COLGATE-A HISTORY OF SOVIET AND RUSSIAN CHEMICAL … HISTORY … · kuntsevich, and gen. igor...
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A HISTORY OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN CHEMICAL WEAPONS PROGRAM Milton Leitenberg, CISSM, University of Maryland 1. WWI 2. Geneva Protocol of 1925 3. The Soviet CW Program, 1919-1941 4. WW 2 5. 1945 6. The Soviet Post-WW 2 CW Program 7. The Novichok Story 8. Soviet Declared CW Production and Storage: The Soviet CW Stockpile and its Destruction 9. Bilateral and Multilateral CW Arms Control: The Soviet Non- Compliance Statement
Transcript of COLGATE-A HISTORY OF SOVIET AND RUSSIAN CHEMICAL … HISTORY … · kuntsevich, and gen. igor...
AHISTORYOFTHESOVIETANDRUSSIANCHEMICALWEAPONSPROGRAM
MiltonLeitenberg,CISSM,UniversityofMaryland
1.WWI2.GenevaProtocolof19253.TheSovietCWProgram,1919-19414.WW25.19456.TheSovietPost-WW2CWProgram7.TheNovichok Story8.SovietDeclaredCWProductionandStorage:TheSovietCWStockpileanditsDestruction9.BilateralandMultilateralCWArmsControl:TheSovietNon-ComplianceStatement
I.WWI
Ø EVERYPARTICIPATINGMAJORPOWERUSEDCHEMICAL
WEAPONS.
Ø ROUGHLY10PERCENTOFCASUALTIESWEREDUETOCW
FORALLPARTIES,ANDMORTALITY10%OFCWCASUALTIES.
RUSSIASLIGHTLYWORSE.
2.GENEVAPROTOCOLOF1925
Ø PROHIBITSUSEOFCWORBW“INWAR”.
Ø THEREWASNOPROHIBITIONAGAINSTPRODUCTIONORSTOCKPILING.
ØSOMECOUNTRIESRESERVEDTHERIGHTTOUSEINRETALIATION.
3.THESOVIETCWPROGRAM,1919TO1941
1926TO1933,COLLABORATIONWITHGERMANY,UNDERTHE1922
USSR-GERMANTREATYOFRAPALLO
Ø TOOKPLACEATTHETOMKA-SHIKANY“POLYGON”OUTDOORCWTEST
SITE.SHIKANY,CENTRALMILITARYCHEMICALPROVINGGROUND(VOLSK
REGION,SARATOVOBLAST).
1932TO1935,CWINFORMATIONEXCHANGESWITHITALY.
SOVIETMILITARYCHEMICALSTORAGESITES,1918-1945
4.WW2
Ø NOUSEBYANYPARTYEXCEPTJAPANINCHINA:MINIMALANDTONOMILITARYEFFECT.
Ø RUSSIANWW2STOCKPILESWERESAMECWAGENTSASWWI:MUSTARD,PHOSGENE,LEWISITE
Ø GERMANSCIENTISTSDISCOVER“NERVEAGENTS”IN1939ININSECTICIDERESEARCH.ORGANOPHOSPHORUSACETYLCHOLINEESTERASEINHIBITORSLEADSTOTHEGCLASS OFNERVEAGENTS:SOMAN,SARIN,ETC.MANYANALOGUES.
ØNOALLIEDGOVERNMENTHADDISCOVEREDTHESEORKNEWOFTHEGERMANPROGRAM
5.1945
Ø SOVIETFORCESCAPTUREGERMANSOMAN PLANTATDYHERNFURTH.TRANSPORTEDTHEENTIREFACILTIYANDITSSCIENTIFICANDTECHNICALSTAFFTORUSSIATOTHESTALINGRADBRANCHOFTHESCIENTIFICRESEARCHINSTITUTE#42[N11-42].
Ø NEVERTHELESSITTOOK10YEARSFORPRODUCTIONTOBEGIN.
Ø USSRHELDTHEGERMANSUNTIL~1955,ASITDIDGERMANNUCLEARANDROCKET(V-2)ANDAVIATIONSCIENTISTS.BASISOFPOST-WARSOVIETBALLISTICMISSILEPROGRAM.
6.SOVIETPOST-WW2CWPROGRAM
LIKETHESOVIETBWPROGRAM,VERYLARGE COMPAREDTOTHE
US ALITTLELESSLARGETHANTHEIRBWPROGRAM.
Ø LARGEDISCREPANCIES:RUSSIANDECLAREDLISTS,WHILE
FEDEROVCLAIMS“HUNDREDS”OFSITES.
Ø USSRDID DEPLOYSOMECWMUNITIONSFORWARDINWTO
MEMBERSTATES,THOUGHITDENIEDTHATITEVERDID.
THEMAJORRESEARCHINSTITUTESINTHECWPROGRAMØ GOSNIIOKhT:STATESCIENTIFCRESEARCHINSTITUTEOFORGANIC
CHEMISTRYANDTECHNOLOGY ,WITHBRANCHESATSHIKANY,VOLGOGRAD,NOVOCHEBOKSARSK.
Ø EVOLVEDFROMSCIENTIFICINSTITUTENO.42(N11-42;POBOXM-5125)
ASWITHBW:CLOSEDCITIES,CODENAMES,POBOX#’S
Ø SHIKANYBRANCHEVOLVEDINTOTHEGITOS:STATEINSTITUTEFORTECHNOLOGYOFORGANICSYNTHESIS()INVOLSK,NEARSHIKANY.
§ GOSNIIOKhT/MOSCOW:3,500STAFF,500PHDs§ GOSNIIOKhT/VOLGOGRAD:500-700STAFF§ GOSNIIOKhT/SHIKANY:1,500STAFF§ GOSNIIOKhT/NOVOCHEBOKSARSK:~300STAFF.
Source:PaulWalker,GreenCross
Source:USGovernmentPowerpoint Presentation
Source:PaulWalker,GreenCross
Artillerywarheadsandbombs,VXnerveagent
Source:PaulWalker,GreenCross
SCUDandFROGmissilewarheads,onleft,VXnerveagent
Source:USGovernmentPowerpointPresentation
Source:JulianRobinson,UniversityofSussex,adaptedfromShikanyvisitpamphlet,Novosti PressAgency,1988.
Source:“Jane’sIntelligenceReview,”April1999.
Source:“Jane’sIntelligenceReview,”April1999.
7.FOLIANT:THE“NOVICHOK”PROGRAMØ POSSIBLERELATIONTOTHEUSMID-1960sTOPHATDISINFORMATIONEFFORT.Ø 1971CENTRALCOMMITTEEDECISION,FOLIANTPROGRAM.ATTHISTIMETHECWDECISIONWASLEGAL,(VSTHE1972CENTRALCOMMITTEEDECISIONTOBEGINARENEWEDBWPROGRAM)INMAY1971,THECENTRALCOMMITTEEOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYANDTHESOVIETCOUNCILOFMINISTERSAPPROVEDANEWEFFORTTOCREATEA“FOURTH-GENERATION”OFCHEMICALWEAPONS.(WORLDWARIAGENTSSUCHASPHOSGENEANDMUSTARDWERECONSIDEREDTHEFIRSTGENERATION,GAGENTSTHESECOND,ANDVAGENTSTHETHIRD.)THEKREMLINSOUGHTTOACQUIREANEWCLASSOFNERVEAGENTSWITHGREATERTOXICITY,STABILITY,PERSISTENCE,EASEOFPRODUCTION,ANDOTHERMILITARILYRELEVANTPRIOPERTIES.CODENAMED“FOLIANT,”THISRESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENTPROGRAMWASSHROUDEDINTHEHIGHESTLEVELOFSECRECY.[TUCKER,P.231]
MARCH1983,SECONDFOLIANT CENTRALCOMMITTEEDECISIONTHE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY AND THE SOVIET COUNCIL OF MINISTERS ISSUED A SECRET DECREE ON MARCH 25, 1983, DIRECTING GosNIIOKhT TO DEVELOP BINARY VERSIONS OF THE FOURTH-GENERATION AGENTS. THE RATIONALE FOR THIS EFFORT WAS TO CATCH UP WITH THE UNITED STATES, WHICH ALREADY HAD THREE BINARY CHEMICAL MUNITIONS UNDER DEVELOPMENT. IN CONTRAST TO THE US PROGRAM, WHICH CONGRESS HAD DEBATED OPENLY FOR YEARS, SOVIET BINARY DEVELOPMENT WAS CONDUCTED UNDER EXTREME SECRECY. ONE REASON WAS THAT THE SOVIETS SOUGHT TO DEVELOP BINARY NERVE AGENTS WHOSE COMPONENTS RESEMBLED ORDINARY INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL, WITH A VIEW TO CIRCUMVENTING THE VERIFICATION PROVISIONS OF A FUTURE TREATY BANNING CHEMICAL ARMS.CENTRALITY OF GosNIIOKhT AND GITOS TO THE EFFORT.
“NOVICHOK”ISAFAMILY OFCOMPOUNDS
Ø “NOVICHOK”ISVARIOUSLYTRANSLATEDINTOENGLISHAS“NEWBOY,”“NEWCOMER,”“NOVICE,”“ROOKIE”.THESEARENOT VAGENTS.
ØMADEHUNDREDS OFANALOGUES.5MAJORONES.TWO,A-232ANDA-233,WERESYNTHESIZEDBYPYTORKIRPICHEVIN1972.[SOVIETPRACTICEFORLABELLINGAGENTS,SAMEASINSTITUTES,LETTERDESIGNATION,A.]ATHIRDWASSYNTHESIZEDIN1976.AFOURTH,NOVICHOK-5,PASSEDACCEPTANCETESTINGANDWASACCEPTEDFORUSEBYSOVIETMILITARYFORCES.
1986,USSRBUILDSNUKUSPILOTPLANT
Ø THEYEARBEFOREGORBACHEV’SUNSPEECHANNOUNCINGTHEENDTOALLSOVIETCWPRODUCTION– THEUSSRBUILDSTHECLOSEDCHEMICALRESEARCHINSITUTEATNUKUS,UZBEKISTAN,FORTHEPILOTPLANTPRODUCTION OFNOVICHOKAGENTS,MAMMALAINTESTCHAMBERSANDMUNITIONSFILLING.
Ø TESTINGTAKESPLACE,ANDPLANSAREMADEFORAPRODUCTIONFACILITYTOBEBUILTATPAVLODARINKAZAKHSTAN,PRESUMABLYFORA-320.NEVERBUILT.
EVIDENCEOFNOVICHOK AGENTSDEVELOPMENTANDPRODUCTIONINAPRIL1991,FOURYEARSAFTERGORBACHEV’SUNSPEECH,GORBACHEVSECRETLY AWARDSTHELENINPRIZE FORSUCCESSFULDEVELOPMENTANDPILOTPLANTPRODUCTIONOFNOVICHOKAGENTSTOGosNIIOKhT DIRECTORVICTORPETRUNIN,GENERALANATOLYKUNTSEVICH,ANDGEN.IGORYEVSTAVYEVDISCLOSURESBYVILMIRZAYANOVIN1991,1992 INKURANTY 9/1991;MOSKOVSKIENOVOSTII [MOSCOWNEWS],9/1992.INMIRZAYANOV’S2008 BOOK,STATESECRETS.VLADIMIRUGLEV,ANOVICHOKSYNTHESIZERALSOWENTPUBLICINRUSSIAIN1994.MUCHMOREDETAILEDDISCLOSURESINMARCH2018 BYMIRZAYANOV,UGLEVANDLEONARDRINK.THEYDISCLOSEZHELEZNYAKOV’SDEATHDUETONOVICHOKLABEXPOSURE.
Source:Dr.Vil Mirzayanov,1995StimsonCentermonograph
RUSSIADIDN’TDECLARETHENOVICHOKCOMPOUNDSINITSCWCDECLARATION
RUSSIAHAS NEVERTOTHISDAYADMITTEDTOTHEOPCWTHATITHAD/HASTHESECOMPOUNDS,APROGRAMFORTHEIRRDT&E– ORTHATONEOFTHECLASSWASACCEPTEDBYTHERUSSIANMILITARYFORUSE.HOWEVER,CONTRARYTOALLTHERUSSIANSTATEMENTSSINCETHESALISBURYEVENTS,RUSSIA DIDADMITTONOVICHOKDEVELOPMENT INBILATERALDISCUSSIONSWITHTHEUSIN1994,BUTEXPLAINEDTHEWORKASLEGITIMATE.ANAPRIL13,2018UKGOVERNMENTSTATEMENTSAIDTHAT“WITHINTHELASTDECADERUSSIAHASPRODUCEDANDSTOCKPILEDSMALLQUANTITIESOFNOVICHOKS”
WHYTHESECOMPOUNDSARENOTLISTEDINTHECWC“SCHEDULES”Ø THETHREELISTSOFCWAGENTSANDINTERMEDIARIES.
Ø THE6-7YEARNEGOTIATIONSONTHECWCTEXTHADBEENCOMPLETEDINSEPTEMBER1992,ANDAGREEMENTONTHELISTSOFCHEMICALSBYTHEENDOF1991.THEFIRSTINFORMATIONONTHENOVICHOKAGENTSCAMEINOCTOBER1992ANDNOONEWANTEDTOGOBACKANDREOPENTHENEGOTIATIONS,ALWAYSAFRAUGHTAFFAIR.INFACT,THEPOSSIBILITYWASNEVEREVENDISCUSSED.
Ø THESCHEDULES,ESPECIALLYTHEFIRST,WASFORPURPOSESOFOPCWINSPECTIONOFINDUSTRIALCHEMICALFACILITIESANDCONSISTEDOFWWIANDWW2CWAGENTSTHATHADSEENMASSIVEPRODUCTIONANDWEAPONIZATIONBYMANYCOUNTRIES.
8.SIZEANDDESTRUCTIONOFRUSSIANCWSTOCKPILE
Ø BETWEEN1960’SANDMID-1980’SUSESTIMATESWERE~400,000AGENTTONSANDUKGOVERNMENTESTIMATES~300,000AGENTTONS,BYDIFFERENTESTIMATINGMETHODS.
Ø THEUSDECLARED 31,000METRIC TONS(34,282TONS)ANDONDECEMBER26,1987THEUSSRSAID”NOMORETHAN50,000METRICTONSOFCHEMICALWARFAREAGENTS”.BUT5-6YEARSLATERTHEUSSRDECLARED39,967METRICTONS(~”40,000”)TOTHECWC.
RUSSIANEFFORTSTOREDUCESTOCKPILEBEFORECWCENTRY1987,GORBACHEVREPORTEDLYORDEREDLARGE-SCALEGATHERINGOFSOVIETCWSTOCKSINTOSEVENSITES,ANDBURIALANDOCEANDUMPING(BLACKSEA)INORDERTOREDUCETHETOTALTONNAGETOSOMETHINGCOMPARABLETOTHATOFTHEUS.INOTHERWORDS– ASINBW– THESIZEOFTHEPROGRAM,ORATLEASTITSOUTPUTINTHISCASE,WASANORDEROFMAGNITUDE– TENTIMES– GREATERTHANTHATOFTHEUS. FEDEROVCLAIMSTHATSOVIETCWSTOCKSWERE“ANORDEROFMAGNITUDE”GREATERTHANTHEDECLAREDTONNAGEAND“BURIEDINSEVERALHUNDREDS[OF]POINTSOF[THE]SOVIETUNIONINANORGANIZEDWAY.”
RUSSIANEFFORTSTOREDUCESTOCKPILEBEFORECWCENTRYØTHECHEMICALWEAPONSCONVENTION(CWC)WASSIGNEDONJANUARY13,1993ANDRATIFIED/ENTEREDINTOFORCE(EIF)ONAPRIL29,1997.THECWC“PROHIBITSTHEUSE,DEVELOPMENT,PRODUCTION,STOCKPILINGANDTRANSFEROFCHEMICALWEAPONS.”UNTILENTRYINTOFORCE,PRIORUNRECORDEDANDUNOBSERVEDDESTRUCTIONWASLEGITIMATEUNDERTHECWC§ CWCSTATESPARTYDIDNOTNEEDTODECLARECWBURIEDBEFOREJANUARY1,1976.
§ CWCSTATESPARTYDIDNOTNEEDTODECLARECWDUMPEDATSEA BEFOREJANUARY1,1985.
§ INPRACTICE,CWCMEMBERSTATESBYANDLARGEDON’TDECLAREANYBURYINGORDUMPING.
RUSSIANCWPRODUCTIONSITESANDTHEIRDESTRUCTION
Ø RUSSIADECLARED24CWPRODUCTION FACILITIES.(US,NINEPRODUCTIONANDSTORAGESITES.)
ØONSEPTEMBER27,2017RUSSIADECLAREDCOMPLETIONOFDESTRUCTION– “DEMILITARIZATION”-- OF“CATEGORY1CHEMICALWEAPONS”. (THISIS“FIRSTSTAGENEUTRALIZATION”,ACCEPTEDBYTHEOPCW,VSUSTOTALDESTRUCTION.)
RUSSIANCWDESTRUCTIONCOSTESTIMATES
Ø TOTALCOSTESTIMATES ARE ~$10BILLION:NOEXACTFIGURES(RUSSIADIDN’TDISCLOSETHEIRCOSTS).
Ø RUSSIASPENT~80%ANDTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITYCONTRIBUTEDTHEOTHER~20%.
Ø US:$1.2BILLION (60%OFTHE~$2BILLION)VIANUNN-LUGARFUNDS
Ø GERMANY,$500MILLIONPLUS
Ø OVER200THERCOUNTRIESCONTRIBUTEDTHEREMAINING~$300MILLION.
PUTINWITHDRAWSFROMUS-USSRCWCOOPERATION
ONOCTOBER10,2012 PUTINANNOUNCEDTHATRUSSIAWOULDWITHDRAWFROMCOOPERATIONWITHTHENUNN-LUGARPROGRAM,ANDITENDEDIN2013.THERUSSIANMILITARYCLAIMEDTHATTHEUSWASJUSTINTERESTEDINSTEALINGRUSSIANMILITARYSECRETS:ATHROWBACKTOPRE-1987. KUNTSEVICHHADALSOCLAIMEDTHATTHE1987WYOMINGMOUANDTHE1990BILATERALDESTRUCTIONAGREEMENT,BDA,WEREFORUSSPYING.
8.BILATERAL(US-USSR)ANDMULTILATERALCWARMSCONTROLØ STARTSATTHEENDCINGENEVAINEARLY1960s.USSRALWAYSINSISTEDONAJOINTBW/CWTREATY.USUNILATERALLYENDEDITSOFFENSIVEBWPROGRAMIN1969ANDDESTROYEDALLSTOCKSBYEND-1971.THEUKTABLEDABWONLY TREATYINGENEVA..USSRACCEPTS,ANDUS-USSRWRITEDRAFTABWTREATY,SIGNEDONAPRIL101972ANDRATIFIED/EIFMARCH26,1975.INTERNATIONALNEGOTIATIONMOVESTOCW
Ø JULY1974NIXON-BREZHNEVSUMMIT,“PLEDGE”A“JOINTINITIATIVEON CWDISARMAMENT.”
Ø 1975FORD-BREZHNEVVLADIVOSTOKSUMMIT,PLEDGEREAFFIRMEDØ 1976-1980,BILATERALTALKSALLDURINGTHECARTERADMINISTRATION,BUTUSSRREFUSEDANYVERIFICATION.
Ø1984,BILATERALTALKSBEGINAGAIN,BUTSOON MULTILATERALDISCUSSIONSSHIFTTOACHEMICALWEAPONSCONVENTION,THECWC,BUTGETNOWHEREUNTILGORBACHEV.
GORBACHEVYEARSØ ONAPRIL10,1987GORBACHEVUNSPEECH ANNOUNCESTHATTHEUSSRWASENDINGALLPRODUCTIONOFCHEMICALWEAPONSANDWOULDCONVERTITSCWPRODUCTIONFACILITIESTOCIVILIANPURPOSE.CWCNEGOTIATIONSPICKUPMOMENTUMANDFORCEUSSRTOUNDERSTANDTHATON-SITEINSPECTIONWOULDBEPARTOFANYEVENTUALTREATY.
Ø AUGUST11,1987,SHEVARDNADZESTATESINGENEVA THATUSSRWOULDACCEPTMANDATORYSHORTNOTICEINSPECTIONS.
ØOCTOBER3-4,1987 USSRARRANGESCAREFULLYCONTROLLEDVISITFORWESTERNOBSERVERSTOPARTSOFSHIKANYANDDISPLAYSOLDERCWWEAPONS.BUTMODCWGENERALSSTILLOPPOSEINPRINCIPLE,ROLESOFKUNTSEVICH,PETROV,THEIRSUCCESSORS,ANDDELAYANYDESTRUCTIONOFCWMUNITIONSANDBULKSTOCKSTOAROUND2003.
GORBACHEVYEARS,cont’dØ SEPTEMBER23,1989,JACKSONHOLEWYOMING,SOV.FOR.MIN.SHEVARDNADZEANDUSSEC.STATEBAKERSIGNTHEWYOMINGMOU,MEMORANDUMOFUNDERSTANDING.
Ø THEUSANDUSSRWERETOEXCHANGEDATAONTHEIRCWSTOCKPILESANDFACILITIESANDALLOWMUTUALINPSECTIONSTOVERIFYTHEDATA.THEMOUINCLUDEDMUCHMOREDETAILEDPROVISIONS.ITWOULDNEVERHAVECOMETOPASSWITHOUTGORBACHEV,JUSTASFORALLTHERESTOFTHEUS-SOVIETBILATERALARMSCONTROLAGREEMENTSAFTER1987.(NEVERTHELESS,GORBACHEVHIDES/DESTROYSCWSTOCKSANDPROTECTS/REWARDS“FOLIANT”.)
ØONJUNE1,1990,THEBILATERALDESTRUCTIONAGREEMENT(BDA)QUICKLYFOLLOWS,SIGNEDBYUS/USSR.ITCALLEDFORANENDTOALLCWPRODUCTION,THEDESTRUCTIONOFCHEMICALWEAPONSDOWNTO5,000METRICTONS,WITHDESTRUCTIONTOBEGINBYDECEMBER1992,BILATERALWEAPONINSPECTIONSANDCONTINUOUSON-SITEMONITORING,BYHUMANINSPECTORSANDBYONSITEINSTRUMENTATION.
GORBACHEV-YELTSINTRANSITIONØ BOTHTHEW/MOUANDTHEBDAOCCURINTHEBRIEF“GORBACHEV/SHEVARDNADEWINDOW.”NEITHEREVERFULLYCOMESTOPASS.NEITHERWASRATIFIEDANDBOTHWEREIMPLEMENTEDONLYINPART.
Ø THEMOU,THEBDAANDTHERUSSIANCWCDECLARATIONMARKTHEBEGINNINGOFMASSIVERUSSIANCONCEALMENT,DECEPTION,LYING,ASWITHTHERUSSIANBWISSUE, INUSSR/RUSSIATHEGENERALSAGAINTAKECHARGEOFCWPOLICYANDSAYTHATTHECWCWILLSUFFICE.YELTSINPLACESKUNTSEVICH INCHARGEOFTHERUSSIAN“CONVENTIONS[CWCANDBWC]COMMISSION”,ANDTHEMODWASMADETHELEADAGENCYFORCHEMICALWEAPONSDESTRUCTION.IN1992RUSSIAHADNO FACILITIESAVAILABLETODESTROYCW.BETWEEN1993AND1997,THEUSSTILLTRIESTOGETTHEBDAIMPLEMENTED.RUSSIAREFUSES,ANDDESTROYSNO CWUNTILAFTER2003,10YEARSFROMCWCSIGNING.
Ø INJANUARY1994,YELTSIN-CLINTONSUMMIT,USHADMASSIVE QUESTIONSABOUTTHERUSSIANBDAPHASE2DECLARATIONS,MASSIVEDECEPTION.
AUGUST2011USCOMPLIANCEREPORTONRUSSIACWPROGRAM“THEUNITEDSTATESISUNABLETOASCERTAINWHETHERRUSSIAHASMETITSOBLIGATIONSFORDECLARATIONOFITSCWPFs,[CHEMICALWEAPONPRODUCTIONFACILITIES] CWDEVELOPMENTFACILITIES,ANDCWSTOCKPILES,ANDWHETHERRUSSIAISCOMPLYINGWITHTHECWC-ESTABLISHEDCRITERIAFORDESTRUCTIONANDVERIFICATIONOFITSCW,ALTHOUGHWEHAVEASCERTAINEDTHATRUSSIAISNOWDESTROYINGCWAGENTHYDROLYSISREACTIONMASSESATITSOPERATINGCHEMICALWEAPONDESTRUCTIONFACILITIES.”BETWEENSUPPORTINGSYRIANCWUSEANDTHESALISBURYAFFAIR,RUSSIAHASNOWSERIOUSLYDAMAGEDTHECWC.ITREMAINSTOBESEENIFTHEYWANTTODESTROYTHETREATYENTIRELYASTHEYDIDTHEINFTREATY,ANDIFNOT,HOWMUCHLASTINGDAMAGERUSSIANACTIONSWILLDOTOTHECWC.
