Cold Weather Ops by Airbus
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Transcript of Cold Weather Ops by Airbus
Cold Weather OperationsImpact on the Fuel System and Dispatch
Presented by
Zidan RENFlight Operations Engineer
OLM FBW 2006 – Toulouse – 26-28 September 2006
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 3 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System CharacteristicsFuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Contents
1
2 Dispatch Consideration
3 On Ground and In Flight Procedures
4 Conclusion
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 4 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
The Fuel System will trigger low temperature alerts when thefuel in the tanks is colder than certain temperature thresholds.
The low temperature thresholds are defined with theconsideration of:
Fuel freezing point;
Engine margin;
Overall temperature accuracy error.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 5 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Fuel Freezing PointFuel Freezing Point
ASTM International standard:The temperature at which thewax crystals in the fuel,formed previously when thefuel was cooled, completelydisappear when the fuel iswarmed.
Fuel Freezing PointSpecification values
Fuel Freezing PointSpecification values
JetA
JP5
JetA1 / JP8
TS-1 / RT
JetB
TH
JP4
–40 °C
–46 °C
–47 °C
–50 °C
–50 °C
–53 °C
–58 °C
JetA –40 °C
JetA1 / JP8 –47 °C
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 6 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Fuel Freezing PointFuel Freezing Point
Mixed fuel:
Experiments have shown that fuel mixtures do not behave asideal fluids; the resulting freezing point is commonly adverselyaffected.
A common practice* to evaluate JetA/JetA1 mixtures:
* Not an approved method
– JetA less than 10% in the mixture:
JetA1JetA1>90%>90%
JetAJetA
Fuel Freezing Point:
JetA1JetA1
– JetA more than 10% in the mixture:
JetA1JetA1 JetAJetA>10%>10%
Fuel Freezing Point:
JetAJetA
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 7 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Engine MarginEngine Margin
The temperature marginthat ensures the requiredfuel viscosity at engine inlet.
Different engine systemarchitectures lead todifferent temperaturemargins over the fuelfreezing point.
Engine MarginEngine Margin
PW
RR
GE
IAE
CFM - A320F
CFM - A340
0 °C
0 °C
3 °C
4 °C
4 °C
5 °C
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 8 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Fuel SystemFuel SystemA318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Short- to medium-haul flights. Less exposed to extremely cold atmosphere.
Fuel recirculation system – IDG oil cooling.Warmed fuel from engine returns to the outer (wing) tank.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 9 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Fuel SystemFuel SystemA318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Fuel Low Temperaturealert thresholds: Advisory: –40°C
Caution: –45°C
-40 °C -38 -38 °C -40
TAT –42 °C GW KGSAT –67 °C 05H20
A318/A319/A320 System Display - FUEL
-40 °C -38 -38 °C -40
TAT –42 °C GW KGSAT –67 °C 05H20
A318/A319/A320 System Display - FUEL
-40 °C -38 -38 °C -40
TAT –42 °C GW KGSAT –67 °C 05H20
A318/A319/A320 System Display - FUEL
-40 °C -38 -38 °C -40
TAT –42 °C GW KGSAT –67 °C 05H20
A318/A319/A320 System Display - FUEL
FUEL L WING TK LO TEMP< R WING >
A321 Engine/Warning Display
FUEL L OUTER TK LO TEMP< R OUTER >< L INNER >< R INNER >
A318/A319/A320 Engine/Warning Display
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 10 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Fuel SystemFuel SystemA318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Long-haul flights.
No fuel movementin the outer tanksbefore thetransfer tothe innertanks.Outer tanks
are moreprone to lowtemperaturealerts.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 11 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Fuel SystemFuel SystemA318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Alert thresholds
JetAFreezing Point(Specification)
–40°C
JetAFreezing Point(Specification)
–40°C
Inner TanksEngine margin
Outer Tanks& Trim Tank
No engine margin
Inner TanksEngine margin
Outer Tanks& Trim Tank
No engine margin
A330
A340 -200-300
A340 -500-600
GE 3°C
CFM 5°C
RR 0°C
First trigger of theECAM caution: FUEL FUEL LO TEMP
A330/A340 Engine/Warning Display
A330A330A330Inner Outer/Trim–37°C –40°C
A340-200/-300A340A340--200/200/--300300Inner Outer/Trim–35°C –40°C
A340-500/-600A340A340--500/500/--600600Inner Outer/Trim–40°C –40°C
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 12 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Fuel SystemFuel SystemA318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Alert thresholds
JetA1Freezing Point(Specification)
–47°C
JetA1Freezing Point(Specification)
–47°C
Inner TanksEngine margin
Outer Tanks& Trim Tank
No engine margin
Inner TanksEngine margin
Outer Tanks& Trim Tank
No engine margin
A330
A340 -200-300
A340 -500-600
GE 3°C
CFM 5°C
RR 0°C
Recall of theECAM caution: FUEL FUEL LO TEMP
A330/A340 Engine/Warning Display
A330A330A330Inner Outer/Trim–44°C –47°C
A340-200/-300A340A340--200/200/--300300Inner Outer/Trim–42°C –47°C
A340-500/-600A340A340--500/500/--600600Inner Outer/Trim–47°C –47°C
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 13 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Influencing Factors of Fuel TemperatureInfluencing Factors of Fuel Temperature
Initial fuel temperature
Outside Air Temperature
Mach number
Fuel quantity (tank full / not full)
Size and shape of the fuel tank
Day flight / night flight (solar heat)
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 14 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Contents
1
2 Dispatch Consideration
3 On Ground and In Flight Procedures
4 Conclusion
Dispatch Consideration
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 15 OLM FBW 2006
Dispatch Consideration
Flight PlanningFlight Planning
FTP – Fuel Temperature Prediction software
Part of Airbus’ performance programs package WinPEP
Accurate prediction of fuel temperature in each tank
Takes into account actual weather
Interfaces with airline flight planning system
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 16 OLM FBW 2006
Dispatch Consideration
Flight PlanningFlight Planning
FTP – Fuel Temperature Prediction software
SUMMARY OF OUTPUTNO FUEL FREEZING ISSUES ENCOUNTEREDNORMAL FUEL MANAGEMENTMINIMUM OAT OF -68 OCCURRED AT WAYPOINT GOPTA
MINIMUM TEMPERATURES OF ALL TANKSTANK TEMPERATURE WAYPOINTL_OTR -37 BDINR_1 -34 BUINR_2 -31 YBLCT -30 BRTINR_3 -32 YBLINR_4 -34 BUR_OTR -37 BURCT -31 AGEMATT -35 KENTA
SUMMARY OF OUTPUTNO FUEL FREEZING ISSUES ENCOUNTEREDNORMAL FUEL MANAGEMENTMINIMUM OAT OF -68 OCCURRED AT WAYPOINT GOPTA
MINIMUM TEMPERATURES OF ALL TANKSTANK TEMPERATURE WAYPOINTL_OTR -37 BDINR_1 -34 BUINR_2 -31 YBLCT -30 BRTINR_3 -32 YBLINR_4 -34 BUR_OTR -37 BURCT -31 AGEMATT -35 KENTA
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 17 OLM FBW 2006
Dispatch Consideration
Actual Fuel Freezing PointActual Fuel Freezing Point
Knowing the actual freezing point of the fuel loaded on theaircraft may allow the flight crew to delay the fuel lowtemperature procedures.
May be determined by means of a fuel freeze analysisprogram
Provided a monitoring program,including maintenance, dispatch,and flight crew procedures, hasbeen set up and accepted by theauthorities.
Jet Fuel QualityAnalyzer
Jet Fuel QualityAnalyzer
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 18 OLM FBW 2006
Dispatch Consideration
Actual Fuel Freezing PointActual Fuel Freezing Point
Operators that often face low fuel temperature situations areencouraged to determine the fuel’s actual freezing point beforethe flight.
Example:Based on a survey at several major US airports over a givenperiod of time, the measured freezing point of JetA fuel is 3°C(conservative average) lower than the specification value.
JetA Freezing Point Average Range
New York –45.2°C –44.1°C ~ –46.0°C
Los Angeles –50.9°C –46.8°C ~ –58.2°C
Chicago –43.2°C –42.4°C ~ –44.7°C
San Francisco –52.2°C –48.6°C ~ –56.1°C
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 19 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Contents
1
2 Dispatch Consideration
3 On Ground and In Flight Procedures
4 Conclusion
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 20 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
Advisory and/or caution will be triggered on the ECAMwhen the temperature in the tanks drops below thedefined threshold.
Application of the ECAM procedure can be delayedconsidering:
The actual fuel type;
The actual freezing point measured prior to the flight.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 21 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
Before TakeBefore Take--offoff
All Aircraft Types
FUEL <...> LO TEMP-DELAY T.O
Engine/Warning DisplayIf the fuel low temperaturecaution is triggered beforethe flight, the take-offshall be delayed until alltemperatures are withinthe limits.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 22 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
In FlightIn Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340-200/-300 A340-500/-600
FUEL L WING TK LO TEMP< R WING >
A321 Engine/Warning Display
FUEL L OUTER TK LO TEMP< R OUTER >< L INNER >< R INNER >
A318/A319/A320 Engine/Warning Display Caution is triggered forcrew awareness
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 23 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
In FlightIn Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Principle of the fuel low temperatureprocedures:Outer tank low temperature:
– Outer to inner transfer.
Inner tank low temperature:– Center to inner transfer.
Trim tank low temperature:– Trim tank transfer forward.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 24 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
In FlightIn Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340-200/-300 A340-500/-600
FUEL FUEL LO TEMP∙IF JET A FUEL:
-OUTR TK XFR.........ON∙IF NECESSARY:
-TAT...........INCREASE
A330 (FWC K8) and A340-200/-300 (FWC L10) EWD
∙IF JET A FUEL:-CTR TANK XFR.......MAN
∙IF JET A FUEL:-T TANK MODE........FWD
First trigger of the ECAMcaution – Application of procedure
can be delayed if:– Fuel onboard is not JetA;
(fuel with lower freezing point)
or
– Actual freezing point islower than –40°C.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 25 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
In FlightIn Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340-200/-300 A340-500/-600
FUEL FUEL LO TEMP-OUTR TK XFR.........ON
∙IF NECESSARY:-TAT...........INCREASE
A330 (FWC K8) and A340-200/-300 (FWC L10) EWD
-CTR TANK XFR.......MAN
-T TANK MODE........FWD
Recall of the ECAMcaution – Application of procedure
can be further delayed if:– Actual freezing point is
lower than –47°C.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 26 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
In FlightIn Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340-200/-300 A340-500/-600
FUEL LO TEMP-FUEL FREEZE PT...CHECK
∙IF JET A FUEL:MAX SPEED.........305KT-OUTR TK XFR........MAN
∙IF NECESSARY:-TAT...........INCREASE
A340-500/-600 (FWC W4) Engine/Warning Display
∙IF JET A FUEL:-CTR TO INR XFR.....MAN
∙IF JET A FUEL:-T TK XFR...........FWD
First trigger of the ECAMcaution – Application of procedure
can be delayed if:– Fuel onboard is not JetA;
(fuel with lower freezing point)
or
– Actual freezing point islower than –40°C.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 27 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
In FlightIn Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340-200/-300 A340-500/-600
FUEL LO TEMP-FUEL FREEZE PT...CHECKMAX SPEED.........305KT-OUTR TK XFR........MAN
∙IF NECESSARY:-TAT...........INCREASE
A340-500/-600 (FWC W4) Engine/Warning Display
-CTR TO INR XFR.....MAN
-T TK XFR...........FWD
Recall of the ECAMcaution – Application of procedure
can be further delayed if:– Actual freezing point is
lower than –47°C.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 28 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
After LandingAfter Landing
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
To benefit the subsequent flight, a manual fuel transfer fromouter to inner tanks may be performed just after landing, if ithas not been done during the last flight.
Considerations shall be based on:
Wing surface icingbefore the next take-off
FUEL LO TEMP cautionduring the subsequent flight
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 29 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
After LandingAfter Landing
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Manual transfer after landing:
Ensures a better mix of the cooled reserve fuel with the warmerrefueling truck fuel.
Reduces exposure to condensation frost on wing surfaces.
No manual transfer after landing:
Keeps normal wing load for the subsequent flight, if no refuelingis planned at this airport.
Keeps the fuel with lower freezing point in the outer tanks forthe subsequent flight.
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 30 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
After LandingAfter Landing
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Wing surface icing consideration: The worst scenario is a short transit at a “warm” humid airport
(no de-icing equipment).
Refuelingplanned at this
airport?
Refuelingplanned at this
airport?
No Yes
No manualouter to inner
transfer
No manualouter to inner
transfer
Manualouter to inner
transfer
Manualouter to inner
transfer
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 31 OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures
After LandingAfter Landing
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
FUEL LO TEMP consideration for the subsequent flight:
Refuelingplanned at this
airport?
Refuelingplanned at this
airport?
Refuelingfuel is JetA or
JetA1
Refuelingfuel is JetA or
JetA1
Outer tanksare completely full with
JetA1 fuel
Outer tanksare completely full with
JetA1 fuel
No Yes
JetA JetA1
Yes No
No manualouter to inner
transfer
No manualouter to inner
transfer
Manualouter to inner
transfer
Manualouter to inner
transfer
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 32 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics
Contents
1
2 Dispatch Consideration
3 On Ground and In Flight Procedures
4 ConclusionConclusion
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 33 OLM FBW 2006
Fuel low temperature alerts may be encountered on long-haul flights in extremely cold atmosphere. Outer tanks onLong Range aircraft are the most affected.
Software tool is available for predictive flight planning whenoperating cold weather routes.
ECAM procedures can be delayed if the actual fuelfreezing point measured before the flight is lower than thespecification value.
Selective manual fuel transfer from the outer to the innerwing tanks after landing may benefit the subsequent flightin cold atmosphere.
Conclusion