering possibilities.

I

open 1st fret (index) 2nd fret (middle) 3rd fret (ring) 4th fret (little)

1st string e' f' f♯' g' a♭'

2nd string b c' c♯' d' e♭'

3rd string g a♭ a b♭ b

4th string d e♭ e f f♯

5th string A B♭ B c c♯

6th string E F F♯ G A♭

Chromatic note progression

Alternative: IntroductionAlternative ("alternate") tuning refers to any open-string note-arrangement other than standard tuning. Suchalternative tuning arrangements offer different chord voicing and sonorities. Alternative tunings are common in folkmusic, where the guitar emulates indigenous instruments with distinct drones and sound. Alternative tuningsnecessarily change the chord shapes associated with standard tuning, which eases the playing of some non-standardchords at the cost of increasing the difficulty of some standard chords.

Guitar tunings 3

Many alternative tunings are difficult or impossible with conventional sets of guitar strings, which have gaugesoptimized for standard tuning. With conventional sets, some higher tunings increase string-tension until playingrequires more finger-strength and stamina or even until a string snaps or the guitar is warped; with lower tunings,strings may be lose and buzz. Therefore, many alternative tunings benefit from re-stringing of the guitar withdifferent gauges.Extreme tunings may require further adjustments to the guitar. Alterations of the truss rod, the nut, and the bridgemay be required. In some tunings, such as those requiring the substitution of a Bass guitar string on a regular 6 stringguitar, fitting different components will be required to cope with the different gauges used.

OpenAn open tuning in guitar is one where the strings are tuned so that a chord is achieved without fretting, or pressingany of the strings. With such a tuning, other chords may be played by simply barring a fret or through the use of aslide. Open tunings are common in blues music and some rock and folk music. They are particularly used in steelguitar and bottleneck guitar playing.When performing and recording, musicians will often employ simultaneous multiple tunings, i.e. separateinstruments in different tunings sounding at once. For example, on several of his early recordings 1980s sessionguitarist David Persons used multiple tunings together, including standard six string and open tuning (e.g. standardtuning playing in E major and Open E tuning). Due to the resulting natural intervals (i.e. non-equal temperament)this practice produces complementary counterpoint with unusual harmonies and dissonance.[3]

Major

Open D tuning.

Major open tunings (giving a major chord with the open strings)include (all from low to high):

• Open A: E-A-C♯-E-A-E•• Alternatively: E-A-C♯-E-A-C♯• "Slide" Open A: E-A-E-A-C♯-E (identical to Open G tuning but

with every string raised one step or two frets) (used by Oxbowon the song "Woe" from the album King of the Jews and TheWhite Stripes on Seven Nation Army).

• Open B: B-F♯-B-F♯-B-D♯•• Alternatively: F♯-B-D♯-F♯-B-D♯

• Open C: C-G-C-G-C-E (Widely used by Devin Townsend and John Butler)• Alternative: C-G-C-E-G-C (used by Oxbow on the 2007 song "It's the Giving, Not the Taking" and

Needtobreathe on "Lay 'Em Down")• Open C tuning for 7 string: G-C-G-C-G-C-E (Also used by Devin Townsend while in Strapping Young Lad;

also used by Soundgarden)• Open D: D-A-D-F♯-A-D (Also known as vastopol or vestopol tuning.)

• Alternatively: D-A-D'-A'-D-D(Used by the Stone Roses in 'Love Spreads' and frequently by the Goo GooDolls).

• Open E: E-B-E-G♯-B-E (use light gauge strings because three strings must be raised)(used by Keith Richards onSalt of the Earth, Prodigal Son, and by Bob Dylan on his 1975 album Blood on the Tracks)

• Open F: F-A-C-F-C-F

Guitar tunings 4

• Alternatively: C-F-C-F-A-F (used by: Elizabeth Cotten on her song "When I Get Home"; Oxbow on the songs"...The Stick" and "Skin")

• F-Sharp Tuning: F♯-A♯-C♯-F♯-C♯-F♯Open G: D-G-D-G-B-D (also known as Spanish Tuning or Chicago Tuning)Open G was used in rock by Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones as well as in Mississippi blues by Son House,Charley Patton, and Robert Johnson, and in "Fearless" by Pink Floyd.[4]

• Open G-plus: G-G-D-G-B-D (also known as G-modal or Weber's Secret Tuning Number Eleven or RockfordTuning)

Open G-plus was used by Ben Weber of BenWebersDemos to write and record his song "Country Road"• Alternatively: G-B-D-G-B-D (slack-key guitar taro patch)• Alternatively: C-G-D-G-B-D (used by Big Wreck on multiple songs, most notably "Inhale" and "Mistake").• dobro Open G: G-B-D-G-B-D (occasionally adopted for ordinary guitar, but requires lighter fifth and sixth

strings).• Russian Open G: D-G-B-D-G-B-D (the standard tuning for the Russian seven string guitar).

Minor: Cross-noteThe below open tunings use a minor third, and give a minor chord with open strings. To avoid the relativelycumbersome designation "open D minor", "open C minor", such tunings are sometimes called "cross-note tunings".The term also expresses the fact that, compared to Major chord open tunings, by fretting the lowered string at thefirst fret, it is possible to produce a major chord very easily.Cross-note or open E-minor was used by Bukka White and Skip James.[5]

Cross-note tunings include (low to high):• Cross-note A: E-A-E-A-C-E

•• Alternative: E-A-C-E-A-E (rare)• Cross-note C: C-G-C-G-C-E♭

• Alternative: C-G-C-E♭-G-C (used by Oxbow on the 1996 songs "Stallkicker," "Sorry," and the 2007 songs "AWinner Every Time" and "Time Gentlemen, Time," etc.)

• Cross-note D: D-A-D-F-A-D (used by Oxbow on the 1991 songs, "Angel," "Cat and Mouse," etc.)• Cross-note E: E-B-E-G-B-E (used by ZZ Top on the song "Just got paid today" and by Joey Eppard on the 3

(band) song "Bramfatura")• Cross-note F: F-A♭-C-F-C-F (extremely rare)

• Alternative: F-C-F-A♭-C-F (used by Albert Collins; requires light gauges)• Cross-note G: D-G-D-G-B♭-D• Alternative Cross A: E-A-E-A-E-A. «Sitar A» - an alternative low guitar system. Recalls the sound of Indian

sitar.

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Modal tunings

D modal tuning.

In modal tunings, the strings are tuned to form a chord which is notdefinitively minor or major. These tunings may facilitate very easychords and unique sounds when the open strings are used as drones.Often these tunings form a suspended chord on the open strings. A wellknown user of modal tunings is Sonic Youth.

• Asus2: E-A-B-E-A-E• Asus4: E-A-D-E-A-E• Bsus4: B-F#-B-E-F#-B (DADGAD but 3 steps (1 1/2 note) lower,

used by Sevendust on the song "Live Again" and on much of theirCold Day Memory album.)

• C6: C-A-C-G-C-E (used by Jimmy Page in Bron-Yr-Aur)• Open Page: D-G-C-G-C-D (used by Jimmy Page in The Rain Song)• Csus2: C-G-C-G-C-D (first five strings equivalent to Double-C tuning for the banjo)• Csus4+9: C-G-C-F-C-D• Csus4: C-G-C-G-C-F• C15: C-G-D-G-C-D• Low C: C-G-D-G-A-D• Dsus2: D-A-D-E-A-D• Dsus4: D-A-D-G-A-D• Esus2: E-B-E-F♯-B-E (used by My Bloody Valentine in “Only Shallow” and by John Mayer in "Something's

Missing" and "In Your Atmosphere").• Esus4: E-B-E-A-B-E• G6: D-G-D-G-B-E• Gsus2: D-G-D-G-A-D• Gsus4: D-G-D-G-C-D (first five strings equivalent to Sawmill tuning for the banjo)

• Gsus4/4 / Orkney Tuning: C-G-D-G-C-D• E modal: E-B-E-E-B-E (used in CSN's "Suite Judy Blue Eyes")• G modal: G-G-D-G-B-D• B modal: B-F♯-C♯-F♯-B-D♯• A# modal: A#-F-A#-D#-G-A# (used by Neil Young on his 1962 Martin D-28)

Regular tuningsFor the standard tuning, there is exactly one interval of a third between the second and third strings, and all the otherintervals are fourths. In contrast, regular tunings have equal intervals between the strings, and so they havesymmetrical scales all along the fretboard.[6]

All fourthsE-A-d-g-c'-f'

This tuning is like that of the lowest four strings in standard tuning.[7][8] It is used by Stanley Jordan, who isproficient at two-handed tapping.

Guitar tunings 6

All fifths: "Mandoguitar"C-G-d-a-e'-b'

All-fifths tuning is a tuning in intervals of perfect fifths like that of a mandolin or a violin; other names include"perfect fifths" and "fifths".[9] It has a wide range. Its implementation has been impossible with nylon strings and hasbeen difficult with conventional steel strings. The high b makes the first string very taut such that it will breakeasily).All-fifths tuning has been approximated with tunings that avoid the high b' or the low C. The b' has beenapproximated with a g' in the New Standard Tuning of King Crimson's Robert Fripp, which has been taught in GuitarCraft courses.[10][11] Guitar Craft, which has been succeeded by Guitar Circle, has taught Fripp's tuning tothree-thousand students.[12] After studying with Fripp's Guitar Craft,[11] The California Guitar Trio commissioned aluthier to build them guitars for all-fifths tuning.

Augmented fourthsC-F#-c-f#-c'-f#' and B-F-b-f-b'-f' etc.

Between the all-fifths and all-fourths tunings are augmented-fourth tunings, which are also called "diminished-fifths"or "tritone" tunings. With augmented-fourths tunings, the fretboard has greatest symmetry.[13] In fact, everyaugmented-fourths tuning lists the notes of all the other augmented-fourths tunings on the frets of its fretboard.Professor Sethares wrote that

"The augmented-fourth interval is the only interval whose inverse is the same as itself. Theaugmented-fourths tuning is the only tuning (other than the 'trivial' tuning C-C-C-C-C-C) for which allchords-forms remain unchanged when the strings are reversed. Thus the augmented-fourths tuning is itsown 'lefty' tuning."[14]

Of all the augmented-fourths tunings, the C-F#-c-f#-c'-f '# tuning is the closest approximation to the standard tuning,and its fretboard is displayed next:

Tritone:[14] Each fret displays the open strings of an augmented-fourths tuning

open(0th fret)

1st fret 2nd fret 3rd fret 4th fret 5th fret

1st string f '# g' g'# a" a"# b"

2nd string c' c'# d' d'# e' f '

3rd string f# g g# a' a#' b'

4th string c c# d d# e f

5th string F# G G# a a# b

6th string C C# D D# E F

There are no sharps in the open strings of exactly one augmented-fourths tuning, that with only B and F notes(B-F-b-f-b'-f'); this tuning would appear to the left of the open strings, at the negative-first fret, for the C-F#augmented-fourths tuning displayed. The BF augmented-fourths tuning was used in "Tri 7/5" by Shawn Lane(Powers of Ten; Live!). This BF tuning "makes it very easy for playing half-whole scales, diminished 7 licks, andwhole tone scales," stated Ron Jarzombek, who used it for "A Chaotic Realization Of Nothing Yet Misunderstood(ACRONYM)".[15]

Guitar tunings 7

Shifted tuningsThese tunings are derived by systematic increases or decreases to standard tuning.

Lower tunings

D tuning.

Derived from standard EADGBE, all the strings are tuned lower by thesame interval, thus providing the same chord positions transposed to alower key. Lower Tunings are popular among rock and heavy metalbands. The reason for tuning down below standard pitch is usuallyeither to accommodate a singer's vocal range or to get a deeper/heaviersound.[16]

• D♯/E♭ tuning - D♯-G♯-C♯-F♯-A♯-D♯ / E♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B♭-E♭Half a step down from standard tuning. Used by bands/artists suchas: Jimi Hendrix, early Black Sabbath, Motörhead, Cannibal Corpse(up until The Bleeding), Nirvana, Rise Against, Failure, Weezer, Green Day, Kiss, The Hellacopters, BackyardBabies, Guns N' Roses, Van Halen, Brand New, Metallica (in the 1990s), Slayer, Rage Against The Machine,Stevie Ray Vaughan, Yngwie Malmsteen, Alice in Chains, The Smashing Pumpkins, The Killers, Relient K,Suede, RED on "Not Alone", Beach House, Third Day (on "I Can Feel It"), and Skillet (on "A Little More").

• D tuning - D-G-C-F-A-DOne full step down from standard tuning. Used by bands/artists such as, Motley Crue's Mick Mars, Pantera,Dimmu Borgir, Cradle of Filth, Drive-By Truckers, Children Of Bodom, Symphony X, Oceansize, Death,Decrepit Birth, Dream Theater, All That Remains, Exodus, Gojira, Shadows Fall, Mastodon, Lordi, and Kreator.Used in a vast majority of songs by musician Elliott Smith. Also used in Nirvana's songs "Come As You Are","Lithium" and "Drain You", by Metallica in their song "Sad but True" and on "Devil's Dance", also used byMetallica on some covers of Garage Days Re-revisited, "The Small Hours" and "Crash Course In Brain Surgery";by Bullet for My Valentine in several songs on Scream Aim Fire, and by John Fogerty.

• C♯/D♭ tuning - C♯-F♯-B-E-G♯-C♯ / D♭-G♭-B-E-A♭-D♭One and a half steps down. Famously used by Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi in the 1970s, as well as CarrieBrownstein, Dimebag Darrell of Pantera, Eyehategod, Dying Fetus, Anata, Corin Tucker of Sleater-Kinney,Between the Buried and Me, Down, All That Remains, Pete Loeffler of Chevelle (on Wonder What's Next), BillyHowerdel of A Perfect Circle and Ashes Divide, Wes Borland of Limp Bizkit, Slayer (on Gemini fromUndisputed Attitude and God Hates Us All), and Stone Sour, as well as Jim Root's other band Slipknot on thesong "Snuff". Also used by Kyuss on songs "Isolation" and "Space Cadet". Used by Metallica on the song "BadSeed" from the album Reload.

• C tuning - C-F-B♭-E♭-G-C / C-F-A♯-D♯-G-CTwo full steps down from normal tuning. Used by bands such as Queens of the Stone Age, Kyuss, SpiritualBeggars, In Flames (until Clayman), The Black Dahlia Murder, Architects, First Signs Of Frost, Dismember,Dethklok, Immolation, Cold, Dream Theater, Arch Enemy (since the Angela Gossow era), Entombed, Amaranthe,and The Smashing Pumpkins.

• B tuning - B-E-A-D-G♭-B / B-E-A-D-F♯-BTwo and a half steps down from standard tuning. Used in Swedish death metal by bands such as At The Gates,Dismember, Entombed, Amon Amarth, and Arch Enemy (during the Johan Liiva era), as well as Carcass,guitarist Kenny Hickey of Type O Negative and Seventh Void, Five Finger Death Punch, Lacuna Coil, FleshgodApocalypse, Sepultura, Soulfly, Within Temptation, and guitarist Kirk Windstein of Crowbar and Kingdom ofSorrow.

• A♯/B♭ tuning - A♯-D♯-G♯-C♯-F-A♯ / B♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-F-B♭ Three full steps from standard tuning. Used by Dream Theater, Adema, Cannibal Corpse, Morbid Angel, Slayer

Guitar tunings 8

(on War Zone and Here Comes the Pain from God Hates Us All), and American Head Charge.• A tuning - A-D-G-C-E-A

Three and a half steps down from standard tuning. Used by THEMES, Korn, Taproot, Yob (band) and Dystopia.Also used by Slipknot on songs from their album Iowa and Psychosocial from the album All Hope Is Gone.

• G♯/A♭ tuning - G♯-C♯-F♯-B-D♯-G♯ / A♭-D♭-G♭-B-E♭-A♭Four full steps down from standard tuning. Utilized by the band Staind as well as other variations of this tuning, itis also used by Cannibal Corpse (in some songs) and Mortician. The Guitarist Mike Mushok uses a baritoneGuitar that is specifically designed for lower tunings.

• G tuning - G-C-F-A♯-D-G / G-C-F-B♭-D-GFour and a half steps down from standard tuning. Also used by the Doom Metal band Warhorse (American band)

• F♯/G♭ tuning - F♯-B-E-A-C♯-F♯ / G♭-B-E-A-D♭-G♭Five full steps from standard tuning. Used by the Death Metal band Disfiguring The Goddess

• F tuning - F-A♯-D♯-G♯-C-F / F-B♭-E♭-A♭-C-FFive and one half steps down from standard tuning. Used by the deathgrind band Maruta.

• Octave Tuning - E-A-D-G-B-ESix full steps (one octave) down from standard tuning. The Low E has the same fundamental frequency as a bassguitar, essentially the same standard tuning as a bass guitar but with a high B and E added to mimic a regularguitar. This tuning is used on the Fender Bass VI and similar instruments. Notably used by Robert Smith of TheCure and Jack Bruce of Cream. In his early days with Ronnie Hawkins, future Band bassist Rick Danko was alsoseen with a Fender Bass VI.

Tunings as low as B♭ tuning may be practiced on an unmodified instrument provided that higher gauge strings areused, although an extended scale "baritone" guitar is better-suited to avoid warping, as its scale length and truss rodare designed for their tension. Many 8-string guitars feature a dual-action truss rod due to the sheer amount oftension from the strings. F and octave down tuning are impractical for a standard scale length guitar, since its scalelength is too short for a clear sound and unmodified tuners are not built to admit bass guitar gauge strings.

Higher tunings

Terz tuning.

From standard EADGBE, all the strings are tuned up by the sameinterval. String tension will be higher. Typically requires thinner gaugestrings, particularly the first string which could be as thin as sixthousandths of an inch (about the thickness of a single human hair). Acapo is typically preferred over these tunings, as they do not increaseneck strain, etc. The advantage of these tunings is that they allow anextended upper note range versus a capo used with standard tuningwhich limits the number of notes that can be played. If standard gaugestrings are used, the result is often a "brighter" or "tighter" sound; thiswas a common practice for some bluegrass bands in the 1950's, notably Flatt & Scruggs.

• F tuning - F-A♯-D♯-G♯-C-F / F-B♭-E♭-A♭-C-FHalf a step up from standard tuning. (used for Love Buzz on Nirvana's Bleach album - apparently by mistake(according to Come As You Are - Michael Azerrad), Vektor, Soundgarden's Black Hole Sun, and by Nickelbackon their song "When We Stand Together")

• F♯/G♭ tuning - F♯-B-E-A-C♯-F♯ / G♭-B-E-A-D♭-G♭One full step up from standard. Primary tuning for the band The Chameleons. Johnny Marr also used this tuningextensively with The Smiths; bassist Andy Rourke remained in standard, however, even when Marr was playingin F#.

Guitar tunings 9

• G tuning also known as Terz tuning (sometimes spelled "Tierce", "Third", or "Tertz", all of which areacceptable) - G-C-F-A♯-D-G / G-C-F-B♭-D-GOne and one half steps up from standard.

• G♯/A♭ tuning - G♯-C♯-F♯-B-D♯-G♯ / A♭-D♭-G♭-B-E♭-A♭Two full steps up from standard.

• A tuning - A-D-G-C-E-ATwo and one half steps up from standard. This is the standard tuning for the Lapstick travel guitar.

• A♯/B♭ - A♯-D♯-G♯-C♯-E♯-A♯ / B♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-F-B♭Three full steps up from standard.

Dropped tunings

Drop D tuning.

These tunings have the 6th string tuned low relative to the otherstrings, often (but not always) by one full step (a "drop 1" tuning).Some of these may require a baritone guitar due to the string tensionrequired for extremely low notes. Others can be achieved using a capoand/or a partial capo.

What matters for the purposes of fingering is the relative relationshipamong the strings. For example, a dropped B tuning has all stringstuned to different notes than a standard tuning, but the strings have thesame relationship to each other as a drop D tuning (where only the 6thstring differs from standard tuning), and as a result the fingerings are nearly the same as for standard tuning.

Many of the terms below are ambiguous in whether only the 6th string is tuned down (a "drop N" tuning in thestandard key of E), or all strings are tuned down, with the 6th tuned down more than the others (usually a "drop 1"tuning in some other key). For example, a "drop C tuning" usually refers to a "drop 1" tuning in the key of D, i.e. the6th string is tuned down two whole steps and all others down one whole step. This is equivalent to a standard drop Dtuning with all strings turned down a whole step. However, another "drop C tuning" is a "drop 2" tuning in the key ofE, i.e. the 6th string is tuned down two whole steps and the others left alone. The former uses standard drop Dfingerings, like all "drop 1" tunings, while the latter requires its own fingerings because of the different relativerelationship of the 6th string to the others.Other variant drop tunings tune two different strings differently. Tuning both the 1st and 6th strings down the sameamount is common enough to warrant its own name (see "double-dropped tunings" below). However, there are otherpossibilities. For example, the Foo Fighters song "Stacked Actors" uses a tuning AADGBE with the 6th stringretuned to form an octave on A. This involves dropping the 6th string down a perfect fifth. This is sometimes calleda "dropped A" tuning because the lowest string is tuned down to A; but it is different from either the "dropped A"variant of drop D (drop 1 in the key of B) or the less common "dropped A" used by Black Label Society, Mastodonand Periphery (drop a 4th in the key of D).• Drop D - D-A-D-G-B-E

Standard tuning but with the 6th string dropped one full step. Utilized by bands and/or artists: Radiohead,Avenged Sevenfold, Arrowmont, Rage Against the Machine, Lordi, Lamb of God, Evanescence, Silverchair,Muse, Skillet, Helmet, Soundgarden, Metallica on songs "All Nightmare Long" and "Just a Bullet Away",Rammstein, Fugazi in some songs, Tool in all their albums (except Prison Sex which is Drop B in standardvariation Tuning), Stone Temple Pilots in some songs, Audioslave, Filter, Foo Fighters, Incubus in some songs,Guns N Roses on some songs from Chinese Democracy, Black Veil Brides (on the song "Knives and Pens"), TheDevil Wears Prada, Nirvana in some songs, Zakk Wylde in some of his projects, Quicksand, Alesana, and TheBeatles on "Dear Prudence".

Guitar tunings 10

• Drop C♯/Drop D♭ - C♯-G♯-C♯-F♯-A♯-D♯ / D♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B♭-E♭Same as Drop D, but every string is dropped one half step. Utilized by bands like Our Lady Peace, Oceana, AlterBridge, Alice In Chains on some songs (like "Them Bones" or "We Die Young"), Chevelle (on Sci-Fi Crimes), OfMice & Men, Deftones (on their Around the Fur album), Evanescence, Disturbed, Theory of a Deadman, Puddleof Mudd, Linkin Park, Skillet, Black Veil Brides, 10 Years, Black Stone Cherry, Truckfighters, Fireball Ministry,RED on End of Silence, Nirvana on their In Utero album and System of a Down on their Mezmerize/Hypnotizedouble album. Also used by Lamb of God somewhat on their album Wrath, and almost exclusively on their albumResolution. Avenged Sevenfold used this tuning on songs "Scream" and "Almost Easy". Metallica use this tuningon their song "Minus Human" off S&M, on Dirty Window from their album St. Anger and live performances of"All Nightmare Long" and "Just A Bullet Away". Trivium used this tuning on their album In Waves. Van Halen's1981 song "Unchained" used this tuning as well and is credited for popularizing the tuning.

• Drop C - C-G-C-F-A-DOne full step down from Drop D. Utilized by bands like Hatebreed, Biffy Clyro, Swallow the Sun in all theiralbums, The Ocean Collective in the Heliocentric / Anthropocentric albums, Slo Burn, Bullet For My Valentine,Evanescence, Children of Bodom, As I Lay Dying, Rammstein, August Burns Red, Mastodon (on some songs),Helmet (since the Size Matters era), System of a Down, Black Stone Cherry, Chimaira (since The Impossibility ofReason), P.O.D., Ill Niño, Killswitch Engage, Deftones (in their album White Pony), Gojira (mostly on The Wayof All Flesh), Metallica's St. Anger album, (except for the songs "Invisible Kid" which is in Drop G# and "DirtyWindow" which is in Drop C#), Disturbed, Weissglut, Atreyu, Darkest Hour, Breaking Benjamin (on somesongs), Mudvayne, Slipknot (on their demo album Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat.), Bring Me the Horizon (sinceSuicide Season), Zakk Wylde, Escape the Fate, and Skillet.

• Drop B - B-F♯-B-E-G♯-C♯ / B-G♭-B-E-A♭-D♭One and one half steps down from Drop D. This tuning is most often used by modern heavymetal musicians.Utilized by bands like Slayer (on Cast Down, Seven Faces and Payback from God Hates Us All, as well as fewsongs on Christ Illusion), Intronaut, Machine Head (tuned 40 cents sharp), Demon Hunter, Slipknot, Chevelle,Origin, RED (on "Faceless"), Parkway Drive, Skillet (on much of Comatose), Bring Me The Horizon (up untilCount Your Blessings), Sevendust, Chimaira (on a few songs from The Infection), Eye Empire, The Devil WearsPrada, Drowning Pool, Comfort in the End, Attack Attack!, Creed (on Full Circle), and occasionally Black StoneCherry, Down, and Limp Bizkit.

• Drop A♯/Drop B♭ - A♯-F-A♯-D♯-G-C / B♭-F-B♭-E♭-G-CTwo full steps down from Drop D. Utilized by bands such as Hostility, Static-X, Bring Me the Horizon (sinceSuicide Season), In Flames, Sybreed, Hellyeah, Amaranthe, Breaking Benjamin (since Phobia), Parkway Drive,Spineshank, RED, Bury Your Dead, Eye Empire, Dirge Within, Remembering Never, and occasionally Chevelle,Darkest Hour, Evanescence and Sevendust.

• Drop A - A-E-A-D-F♯-B / A-E-A-D-G♭-BTwo and one half steps down from Drop D. This tuning is most often used by death metal or deathcore musicians,such as Suicide Silence or Whitechapel (both use seven-string guitars and tune down the seventh string two halfsteps). Utilized by bands like Nile, Motograter, Thrice, Filter (on the songs "Columind" and "The Missing" fromThe Amalgamut and "Drug Boy" and "The Trouble with Angels" from the album of the same name), Dead byApril, RED, Ill Niño (on Dead New World) and occasionally Slipknot, Crowbar, Amon Amarth, and ParkwayDrive. Trapt uses this tuning on their songs "Hollow Man" and "Waiting".

• Drop A or D standard variation - A-G-C-F-A-D: Used by Mastodon on most of their first album (Remission) and on some songs on other albums. Also utilized by Periphery on the song "Zyglrox." Also used on occasion by Black Label Society, who also have been known to tune it a half-step up, which Alter Bridge also does on some of their songs such as "Broken Wings", "Come to Life", "I Know it Hurts", "Still Remains", "Breath Again", and "All Hope is Gone." Creed, Architects, and Sevendust all use this tuning tuned a half-step down on their songs "Bread of Shame", "Early Grave", and "Home", respectively. Danish industrial metal band Raunchy used this

Guitar tunings 11

tuning tuned one and a half-step down (F#-E-A-D F# B) on the song "Dim the Lights and Run" from the album ADiscord Electric.

• Drop G♯/Drop A♭ - G♯-D♯-G♯-C♯-F-A♯ / A♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-F-B♭Three full steps down from Drop D. Utilized by Dead by April (on some songs), Metallica in the song "InvisibleKid" from St. Anger, Damien Deadson, Love and Death, and The Acacia Strain. Staind also uses this tuning (butwith the 2nd string tuned up 1/2 step to emulate a 7-string guitar), as well as several other modified variations ofthis, such as one in which the 5th string is also dropped from D# to C#.

• Drop G - G-D-G-C-E-AThree and one half steps down from Drop D. Used by Bring Me The Horizon (on the songs "Death Breath" and"Sleep With One Eye Open" from Suicide Season), Attack Attack!, Baroness, The Acacia Strain (on some songs),Dead by April (on some songs), and In Flames (on the song "Transparent" from Reroute to Remain).

• Drop F♯/Drop G♭ - F♯-C♯-F♯-B-D♯-G♯ / G♭-D♭-G♭-B-E♭-A♭Four full steps down from Drop D, or two full steps up from Drop D1. Used by Disfiguring the Goddess. In therecording of Limp Bizkit's song "Nookie", Wes Borland used a custom 4 string baritone guitar tuned F#-F#-B-E.

• Drop F - F-C-F-A♯-D-G / F-C-F-B♭-D-GFour and one half steps down from Drop D, or one and a half steps up from Drop D1. Used by Attack Attack! on"The Wretched" off "This Means War"

• Drop E - E-B-E-A-C♯-F♯ / E-B-E-A-D♭-G♭/Five full steps down from Drop D, or one full step up from Drop D1.

• Drop D♯/Drop E♭ - D♯-A♯-D♯-G♯-C-F / E♭-B♭-E♭-A♭-C-FFive and one half steps down from Drop D, or one half step up from Drop D1.

• Drop D1 Tuning - D-A-D-G-B-ESix full steps (one octave) down from Drop D.

• Drop C♯/Drop D♭ in standard variation Tuning - C♯-A-D-G-B-EStandard tuning but with the 6th string lowered one and a half steps.

• Drop B in standard variation Tuning - B-A-D-G-B-EUsed in the song "Rusty Cage" by Soundgarden, "Cowboy Hat" by Nickelback, "Gasoline" and "Bring Em BackAlive" by Audioslave and "Prison Sex" by Tool. Today is the Day have used it on every album since Temple ofthe Morning Star, Shining use it on most of their album Blackjazz, and Black Label Society uses this on somesongs to emulate a seven-string.

• "Hardcore" Tuning. A tuning primarily used by hardcore and grindcore musicians to create a harsh dissonance bythe use of the open semitone interval.

Double-dropped tunings

Double drop D tuning.

Similar to the dropped tunings, except that both the 1st and 6th stringsare dropped one full step.• Double Drop D - D-A-D-G-B-D

Standard tuning but with the 1st and 6th strings dropped one fullstep. Favored by Neil Young. Has also been used by Lamb of Godon some of their earlier songs.

• Double Drop C♯/Drop D♭ - C♯-G♯-C♯-F♯-A♯-C♯ /D♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B♭-D♭/Same as [Double] Drop D, but every string is dropped one half step.Used by the acoustic rock band Days of the New.

• Double Drop C - C-G-C-F-A-COne full step down from Drop D. Used by Sevendust on the song "Seasons".

Guitar tunings 12

• Double Drop B - B-F♯-B-E-G♯-B / B-G♭-B-E-A♭-B/One and one half steps down from Drop D.

• Double Drop A♯/Drop B♭ - A♯-F-A♯-D♯-G-A♯ / B♭-F-B♭-E♭-G-B♭Two full steps down from Drop D.

• Double Drop A - A-E-A-D-F♯-A / A-E-A-D-G♭-ATwo and one half steps down from Drop D.

• Double Drop G♯/Drop A♭ - G♯-D♯-G♯-C♯-F-G♯ / A♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-F-A♭Three full steps down from Drop D.

• Double Drop G - G-D-G-C-E-GThree and one half steps down from Drop D.

• Double Drop F♯/Drop G♭ - F♯-C♯-F♯-B-D♯-F♯ / G♭-D♭-G♭-B-E♭-G♭Four full steps down from Drop D, or two full steps up from Drop D1.

• Double Drop F - F-C-F-A♯-D-F / F-C-F-B♭-D-FFour and one half steps down from Drop D, or one and a half steps up from Drop D1.

• Double Drop E - E-B-E-A-C♯-E / E-B-E-A-D♭-EFive full steps down from Drop D, or one full step up from Drop D1.

• Double Drop D♯/Double Drop E♭ - D♯-A♯-D♯-G♯-C-D♯ / E♭-B♭-E♭-A♭-C-E♭Five and one half steps down from Drop D, or one half step up from Drop D1.

• Double Drop D1 Tuning - D-A-D-G-B-DSix full steps (one octave) down from Double Drop D.

==Tunings for non-standard guitars

Miscellaneous tunings

Dad-GadD-A-D-G-A-D

Often vocalized as "Dad-Gad", DADGAD is common in Celtic music. In rock music, has been used in LedZeppelin's "Kashmir".[4] Pierre Bensusan is another noted exponent of this tuning.Three down-tuned variations are used by the band Sevendust: A drop C variation, or C-G-C-F-G-C. (used on thesong "Unraveling"), a drop B variation, or B-F#-B-E-F#-B, and a drop A# variation, or A#-F-A#-D#-F-A#.Neighboring tunings D-A-D-E-A-E and C-G-C-D-G-A have been used by Martin Carthy. Also DADAAD, was usedby Dave Wakeling on the English Beat's 1983 "Save It For Later".

Dad-DadD-A-D-D-A-D

Nicknamed - "Papa-Papa". DADDAD is common in folk music (Irish, Scottish), and for the execution of a rhythmguitar in "heavy" (alternative music) on 6 th on the third string at the same time. To reach the tuning fromDADGAD, Open D or Open D Minor, the G string is dropped to D so that the 3rd and 4th strings are tuned to thesame pitch. DADDAD tuning is sometimes used on Dobro guitars for rock and blues. Notable users of this tuninginclude Billy McLaughlin.

Guitar tunings 13

Cello/Standard guitarC-G-d-a-b-e'

Essentially a cello tuning with the deeper four strings in fifths and the two highest strings in standard guitar tuning.Used by Oxbow on their 1989 song "The Valley" and 2007 song "Frank's Frolic." Also used by Foo Fighters on thesong "Weenie Beenie"A variation of this tuning with all four high strings in standard guitar tuning is:

C-G-d-g-b-e'Used by Oxbow on the 1993 (recorded) song "Sunday" and 1996 song "The Last Good Time."

"Karnivool" tuningB-F♯-b-g-b-e'Hybrid tuning between B-tuning and E-standard. Used by the band Karnivool for their Themata album, andsome of their Sound Awake Tracks.

Mi-composéE-A-d'-g-b-e'

Mi-composé is a tuning commonly used for rhythm guitar in African popular music forms such as soukous andmakossa.[17] It is similar to the standard guitar tuning, except that the d string is raised an entire octave. This isaccomplished by replacing the d string with an e' string and tuning it to d'.

Ostrich tuningOstrich tuning is a tuning where all strings are tuned to the same note,[18] creating an intense, chorused drone.

Love BuzzD-A-D-G-B-F

This tuning was used on the song "Love Buzz" by Kurt Cobain of Nirvana.

"Iris" TuningB-D-D-D-d-d

Tuning used by Johnny Rzeznik of the Goo Goo Dolls on the song "Iris".

Microtonal tuningThe open strings of a guitar can be tuned to microtonal intervals, however microtonal scales cannot be played on aconventional guitar because the frets only allow for a chromatic scale of twelve equally spaced pitches, each asemitone apart. It is possible to play microtonal scales on a fretless guitar or to convert a fretted guitar into a fretless.Guitars can also be refretted to a microtonal scale.[19] On many refretted microtonal guitars, the frets are split, so thatthe tuning of each string is independent from the others. To enable an adjustable microtonal tuning, there existguitars with frets that can be moved across the fingerboard.[20][21]

Extended techniques such as the 3rd bridge technique, slide guitar and prepared guitar techniques can be used toproduce microtonality without severe modification to the instrument.

Guitar tunings 14

Instrumental: Not based on six-string guitars

Guitars

Five-string

Five string guitars are common in Brazil, where they are known as guitarra baiana and are typically tuned in 5ths.Schecter Guitar Research produced a production model 5 string guitar called the Celloblaster in 1998.[22] Afive-string tuning may be necessary in a pinch when a string breaks on a standard six-string (usually the high E) andno replacement is immediately available.Some basic five-string tunings include:• Standard - E-A-D-G-B

The standard tuning, without the top E string attached. Alternative variants are easy from this tuning, but becauseseveral chords inherently omit the lowest string, it may leave some chords relatively thin or incomplete with thetop string missing (the D chord, for instance, must be fretted 5-4-3-2-3 to include F#, the tone a major third aboveD).

• Celloblaster tuning - C-G-D-A-ESimilar to All fifths or New Standard Tuning. Used by the noise-rock band Lightning Bolt.

• Baritone - E-A-D-F♯-BIn this tuning, the fourth (G) string is lowered a half-step, thus recreating the intervals between the top fivestrings, lowered a perfect fourth. Though chords can easily and more fully be played from this tuning, itsometimes results in awkward inversions, a relatively minor problem if the five-string is played in an ensemblewith a bass guitar.

• E-A-C♯-F♯-BSimulates the top four strings, followed by the second-from-bottom string on top, raised a whole step (the F♯representing both the top and bottom E). It makes playing in the key of A major easier, though chord fingeringshave to be altered unless the strings are rearranged to F♯-B-E-A-C♯.

• Open G tuning - G-D-G-B-DSome slide/bottleneck guitarists omit the bottom E string when playing in open G to have the Root note as thetonic. This tuning is used by Keith Richards.

• Open E♭5 tuning - E♭-B♭-E♭-B♭-E♭. This is achieved by removing the fourth (G) string, tuning both Es and theB down a half step, and the A and D strings up a half-step. This creates a five-string power chord.

Seven-string

Similar to five-string bass guitar tuning, seven-string tuning allows for the extra string a fourth lower than theoriginal sixth string. This allows for the note range of B standard tuning without transposing E standard guitar chordsdown two and a half steps down. Baritone 7-string guitars are available which features a longer scale-length allowingit to be tuned to a lower range.• Standard Tuning - B-E-A-D-G-B-E

Standard seven-string tuning.

Guitar tunings 15

Lower

• A♯/B♭ tuning - A♯-D♯-G♯-C♯-F♯-A♯-D♯ / B♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B♭-E♭Half a step down from standard, used by bands such as Emmure, TesseracT and Meshuggah in their earlier days,Jeff Loomis (now formerly of Nevermore), Cannibal Corpse mid-career, Adema, American Head Charge, SonataArctica in their album Unia, Mushroomhead, and Slayer (on War Zone and Here Comes the Pain from God HatesUs All).

• A tuning - A-D-G-C-F-A-DA full step down from standard. Used by bands such as Korn, Mushroomhead and Fear Factory

• G♯/A♭ tuning - G♯-C♯-F♯-B-E-G♯-C♯ / A♭-D♭-G♭-B-E-A♭-D♭One and one half steps down from standard. Used by bands such as Deftones (on their self-titled album) and Korn(on the song "Alone I Break", but on 14-string guitars.)

• G tuning - G-C-F-A♯-D♯-G-C / G-C-F-B♭-E♭-G-CTwo full steps down from standard tuning.

• F♯/G♭ tuning - F♯-B-E-A-D-F♯-B / G♭-B-E-A-D-G♭-BTwo and one half steps down from standard. Used by Danish band Mnemic in the albums Passenger and Sons ofthe System.

• F tuning - F-A♯-D♯-G♯-C♯-F-A♯ / F-B♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-F-B♭Three full steps down from standard. Used by Meshuggah during the recording of Nothing. The songs are playedlive using 8 string guitars.

• E tuning - E-A-D-G-C-E-AThree and one half steps down from standard.

• D♯/E♭ tuning - D♯-G♯-C♯-F♯-B-D♯-G♯ / E♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B-E♭-A♭Four full steps down from standard.

• D tuning - D-G-C-F-A♯-D-G / D-G-C-F-B♭-D-GFour and one half steps down from standard.

• C♯/D♭ tuning - C♯-F♯-B-E-A-C♯-F♯ / D♭-G♭-B-E-A-D♭-G♭/Five full steps down from standard.

• C tuning - C-F-A♯-D♯-G♯-C-F / C-F-B♭-E♭-A♭-C-FFive and one half steps down from standard.

• Octave Tuning - B-E-A-D-G-B-ESix full steps (one octave) down from standard tuning.

• Thirds Tuning - E-G♯-C-E-G♯-c-eSame range as standard six-string. Allows over two full chromatic octaves without changing position, slides orbends.

The open C tuning for 7-string guitar was Devin Townsend's preferred tuning for the extreme metal band StrappingYoung Lad.

Guitar tunings 16

Higher

• C tuning - C-F-A♯-D♯-G♯-C-F / C-F-B♭-E♭-A♭-C-FHalf a step up from standard, used by Eddie Rendini during his time in Cold.

Dropped

These tunings have the added low 7th string tuned one full step lower allowing for chord structures similar tosix-string drop tunings.• Drop B - B-F♯-B-E-A-C♯-F♯ / B-F♯-B-E-G♯-C♯-F♯ / B-G♭-B-E-A-D♭-G♭

a tuning which combines the standard drop B tuning of a 6 string electric guitar, but with a high F♯ for soloing.Used by bands such as All Shall Perish and Assemble the Chariots

• Drop A - A-E-A-D-G-B-EA combination of standard 6 string tuning and a 7th string dropped one full step for power chords, used bydeathcore bands such as Suicide Silence, Oceano, and Whitechapel, as well as other bands such as Lacuna Coil,Blotted Science, In This Moment, Dir En Grey, Chimaira (on Pass Out of Existence), and occasionally ScarSymmetry, Escape the Fate, The Devil Wears Prada, and Dry Kill Logic. Triumphant Return guitarist Matti variesthis tuning by dropping both the low B to A and low E to D and raising the high B and E a half-step to C and F(A-D-A-D-G-C-F).

• Drop A - alternatively, A-E-A-D-F#-B-EThe same as drop A tuning for a 6-string on the low strings while retaining a high E. In effect converts a 7-stringinto a drop A baritone guitar, but with standard tuning's soloing capability.

• Drop G♯/Drop A♭ -G♯-D♯-G♯-C♯-F♯-A♯-D♯ / A♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B♭-E♭One half step down from standard Drop A. Used by bands such as Destrophy, TesseracT, Brian "Head" Welchand Periphery

• Drop G - G-D-G-C-F-A-DA full step from standard Drop A, used by such bands as Molotov Solution, Impending Doom, Attack Attack! ontheir album This Means War (Attack Attack! Album), and Born of Osiris on their latest album The Discovery(album).

• Drop F♯/Drop G♭ - F♯-C♯-F♯-B-E-G♯-C♯ / G♭-D♭-G♭-B-E-A♭-D♭One and one half steps down from standard Drop A. Used by Deftones (on their Saturday Night Wrist album).

• Drop F -F-C-F-A♯-D♯-G-C / F-C-F-B♭-E♭-G-C /Two full steps down from standard Drop A used on three tracks on Attack Attack!'s album This Means War(Attack Attack! Album): The Hopeless, The Abduction, and The Wretched. Triumphant Return uses a variation ofthis tuning also (F-C-G-C-F-A-D).

• Drop E - E-B-E-A-D-F♯-B / E-B-E-A-D-G♭-BTwo and one half steps down from standard Drop A.

• Drop D♯/Drop E♭ - D♯-A♯-D♯-G♯-C♯-F-A♯ / E♭-B♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-F-B♭Three full steps down from standard Drop A.

• Drop D - D-A-D-G-C-E-AThree and one half steps down from standard Drop A.

• Drop C♯/Drop D♭ - D♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B-E♭-A♭ / C♯-G♯-C♯-F♯-B-D♯-G♯Four full steps down from standard Drop A.

• Drop C - C-G-C-F-A♯-D-G / C-G-C-F-B♭-D-GFour and one half steps down from standard Drop A.

• Drop B1 - B-F♯-B-E-A-C♯-F♯ / B-G♭-B-E-A-D♭-G♭Five full steps down from standard Drop A. Six full steps (one octave) down from a baritone Drop B guitar

• Drop A♯/Drop B♭ - A♯-F-A♯-D♯-G♯-C-F / B♭-F-B♭-E♭-A♭-C-FFive and one half steps down from standard Drop A.

Guitar tunings 17

• Drop A1 Tuning - A-E-A-D-G-B-ESix full steps (one octave) down from standard Drop A.

Eight-string

A continuation of the 7-string, adding another string a fifth lower than the seven strings low B. The eight stringguitars additional low F♯ string is just a whole step up from a bass guitars low E string. While luthiers have beenbuilding these instruments previously, mass-produced Eight-string electric guitars are a relatively recent innovation.Ibanez was first to offer a production 8-string guitar in March 2007.[23] Many other companies now producemass-market 8-string models, yet these guitars remain relatively uncommon.• Standard - F♯-B-E-A-D-G-B-E

Standard eight-string tuning. Used by Scar Symmetry on the song "Mechanical Soul Cybernetics" from the albumDark Matter Dimensions and by Deftones on their album Diamond Eyes.

• F tuning - F-B♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B♭-E♭Half a step down from standard tuning. Used by Meshuggah and After The Burial.

• E tuning - E-A-D-G-C-F-A-DOne full step down from standard tuning. Used by Meshuggah

• E♭ tuning- E♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B-E-A♭-D♭One and a half steps down from standard tuning. Used by Meshuggah.

• A tuning - A-D-G-C-F-A-D-GThree and one half steps down from standard tuning.

• High A - B-E-A-D-G-B-E-AStandard seven string tuning with a 'high a' Used by Rusty Cooley.

Dropped

• Drop E/F♭ - E-B-E-A-D-G-B-EA combination of standard 7 string tuning and a 8th string dropped one full step for power chords, used byAnimals as Leaders and Whitechapel (on the songs "Devolver" and "Breeding Violence" from A New Era ofCorruption) (E A E A D G B E).

• Drop E♭/D♯ - E♭-B♭-E♭-A♭-D♭-G♭-B♭-E♭Half a step down from drop E tuning. Used by Meshuggah in the album Catch Thirty-Three, in the song Shed, andused by Emmure in the album Speaker Of The Dead in the song "Word of Intulo"

• Drop D - D-A-D-G-C-F-A-DOne full step down from drop E. Used by Meshuggah in the song Obsodian.

• Drop C♭} - C♭-G♭-C♭-F♭-B♭-E♭-G♭-C♭One and a half steps down from drop E.

Steel GuitarOn table steel guitar and pedal steel guitar, the most common tunings are the extended-chord C6 tuning and E9tuning, sometimes known as the Texas and Nashville tunings respectively. On a multiple-neck instrument, the nearneck will normally be some form of C6, and the next closest neck E9.Necks with 12 or more strings can be used with universal tunings which combine the features of C6 and E9. On a 12string pedal steel guitar, all 12 strings are tuned and played individually, not as 6 double courses as on the 12 stringguitar.On lap steel guitar there is often only one six-string neck. C6 tuning is popular for these instruments, as are open G,E6, and E7 tuning.

Guitar tunings 18

Renaissance lute• Renaissance lute tuning: E-A-d-f♯-b-e'This tuning may also be used with a capo at the third fret to match the common lute pitch: G-c-f-a-d'-g'. This tuningalso matches standard vihuela tuning and is often employed in classical guitar transcriptions of music written forthose instruments.

Notes[1] Denyer (1992, pp. 158–159)[2][2] Sethares (2011)[3] Christian Musician interview article with Persons, January 1986[4] Johnson, Gordie (1 May 2008). "Hey Kid, What Tuning is That?". Canadian Musician 30 (3): 25.[5] Cohen, Andy (22 March 2005). "Stefan Grossman- Country Blues Guitar in Open Tunings". Sing Out! 49 (1): 152.[6] Sethares, Bill (2001). "Regular tunings" (http:/ / sethares. engr. wisc. edu/ alternatetunings/ regulartunings. pdf) (pdf). Alternate tuning guide.

Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering. pp. 52–67. 2010 Alternate tuning guide, including arevised chapter on regular tunings (http:/ / sethares. engr. wisc. edu/ alternatetunings/ alltunings. pdf). . Retrieved 19 May 2012.

[7] Sethares (2001, pp. 58–59)[8] Bianco, Bob (1987). Guitar in Fourths. New York City: Calliope Music. ISBN 0-9605912-2-2. OCLC 16526869.[9] Sethares (2001, "The mandoguitar tuning" 62–63)[10] Tamm, Eric (2003) [1990] (html), Robert Fripp: From crimson king to crafty master (http:/ / www. progressiveears. com/ frippbook/ ch10.

htm) (Progressive Ears ed.), Faber and Faber (1990), ISBN 0-571-16289-4, Zipped Microsoft Word Document (http:/ / www. erictamm. com/rf. zip), , retrieved 25 March 2012

[11] Zwerdling, Daniel (5 September 5 1998). "California Guitar Trio" (http:/ / www. highbeam. com/ doc/ 1P1-29111365. html) (html). AllThings Considered (Washington DC: National Public Radio). . Audio recording (free) (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ story/ story.php?storyId=1006483). . Retrieved 25 March 2012.

[12] Fripp (2011, p. 3): Fripp, Robert (2011). Pozzo, Horacio. ed. Seven Guitar Craft themes: Definitive scores for guitar ensemble (http:/ /partitasmusic. com/ ). "Original transcriptions by Curt Golden", "Layout scores and tablatures: Ariel Rzezak and Theo Morresi" (First limiteded.). Partitas Music. ISMN 979-0-9016791-7-7. DGM Sku partitas001. .

[13] Sethares (2001, "The augmented fourths tuning" 60–61)[14] Sethares (2001, "The augmented fourths tuning", p. 60 (http:/ / sethares. engr. wisc. edu/ alternatetunings/ regulartunings. pdf))[15] Turner, Steve (30 December 2005). "Interview with Ron Jarzombek" (http:/ / www. ronjarzombek. com/ stevet. html) (html).

RonJarzombek.com (http:/ / www. ronjarzombek. com/ ). . Retrieved 23 May 2012.

Ron Jarzombek used the BF augmented-fourths tuning for "Two Thirds Of Satan" also.[16] http:/ / www. betterguitar. com/ instruction/ rhythm_guitar/ tune_down_half_step/ tune_down_half_step. html[17] Steward, Gary (2004). Rumba on the River: A History of the Popular Music of the Two Congos (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=gKEHO1z413EC& pg=PA34). Verso. pp. 34. ISBN 978-1-85984-368-0. .[18] Lou Reed biography (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0715563/ bio) at IMDB[19] "Alternative tunings on Fretted Instruments–Refretting and Other Approaches". Experimental Musical Instruments journal 3 #6: 3–6. April

1988.[20] US Patent for individually adjustable frets (http:/ / www. google. nl/ patents/ US4981064)[21] The Adjustable Microtonal Guitar by Tolgahan Çoğulu (http:/ / www. erhanbirol. com/ othersites/ tolgahan/ EN/ microtonal_en. html)[22] Schecter Guitar Research (1999) Diamond Series. Schecter Guitar Research Catalogs. Los Angeles, CA[23] Official Ibanez Forums announcement: http:/ / www. ibanez. com/ forum/ forum_posts. asp?TID=4151& PN=1

References• Denyer, Ralph (1992). "Playing the guitar ('How the guitar is tuned', pp. 68–69, and 'Alternative tunings',

pp. 158–159)". The guitar handbook. Special contributors Isaac Guillory and Alastair M. Crawford (Fully revisedand updated ed.). London and Syndey: Pan Books. pp. 65–160. ISBN 0-330-32750-X.

• Sethares, William A. (2011). "Alternate tuning guide" (http:/ / sethares. engr. wisc. edu/ alternatetunings/alternatetunings. html) (html). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; Department of ElectricalEngineering. 2010 PDF version by Bill Sethares (http:/ / sethares. engr. wisc. edu/ alternatetunings/ alltunings.pdf). Retrieved 19 May 2012.

Article Sources and Contributors 19

Article Sources and ContributorsGuitar tunings  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=495408727  Contributors: 5 albert square, 66Sequoia, A plague of rainbows, A.R., ARKAEAN, AUBeastmaster, Aadieu,Acasson, Adam Bishop, Ahoerstemeier, Airproofing, Aitias, Altzinn, AmericanPrankster, Andeggs, AndrewHowse, Andrewa, Anger22, Antandrus, AraThiOn, Arckeron, Arpad.kollanyi, ArthurMorrison, Astonmartini, Astralography, Auntof6, Autarch, Av99, Avengedpantera, Avram Fawcett, B, BD2412, Bandobando, Bartleby, Bearingbreaker92, BenEBrady, Benwing, Bhny,Bigtimepeace, Blanchardb, Blanu, Blastdude, Blauwkoe, Blue bear sd, BoelieWKP, Bogey97, Bogwraith, Bouket, Brian Fenton, Brookshawn, Brutalbass, Bubba73, Burger king, C777, Cahillee,Calabe1992, Captiivus, Cassius987, Chapirete789, Chasdenonno, Chevellefan11, Chris Capoccia, Ckatz, Colonies Chris, Conti, Coolguy911, CorporealJigsore, Custardninja, D'Agosta, DNAku,Da Vynci, Danger, Dark Mage, DavidJJJ, DavidRF, Davidsonjorel, Dawn Bard, Dcattell, Deathbat1, Delicious carbuncle, Denstat, Deville, Dissolve, Djwings, Dog Barn Star, Drmies, ERNesbitt,Eb.eric, Eeekster, EkoMarga, Empirecontact, Epbr123, Evanreyes, EvilAngel72089, Exquisite niche, FMAFan1990, Falcon Kirtaran, Falsehopesgg, Father Cory, FayssalF, Firsfron, Fiveonadub,FlameIbrah, Flowanda, Fraterm, FreddyFred, Fretsource, Fromps, Gaius Cornelius, Gargaj, Ghewgill, Glacier Wolf, Gloze, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, GraemeL, Graham87, GrammarPolice1984,Grayjay103, Gregorof, GreyCat, Grundoon, Grungehippie, Gtbob12, Gwalla, Gwarfan, Hapinguf, Hobartimus, Hollow181, Houtlijm, Hsxeric, Hu12, Hyacinth, Hydrogen Iodide, Hysteresis1,INXS-Girl, IanMSpencer, Inkington, Inozeros, Inquisitive Brutality, Iopq, Irbisgreif, Issyl0, J. Kevin Wolfe, J.delanoy, JMyrleFuller, JRomero, JSC ltd, Jagun, Jameswf, Jason Quinn, Jayohewhy,Jaysweet, Jds10912, JesseStone, Jhamm91, Joey1527, Jogers, Jogloran, Johnharris23, Jorgicio, JoshuaPL, Jowie, Jpgordon, Julesd, Kaiba, Kameejl, Kaobear, Karlhendrikse, Kelly Martin, Kenliu,Ketic1, Kiefer.Wolfowitz, Killingthedream, Kinzoku870, Koavf, Kona1611, KplFlUSA, Kwiki, KyraVixen, Latka, Leahtwosaints, LilHelpa, Lozenger 91, M0thr4, MBisanz, MER-C,Machoroast, Mandarax, Manning Bartlett, Marasmusine, Marskuzz, Martarius, MartectX, MatthewVanitas, Max v, Mbc362, McTavidge, Me2NiK, MegA, MegX, Melaen, Methodguitar,Mets501, Mezmerizer, Mikeymathis, Miracleworker5263, Mlindstr, Mmoncur, Mnymosine, MoRsE, Mordomo, Mr.MojoRisin', MrFizyx, MrOllie, Mtd2006, Muhandes, Munci, Mysid, N5iln,NIRVANA2764, NY773, Nagy, NameIsRon, Nathan.price, Nic The Illemonati, Nick R, Nick5935, Noah Salzman, Nono64, Nopehead, Northamerica1000, Nuujinn, Obstruct, Ocatecir, Oli Filth,Omegatron, OnBeyondZebrax, Orffyreus, Ours18, Outdoorperson, P.I.T.O.W., Painkiller JP, Patoorio, Patriarch, Paul-Ethan, Pearle, Phifer784, Phthoggos, Picklenose666, PicktownGolfer,Pinkadelica, Pmcs140968, Pmlineditor, Pollythewasp, Prashanthns, PrometheusX303, Prs2014, PseudoOne, Ptkday, Pwhitwor, Quebec99, Qwerty Binary, R'n'B, R.christie, Radagast83, Radiantchains, Radioactivebloke, Rajneeshrock, Raoul NK, Rayner101, Razzbone, Realcygnus, RedEarth, Redarted special, Registreernu, Rich Farmbrough, Richard.darren, Riick, Rivenbeef, Rjwilmsi,Rogermw, Rothorpe, RoyBoy, Rundquist, RyanMcGinnis, Ryanasaurus007, Schellack, Scotttroyer, Scummings, SebDaMuffin, Sebleblanc, Sergivs-en, ShakataGaNai, ShelfSkewed,Shinigami2057, Siege72, Simenstensland, Sjr198189, Skunkbunk, Slash's snakepit, Smickysmicker, Spacenarwhal, Specs112, Ssmallen, Stallonselvan, Static3d, Stefanminogue, SteveMcBill,Strobilus, SubtractM, Super Spam Away, Sus scrofa, Svindland, Szadou, Taestell, Tagrich1961, Tall Midget, Tassedethe, TenPoundHammer, Tetracube, The Haunted Angel, The Stickler, Therev2, TheDeathCard, TheMasterBroadcaster, TheRedPenOfDoom, TheXenocide, Theunknown42, Thunderbird2, Tiku-Orava, TimNelson, Tkma, Toastedmarshmellow, Tomaat, Tomwsulcer,Tornadothrasher, Travisvoices, Tritoneking, Trus3683, Trusilver, Ulric1313, Uncle G, Unreadablecharacters, Usrnme h8er, Uzisuicide, Version191, Verygoodinput, Vinceb-london, Violncello,Waggers, Waterfallsrus, Web-Crawling Stickler, Wereon, Wholedacdc, Whothefucisgaunt, WikiDan61, Wildchild06, Willsketch, Wisdom89, Wiso0, Wizard191, Wj32, Woohookitty,Worrensanchez, Wrv3, Wuhwuzdat, Ww, Xdiabolicalx, Yapser, Yawaraey, Youngncy, Yousou, Zacharymiller, Zparker686, Пика Пика, 1692 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Range guitar.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Range_guitar.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors: Original: MezzofortistVectorization: Rannpháirtí anaithnidFile:Guitar standard tuning.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guitar_standard_tuning.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Created by Hyacinth (talk) 21:35, 7May 2010 using Sibelius 5.File:Guitar notes.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guitar_notes.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:HyacinthFile:Open D tuning.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Open_D_tuning.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Created by Hyacinth (talk) 22:16, 7 May 2010 usingSibelius 5.File:D modal tuning.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:D_modal_tuning.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Created by Hyacinth (talk) 21:45, 7 May 2010using Sibelius 5.File:D tuning.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:D_tuning.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Created by Hyacinth (talk) 22:02, 7 May 2010 using Sibelius 5.File:Terz tuning for guitar.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Terz_tuning_for_guitar.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Hyacinth at en.wikipediaFile:Drop D tuning.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Drop_D_tuning.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Created by Hyacinth (talk) 22:10, 7 May 2010 usingSibelius 5.File:Double drop D tuning.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Double_drop_D_tuning.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Created by Hyacinth (talk) 23:38, 7May 2010 using Sibelius 5.

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