Cold War and the Third World

The developing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America, generally less economically

advanced

What is the “Third World” ?

What happened between 1946 and 1960 in the Third World?

37 new countries emerged

Why did third world countries become a new cold war battleground?

• Gaining independence from colonial rule

• Not loyal to communism or democracy

US Interests

Why? • Natural resources• Markets for US

products• Containment• Allies to defend

against Communism

Eisenhower and Dulles

• Self determination of developing world = Revolutions directed by Soviet Union

• Revolutions would result in communist nations throughout the Southern Hemisphere

Third World ViewsWhy was it difficult to win

loyalty?

• Just got rid of one outside ruler, no desire for another

• Resentment of US wealth• US often sides with

wealthy in emerging nations, not the common people

What methods did the US use to win loyalty of the 3rd World?

• Foreign Aid Schools Farming Medical Care

• CIA

CIA Powers

• Presidential Action without Congressional Approval

• Unlimited Spending• Prop up European Democracies• Covert Operations• Assassinations• Bribery of Public Officials• Secret Armies

CIA and IRAN

• CIA’s first attempt to overthrow a government

• Shah – young and insecure

• Problem – Iranian hatred of British owned Anglo-Persian Oil Company

Who steps forward to lead?

• Dr. Mohammad Mossadeg

• 1951 becomes Prime Minister

• Nationalizes Oil Fields

British Reaction?

• Refuse payment offer• Shut down refineries• Stop buying Iranian Oil• Convince others to do

same

*Iran’s economy slips toward bankruptcy

CIA Operation

• Eisenhower believes Iran perfect breeding ground for communism

• Orders CIA Agent Kim Roosevelt to overthrow Mossadeg

What isAJAX

• Get rid of Mossedeg – He has Oil• Bring Shah back – He’s ally of US• CIA and Shah’s men clash with Mossedeg

supporters• 400 dead or injured• Mossadeg surrenders

What are the results of the CIA Plot?

• Shah returns• Oil Companies

split profits with Shah

• Plants seeds of Iranian hatred of US

War in Egypt

What happens in 1953?

Egypt declares Independence from

Britain

What does Egypt Demand?

• Control of Suez Canal from British

• 75% of Western Europe’s oil shipped through canal

• $25 M in annual profits from tolls

US Tries to Influence Egypt• US offers loan to build

dam• Egypt makes arms deal

with Soviets• US cancels loan• Egypt seizes canal• Israel, Britain, France

invade Egypt to capture canal

• US calls for UN resolution condemning attacks

Results of Suez Incident?• Suez Canal returned to

Egypt• Opened Middle East to

Soviets• Revealed weaknesses in

Western Europe & Pulled U.S. deeper into Middle Eastern Affairs

• Eisenhower Doctrine - US promises economic and military aid to pro-Western governments

U.S. and Latin America

• U.S. Companies Control more than $7B in natural resources

• Strip economies of wealth and profits

• Masses live in poverty

U.S. in Cuba

• U.S. Control 90% of Cuban mines, ranches & oil

• U.S. Controls 50% sugar crop• U.S. Control 3 million acres of Land

Cuban Revolution

• 1952 Fulgencio Batista overthrew Cuban government

• 1958 Castro leads group of peasants and middle class Cubans in revolt

Castro

• Demands control of American properties

• U.S. Refuses• Castro turns to Soviets

for economic help• 1961 Castro Seizes all

American business and signs trade agreement with USSR

Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961• CIA plot to overthrow Castro• Secret force of anti-Castro

Cubans lead invasion (La Brigada)• Land at Bay of Pigs

Boats hit coral reefsKennedy cancelled air supportAll forces killed or captures

• American Plot exposed - Kennedy looks weak

Operation Mongoose?

• Interrupt Cuban Trade• Raids by Exiles• Plot to overthrow Castro• Invasion of Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

• October 14, 1962 • U-2 Spy Plan

discovers Soviet Missiles in Cuba

• Missiles capable of reaching U.S.

Kennedy Options

• Negotiation – ruled out• Bombing Missile Sites • Invading Cuba• Naval Blockade

Kennedy announces to Americans

October 22, 1962

Naval Blockage of CubaU.S. at Brink of War

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Khruscheve agrees to remove missiles• US must agree never to attack Cuba• Soviet Union demands removal of US

missiles from Turkey

Cuban Missile Results• Embarrassment for Khrushchev - looses power

replaced by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964• Kennedy – gains power and prestige• US and USSR admit importance of negotiation:

Hot Line installed• Nuclear Arms race continued to escalate but in

1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Signed• Cuba remained Communist – America left it alone

• Explain the significance of two U.S. actions that caused the Cuban Missile Crisis

• Describe one event that led to the escalation of the crisis

• Explain the impact on U.S.- Soviet relations