Coinage of Cilician Armenia / by Paul Z. Bedoukian

8/21/2019 Coinage of Cilician Armenia / by Paul Z. Bedoukian

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E D O U K I A N

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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N

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T S AN D M O NO G R A H S

eatiseson sub ectsrelating

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A H Y A ND E Y TO AB B R E V I AT O NS X Í

U B L I CAT O N SO N R O U P E N AN CO I N S Х Х П

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TH E AR M N ANSTO C L I C A3

A E R I O D O F C L I C ANAR M N A5

I NGD O MO F C L I C A9

MM R C O F C L I C ANAR M N A25

M SU S D O R V A R I O U S CO I NS 43

F TH E R O U P E N ANS50

L E O F C O I NS 56

N SO N R O U P E N A NC O I N S6 5

E E R I O D O F R I NC S 67

NS68

B Y T H E I N GS 76

9

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N G O S D ANT N I ) 95

95

S U R P E R 97

98

S G NA N9 9

101

CO L L E C T O N SO F R O U P E N AN CO I NS 03

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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

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08

SИ З

27

F T H E C O R P U S 128

O N I 129

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N G O S D ANT N I ) 380

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SU R P E R 3 95

3 99

S G NA N4 0S

N A N4 Ю

E G ND S 411

E X 49

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meniandynastyinCilicia ( 1080 1 75

restingperiodsinthe longhistoryofthe

althofmaterialfromtheCiliciankingdom

lablefromArmenianand E uropeansources

ttemptthisworkon thecoinageofCilician

iesofB rossetandL angloisarepri-

sincethey containalargenumberoferrors.

enin1877 isfa irlyaccurate w iththee ception

rperiodof thek ingdom butit isl im itedin

ninA rmenian isnotcomprehensibletomost

isnoade uatepublicationinaW estern

fCilicianArmenia thewriterhopesthat

a usefulpurpose.

dmateria lconsistedforthemostparto f

et sw ork conta ins17draw ings L anglois , 70

0 a n d B a s ma d i a n s a b ou t 5 0 a l l o f t he l a tt e r be i ng

ook ontheH istoryof theA rmenianPeople .

ybadlymadeandthe inscriptionsareoften

presentvolumecontainsthephotographs

coins fewofwhichhavepreviouslyappeared

rpusascompleteandaccurateas possible

minefirsthandallthe coinsintheimportant

wasfeasible.F ortunately mostofthe

mitednumberofcollections.Thismission

pein1 58 andsome4ooorubbingsw ere

collections withinaperiodofthree

hodofobtainingclearrubbingswasfound

ardrubbersheetswereattachedtothe

ofablank corporationsea l w hichwasused

ngaluminumfoilandplacingthe coininthe

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/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



btain overonehundredimpressionsper

everyclear photographedsatisfactorily

ulhandling andcouldbefiled likestamps

opesforreferencepurposes.

semblingthecorpuswasthe ac uisition

n oftheMekhitaristsinV ienna.Thiscol-

nearly2400pieces isby farthe largestandmost

eredforthe mostpartbyF atherSibilian

go it includesmany rarit iesandsomeuni ue

articularlygratefultohis Grace Arch-

an thechiefA bbotof theMek hitaristorderin

osityandassistanceinmakingavailablethe

bingscould bemadeofthe24oocoins.

hisimportantcollection thisworkwould

sameencouragingcooperationwasgiven

V enice w herethechie fA bbot A rch-

readilygrantedthew riterpermissiontomake

of nearly600pieces amongthemsome

risparticularlygratefultoF atherNerses

sistancein thepreparationoftherubbings.

uetoM. J eanB abelonandM. Georges

erationingetting aluminumimpressionsmade

penianco insintheB iblio th q ueNationa le.

dMr. G. K . J enk insof theB rit ishMuseum

nveryshortnoticeto e aminetheirinter-

thisperiodandto obtainrubbings.

ateinsecuring rubbingsofthreeim-

ance: thato fMme. N. Kapamad io f the

ris o fM. KamerB aghdadlianof theGaleries

dofM. A lbertA chd ianofGaleriesC hirvanin

ncoinsin theNearE astseemedtobe

gain willinghandsundertookthearduous

s. Mr. GarabedSan ianofB e irut L ebanon

rgeand valuablecollectionoftheMar-

enianNationalCulturalSocietyin B eirut.

t ion thato fP ro f . A sbedDonabedianof

a ilableby theowner w hopersona llymadethe

C r e a





tion.The well-knowncoindealer M.Ar-

e irut sentpaperrubbingsof thehoardsof

abe l. E x aminationof the latter incon unction

lection madeitpossibletoestablisha

sificationoftheH etoum-Zabeltrams.P rof.

utsubmittedrubbingsof theco insinhis

e corpus.F atherB erardMarthaler

tswithMissNakrimanO lcay curatorof

e I stanbulA rcheologicalMuseum tohave

eArmeniancoinsin thecollectionofthat

oupeniancoinsintheAsiatic andthe

eningrad.Specialthanksaregivento

dProf . E . D obrovo leskiif o rsendingme

ctions. Thee istenceofauni uecopper

struck inTarsusestablishesthefactthat

s werestruckinthismint. Thiscoin

eum. Prof . K . GhafadarianandMr. Kh. Mou-

cD ivisionoftheStateMuseumin Soviet

softhetramsand doubletramsofL evonI

um-Z abel numberingoveronehundredpieces.

ntic thew riterisindebtedtothe late

ofNew York forhisreadyw ill ingnesstopermit

sentireco llection andtoMr. H. K urdian

w hopreparedandsentrubbingsofhisco ins.

e collectionofR oupeniancoinsofthe

ciety asw ellasthew riter sow nco llection.

oupenianco insinpublicandprivate

an12 000. Onthisbasis thepresentcorpus

o ins coversovere ightypercentof theco ins

rpuspresentedmanyproblems.Noneof

rriesthedateof issue anditw astherefore

cialmethodof classification.Aftermuch

niformsystemofclassificationwaschosen

nsofthisperiod.The methodconsisted

of thisco llectionisnow intheStateH istorica lMuseum

enia .

C r e a





ypeof coinissuedbya rulerandarranging

completenessofthelegendon theobverse.

saccompaniedbyvarietiesofthe legendon

hat thissimpleclassificationwillenablethe

speedilyandwithoutmuchdifficulty.

t ingthisbook itw asf re uentlynecessary

ousmembersofthestaffofthe American

dtheauthorwishesto takethisopportunity

lappreciationtoDr. GeorgeC . Milesfor

ete tandforhis manyveryhelpful

n a lltheA rabicinscriptionsonthebilingual

udiedandclassifiedbyD r.Miles.Sincere

SawyerMcA.Mosserforhisassistance

hete tandcorpus. O nnumerousocca-

oca llonMr. HenryGrunthalandMr. Will iam

ndthelibraryworkwasgreatlyfacilitatedby

ationofMr.G.H .NorthandMr.R ichard

ersessianthewriterwishesto e presshis

ngof themanuscriptandforthemany

uggestionswhichshemade.

ouldlik etoe presshisgratitudetoMr.

ephotographerof theA NS forobtainingsuch

ealuminumimpressions andofcourseto

pingw iththismanuscript w ithitsnumerous

gends.

C r e a





A H Y A ND AB B R E V I A T O NS

be r t Ac h d i a n P a r is F r a n c e.

f . A sbedDonabedian B e irut L ebanon.

nt , “ L ' a e ul de sR o ub n ie ns ” B y a nt io nX ( 1 3 5 ,

C. A d le r M u se u m Cu f ic u m B o r gi a nu m V e l i tr i s R o m a e

1 6 2 I 5 . N um mu s Ar ab ic o- Ar me nu s P l . X I I C .

. A li s ha n S is s ou a n. V e n i c e 18 8 5. ( I n A r me n ia n .

h un l ul < u l li u p n. H h i l i < uy hu hu i ' i L h hh y f il -

u n p , ' l h i nfr in hh 1 88 5

. A li s ha n S i ss o ua n o u l A r m n o -C i li c i e. D e s c r ip t io n g o -

e aveccarteetil lustrations. Traduitdute te

1 8 9 .

. A li s ha n L ' A r me n o- V e n e to C o mp e nd i o st o ri c o e do c u-

egliA rmenico iV ene iani. P rimoperiodo seco li

. 2 vol s. V en ic e 1 8 3 .

. A li sh an H a y -V e n e d. V e n ic e 1 8 6 . ( I n A rm en ia n .

l . < u y- 1 6 b h in h u ll 8 u pp i sn i H h i k p < u y n g hl - l hl h in h u

pu l hl hi nh 4 1 8 6

L e n in g ra d U . S . S .R .

O C H E – A ss is es d A nt io ch e r ep ro du it es e n F r an a is e t

ecentena irede lamortdeSempadleConn table leur

nien. V enice 1876.

. A v k er i an E x p l an a ti o n of M e as u re s a nd W e i g ht s o f th e

8 2 1. ( I n A r me n ia n . [ 3 . $ . U l i h p fr u i F u g ui n pn i -

i n n gL u u ll r ug l ln u gi np n l- H h ul b ul hh ul in i-

lg i y ' l h i n fr i nh 4 1 8 21 .

U S B a r H e br ae us C hr on og ra ph y 2 vo ls . O x f or d 1 3 2 .

– A . d e B a r th l e my N o uv e au m an u el c o mp l et d e n um i s-

eetmoderne. Paris 1851.

C r e a





bbrev iations

K . J . B a s ma d i an Nu mi sm at i u e g n r al e de l A rm n ie .

I n A rm en ia n . [ ' i . 8. R u u li ng hu i < u y uh ui

liu h in n- h lh ' l li u hu lh 1 3 6

. J . B a s ma d i a n L e oV L u si gn an P a r is 1 0 8. ( I n

u u /u / ru b l i l -n i b . I n " F u k u it " u ph u 1 0 8.

N— P . B e d ou ki an “ T he C oi na ge o fC on st an ti ne I I a nd I V ,

nia TheA mericanNumismaticSociety

1 5 4 , p p .1 3 – 1 9 .

N— P . B e d ou ki an “ T he B i l in gu al C oi ns o f H e to um I , ’ ” T he

c ie t y Mu s eu m No t es V I I ( 1 5 7 , p p . 21 – 2 0 .

N P . B e do uk ia n “ T wo H o a rd s of H e t ou m- Z a be l Tr am s ”

cSocietyMuseumNotesV I I I ( 1 58 ,

N— P . Z . B e d ou ki an “ T h e Co in s of C on st an ti ne I ( 1 2 8 t o

fC il ic ia n Ar me ni a ” H a n de s Am so ry a L X X I I ( 1 5 8 ,

n A rm en ia n. [ 9 . Q . " i n n Mh ui ' i h/ Ml in / P u u m p

( 1 2 8 1 2 9 ) ' p ur uk pp Z u u t u ll l li op hu y 2 6

#. 3 81 3 9 0 .

N — P . Z . B e d o u ki a n W h a t w er e t he A r me n ia n C oi n s Ca l le d

s ” ? H a n de s Am so ry a L X X I I I ( 1 5 ) , p p .2 41

n. [ 2 . 7. W i nn h uh / / F i k hi , B i s s an ci os

' i h /f i ft y < u y uh u it " p u lf ' u h pg < u i l t k u U l l io p hu s /

, , £ 8 . 24 1 2 5 0.

N — P . Z . B e d o u ki a n “ T h e G o ld C oi n s of t h e Ar m en i an

a nd es Am so ry a L X X I V ( 1 6 0 , p p. 16 2 7. ( I n

i n n Mh u ib ' i h / hi h n/ < " t y P u u " p h hp . m. / l uh h ap u -

phuy 4%, L hhuuu 1 6048.16 27.

N — P . Z . B e d o u ki a n “ T h e O r i gi n o f th e D e s i gn s o f th e

nd es Am so ry a L X X I V ( 1 6 0 , p p. 52 5- 5 4 . ( I n

i n n Mh u ib l / rl - nl l l . P u u n n pf i u " u n l ik p ut n ut f it

u l il io ph uy 3 % . ' l l hi bu 1 6 0 # . 5 25 -5 4 .

. B l a nc ar d “ L e b es an t d o r s ar ra i na s ” M em oi re d e

nc e B e l l e s- e t tr e s et A r ts d e M ar s ei l le s 1 8 77 1 8 78

rit ishMuseum London.

eNationa le CabinetdesM dailles Paris. Thethreeco l-

insfoundinthis museumconsistofthe

ection(about3 70co ins , theV ogueco l-

C r e a





viationsx iii

ns andtheC abinetdesM daillesco llection(near-

C orpustheco insofa llthreearedenotedbyB N.

. P . B o rr el l “ R e s ti tu ti on a H é t hu m I e tI s ab el la s a

d ai ll e at tr ib u e p ar S es ti ni a H é t he m I e t L é o n I I I ,

e vu e N um i sm a ti u e X , p p . 4 51 - 45 8 .

r o s se t M on o gr a ph i e de s m on n ai e s ar m n i en n es S t . P é t e rs -

x tra itdeB ulletinde laclassehistorico -philo logi uede

r ia le d es S ci en ce s de S t. P é t er sb ou rg 1 8 9 , V I , N o. 3 – 4

r o s se t H i s to i re d u B a s - m p ir e N o u ve l le é d i ti o n C o r-

apr sleshistoriensorientau , parSa intMartinet

ss et 2 1 vo ls . ( P a ri s 1 82 4 1 8 6 : X V I , p . 26

w r on g ly a t tr i bu t ed t o p ri n ce L e v on I ( I I 2 ) ;

A copperco inofaMoslemrulerw hichwaspreviously

X V I I , p . 4 , E i g ht c o pp e r co i ns o f

a b in e t de M . l e du c d e B l a ca s ” X V I I , p p . 3 2 4

r co i ns o f H e t o um I f r om “ c a bi n et d e P a r i s a n d

nunpublishedbilingualcoinof H etoum-

p . 5 o A n u np u bl i sh e d si l ve r c oi n o f O s h in f r om

eB lacas.

r o s se t R a p p o rt s u r un v o ya g e ar c h o l og i u e d an s l a

m n i e S t . P é t e rs b ou r g 1 8 5 o.

. B u c he n au D e r B r a c te a tf u nd v on S e eg a M a rb u rg 1 ο 5 .

. C. B u c h o n R e c he r ch e s et m a t r i a u p o ur s e rv i r a un e

F r an a is e au X I I I ° , X I V e e t X V ° s i c le s

L a S y ri e d u No r d à l é p o u e d es C r oi s ad e s e t l a pr i nc i -

t io ch e P a r i s 1 4 o.

C al e y “ E s t im a ti o n of C o mp o si t io n o f An c ie n t Me t al O b -

f icGrav ityMeasurements. A na lytica lC hem-

1 5 2 , p p. 67 6 6 8 1.

T – G . Ca pp el le tt i L ' A rm en ia F i re n e 1 8 41 .

aogodellaco lle ioned undistintonumismatico . . . di

e d el l A r me n ia F i r e n e 1 8 88 . ( F r o m

ataloguedemonnaiesdumoyenâ gecomposantlacol-

b e t k oy P a r is 1 8 6o p . I o . R o y au m e ar -

5 . ( S i b i li a n X I I I .

C r e a





bbreviations

Ch a mc h ia n H i s t o ry o f A rm e ni a V e n ic e 3 v o ls . 1 78 1

n. [ U . Q u il z h ui l q u i n if u Gh ri < u y ng ' l l bh in 4

i nn p .

amich HistoryofA rmenia f romB . C . 2247totheyear

fromtheO riginalArmenianbyJ ohannes

27.

C o lophonsofManuscriptsf romtheF if thtotheSeventeenth

e ba no n 1 5 1. [ ? - up h f l. l l. H u l n h hn u

hn u p ug b . ' h up ni y U l i l z h d ( ? ' h up U l i H H L H u lu

R U M I T A I C O R U M – V ol s. V I a nd V I I , R o me

i s t o ry o f t he C r us a de s V o l . I . E d i te d b y Ma r sh a ll

e rs i ty o f P e n n sy l va n ia P r e ss P h i la d el p hi a 1 5 5 .

C up e ri I n L a c ta n ti u m d e mo r ti b us p e rs e cu t or u m no t ae E d .

t i a d R . 1 6 3 . ( S e e Mi g ne P e t ro l og i ae C ur s us C o m-

P a r i s 1 84 4 V I I , p . 48 o.

d A i , R e c ue i l de s H i s t or i en s C ro i sa d es H i s t o ri e ns O c c i -

1 84 4 1 8 5 V o l .I V .

D a r d e l C h ro n ic l es R e c u e il d e s H i s t or i en s d es C r oi s ad e s

ns I I , P a ri s 1 8 6 .

T A . d e B e a um o nt R e c h e rc h es s u r l o r ig i ne d u b la s on e t e n

i s P a r i s 1 8 5 .

A N H . D e r Gh a a ri an A C op pe r Co in o fP r i n ce L e v on I I ,

ic e 1 2 o p . 16 7 Z o ua rt no t , P a r is 1 3 0 p p. 40 t o

n [ 4 . Sl ip l u u ph ui l l hl n i h l uu lf " L l ib 4

H u l ' l lb hi n 4 1 2 o H ? 1 67 .2 n u p li fu ng ß u p h ,

-4 o.

S A N S . D e r Ne rs es si an A rm en ia a nd t he B y a nt in e

M a ss . 1 4 7 .

S A N S . D e r N e rs e ss i an M an u sc r i ts a r m n i en s i ll u st r s

I I e et X I V e si c les P a ris 1 3 6 .

. D e s im on i A ct es p as s s e n 12 71 1 27 4 et 1 27 à l A ia s

e t à B e y r o ut h p ar d e va n t de s n ot a ir e s g n o is A r ch i ve s

P a r is 1 88 , p p. 4 4 -5 4 .

. S e i gn e ur D u C a n g e H i s t o ir e d e S. L o u ys p a r le s i re

1 6 68 .

r o f. A . A . E b e ya n B e i r u t L e b an o n.

C r e a





viationsX V

ofA rmenia E rivan A rmenia U . S. S. R . Theco ins

allthedoubletramswhichwere partof

eseweredonatedtotheStateMuseumof

o ladianofB e irut L ebanon.

c u e il d e s H i s to r ie n s Cr o is a de s H i s t o ri e ns O c c i d e nt a u ,

5 V o l .I I ( L ' E s t oi re de E r ac le s .

T -V e r e ic hn is v on M n e n un d D e nk m n e n de r J u l es F o n -

g B e r l i n 1 8 78 . ( A r m e ni e n N o .4 8 44 4 8 7 .

A V – S . A . Ga m al o v- C hu r ae v C l as s if i ca t io n o f

co r di n g to C . Si b il i an , S t . P e t er s bo u rg 1 2 . ( I n

aM aM ob -U l y pa eB , K I I a cc hd ow ka uw a P y e H M C M

6M U I A H y T l eT ep 6y pr 1 2 .

. M. Garabetian TheR oupenianC oinsintheMuseum

g at i on S t . L a a r e V e n ic e P a m a ve b C X ,

p. 1 55 1 68 . ( I n A rm en ia n. [ 7 . H u pu ut hu ku it U .

i Mkm- fuhuil Trulluhpg F ugiliu//ut E d.

# 8. 1 55 1 68 .

. M. Garabetian TheLionontheA rmenianC oins

er A nt el i as ( L e ba no n , 1 4 – 1 5 0 p p. 2 65 -2 3 .

7 . ' l u pu u th u ku i t U n h & g < u y ' p u ll u l ip n i l n y

S up ha li pe l ug h h uu l hp ui hu ih I 9 4 - 1 5 0

B . M . G a ra b et i an T h e H o ar d o f D a p hn e H a s k A n nu a l

e ba no n , 1 4 – 1 5 0 p p. 1 6 2 1 . ( I n A rm en ia n.

urpuk hT ipuliughling &uuh A uyuithnului

h uu l ip ui hu i 1 4 – 1 5 0 # . 16 2 1.

. M. Garabetian TheOriginandDevelopmentofA r-

a s k A nt el ia s ( L e ba no n , X I X , 1 5 0 p p. 2 74

n . [ 7 . H u p u uk i nh u ih z u y uh u i M u ll i um hu i n P ł h -

n -3 u p u gu -U g & u u/ d / l h / /h uu l ig ui bu lu

.

. M. Garabetian A nOutlineofA rmenianNumis-

C X , V e n ic e 1 5 1 p p. 3 1 7 3 2 4 .( I n Ar me ni an .

h p m ut h & < " y " f u lf u h i nn ( H r u i l Q u i nt l n I d h ui b

hu ku .h 4 1 5 1 £ 3 . 3 1 7- 2 4.

G e l e r “ A b r i ss d e r by a n ti n is c he n K a i s er g es c hi c ht e . I n

schichtederby antinischenL iteratur Z w eiteA uf -

8 7 , p p. 9 1 1 -1 06 7.

C r e a





bbreviations

G r ie r so n * * A R a r e C r us a de r B e s a nt w i th t h e Ch r is t us

TheA mericanNumismaticSocietyMuseumNotesV I

- 17 8 P l . X V I I I , 1 -2.

r ou s se t H i s to i re d e s Cr o is a de s 3 v o ls . P a r is 1 4 8

r ou ss et H i s t oi re d e l A r m n ie P a r i s 1 4 7.

M O Z - . G ui lh ie rm o " N ot e su r le s po id s de s mo ye n â g e '

É c o le de sC ha rt es L X V I I ( 1 o 6 , p p. 16 1- 2 3 ,

. H a b es hi an " A H a l f Tr am o fO s h i n ' A a da na rd

C on st an ti no pl e ( I s ta nb ul , I 9 I I , p .5 44 . ( I n A r-

u 4 2 hu l 0 2 f i l P u u i np f ih i h uu p u ul U l u u nu u li u pu n

% n f u 1 1 1 4 S .5 44 .

A .H a g op ya n M in or C hr on ic le s of t he X I I t o X V I I I

, E r i v an A rm en ia U . S S. R . 1 5 6. I n st it ut e of

Sciences A rmenianSS. R . [ l . U l. & utnfuih

I I - X V I I I " ) . ) . & u u tu lU . l . I ) .

hrulbuf lunulf inj uilF huufunnn. bphuil

t n A r me n ia n N um i sm at i cs 1 8 51 N o . 3 3 - 8 5. ( I n

a n X I I ) . [ & u y u u un u h & u u 4 ul T p uu l iu i f un n d fh

u m L e n in g ra d U . S S . R .

H i s to ir e du c om me rc e du L e v an t 2 v ol s. L e i p i g 1 3 6 .

. K u r di a n W i c h it a K a n s a s U . S . A .

- b n A l- A th i r K a m e l -A l te v ar y kh ( S e le c ti o ns w i th

R ecueildesHistoriensdesC ro isades Historiens

. 1 8 7 2 p p . 18 7 -7 4 4.

A N- G. I n d i d i an R e p or t on A rm en ia n Co in s T ar ab ad ou m

l . 7 p p. 2 9 - 2 4 o. ( I n A rm en ia n. [ T . F i hh h ui l

T u pu u u u nn d I h h hu n f4 1 8 27 . & n p . B . 4 g .

B r v e H i st oi re d el a P e ti te A rm n ie P a r i s 1 3 o .

gica lMuseum I stanbul Turk ey .

L e v o n I t r am s i n I S .

r ek i n I . C a t ho l ic o s C o lo p ho n s of M an u sc r ip t s V t h t o

ur ie s A n t el ia s L e ba no n 1 5 1 V o l . I . ( I n A rm en ia n.

h d hp b uu l fp ub ul I 9 5 .

C r e a





viationsx vii

. K amerB aghdadlian C annes F rance. Thisco l-

e fatherofMrs. K amerB aghdadlian the

ian.

L . S . K h a c hi g ya n C o lo p ho n s of F o u r t ee n th C e nt u ry

rivan A rmenia 1 5o. U . S. S. R . I nstitute

o f S ci e nc e s A r me n ia n S .S . R . [ l . U . h u H 4 j u i l

yh p i 2 hn u p hp < h 2 ui nu hu pu il ib hp $ uy hu hu l U . U . / .

hu hilkuyhQuinil inHyuil F uuinhunni-in. bpb| uil

. K e g h am K a l a i a n of N e wY o r k.

ft J a hr b c h er de rL i t er at ur W i en 1 84 , C I I . An e ig e-

af t un d K u ns t C I I p p. I - 2 . ( B e sc hr ei bu ng

derrupenischenD ynastie inC il icien.

S CH E S M U S U M K u n st h is t or i sc h es M u se u m in

ossessesasmallcollectionofR oupeniancoins

rtramofC onstantine I thoughttobethe

nceuntilquiterecently .

, S e co n do c a ta l og o d i og e tt i d i nu m is m at i ca V e n e i a 1 8 55 .

M o n et e d i R e d A r me n ia d e ll a D i n a st i a R u p en a .

. V . d e L a C r o e H i s t o ir e d u Ch r is t ia n is m e d E t h io p ie e t

1 7 9 .

L a ng lo is C hr on i u e de M ic he l le G ra nd V e n i ce 1 86 8.

L a ng lo is C ar tu la ir e L e t r s or d es c ha rt es d A rm n ie o u

rieroya ledesR oup niens V enice 186 .

L a ng lo is N um is ma ti u e de l A rm n ie a um oy en â g e

. L a n gl o is “ L é g e nd e A ra b e d u n e m o nn a ie b i li n gu e

e vu eA rc h o l og i u e V I I ( 1 85 o , p p. 22 o- 2 3 .

. L a n gl o is “ S u r le s m on n ai e s de s r oi s a rm n i en s d e la

” R e vu e Ar ch o lo gi u e V I I ( 1 85 o , p p . 26 2 2 75

P l . I 4 4 I 4 7 I 4 8.

L a ng lo is “ S u r u ne p i c e in d it e d O c hi ne ( C ui vr e , ”

e V I I I ( 1 85 1 , p p. 22 5 2 2 .

. L a n gl o is “ S u r q u e l u e s mo n na i es i n d i te s o u pe u c on -

o lo gi u e X ( 1 85 ) , p p . 46 7 4 75 P l . 2 22 -2 2 .

L a ng lo is “ S u r de u mo nn ai es i n d it es d e L é o n I I , ”

u e B e l g e 1 8 66 p p . 4 7 4- 4 77 . P l . X V I I I .

C r e a





Abbreviations

S — A r i st a ge s L a s d v er d ts i H i s t o ry E y e W i t ne s s Ac c ou n t of

( 9 8 – 1 0 71 , V e n i c e 18 4 4 an d A le a n dr o po l

m en ia 1 8 3 . ( I n A rm en ia n. [ l ph un u u l u u / -

/i u hu h uf f y Q u i nl i n P h i l i ( 9 8 – 1 0 7 ) . ‘ l b h in h /

L , 1 8 3 ] .

rudhomme H isto ired A rm nieparA ris-

64 .

e M. B r o s s et H i s t o ir e d u B a s - m p ir e .

J . L e le we l N ot es in “ G n ie de l O r i en t b yL . L . Sa wa s -

e 1 8 46 p .2 14 P l . X I . 9 4 9 5 .

S . L o p e a n d I . W . R a y m on d M e d i ev a l Tr a de i n t he M e di t er -

o r k 1 5 5 .

ac le r C am br i dg e Me di ae va l H i st or y 1 3 6 V o l . I V .

anantyan A C rit icalTreatiseof theHistoryof the

o ls . E r i v a n A r me n ia 1 4 4 1 6 0 . P u b li s he d b y

y TheA cademyofSciences A rmenianS. S. R .

4 .U ' u ih ui lt h ui u R u h ul ui S hu n- / ni < " y d in in ( " t h

4 p . b ph i lu b 1 4 4 1 6 0 4 .U . U . / k. % h i r n. E / n ih h ph

y u il F u u i n hi n nl i n .

r “ D e s c r ip t io n o f a Co p pe r C oi n o f L e o K i n g

J ourna lo fL iteratureandScience Madras

G . P a u t hi e r N o uv e ll e B i o g ra p hi e G n r a le P a r is

pp .6 7 65 .

a r sd e n O r i en t al C o in s L o n do n 1 8 2 .

. d e Ma s L a t r i e H i s to i re d e C hy p re 3 v o l s. P a r i s 1 8 52

A E T Z I — M at eo sO u r ha ie t i H i s to ry ( 9 5 2- 11 6 , J e -

d V a g ha r sh a ba d A r m e ni a ( 1 8 8 . ( I n A r me n ia n .

m/ ^ n u f / - n -S uy kg . Ty b pm u u é u 1 86 ; L u u ip -

e n c h Tr a ns l at i on : E . D u l au r ie r M a tt h ie u d É d e ss e

handA rmenianV ersions: R ecueildesHistoriens

m en t s Ar m n i en s I . P a r i s 1 8 6 .

e rt e ns D e r B r a kt e at f un d v on N o rd h au s en H a l l e

on M an ue l d a rt M us ul ma n P a r i s 1 0 7.

rdikianMuseum ArmenianNationalCultural

e b an o n.

C r e a





v iationsx i

Sh. Mnatsaganyan A rmenianDecorativeA rt

. S .S . R . 1 5 5 . ( I n A rm e ni a n. [ U . 6 . U ' h u gu h ui y ui b

u p u ib hu ti bh p b ph il ub I 9 5 5 .

C omptedeMontgomery. SeePembrok e.

s de M o rg a n H i s t o ry o f t he A r me n ia n P e o p le T r an s -

H a i r e ni k P r e s s B o s t o n 1 5 2 .

. N ad i a K a p am a d i P a r i s F r a nc e .

h q uearm nienneNubar. Theco llectionof thislibrary

oupeniancoinsandformerlybelongingto

containsararecopperco inofP rinceLevonI I

ramofHetoumI - a ik husrew.

s t r u p C at a lo g ue d e s mo n na i es A r ab e s et T u r u e s C o pe n -

eauthor New York .

F r a nc e sc o d i B a l du c ci o P e g o l ot t i L a p r at i ca d e ll a m ar c a-

a n s C am b ri d ge M a ss . 1 3 6 .

J . P e l le ri n L e tt re s de l A ut eu r de s re cu ei ls d e m d a il le s de

t d e V i l l es P a r is 1 7 70 .

T . P embrok eetC omptedeMontgomery Numismatica

ivisa L ondon 1746.

H i s t oi re g n r al e de s pe up le s P a r i s 1 2 5.

rds. Theauthorw asfortunate insecuringf romMr. A r-

rutthepaperrubbingsof tw ohoards oneof

ero fL evonI . P arto f theLevonhoardwas

o l o .

W . R ay mo nd s ee L o pe , R . S.

ue ildesHistoriensC ro isades DocumentsA rm niens

1 0 6.

T . R e i n au d D e s c r ip t io n s de s m on u me n s Mu s ul m an s P a r is

N C E — A h a n d co p y of a m an u sc r ip t b y th e l at e P r o f .

arvardUniversity . Theoriginalpresumably

I V century isintheMekhitarianlibrary inV enice .

u n c im a n T h e H i s to r y of t h e Cr u sa d es 3 v o ls . C am -

5 1 1 5 4.

. S a ba t ie r D e s c r ip t io n s g n r a le d e s mo n na i es b y a n ti n es

R e p r i nt G r a , 1 5 5 .

C r e a





dA bbrev iations

— S . A n et s i H i s t o r yf r om 1 1 26 t i ll t h e 17 t h Ce n tu r y

n ia 1 8 5 . [ U u i lh ' L l u hg h ' l u Tu p ou l tu i n

slation: M. B rosset C o llectiond historiensar-

S t . P é t e rs b ou r g 1 8 76 . ( T a b l es c h ro n ol o gi u e d e

ki si an P a g ed a rt ar m n i en P a r is 1 4 0.

o I n J . B o n g a rs G e st a d ei p e r F r a n co s 1 6 11 . F i d e l im

a r sI V .

e L ' A rt d e la P e r se a nc ie nn e P a r i s 1 2 2.

S au lc y N um is ma ti u e by a nt in e 2 v ol s. M et , 1 8 6 .

ionsdessuitesmoneta ireB y antines.

S au l cy N u mi s ma t i u e d es C r oi s ad e s P a r is 1 8 47 .

G R — G . S ch l um be r ge r Ar c hi v es d e l O r i e n t L a t i n P a r is

G R — G . S ch l um be r ge r N u mi s ma t i u e d e l O r i e n t L a t i n

R — G . S ch lu mb er ge r M l an ge s d A rc h o lo gi e B y a nt in e

G R — G . S ch l um be r ge r “ M o nn a ie s d es p r in c es C h r t i en s

I r oi d A rm n ie ” R e vu eA rc h o l og i u e X X X ( 1 87 5 ,

4 5 3 4 . ( D e s c r ip t io n o f a bi l lo n o f L e v on I s t r uc k i n

blishedha lfdoubletramofLevonI .

e st i ni L e t te r e e D i s se r ta i o ne N u mi s ma t ic h e s o pr a a lc u ne

ioneA insliena. L ivorno 177 . ( D escription

seyco llection I I I , p. 147.

e st i ni L e t te r e e D i s se r ta i o ne N u mi s ma t ic h e e t c . D i s s e r-

oneteA rmenedeiP rincipiR upenensi L ivorno

22 55 P l .I , I I .

e st i ni L e t te r e e D i s se r ta i o ne N u mi s ma t ic h e e t c. S o pr a d ei

nc i pi R u p e n en s i L i v or n o 1 7 0 I V , L e t te r e

. S ib i li a n C l a ss i fi c at i on o f R o u p en i an C oi n s V i e nn a 1 8 2

utpublishedin18 2w ithe tensiveaddit ionsby

( I n A r me n ia n . [ ' i . U h u t h/ h ui h M u uu - np m -A h li

g l li bi ih u 1 8 2 .% p m u 1 87 7 F u H i S u lm u 1 8 2 F i

n/ Q. l. luth/ hulphuibhin ū ’ # .

. S ib i li a n U n p u b li s he d Co i ns o f t he R o u p e ni a n K i n gs

1 85 1 N o. 46 4 8: 1 85 2 N o. 2 9 , 1 1 1 6. ( I n A rm en ia n.

C r e a





v iationsxx i

f / km ( f u hu i P u u m ph h p. m . U ’ F l i gh - < h i l iu 9 9 p u a n up u li n -

u lu 1 85 1 G h- e 46 4 8 1 85 2. P h - 2 9 , 1 1 1 6.

. Si bi li an N um is ma ti u e ar m n ie nn e R e v ue d el O r i e nt

86 0 p p. 1 3 – 2 0 .

. Si bi l a n “ B e s ch re ib un g vo n X V I I n oc h un ed ir te n

c h- R u p e ni s ch e n D y n as t ie i n K i l i k ie n S i t u n gs -

Classederk.AkademiederW issenschaften

I , p .2 75 .

h “ A M e et i ng o f E a s t a nd W e s t ” S e mi t ic a n d

niversityofC alif o rniaP ublicationsofSemitic

1 5 1 , p p. 42 – 4 2 7.

of thek ingdomofC ilicia . Chronicle9 52 1274and

1. A rmeniante tpublishedinMoscow in1856

ecentte tinV enice in1 56. F renchtranslation

i u e d e Se m pa d ( e t r ai t , S t . P é t e r s bo u rg 1 8 62 .

hu l l S u ph a li p e ' l h uk s hi 1 5 6 .

. S p in e ll i M o ne t e Cu f ic h e b e tt u te d a p ri n ci p i L o n g ob a rd i

gnodelledueSicil ie Napoli 1844.

— J . S t r y g ow s ki D i e B a u ku n st d e r Ar m en i er u n d

nn a 1 1 6.

A . S ur m ey i an T h e P s a l te r o f K i n g O s h i n W r i tt e n in

nt el ia s L e ba no n 1 3 3 . ( I n A rm en ia n. [ l pi nu l lu g.

h u pu a li f 0 2 [ i . P u u m ph u d u/ i a7 / pp / h I 3 1 .

hu ih 1 3 3 ]

deSaint-Amant Commentaireshistori uescon-

ra ledesempereurs imp ratrices caesarsetty rans

vo ls. Paris 1644.

O Y -Al.Troubet koy.SeeCataloguedesmonnaieetc.

H i s t o ry f r om t h e B e g in n in g t il l 1 26 5 V e n ic e 1 8 62 .

Z u l u . pm i f i Q u i nl / in ( J / r ui t ‘ l u pt u ou y ' l u pt u ut h sh

Mek hitarianMuseuminV enice I ta ly.

O . v o n F a l ke K u n st g es c hi c ht e d er S e id e nw eb e re i 2 v o ls .

N H E I M - V e r e i ch n is s d er M n - u n d Me d ai l le n -S a mm l un g

e l l en h ei m W i e n 1 8 45 . ( A r m e ni s ch e K ö n i ge a u s

i li c ie n N o .1 2 05 6 1 2 06 0 I I . A b th e il u ng p . 5 70 .

Mek hitarianMuseuminV ienna A ustria .

C r e a





AR L I E R P U B L I C AT O NS

A NCO I NS

oupeniancoinwasapparentlymadein

cludedadrawingofa bilingualcoinof

nhise tensivew ork onnumismatics. Tristan

lthoughincorrectly theArabicinscriptionon

phertheArmenianside althoughheknew

nian.Thedrawingofthis coinwasdoneso

etoreadtheArmenianinscription.Some

D uC ange re ferredtoTristan sbil ingua l

oaPersianmonarch. Thecoinw asagainbrie fly

fiveyearslaterbyCuperi whomoreorless

entsmadebyTristanandD uC ange. I tw as

arlyahundredyearsafterTristan spublication

temptedtodeciphertheA rmenianinscription. A l-

rrectly readitas“ ThagavorThagavorat

n g of K i n g s o f th e A rm e ni a ns h e a pp a re n tl y h ad

witha goodknowledgeofArmenianbe-

is grammaticallyaccurate andhisfaulty

eenduetothepoor conditionofthecoin.

dler reproducedanotherbil ingua lco inofHetoum-

eededinreadingtheinscriptioncorrectly.

sbearingentirelyArmenianinscriptions

ribedina catalogoftheSt.P etersburg

min1745. Thedescriptionthere isasfo llows:

.

8 .

3 9 – 3 4 4.

P l . X I I , N o .C .

etropo litani. V o l. I I ( 1745 p. 452. Theauthoris

A.B ykovoftheH ermitageMuseumforlocating

hi nvariouslibrariesofL eningrad.O nlyafter

v sreportwasitpossibletodeterminethatthiswas

C r e a





cationsonR oupenianC oinsxx ii i

coronatus sedens de tracrucem sinistrascept-

tenens.

A W E Z ( i . e. A rm en ia e . A .I n si gn ia r eg ni :

O R D I A D E I

us.

atesflantescrucemtenent.

H A W E Z . A . L e o g ra di en s s u p ra q u e m cr u .

O R D I A D E I N i mm us su su s.

werereadincorrectly thedescriptionsare

fLevonI andtheoneofH etoum-Z abel.

copperco inofLevonI appearedinP em-

streatise publishedin1746 buttheauthors

oneouslyasaR unicco in. I n1762 P e llerins

ofsi copperco insofLevonI w ithA rmenian

eadtheinscription.Shortly thereafter before

ndvolumeof hisworkin1770 henoted

oininapublicationwhich describedthe

sdeSavorgnan. I t ispresumedthatthis

metimebetween1762and1770 asP ellerin

keuse oftheinformationinhisfirst

eMekhitarianF athersinV enicehadpublished

ks thusintroducingthelanguageto

Pe llerinw asthenabletoread thoughnot

inprinto fR oupenianco ins w iththee ception

toumI . I nhismonographonR oupenianco ins

greferences:

74 5 I I , P l . I I I , p . 45 2

tiondeMinnisaria liorum ueA rmeniaeregumnummis

56

Minnisaria lio rum ueA rmeniaeregumnummis. V ienna

e n p . 1 8 M i on n et I V , p p . 45 1 4 5 8. B r o s s et a d ds t h at

ancientArmeniancoinswithGreeklegendsand

upenianperiod.H isremarkswouldleadoneto

a ltw ithR oupenianco ins. F roe lich sbook iscon-

Christianperiodcoinsand notR oupeniancoins.

w asimpossibletocheck eitherC orsiniorA lter but

p. 1 w ouldleadonetobelievethatonly thef irst

ins.

go me ry I V , P a r t 4 P l . X L .

1 47 P l . I . N os . 6 7 8 .

C r e a





ierP ublicationsonR oupenianC oins

variationsofthe inscriptionsonthecopper

mchian publishedhismonumenta lHistoryof

. Thisstudy publishedinA rmenian w as

lish. I nhisw ork C hamchianmentions

ruck go ld silverandcopperco ins andgives

w roteatreatiseontheco inageof theR oupenians

storyof thedynasty.H elistedthirteen

rbianand erroneouslyidentifiedasAr-

estini gaveadescriptionandengrav ingofa

oumandofanew copperco inofLevonI . I t

atSestini alsoreproducedanengraving

dtotheR oupeniank ing Toros. Thisisone

cha coinhasbeenattributedtothis king.

t ini spictoria lrepresentationwassopoorthatit

e inscription.H owdidSestinimanageto

ehistoryandcoinageofthe R oupenians

atherI nd id ian inareportappearingin

ication. A pparently in1788 w henLord

d i d i a n in C o ns t an t in o pl e ( I s t an b ul h e

rofunidentifiedcoins and“ insistedon

ingthesecoins.I tbecamenecessaryto

eR oupeniank ingstogivetoSestini the

omakemodelsof theoldandnewformsof

estiniusedinhisI ta liantreatise . Sestini

theinvaluablehelpgivenhimin thisphase

obv iousthatF atherI nd id ianw asprobably

knowledgeofthecoinageoftheR oupenian

unatethathe madenoattempttopublish

ry o fA rm en ia V o l . I I I , p . 3 6 5.

o fA rmenia .

I , p p. 22 5 5 P l . I , I I .

V , p .8 4.

I I , p .1 47 .

. 2 9 – 4 0.

p .8 4 L e tt er eV I I I .

C r e a





cationsonR oupenianC oinsxx v

ears theco inageof theR oupeniansreceived

chon describedthedesignofsomeArmenian

hecoinsofC yprus. B rosset thenoted

ussedanumberofR oupenianco ins w hich

il ingua lco inofH etoum- a ik obad and

ofOshin ” andlater in18 9 , publisheda

helistedaboutsi tyco insinvariousR ussian

Thisworkdidmuchto arouseinterestinthe

anperiod. A ta laterdate B rosset reported

tin.

ark onaco inofLevonI byC appelle tt i

a thene timportantcontributionw asmade

isw ork conta insagoodreview of theprev ious

ect w ithappropria tecommentsonthe ircon-

A ccordingtoMarcar(45 thisarticlehas

m.K raftdiscussesatsomelengththe

oupeniank ingdomandlists5 co ins o f

eR oya lMuseuminV ienna 2 totheco l-

i and7totheMekhitarianMuseumin

wellillustratedand includedasilvercoinof

gB rosset sandK raf t streatises R oupenian

omecatalogs.O nepublishedin1845listed

insofLevonI andHetoumI * andan-

8 l istedasi ablecollectionof theco insof the

o ins. O thercontemporarycata logs a lso in-

field.

- 4 05 .

re du B a s- m pi re X V I , p . 26 3 0 5 X V I I , p .4 ;

, pp. 3 24 3 2 5

p .5 10 .

aphiedesMonnaiesA rm niennes.

p o rt s s ur u n V o y a ge A r ch o l og i u e d an s l a G o r gi e e t da n s

p. I 4.

8 181.

atalogue p. 570.

ct i on p . 2 4 .

u e 1 8 55 p . 5 7 I h a ve n o t se e n th e c at a lo g o f P r i nc e

on andthisreferenceiscopied fromSibilianX I I .

C r e a





ierP ublicationsonR oupenianC oins

moreprominencetothe coppercoins.

causeofthediscoveryofvarioushoardsof silver

sreversed. I n1845 threesilvercoinsofZ abel-

byB orre ll. Thefo llow ingyear another

asdescribedbyL e lewel ” a longwithaco in

nA rabicsurcharge. I n1847 Saulcy i l lustrated

chheascribedtoC yprus andanotherA rme-

nscription.

periodof intenseactivityinthefield of

utstandingcontributionsweremadeby

soelucidatedtherelationshipofthe R oupenian

world andbyF atherSibilianwhosere-

he causeofArmeniannumismaticsfar

w ork inscopeandaccuracy . L anglois w rit ingin

dE uropeansw iththisbranchofnumismatics and

enian placedthecoinageonafirmfoundation.

i l ian sw ork remainedaclassicfornearlya

L angloisreportedthecompletereadingof the

m- a ik husrew. H e laterpublishedagenera l

l ist inga llthek now nco llections bothpublic

culatedonthe originofthedesignsof the

ans. I nanotherarticle L anglo isdiscussed

ttributedtoToros. I n1851 hereported

andpublishedthreearticles summingup

onR oupenianco ins. Tw oyearslater hepub-

clelistinghithertounknownorlittle known

L angloiswerebroughttogetherinbook

icationentit ledNumismati uedel A r-

P l .

P l . X I , N o. 9 4 9 5 .

u e d e Cr o is a de s 1 8 4 7 P l . X I X , N o s. 5 7 .

e A rc h o lo gi u e 1 85 0 p p. 2 20 2 .

p. 2 62 -2 71 3 5 7 3 6 8 4 16 4 26 P l . I 4 4 1 4 7 I 4 8.

p. 4 1 6 4 2 6 .

85 1 p p. 2 25 2 2 .

85 1 p p . 26 2 -2 7 4 3 5 7 3 6 8 4 1 6 4 2 6 a n d 3 p l at e s.

85 , p p. 4 67 4 75 P l . 2 22 a nd 2 2 .

C r e a





cationsonR oupenianC oinsxx v ii

I tw asanotablecontribution butasSibil ian

ater itcontainedno lessthansi ty -nine

the lighto fourpresentk now ledge thisnumber

o ld. I n1866 L angloisa lsoreportedona

bletramofL evonI . Thisco inw iththe

ompleteinscriptiononbothsides

Sibilianwroteseveralimportantarticles.

mberofthe ArmenianR omanCatholic

nna anorderestablishedin1717inSt. L a-

Mek hitaro fSebastia. I n1811 somemembersof the

. B othbranchesof theorderhavemadee -

tionstoArmenianculture.TheMekhitarists

nsofArmenianbooksandan impressive

anmanuscripts.V iennapossessesbyfar

oupenianco ins andthecollectioninV enice

havelongdependedon thesetwoestablish-

nformationonArmenianstudies.Neither

dhavecarriedouttheir studieswithoutthe

khitarists.

he fatherofArmeniannumismatics.

ne haustivestudiesandhaveprovedre-

ibil ian sdeathSchlumberger w rote “ le

uiconnaissa itadmirablementcettebranchede

n i en n e et q u i l a v ai t é t u d i e à l a f oi s e n pa t ri o te f e r-

tedistingu n estplus.

antinople(I stanbul onF ebruary17

Mek hitaristorderinV ienna in18 8. E ncouraged

n hetook anactive interestinA rmenianco ins

treatiseonthecoinageof theR oupenians.

nsufficientmaterialinV iennaforasatis-

rneyedtoArmeniaandneighboringcountriesin

erial.Thus inadditiontohisreligious

mein writingonnumismaticandhistorical

ma t i u e d e l A r m n i e au M o ye n A ge P a r is 1 8 55 .

e d el a Nu mi sm at i u e B e lg e 1 86 6 p . 47 4. P l . X V I I I .

ch i ve s d e l O r i e n t L a t i n 1 8 81 p p . 67 5 6 7 8.

a n s P r e fa c e to S i bi l i an s b o ok X V I I .

C r e a





ie rP ublicationsonR oupenianC oins

878 attheageof54 asaresulto fanil lness

ls.H ewasunabletowritethe e haustive

oinswhichhehadplanned butdidcomplete

oupenianC oins w ritteninA rmenianin1877

ithe tensivenotesbyF atherK. H . K a lem-

tincludedabibliographyofearly refer-

Althoughlimitedin scopeandinaccurate

erperiodofthekingdom thishasserved

his day.

bil ianw roteaseriesofsi papersonun-

ns. Thesepaperswereincorporatedinan

appearedinGermaninaV iennesepublica-

Sibilianpublishedadditionalinformationon

periodinclude anoteona coppercoinof

etoum-Z abelsilvercoins prev iouslydiscussedby

nera ltreatiseonR oupenianco ins inanA rmenian

mousnumismatist Schlumberger madea

ibutionstoourknowledgeofR oupenian

opublishaco inofLevonI struck inA ntioch

nthesamearticlehefirstdescribedahalf

. Shortly thereaf ter aga inforthef irstt ime

nago ldcoinofL evonI . Schlumberger

k istheonly referencew ork ontheco inageofC il ician

rtunatethatithasneverbeentranslatedinto a

V i e n na 1 85 1. N os . 46 4 8 1 85 2 N o. 2 9 , I I , 1 6.

yappearinginanewspaper wereaddedtoSibilian s

bletothe generalreader.

andreprintedinbook form.

el O r i en t 1 8 60 X I I , p .1 3 – 2 0 .

u r n al o f L i t e r at u re a n d Sc i en c e 1 8 51 p . 1 51 . I t i s

hofthis coppercoinasprintedis amirrorimage

o ins. Thisisprobablyduetoanerrorinprinting

riptionand imagecoinshavebeenreported.

40 , 4 46 P l . X I I I .

– 8 5 ( i n A rm en ia n .

v ue A rc h o lo gi u e 1 87 5 p p. 3 4 5 3 4 .

ch i ve s d e l O r i e n t L a t i n 1 8 81 p p . 67 5 6 7 8.

C r e a





cationsonR oupenianC oinsxx i

nofR oupeniancoins whicheventually

io th q ueNationa le inParis.

shanof theMek hitaristO rderinV enicepub-

atise “ Sissouan ” onC ilicianA rmenia . He

hecoinageofthekingdomanddiscussedat

alrelationshipofthekingdomwiththe

Numismatically thevalueofhiswork is

efirsttocontain adescriptionofthecopper

antin TorosandL evonI I , anda lsoof the

. H isw ork w astranslatedintoF rench

ageoftheR oupeniandynastyseemedto

ork andforthene tf if tyyearstherew ereno

e.Thediscoveryofseveralcoppercoinsof

promptedsevera larticlese lucidatingthe inscription

B a s m a d i a n p u bl i sh e d hi s g en e ra l t re a ti s e on

ia inwhichhegavean accountnotonly

butalsoofcoins struckonthesoil ofGreater

ankingsandby theMohammedanin-

theArabs.H ealsogavedescriptionsofcoins

ncludingR omancoinswiththeinscription

A r me n ia ” e t c. a n d of t h e co i ns o f m an y B y a n ti n e

gin.Thisvolume however addedlittlenew

owledgeoftheR oupenianperiod.

therehasbeenrenew edactiv ity inthef ield

andconsiderableprogresshasbeenmade.

publicationsby Garabetianwho inhis

cataloguedanumberofcollectionsand

ollectionintheMekhitaristMuseumin

i n A r m en i an , 1 8 85 .

Tw oarticlesinA rmenianpublicationslistedinthe

nA rmenian containsasectiononR oupeniancoins.

thorhastakenlittle careinpreparingthissection

fof thenumismaticmaterialtobefoundin

hedrawingsaretak enf romJ ac uesdeMorgan s

A rmenianPeople .

C r e a





l ie rPublicationsonR oupenianC oins

va lue isadescriptionof thehoardofDaphne ”

whichcontainedalargenumberof rare

therinterestingandinformativearticlesby

hytreatiseonsomeaspects ofthedesign

ndbibliographicalsurveysonpublications

meniannumismatics.

oundin1874inC il icia Sibilianpo intedout

tw eentheL evoncoins( w rittenlb / ) and

1 4 4 a nd Go sd an ti nI I ( 1 4 4 1 6 4 . H e s ug -

kelythatthesecoinswereall madebythe

ian wasapparentlythefirsttoattribute

c o in s t o L e v o n th e U s u r pe r w ho r u le d f ro m 1 6

afterthediscoveryof theC hronicleofD arde lin

nceof theruleofL eotheUsurperbecamek nown.

forenotavailabletoSibilian.Metrological

rin supportofGarabetian stheoryare

k.

berofstudieshavebeenpublishedwhichhave

theproblemsconcerningthe coinageofthe

hertobeenimpossibleto distinguishthecoins

ndGosdantinI V f romeachother. Thishasnow

ghacritical e aminationoftheweightsand

numberofcoinsofthesetwo rulers. Since

arnodates it isnotpossibletoclassif y the

logicallyaccordingtotheirorderofissue.

rativestudiesande aminationof two large

m av e b N o . 7 9 , 1 5 2 p p . 1 5 5 1 6 8. G a ra b et i an h a s

heco llectionsintheB iblio th q ueNationa le in

tMuseuminV iennaandV enice anda lsothesmall

q ueA rm nienneNubarinParis. Thesecata logs

nGarabetian spossession arenotava ilabletothe

ngpublication.

A n nu a l Nu m be r 1 4 – 5 0 p p . 16 2 1 . Th i s va l ua b le

pertyofMr. A rmenak Po ladianofB e irut L ebanon

MuseuminErivan A rmenia .

k A nn ua l Nu mb er 1 4 – 5 0 p p. 2 65 -2 3 .

k 1 5 0 p p. 2 74 2 80 G ar ab et ia n P a m av ab 1 5 1

SM us eu mN ot es V I ( 1 5 4 , p p. 1 3 – 1 9 , P l . X X .

C r e a





cationsonR oupenianC oinsxx x i

e ltrams anorderof issuew asassignedtothe

ns.

eanhistoricalstudy onthecausesofthe

sbyHetoumI , ” the identityof “bissantios

bycontemporarywriterswiththetramsof

m-Z abel ” andanaccountof theco inageofGos-

ublication establishedtheauthenticityof the

ypointingoutthee istenceofauthentic

samediesasthegold coins.Amorerecent

nof thedesignof theco insofLevonI .

Mu se um No te s V I I I ( 1 5 8 , p p. 14 5 1 8 0 P l . X X X I X .

Mu se um No te s V I I ( 1 5 7 , p p. 21 – 2 0 P l . X X X .

de s Am so ry a 1 5 , p p. 2 41 2 50 ( I n A rm en ia n .

de s Am so ry a 1 5 8 p p. 3 8 1 3 9 0 ( I n A rm en ia n .

de s Am so ry a 1 6 0 p p. 1 6 2 7 ( I n A rm en ia n .

de s Am so ry a 1 6 0 p p. 5 25 -5 4 ( I n A rm en ia n .

C r e a





L I C A NAR M N A

C r e a





A .

'

n

C AN AR ME N A

C r e a





I N TR O D U C T O N

TH E AR M N ANSTO C L I C A

aterritoryw hichdidnotbelongtoA rmenia

leventhcenturybecametheseatofan

wasthefirstto issueaseriesof coinsbearing

reviously therulersofGreaterArmeniahad

rearlyGreekcoins andonesbearingGreek

ntsleadingtothe foundingoftheR ou-

ebrieflyr eviewedheretogivebackground

od.

hepowerof theCaliphateofB aghdadat

century anumberofindependentorsemi-

ereformedinArmenia.O fthese the

mostpowerfulandfoundedakingdomin

oA 5. Unfortunate ly thee istingfeuda lsystem

blefor therivalprincipalitiestocombine

erfulstatecapableof resistingthemachi-

y antineempires. Therulersofbothempires

skeptina constantturmoilthroughpetty

riousk ingdoms o fw hichtherew eresi inthe

erulero fA ni crow ned“ k ingofk ings andso

phandtheemperorofB y antium e erted

eyondhisfeudalholdings.

mberofsemi-independentprincipalities

w ereunderB y antinerule . TheB y antine

Armeniannobilitytosettlein variousparts

yinCappadociaandCilicia andnumerous

ypositionsweregivento Armenians.

umadoptedapo licyofsub ugatingthe in-

othArmeniaandGeorgia apolicycarried

ryor diplomaticmeasures andoftenby

landsandhighofficeswithinthe bound-

tstandinge ampleofthistrendwasthe

C r e a





nia

ing SenekerimofV aspourak an inthe

tof Sebastiawithalargeportionof his

hepo licyofshift ingpopulationsinordertoerase

ovedtobeshort-sightedanddisastrous.

e l uk Turkishtribesf romC entra lA sia it

ctorinthedow nfa llo f theB y antineempire .

hhadlongprotectedthe easternlandsofthe

ndleaderless sothattherewerenoestab-

theadvanceoftheSel uks.

rmenianstomovefrom theirancestral

G a gi k t h e ki n g of K a r s e c h an g ed h i s ki n gd o m

rusmountains—thecitiesof D samentav

omana togetherw ithahundredvil lages and

withalargeportionof hisnobilityand

k shadcon uerednotonlyA rmeniabutavery

nlyinthemountainousdistrictsof Greater

bleto survive.I nthemountainsofCilicia

eArmenianswereleftwithouttheprotection

andtheirhistorica lantagonismtowardsthe

easuresleadingtoindependence.AB y an-

escent P hila retus a lreadyheldlarge

andeastern Cilicia includingAntioch.

dambitionsofestablishinganArmenian

ragedArmenianstocomeand settleinhis

shadcapturedSebastiaandputanend to

Someofthenoblemenwhoheldlands as

arentlycametoCiliciaandsettledin the

upen whoclaimedtoberelatedto the

heldPart rbertandthesurroundingterritory

herewerenumerousotherArmenianrulers

sedloya lty totheB y antineemperorandbe-

hodo ratherthantheArmenianNational

untof theseevents includingcondit ionsbeforethe

andtheshort-sightedpo licyofB y antium isgiven

yan V o l. I I I ( inA rmenian anda lso inGrousset

ie d es O r i gi ne s ă I o I , p p . 3 4 - 6 5 .

C r e a





on5

ginningofthe eleventhcenturyO shinheld

undingterritory Tatoulhe ldMarash Gabrie l

E dessa. K oghV asil w hobelongedtotheA r-

he lde tensive landsaroundGabanand

erenotpropitiousforP hilaretustoforma

onofmanyof theaboverulerswasprecarious

ngSel uk tide. O nlyoneof theprinces

nmaintaininghisruleand beganadynastywhich

three hundredyears.

A P E R I O D O F C L I C ANAR M N A

10 5 pro f itedf romfavorablecircumstancesand

sposition.Takingadvantageofthepolitical

y antinesandtheSel uk sw erebusyw ith

oupene tendedhisho ldings. I t ishighlyun-

ns sinceheruledonlyover asmall

o 5 I I o o s u c ce ed ed h is f at he r R o u pe n. I t w as

firstwaveofCrusadersarrived andthe

setieswiththemas naturalalliesagainst

ndtheSel uk s. TheA rmeniansactive lyassisted

gthemwithnecessitiesduringthe siegeof

hatGosdantinissuedcoins a lthougha

dlyw orn w iththe inscriptiononlypartially

utedbysometoGosdantin.

112 ) felthimselfsufficientlystrongtocomedown

pturetheimportantcity ofAna arpus

er. WiththehelpofK oghV asil hew asableto

e l uk attack sande tendedhisterritory

menianswerebeginningtoplayapartinthe

rusaders. Toroshe lpedB aldw inI o fE dessa

miro fMosul. WhenB aldw inbecamethe

osce linofC ourtenaysucceededhim. J osce linw as

s andtherelationshipswerefriendly.O n

orosandKoghV asilw ereforcedtow aragainst

C r e a





nia

tionsofestablishingaNormankingdomin

leftfromToros andinallprobability

1 1 8 s u cc e ed e d hi s b ro t he r . H e w a s an a mb i ti o us

ashortt imecapturedtheB y antinecit iesof

arsus ande tendedhisboundariestothe

adaq uarrelw ithB ohemondI I o fA ntioch

anishmendemir Gha i defeatedhim.

theD anishmends.Thereafter Antiochwent

husbecamemoreF renchthanNormanin

nd inturn managedtocaptureLevonthrough

eedomonlyafterL evonagreedtocedethe

anatohis captor.U pongaininghisfree-

vonrecapturedthecitiesandpreparedtoresume

Matterswouldhavebecomeworsehadnot

osce linofE dessa arrangedforatruceanda

thetwo adversariesdecidedtomake

onthatastormwasbreakingover theirheads.

or J ohnComnenus whohadalwaysconsidered

Sy riaasB y antineterritory lookedupon

ormanprincipalityofAntioch andthe

ntCilicianArmeniaasoutrightacts of

perorreachedC iliciaw itha largearmyand

only themaincit ies buta lsoLevonandhis

ero fB a ldwinofE dessa andtheirtw osons

othersons StephenandMleh w erewith

dthusescapedcapture.Theprisonerswere

w hereL evon brok enhearted diedw ithin

u p e n w as k i ll e d by t h e B y a n ti n es b u t To r os

liciaafter anabsenceofsevenyears.

I 44 I I 68 reachedCilicia anduponhearingofhis

ansgatheredthe irforcesunderhim. I nashort

sterofCilicia.Asecond attemptbythe

theA rmeniansfa iled. Theemperor sson

ghsupportedbylocalArmenianrulers— O shin

fB ragan w how erevassa lso f theemperor

C r e a





on7

.Theprisonerswereallowedto obtaintheir

nsoms.

y antineemperorManuelcoa edSultan

oattack Toros. TheSultanwasdefeatedby the

meniansandthe Templars.F ollowingthese

endedhisterritorybycapturingI sauria f rom

mepromisedlargesumsto theprinceof

C hatil lon toattack C ilicia . Theresultsw ere

eemperorfa iledtopay forthew are penses

andthetwoinvadedand pillagedCyprus.

mperorcametoCiliciawitha largearmy .

theforgivenessof theEmperor andToros

E ventually throughtheinterventionof

erusalem peacew asestablishedw herebyToros

mperorandwasnamedP ansebasdosby

nterferenceonthepartof theB y antines

althoughtherewereseveralattemptsbylocal

todefy thew illo fToros. I nthebitterstruggles

hedtheirpowerandforcedmanyof themto

dal probablystruckbyTorosI I .

l lcopperco inattributedtothisprincerecent-

nof theauthor.I tbearsthenameof

dconsiderablepowerandholdings itisq uite

s althoughonlythetwocoinsmen-

obeine istence.

1 1 74 . A l th o ug h T or o s ha d l ef t a y ou n g so n a s hi s h ei r

i lThomas hisambitiousbrother Mleh ob-

r-a l-D inofA leppo inw hoseserv icehehad

Toros re ign andbecamerulero fC il icia . He

a lit ies. H ehadatonetimej o inedtheorder

ughtthe infidelswithdistinction.H ethen

dfoughttheC hrist ians. Hishatredof the

ounds andhedecimatedtheGreek population

p . 3 7 8 . S ee P l . I .

C r e a





nia

yopportunity torobtherich includingthe

isreignbecameunbearable andthe

ssassinatedhim.Mlehwasburiedin the

whichhehadbuiltduring aperiodofreli-

hstruckcoins butunfortunatelycould

ormation.H emightpossiblyhavehadin

tributionofacerta incointoMleh butL anglois

omeotherrulerin AsiaMinor.

1 1 75 1 1 87 . T h e pr i nc e s el e ct e d R o u pe n t h e s on o f

soro fMleh. Hew asacapableruler determined

entsstil lrecogni ingthesu era intyof the

m. R oupenla idsiegetoL ampron w hoserulers

consideringthemselvesthevassalsof

n srulerappea ledtoA ntiochandaconference

ndofAntiochtreacherouslyheldR oupen

oupen sbrothercontinuedthesiegeofL ampron

toum toarrangeforthereleaseofR oupen.

onpaymentofa ransomof3 0 000dinars

esofAdanaand MamistratoAntioch.Soon

oupenandL evonrecapturedthetwocit iesand

ofTarsus.I tappearsfromthesetrans-

weremadewitheitherB y antineor

incenocoinsofR oupenhavebeenfound. One

tirelye cludethepossibil ity thatR oupenstruck

predecessorandhissuccessorissuedcoins.

r i nc e or B a r on 1 18 7 1 1 9 ) . W h en R o u pe n de ci de d

ndspendhisremainingdaysin amonastery

fgovernmenttohisyoungerbrother since

.L evonprovedtobethemost capableand

nians.H enowhadal argeandpowerful

eestablishmentofa newArmeniandy-

stomtoreceivethecrowneitherfrom an

L evontook stepstoe ploreallavenues. A c-

mpron acrow nw aspromisedbyF rederick

hehelprenderedto theCrusadersbythe

du B a s - m p i re X V I , p . 3 0 5 .

e l A r m n i e au m o ye n ä g e p . 3 4 .

C r e a





on9

edashock toL evonwhenhelearnedthat

ccidentallydrownedintheriverCalycadnus

aw a s ma d e to F r e d e ri c k s s u cc e ss o r H e n ry V I ,

an. TheEmperor hav ingplansforanew

owntoA malrico fC yprusandtoL evon. I nthe

angedarapprochementbetweentheArmenian

omanChurch inspiteof thev io lent

npeopleandthe B ishops.Thesuperficial

w ochurcheswonP opeC elestine I I I ' s

evon.

7 t h e I m p e ri a l Ch a nc e ll o r C on r ad B i s h o p of

NicosiaandcrownedAmalricking ofCyprus.

mperorH enryw ere infavorofgiv ingacrow n

mperordiedinJ anuary I I 9 8 soonafter

C onradofHildeshe im camewiththePapa l

esbach A rchbishopofMain , toTarsusand

ony took placeonJ anuary6 11 9 . The

regoryA birad placedthecrownonL evon s

king whileConradgavehimaroyalsceptre.

NK I NGD O MO F C L I C A

nominallyavassalofthe Germanemperor.

evonbecameembro iledinstrugglesw ith

heChristiancause.L evonhade tracted

ondI I I o fA ntiochthatof thetw oheirs

emondI o fTripo liw ouldsucceedthefather.

thepromise L evonlaidsiegetoA ntiochin120

aw upontheapproachofA l-Z ā hirGh z io f

managedtocapturethetownbutthecitade lhe ld

ianforcesw erew ithdraw n. In 1216 he

includingthecitade l andestablishedhis

dR oupenasprinceofA ntioch. How ever in

nw asoustedbyhisuncle B ohemondofTripo li.

f thehistoryof thisperiodseeR unciman sH istory

sset sH isto iredesC roisades andA Historyof the

.Setton.AmongtheArmenianpublications

s themostdetailedaccountofthis period.

C r e a





nA rmenia

evonsuf feredaseverereverse inhisstruggles

my theSultanK a ik ausofK onya. The

stableGosdantinsufferedacalamitous

bilityweretaken prisoner.TheagedL evon

retreatoftheSultanbyinvadingthe

slater compelledtoconcludeapeacetreaty

nordertosecurethere leaseof theprisoners. I t

kely eventuallyledtothestrikingof

m.

berofgold coins thousandsofsilverand

evonhavereachedus.H ealsostruckcoins

tehisvictory.

T O U M I ( 1 22 6 1 27 1 . L e v on l ef t a th re e ye ar o ld

shisonlyhe ir. The inev itablestrugglesforsuc-

etendertothe thronewasJ ohnofB rienne

laimedpriorityoverZ abelbecauseofhislineage

ans.TheArmeniansappealedtotheP ope

o interfere inA rmenianaf fa irsonpa inofe -

ndpretender R aymond-R oupen managed

andse i edthecityofTarsus. H ow ever

eededincapturinghimandcausedhis

ethronetothe fourthsonofB ohemond

thebeliefthatan alliancewithAntiochwould

esultanofKonya K a ik obad w hohad

eighteenyearoldP hilippromisedthathe

nNationalChurch abidebytheregulations

andmakenoef fortto introduceL atin

yearortwoaf terhismarriagetoZ abel P hil ip

misesandreplacedmanyofthe Armenians

henitwasdiscoveredthathe wasalsosecretly

stohis fatherinAntioch theoutraged

dtheyoungkingandimprisonedhim inthe

latein1224.H isfatherrefusedtoreturn the

diedinprisonshortly thereaf ter probablyasa

M us eu m No te s V I I , p p. 2 1 – 2 0 .

C r e a





onI I

ghPhil ipw ask ingforthreeyears w ehave

lruler ofthelandandthe headofthe

ndmostpowerfulfamilyaftertheR oupenians.

ofthe Catholicos theheadoftheArmenian

orityof thebaronstomarryhissonHetoumto

o inedthetw ofamiliesandhadastabil i ing

Gosdantinmadepeacewiththeneigh-

sedthesultanof K onyathathewould

n accordancewithL evon sagreement

acetreatywasprobablysignedin 1228and

ntheArmeniansalliedthemselveswiththe

curringtheenmityof theSel uk s. Nobil ingua l

45.

ery capablerulerandtookstepsto con-

salliancewiththeMongolssavedthe Ar-

o f theSel uk sandtheMamluk sofEgypt.

M on g ol s G u yu k d i ed a n d a ne w K h a n

H etoumsetoutinpersontoKarak orum then

werfulrealmtheworldhadeverknown and

norsbythe K han.H etoumobtainedcon-

andhis kingdom andreturnedwith

ainsthisenemies.

a n s b r ot h er H u l a g u c a rr i ed o u t so m e su c ce s s-

Mamluks butgraduallythetideturned

theMamluk sultan B a ibars capturedmostof

reatenedCilicia.Awareofthe danger

s L evonandToros toguardthecountryand

anceof the I lk hanA baghaofTabri . The

medtheoutnumberedArmenians andinthe

evonwascaptured.O neMamlukarmy

s A danaandTarsus andanotheronead-

thetow nandlootingthetreasury . I tw asa

meniansneverfullyrecovered.

ewitha smallMongolarmy.H ewas

withB aibarsinwhichhe cededsome

ngthesoutherndefensesina veryweak

C r e a





rmenia

von wasreleasedine changeforaprisoner

a ibars favorite . Levonreturnedtohis

gedH etoumretiredtoamonastery . Thisw asin

yearLevonw ascrownedk ing.

ispredecessor spolicyofstriking silver

neness.Alimitednumberof bilingualcoins

mentioned incompliancewiththetreaty

a . Laterinhisre ign H etoumstruck copper

s asw ellascoinsof lessersi eandw eight.

1 27 0 1 28 ) . L e v on w as c ro wn ed k in g on J a nu ar y 6 1 27 ,

a inTarsus. He facedadif f icultperiod

redfromthe attacksoftheMamluksand

thecompletedestructionoftheCrusader

niankingdom.I n1272B aibarsinvaded

thestubborndefense succeededincapturing

seffortstocaptureSis failedandonhis

hecityofA yas. Hissuccessesandthefailureof

rmeniansencouragedB aibarstomarchinto

ncitetheSel uk storevo ltaga instthe

eMongolgarrisonbutretreatedupon the

golarmy . Onhisreturn hew asharassedby

ednearD amascus.

awreakedvengeanceontheSel uksby

ands.H ethenaskedL evontobecomethe

butL evon see ingthe impossibil ityo f

withhisverylimitedforces wiselyre ected

80and 1281therewereseveralbloodyen-

mlukandMongol-Armenianforces without

t Q al ‘ ü n continuedhisattacksonL evon.

stingdearand seeingthattheMongols

ontohelphim L evonsoughtpeaceand

theMamluks—anannualtribute ofhalfa

alfwasto bepaidincash theremainder

onbars. ThepeacegavetheA rmeniansa

Ayas prosperedsinceitwasthe only

tla ire pp. 217 2 1givestheoriginalA rabicte to f

renchtranslation.

C r e a





onI 3

vastMongolhinterlandfortradeandthe

andreceivedmadepossiblethe payment

sofpeace thecountry recoveredandcul-

ouraged.L argenumbersofmanuscripts

utedtochurchesand monasterieswhich

meofthesehave survivedandincludethe

nianartasindicated intheilluminated

ary6 128 . O f thee levenchildrenbornto

tthetimeofhisdeath. H isf ivesonsfought

ne timeorothereachmanagedto occupy

aughters Z abelmarriedthebrotherof the

becametheempressofB y antium. The

edCrusaderprinces.

1 28 – 12 3 , 1 2 5 12 6 1 2 9 – 1 01 1 01 1 0 6 , TO R O S

, SM AD ( 12 6 12 8 , GO S D ANT N ( 12 8 12 9 ) . L e von I I

es t s on H e t o u m I I , w h o h o we v er p r e-

atofgoverninghisland.I nthefirstyears

k su l ta n Q a l ’ ü n a n d la t er h i s so n a l -A s hr a f

ftheCrusaderprincipalitiessothat by12 9

recapturedandmuchof thepopulationput

andeastern bordersofCiliciawereleft

owerstoprotectthem.W henal-Ashrafin-

mwasforcedtosuefor peaceandsurrendered

otheenemy.

umretiredtothemonasteryandturnedoverhis

ther Toros. Tw oyearslater how ever atthe

wellasToros H etoumagainundertook

try.D uringthisperiod Torosapparently

oinssincehewasnot crownedking.

andTorosle f tforC onstantinopletoattendthe

Michael thesonofAndronicusP alaelogus

nthecareof thene tbrother Smpad.

selfkingwiththeconsentof theCatholicos

andconsolidatedhispositionby payinga

z ā nw horecogni edhiscla imtothethrone.

nedf romthew edding hehadthemim-

C r e a





rmenia

illedandH etoumpartiallyblinded.These

brother Gosdantin torebe laga instSmpad

s Gosdantinmanagedtocapturethe city

andsetHetoumfree. TheblindH etoumw as

otherGosdantinrulethecountry.The fol-

H etoumrecoveredhiseyesight andtheprinces

le thecountry.Gosdantin notwillingto

ratedhisbrotherSmpadandthetwo setout

ecountrywaswithH etoumasthelawful

anceofthe TemplarsandH ospitallerswho

orts inCilicia H etoumemergedvictorious.

ecapturedand senttoConstantinople

d.

n nowhavingbecomeaMoslem declaredhim-

yiaw ithanarmy andw iththehelpofA r-

ndingvictoryoverthe Mamluks.Hetoum

ost territory includingtheimportant

mdoon.

muk sga inedcontro lo fSyria andagaininvaded

owlands.TheMongol-Armenianforcesmet

epeatedlyattacked.H etoumappealedtothe

orcetodefendthesouthernborders.The

enMongolforce underP ilarghouwas

pus. H etoumlef ttheproblemsofstatetohis

andin1 05againretiredtoamonastery .

1 0 1 1 0 7 . H e t ou m I I h ad a pp oi nt ed h is b ro th er T or os

r ul e r on J u n e 2 , 1 0 1 s o t ha t h e co u ld e ve n tu a ll y

oughthecoronationof L evontookplace

6 h e w as i n f ac t r ec o gn i e d a s ki n g of t h e Ar m en i an s

atleastone instance he isre ferredtoask ing

criptdated1 02. I t istherefore logica lto

andtoassumethathisco inagee tendsover

0 7 . Th e s il v er c o in s o f L e v on I I a r e su f fi c ie n tl y

possibilitythattheycouldhaveall been

nin1 06untilhisdeath November17 1 07.

ernalforcesburdeningthek ingdom re ligious

untrybegantocreatea turmoilwhichsoon

3 – 1 4 .

C r e a





onI 5

tagonisticcamps.The comingofthe

stablishanArmeniankingdomin Cilicia

ormedclosetieswiththeleaders ofthe

ntermarriagebetweentheArmenianand

common.I nordertostrengthentheir ties

Armeniankingsattemptedtobringabout a

theArmenianNationalChurchandthe

theless althoughtheArmenianroyaltywas

aresulto f thef re uentintermarriages the

oftheprinces remainedstaunchadherents

meetingw asheldinMarchof1 07inSis

ntheologicalgroundsfortheunionof the

high clergymenofCilicia hopingthatsuch

wCrusade advocatedunionwiththe

ymenfromgreaterArmenia however

consideringittantamounttoLatini a tionof the

ofeventsinthe MiddleAges religious

nationwastornintwo.

onof thenationa lists H etoumandL evon

tsby theMongolgenera l P ila rghou to

henweretreacherouslymurdered( No-

I tw asironicthatHetoumshoulddieatthehands

e uesthadbeensentby thegreatK hanto

mlukattacks.

2 0 . U p o n he ar in g of h is b ro th er s m ur de r O s h in

droveouttheMongolgenera l. The latter on

w asreca lledby thegreatKhananddecapitated

declaredhimself rulero f the land andw as

rintheSt. SophiaCathedralinTarsus.

n severa lre ligiousmeetingsw ereheldinan

heproblemofrapprochementbetweenthe

shintook sternmeasuresinanattemptto

ntstocomplywithhis wishesandwentto

orimprisoningthosew hoopposedhim. H ow ever

ffortsto jo intheA rmenianandR oman

sdomtopermit matterstotaketheirnatural

suedthemiddleroadto avoidreligious

C r e a





rmenia

4 1 15 e ternalenemiesaga ininvadedC ilicia.

oliantribes wassuccessfullyrepelledby

ewesternmostpartofCilicia.Thefollowing

n A l-NasirMuhammad capturedMalatia

stil lcontrolledconsiderableterritory la rgerinarea

principalities.Thelossof L arandatothe

htaboutthegradualshrinkingof theboundaries

Mamluk s. Tw oyearslater theQaram nids

oftheland butwerebeatenbackbythe

namedOshin . D eterminedtodestroy the last

ronthemainland theMamluksentered

1 20andbeganravagingtheland.The

gerableto meettheenemyintheopen

hipof theB ailO shinandConstableGos-

eenemy slaughtered6000of themnearA yas

to flee . KingO shindidnotlivetoseethis

ortlybeforethisevent—onJ uly20 1 20.

rof O shin scoins bearinganArabic

ameofA l-N sir. I t isprobablethatthese

ya ltreasuryw hichO shin ssuccessorusedto

ks w hothenoverstruck Nasir sname. The

ngmostlyofLevonI V co ins mostlike ly in-

shin.

2 0 1 4 2 . O s h in w as s uc ce ed ed b yh is o nl y so n L e vo n

hetimeofhisfather sdeath. Of thefour

po inted O shin theL ordofGorigos became

ntry andeventuallymarriedhisdaughter

nued.TheArmenianforceswereoften

mthe mountainsandfortifiedpointssince

theenemyonopenground.E ventually at

haninP ersia theMamluk sultanconsented

conditionthattheArmenianspayanannual

takvorins ha lf the incomefromtheporto fA yas

alt revenues. "

reaty inL angloisC artula irep. 2 2—2 3 .

oinshaving anArabicsurchargebelongto

asmallnumberaref romOshin. A boutonequartero f

C r e a





on17

mewisdominmanagingtheinternalaffairs

onmighthavesurvivedandevenprospered.

aldissensionweakenedtheland.Theregent

sisterandhertw ochildren andtheseactsso

erthathehadOshinandhisbrotherde-

puttodeathhisq ueen w how asOshin s

thedaughterofF rederick I I o fSicily w hohad

tablishacloserre lationshipwiththew est

othenpersuadedtheEmiro fA leppoto invade

stingpeacetreaties. L evonwasforcedto

hchgaveallthe landeasto f theDj ehiun

includingthehighlyprofitableportof Ayas.

3 7 spelledtheendofthe Armeniankingdom.

L evonraisedthequestionofunitybe-

heR omanCatholicchurches.R eligious

andthenationaliste lements f indingthe

able assassinatedhimonA ugust28 1 42.

N ( 1 4 2 1 4 4 . W i th t he d ea th o f L e vo n I V , th er e

leroya ll ineofR oupen-Hetoumbecamee tinct.

ashissuccessorhisnearesto fk in GuyL u-

aterna launt I sabel( w how asthew ifeof

C ou n t of T y re n e ph e wo f H e n r y I I o f C yp r us .

sdeath Guyw asinConstantinople . Thenobles

imtothethrone andinthemeantime

erJ ohnasguardianof thethroneuntilGuy s

ecomekingwithunderstandablere-

trywasin direstraitsandneededoutside

fthreehundredsoldiersandwascrowned

Gu y o r G os d an t in I I , a s h e wa s c al l ed b y t he A r -

dierandhe refusedtocontinuepaymentof

ntheensuingf ights Guyprovedhismettle

oryintact andduringhisshort reignmade

sideringthecondit ionsatthetime w asan

merit.

o fL evone aminedhadasurchargebearingSultan

C r e a





rmenia

renchinspirit andmostlik e ly fe lt l itt lek in-

hefact thathismotherandtwobrothers

shinduringthere ignofK ingL evonI V

ortheArmenians.Mindfulofthe necessity

ope heproceededtosendambassadors

bringabouttheunion betweentheR oman

hecourttookon theappearanceofaL atin

oundedhimselfwithF renchspeakingcour-

estpositionsin theland.

rrulerswhohad behavedinasimilar

ter Guy.TheArmeniansdidnotfeel that

andstronglybelievedthataunionwith

dresultin thelossoftheir identity.U nder

man by thenameofO shin theA rmenians

g alongwithhisbrotherand thethree

cometoArmenia astheking sbodyguard.

ionto befoundaboutGuyin contem-

ripts. Onehastore lyonDarde l sreportand

tionsbetweenthekingandthe P opewhen

arriedontobring aboutaunionbetween

renchname Guy andnottheArmenian

ppearsonhisco ins perhapsindicatesa lack of

fhissub ects fee lings. Ontheotherhand

andhadhelived hemighthavebeenable

militarilyandeconomicallybyresisting the

( 1 4 4 1 6 ) . A ft er t he a ss as si na ti on o fG uy ( G o s -

rmeniannobleschoseastheirK ingthee ldestsonof

o fNeghirandheadofapow erfulfamilyof the

sedtoa personwhoalthoughdistantly

wasnotofroyalblood.

hisposit ion GosdantinI I I thoughtit

sewhoby theirfamilyrelationshipsto

signansmighthavepriorclaimto thethrone.

andtw oyoungchildrenofGuy sbrother

andmayhaveplannedtocausetheirdeath but

he irperil escapedandf ledw ithherchildren

C r e a





onI 9

tothecourto fC yprus. TheyoungL eo then

tobethe lastkingofCilicianArmenia.

stheirruler thepeopleandprinceswere

treportsindicatethatnegotiationsfor

ntheR omanandArmenianchurchescon-

nga inedpossessionof the importantporto f

eKnightsofR hodes. Thisv ictorywasshort-

e inthesameyeartheEgyptianf leetblockaded

dit. Simultaneously theTurcomantribes

hecountryand managedtocapturethe

sus.Asifthese disasterswerenotsufficient

verA rmeniaandontoE urope causingthe

.

60whenSultanAl-N sir sarmyunder

in theEmiro fA leppo capturedthecities

evastatedSis.An E gyptiangarrisonwas

anaandTarsus andthusthesetwocities

.

ossessionof theinlandmountainous

ofthecitiesand countrysidead acentto

oftheenemies.E venthefortofGorigos

ram nidsbutitwaslaterrega inedbyP eterI

elongedtoCyprusandnot Armenia.

onotethatatthist imetheEmiro fA leppo

sinthenameofSultanA l-N sir.

toopposetherelentlessattacksofhis

me P eterI o fC yprushadambitionsofe ither

niaor placingthenephewoftheformer

H ewasableto findsomeencouragementfor

enianprinces w ho nodoubtdiscouragedby

hopedtoregainsomeofthe lostpossessions

phew ofGuy namedB ohemond andset

nthehopeofpersuadingtheP opetocrown

eA rmenians. U nfortunately B ohemond

nddiedshortly thereafter thecla imtothe

syoungerbrother L eo . ThePopeina letter

C r e a





menia

essedtotheA rmenians datedA pril3, 1 65

stoacceptLeoasthe irtruek ing.

tak ingplace inEurope Gosdantindied

asprobablyGosdantin sson cla imedthethrone.

S U R P E R ( 1 6 – 1 6 5 . A lt ho ug hG os da nt in I I I d ie di n

d i d no t a sc e nd t h e th r on e u nt i l 1 6 5 . I n t h e t wo

pearsthatanotherperson usuallyreferredto

occupiedthethrone. ContemporaryA rmenian

nofthisL evon butitseemspossiblethat

n I I I .

ideredthispossibil ityandpo intedoutthat

nedin1 45thathehadtwo sonsnamed

shanmentionsthechronicler A vedik ofA mida

henameofL evonbecamek ingandthere

land. A lishan ” how ever didnotbelieve

antinI I I w erea live in1 6 , andthispo int

neofhispublications. Dulaurier statesthat

o sd a nt i n I I I d a te d 1 4 5 L e v on i s m en -

ek ing ssons. TheGreek historian Ma-

atin1 60theA rmenianthronew asinthehands

ndredcastlesand towns.Thediscrepancy

smaynotbesignificant.

ceseemstoberather meagerinsupport

e v o n wh o r ul e d fr o m 1 6 t o 1 6 5 t h er e i s

cetoindicatethatsucha kingdide ist

1 6 5 1 7 ) . I t i s no t kn ow n j u s t wh y L e vo n th e

rmittedthesonof H etoumofNeghirtobe

ameofGosdantinI V , in1 65. Mostlik e ly

mpossibleforhim toremainonthethrone.

ellawareofhis difficultsituationand

tP eterI , thev igorousk ingofC yprus. I t

agreementwasreachedbetweenthetwokings

e o V L u si gn an p . 27 .

p. 544and560.

ensdesC ro isades D ocumentsA rm niens V o l. I p. 714

hi g ya n p . 3 4 .

L e o V L u si gn an p . 24 f oo tn ot e I .

C r e a





on2

pproachedA yasandcapturedthecity but

emptsto entertheCitadelfort.Gosdantin

reachAyas andafterwaitingeightdays

s.Theinabilityof Gosdantintomakea

s militaryweakness andtheenemywas

thelowlandsbetweenSisand Ayas.

ngtheking wereq uitewillingtohaveP eter

obtainingsomemilitaryassistance.A

erwhohadagaingoneto E uropeinthehope

ngs ofE urope.TheArmeniandelegation

1 68inV enice andof feredhimhislongsought

rhurriedbacktoCyprusin ordertoenter

tledsomeurgentmattersin Cyprus he

butwasmurderedbyoneof hiscourtiers

eterthusneverdidbecomek ingof theA rmenians

oreign.L anglois assertionthathesaw

ingof theA rmenians mustbedismissed as

beenaforgeryora mistakewasmadein

eMoslemswererelentlesslypressingtheir

andGosdantin srealmnowconsisted

dterritoryaroundSis andAna arpus.

ngsw ereconstantlyunderattack andin1 6

ttingfire toSisitself.Theattackswere

earandthe E mirofAlepposucceededin

arentlyreferredto thelowercity asthe

nthehandsofthe kingandhisarmed

ecityafterthe retreatoftheenemy.

ontotheir desperatesituationseemedto

prusandtheW esternpowers andconstant

suitablepersonforthethroneof Armenia

y.

nactivelyinciting thepro-Western party

antinI andplacehimonthethrone. A

de l A rm n ie a um oy en ä g e p .9 6 9 7 . P l . I V , N o. 9 .

hesev iew s(p. 6 ) . Theco inwhichL angloispictures

r. O rta inA dana C il icia . Thiscollectionw as

soldandnotrace oftheP etercoinwaseverfound.

C r e a





enia

nC yprusin1 72 7 , invit ingLeotothe

eveitspurposebecauseatthattimeP etero f

ad ambitionsofaddingArmeniatohis

n L eocouldnotopenlyaccepttheof fer. Soon

egationtoSis GosdantinI w asmurdered

a n d th e w id o wo f G os d an t in I I I w a s el e ct e d R e g en t .

NA N ( 1 7 4 1 7 5 . A ft er t he m ur de r of G os da nt in I V ,

mpoweredbylettersfromtheCatholicosand

sandask edPeterI I topermitL eotoascend

smentionedearlier L eow asthegrandson

usignan. Hisfather J ohn hadbeencalled

I I tobecometheconstable. J ohnw asrelated

ousinonhispaterna luncle sside. J ohnw as

dunderstanding.H ewasmarriedtoa

eV I o fGeorgiaandhadearnedthetrusto f

owonderthenthat hehadbeenselectedas

essionofGuy tothethrone. J ohndiedin

hldren o fw homtheyoungestw asL eo agedtwo.

, w how asnotof roya lblood ascendedthe

nef forttoe lim inatea llpretenders imprisonedthe

herandelderbrother. E ventua lly they

o lderbrotherdied andL eow asle ftasthe

inganeyeonthethrone re fusedtograntL eo

ferof theArmenians.Thedelegation after

mL eo returnedtoSisw iththegreatest

me theGenoesehadenteredC yprus P eter

eowasimprisoned.Afterpayingaheavy

lossofa llo fhisandhisw ife sw ealth L eo

issiontosail totheCilicianfortof Gorigos

nA pril2 1 74. Hew asplanningacourse

hat theGenoeseplannedtotakehimback

f attemptingtotakeCyprusfromthe

f thesecharges L eoplacedhismotherand

origos andw ith25horse I oofootsoldiers

dtowardsSis avoidingallpossiblecontact

achedSissafe ly andtheA rmenians be ing

C r e a





on2

welcomedtheirnewking.L eoreachedSis

andafew dayslaterhadhisfamilybroughttoSis.

proachingchildbirth thecoronationceremonies

ghterswereborntoL eo.Thecoronation

14 1 74 inthepresenceof theC atholicos

o be ingaR omanC atho lic hadintendedtobe

accordingtotheL atinrites butinv iew of

nalistArmenians agreedtohavetwo

wnedfirstbythe L atinbishopandthenby

vonV , K ingof theA rmenians. Thisdua lcere-

eopentoL evon butitapparentlyantag-

ementswhohadlong resistedanyeffortsto

tincustomstotheA rmeniancourt.

edthembygiv inghighpositionstohis

sarriva l therulinge lementsinthecityhad

Moslemsas thepriceofbeingleft inpeace.

gtocontinuethe paymentofthistributeuntil

ew lyac uiredrea lm.

theinstigationofthe nationalistelement

lemsleaders Dā ’ ü dB egandA bu-B ak r

orysiege agreedtowithdrawuponpay-

nthecityofSis re ligiousfeelingshad

hethoughtofaCatholicking witha

adbecomeunbearabletothenationalists.

iveunder thedominationofthekingof

von.

rotetoaformer Armenianprince Ashot

V w hohadturnedMoslemandgoneto

gypt ask inghimtocometoC iliciaand

ng.Ashot informedtheSultanoftheturn

M el i k al - As h ra f ( 1 6 – 1 7 7 c o mm an d ed A b u-

u-B ak rla idsiegetothecityw ithaforceof

1 75. A ga inatthe inv itationof thenationa list

le p po A l -N s i r ‘ A s h i t i m r A b u- B a k r j o i ne d

oooonF ebruary24. Levonretiredtothe

totheend.At thispoint thenationalists

r assassinatetheking butwereun-

hehopelessnessofthissituationand decided

C r e a





enia

A l-Nasir so f fero f safeconductifhesur-

ering L evonwasrece ivedw ithgreathonors

ttoCairowithhis q ueenandfifteennobles.

nApril 16 1 75 thusendingtheR ou-

hadbegunsomethreehundredyears

leasedattheintercessionofArmenian

ttoEurope andaf termak ingnumerousun-

ainmilitaryaidfromwesternrulers to

ed i n P a r i s i n 1 9 3 .

erpart oftheR oupeniankingdomwasclarified

f thechronicleofDarde lin188 . D ardelbecame

L usignanandw roteanaccountof thek ingdom

helatter periods.Thechroniclewaspublished

s DocumentsA rm niens V o l. 2.

C r e a





MM R C O F C L I C ANAR M N A

ofCiliciaofferedspecialadvantagesfor

withtheMediterraneannationsandwith

inland.Tradersof manylandsusedthe

mercialactivities andthecountrybene-

venue.

sesseda numberoffineharbors.A

andamapby Sanuto describethecoastal

n Armenia.Startingfromtheeasternmost

d SanutomentionsA yas( L a asso ancient

orum(a lsok now nasportusdePa ll ibus P ortella

bysim ilarnamesinmedieva lrecords , Mamistra

ncientMopsueste , A danaandTarsus( A rmenian

asw ellasseveralothersof lesserimportance. A llo f

mportantrolein thecommercialactivities

om.

melyimportantportofcommerce especially

ourteenthcenturies.W iththedisappear-

palitiesin theeast muchofthetrade

vastAsiatic hinterlandpassedthroughthis

ynationsandracesmi ed giv ingitthechar-

ty . TheGenoese V enetians andother

tablishmentsinthiscityand en oyed

TheportusP allorum showninanumberof

ntionedinvariouscontemporarycommercial

maincustomshouseof CilicianArmenia.

asthemainportgraduallyovershadowed

P allorum itisapparentfromthe notarial

lusedbyships fromGenoaandB arcelona

SanutostatedthattheportusPa llo rumw as

I , P a r s I V , p . 88 .

6 .

pp .45 1 4 7 , 4 74 47 5 I I , 2 4 0.

C r e a





enia

a lian w esto fA yas betweenA yasandtheriver

un . D esimonimentionsothersourcessupporting

mouthof theriverP yramus( D j ehiun

ontheriverwasthe importantcityof

Sehiun atthattimef low edintothesea

us andformedacommonentry tothesea.

awassituated ontheSarusa short

othAdanaandMamistrawerethuson navi-

reableto usethesetwoportsfor commerce.

erCydnus andseveralleaguesinlandonthe

of Tarsus.R ecordsindicatethataslate

bletoapproachthecitybywater. F ore ample

evonI re fusedtheGenoesepermission

atin1 22 w hentheE gyptianscapturedA yas

peanshipswereforcedtousethe portof

tdownbythe riversfromthemountainshas

andtodaythethreecities areremovedfrom

navigablewaters.Anotherimportantportwas

sport hadlongbeenusedfor commercial

aravansto travelbyland.Caravans

arryinggoodsbroughtfromthelandsbordering

passedA ntiochandcrossedintoCil icianA rmenia

sintheA manusmountains. Theroadled

ntersofA yas P orte lla Mamistra A dana

dnorthtothe passofGouglaginthe Taurus

wascontrolledbythepowerfulfortressof

dthefrontierfacingthe domainoftheSel uk

sohadacustomhouseandco llecteddutieson

teringthecountry.Asecond traderoute

northeast comingfromtheAsiaticheart-

rynearMarashandreachedthe coastalcities.

anotherpowerfulfortress Gaban which

utiesongoodsenteringor leavingthecountry.

e s D o c . Ar m n ie ns I , x l i i x l i i i.

e s D o c . Ar m n ie ns I , x l f f .

3 6 8 .

C r e a





reengagedinthestruggleto takecontrol

uationnaturallydidnot encouragethe

tivities.With thecoronationofL evonI

a n d th e e st a bl i sh m en t o f a la r ge a n d we l l or g an i e d k in g do m

sh.

hetw omostactivetradingnationsof the

ately sentambassadorstoLevon scourt

s.TheGenoesewerethefirsttoconclude

andatreatyw assignedinMarch 1201 be-

enoeseambassador O geriodiPa llo . The

mptionsfrompayingdutiesonmaterialsim-

em.Theywerealsograntedthe righttohave

alestablishmentsinSis Mamistraand

churchesin MamistraandTarsusand

einSis. I naddition theyhadtherightto

nageandprotectGenoeseinterestsand

putes.

asomewhatsim ilartreatyw assignedw ith

weregrantedtherighttohave residencesand

nMamistra butnomentionismadeof such

arsusorSis.Theyhadthe samee emptions

nde ports buttheydidnothaveaconsul

restsandsettledisputesamongthemselves.

theGenoeseappearedtohavesecuredmore

action thesituationwasreversedlateron

ry theV enetiansovertooktheGenoese

n Armenia.

thatthepriv ilegesgrantedtotheV enetians

r broughttothecountrywouldbe duty

hesepreciousmeta lswere importedforco inage

asetheV enetiansw ouldpay thesamedutyas

yenough thispointis repeatedlymadein

rantedtotheV enetiansbyH etoumI in1245

L e v on I I I i n1 0 7 a nd L e vo nI V i n1 2 1. T hi s

attheV enetiansstruckgoldcoinsin

ir e p p. I O 4 I o 8.

i re p p . I o — 1 1 2 .

ir e p p. I 4 , 1 51 1 5 , 1 67 1 68 1 82 — 1 84 .

C r e a





enia

ruck inA cre inim itationofA rabco ins. These

beendifferentiatedfromsimilarcoinsstruck

ossiblythe“ bissanciossarracinales

nedonnumerousoccasionsinnotarialactsof

coins.

heGenoesewererenewedin 1215 with

especiallywithrespecttotheirholdings in

esewerepermittedtotradewithinthe

uties therewerefourstrategicallylocated

mwhichmaintainedtheright toimpose

entof thek ing sregulations. Thebaronsw hoheld

as:H etoumofTabaria AdomofGaston

andL evonofGaban. The identityofHetoum

ofTabariaarenotk now ndef inite ly . Tabaria

sof Tarbas nearthepassofGouglag

sintothe sultanateofK onya.Tabariawas

8 andismentionedagainin1210byL evonI

ospitallers. Theforto fGaston(A rmenian

uatedj ustnorthofA ntiochandcommandedthe

goswasthewell-knownportfacingCyprus

dewith K onya.Gabanwasanother

Marash situatedonthetraderoutestoand

rtheast. I t isobv iousthatthebarons

sitionsen oyedconsiderableautonomy even

gcommerce. L evon spromisetoe liminate

sedistrictsas soonashecouldindicated

shedabsolutecontrolinhisnewlyformed

documentshavebeenfoundlistingthe

Armenianportsduringthese earlyyears.

ousthatboththeV enetiansandtheGenoese

esincetheytook greatpainstohavetheir

4 -5 4 .

i re 1 2 6 1 2 8.

e s D o c . Ar m n ie ns I , x c v i i p . 6 7 .

e s D o c . Ar m n i en s I , p . 6 7 L a n gl o is C a rt u la i re

e s D o c . Ar m n i en s I , p . 1 71 .

es D o c . Ar m n ie ns I , x x v p . 48 .

C r e a





245 HetoumandZ abelrenewedtheprivileges

ns w honow hadho ldingsinA yasasw ellas

68whichthreatenedtoendthe amicable

entheArmeniansandtheGenoese.The

chettodeGrimaldi f o llow inganargumentw ith

Gorigos se i edtheshipby force . Thega lley

erchandiseandtheownersprotestedto

restitution.Thekingthereuponseveredrelations

allprivilegesuntil thein uredpartieswere

sentenvoystosettlethematter andfinally

dw iththeGenoesedelegate J . P a lav icino

ettledforthesumof22 7 7A rmenian

os. TheArmenianbesantswerethetrams

n d th e c ha r at o s ” t h e co p pe r c oi n s ( k a r de o f

natethatthe materialsandtheirvaluesare

documents.

netianswererenewedin1271byL evonI I ,

tthistimethe V enetianshadaconsulor

terests.

creasinglyimportantasatrading center.

osetoutfromA yas onhisfamousvoyages. He

primeport foralltypesof spices.

o f thee tensivetradingactivit iesof the

.Thenotarialacts ofAyas asreportedby

lightonthissub ect. Theacts coveringmainly

7 mentionthecommercia lactiv it iesof the

ndothers. Theygive informationonthee istence

nicknights apierbelongingtothe Templar

gtotheHospita llers etc. Thesedocuments

nthattheymentionthevariouscurrencies

ir e p p. I 4 – 1 45 .

i re 1 4 – 1 5 1 D e s i m on i p . 4 41 l i st s i nd i vi d ua l p ay -

menianforcharatos.

, p p. 74 7 7.

i re p p . 15 - 1 5 .

u l th ie r I , p p . 15 1 8 3 4 .

4 -5 4 .

C r e a





nA rmenia

their e uivalentvalues.TheE nglishtrans-

ts arefoundinarecent publication.

L evonI I renew edthepriv ilegesgrantedto

cument w ehaveane tensive listo fmateria ls

thedutiespa idforthem andotherre levant

hetradingactivitiesofthe Genoese.The

cientinterestto bepresentedhereinits

origina lA rmenianandL atinversions a long

on aregivenbyL anglois.

S ACCO R D E D T O TH E G NO E S B Y L E V O N I I ,

, 1288

ther theSon andtheHolyGhost A men. Thisis

der the invariabledecreeofL evon trueservant

aceandmercy k ingofa lltheA rmenians w hichwe

noese w homGodpreserve uponthere uesto f

d thehonorableconsulo f theGenoese onthis

dictiZ acarie theperfectandtrustedfriendofour

erchantswillbetreatedasfollows:in allthe

thedutiesandta espa idw illbethesameasin

otherw ise indicated formateria lsw hichareso ldon

ent orathome i. e . theywillpayonly the

w inew hichtheyse ll inbarre lsorinj ugs ortheo il

o rj arsw ithoutw eighing theyw illnotpayany

ofonetramperbarrel. F orslavespurchasedinour

omourcountry formerlyonpaymentofduty

yanyduty butiftheypurchaseChristian

tthe slaveswillnotbesold toMoslemsorto

se llthemtoMoslems. Onlumber forw hich

de p e r ba r o u na g 4 k a rd e p e r fi l ak h 1 k ar d e

onepercent thesedutiesaremaintainedw iththe

rcent. Onw heatandbarleywhichthey imported

of fourpercentincludingthebroker scommission

urpercent butthebrok er scommissionismain-

noutofour country forwhichtheywerepaying

stauratos oneachhorseormule f ivenew tramsper

msandonek arde perheadofcattle fourk arde

arde forabuf fa lohide andsi k arde foracattle

erpayanyduties norw illtheypayduty forpoultry

akenoutofthecountry.Theanchorageta of

mo nd p p. 1 71 2 24 .

i re p p . 15 4 1 6 0.

C r e a





smast w hichtheypa idattheestuaryofour

ncattlew hichtheybuy theyaretopaynoduty

Onironw hichtheybuy theyw illpaybutoneper

faship theywillpayha lfanew tramperload. I f

seare stolen andthegoodsrecovered irrespec-

thieves therewillnotbe achargeofa third

ods.Themerchantswhoreceivegoods andare

andregistertheirbelongings willnolongerbe

ases tomark them ortoregisterthe irbe longings.

antarrives andit isnotk now nw hetherhe is

enoese theconsulandhis assistantswilldecide

he sonofaGenoese.Theconsulwill thensend

thecustomshouseinorderto liberatehimand

nameofthe consulandhiswitnesses sothat

ntwill nothavetobeheld untilonegoestothe

thispermissiontothecaptainof theport.I fa

ourofficerswillnothave therighttolay hands

thecommune( ofGenoa w illobta initanddispose

forpassagebetw eenA yasandGouglagisfi ed

camelload ofsilkwillbe charged25newtrams

sforacamelload. Onindigoandbotanica ls w ith

r gingerandbra ilw ood theyw illpay25new trams

new tramsforamule load and16new tramsfora

r gingerandbra ilw ood 20new tramsforacamel

f romF rance bethey f ineorcoarsemateria l o ra ll

theyaretopay20new tramspercamelload andfor

pay 20newtramsfora camelload theyareto

uleloadand12 newtramsforadonkeyload.F or

ur y c o ra l l e ad c o pp e r a n d ot h er s t h ey a r e to p a y

oad 12foramule load and9 new tramsfora

I onew tramsforacamelload 8foramule load

ndf romthismomenton andinthefuture may

oya lpower behegreatorsmall havetheaudacity

ublimeordinance ortocauseanyve ationsto

mayGodprotectit bye actingotherta esor

ngshallremainaswehaveordained.I tisfor

cordedour royalandsublimeordinance our

ordertogive itmoreauthority w ehavesea ledit

e intheyear7 7of theA rmenianera theyear2

rdofDecember. May thisordinancebeconf irmed

w asw rittenby theeffortso f thechancello rHetoum

of theholykingwhohasgrantedthis privilege.

ourk ingdompossesseshereditarygoods be itf rom

k ingdom andifhediesw ithoutaw illo rhered-

goods w iththee ceptionofhereditarypossessions

andthelatterwillrevert toourdomain.

C r e a





menia

eirpart werebecomingincreasinglyactivein

entsofV enicecoveringtheperiod from

tiveof thisfact. There ismentionofaba ilo f

74tosuperviseandprotectthe interestof

itappearsthattherew asaV enetianba il in

tl t he e n d of t h e ki n gd o m. I n 1 0 – 1 0 4 a n

eatenedtodisruptthe commercialrelations

. F orsomeunk now nreason theV enetians

fortof Ayasandpillagedit.I nretaliation

heprivilegesgrantedtothe V enetians

negotiationsbeforethematterwas

ionwasmadebythe V enetiansforthe

ymentsforthegoodsconfiscatedare

tdated1 07. Thisdocumentw rittenin

ficientinterest tobepresentedherein its

M D F O R D A MA G S I N CU R R E D B Y T H E W E N T ANS

hichw ererece ivedf romhimby

efortheV enetiangalleys18 5 5trams

he chestlevelreceivedfrom

bove-mentionedshipsofthe

.. . I O O t r am s

... ...50 trams

. . . . . . . I 5trams

... .... .40trams

. . . . . . . . 20trams

... .... .45trams

. . I 5trams

. . . . . . . . . I 50trams

sim ilartocuirass . . . . 200trams

. . . . . . . 460trams

s

SenutoandP aulMaureceni

o f theabove-mentionedgalleysand

ysentto theking.. .6757trams

e n et o v o l s . I , I I .

i re p p . 17 0 1 7 5.

usly innew trams andnottheoldtramsofL evonI

w hichwereheav ierandofhighersilvercontent.

C r e a





ereceivedorstolenfrom theinhabitantsoftheroyal

ionedgalleys:

annamedR ita . . . . . 8trams

. . . 3 0 0 t r am s

. . . . . . . . 77trams

. . I 5 t r a m s

. . . . . . 8trams

. . . . . . . . . . . I 5 t r a m s

oss. . . . . . . . 5trams

tw elvepa irso fhose. . . 24trams

.... .... .2trams

. . . . . I O trams

. . . . . . I O trams

el. - - - -7trams

6 trams

.. .... 3 trams

eivedfromGeorgioGuardiani:

200trams

t. . . . . . . . . I 5trams

nt . . . . . . . . . 5trams

. . . . . . . . . 2trams

ilk robe. . . . . . . . 20trams

6 trams

15trams

k . . . . . . . . . 2trams

. . 6trams

. . . . . . . 5trams

silk floss. . . . . . . I 2trams

. . . . . . . . . 2 t ra m s

. . . . . . 20trams

. . . . . 4trams

. . . . . . . . . 6 trams

ivedfromoneby thenameTrosJ ohaim:

58trams

mantle . . . . . . . . 50trams

s .... .... 50trams

. . . . I 2trams

. . . . . 20trams

. 8trams

. . . . . . . 50trams

dal- - - - -20trams

oapursecontaininga sumofnon-Armeniancoins.

toftengivesincorrecttotals.

C r e a





a

ivedorrobbed fromTherosP aidarbythe

26otrams

... .... 20trams

. . . . . I t r am s

oseshoes. . . . . . 3 0trams

es. .... ..22 trams

ves. . . . . . . . 2trams

. .. . I t r am

. . . 2trams

s

ivedfromStephenCasseriby theabove-

srobe onewoman s.. ..I I O trams

.. .... 9 0trams

. . . . . . . . 80trams

. . . . . . . . . 15trams

ivedfromGregorioGa arbythegalleys:

urse . . . . . . . . 3 0trams

. . . . . . . 5 trams

. . . . . 40trams

.40trams

. . . 20trams

. .. . . 8 t r am s

riniSignuoliwe agreewith

ensio f thesumof . . . . . 15oootrams

ndabytheoftmentionedgalleys:

. 6 O t r am s

.3 0trams

... .24trams

. .... 40trams

fgo ldthread. . . . . . . 48trams

- - - I t r am s

.. 24trams

thenest. . . . . . 2O trams

.... .... .3 0trams

n sshirt. . . . . . . 3 0trams

.... ...20 trams

.... ...16 trams

e l s . . . . . . . . . I O t r am s

C r e a





k ey .

- -

otgarment

bove-mentionedgalleys:

nto fA rgenta :

-

ecklaces

m

--

e a e .

C r e a





a

L ordofGaban brotherof thekingthroughhis

edmaterial.

es .* --

. . . .

hsbank

sshirt

daco:

ans:

- -

hose. . . . . . . .

r:

neS uireTheroso J anni

orthis onewhitecoverlet

mentofcamelot oneboy sshirt

copperconta iner andonewooden

stooneS uireA verta a

meConstantinoV assarabam

pplies. - - - - -

meMessorH aurannifor

T H E D E B T SO F P A NTA E . O N U S

estheaforementionedMessori

. . . . . . .

ephewofSirMarciGuillelmo

ow esthew ifeofB onasere

husGuillelmoowesfora

C r e a





7

parationshadbeenmadethatL evonI I I

gesoftheV enetians.

tianswerenottheonlynationscarryingon

enia . A snotedabove theP isansw erecompen-

erchantsofMontpellierwerepermittedto

paymentofdutiesamountingtotwopercent

w asrenew edbyL evonI V in1 21. A

tedtotheSiciliansin1 3 3 . E arlierrecords

andmerchantsfromMarseilletradingin

antedtotheV enetiansonMarch1 1 21

blishmentsinall theprincipalcities:Sis

arsusandA yas. I tw asaga instipulatedthata

ciousmetalsimportedbytheV enetians

usedforstrikingcoins.Theduty wasatthe

. F urthermore inthiscase L evonwanted

thecountryfortheroyalmint. L evon

takvorinsinordertopaythe heavyin-

heE gyptians.

lactivitiesonthe onehand andthe

alsituationin Armeniaontheotherhand

derstandingstoarisebetweentheV enetians

dstrainedtheiramicablerelations.The

fmistreatment abuseof the irpriv ileges and

cia lsinprotectingV enetianinterests. The

onI V , w asan ioustoencouragecommercia l

ismain sourceofincome andenabledhim

demandedby theEgyptians. I tw asnot

thatfullsatisfactionwasgiventothedemands

e irpriv ilegesreaff irmedande tended. I na

w ritteninL atinw hichisgivenbelow inits

enotethescopeofactiv itiesof theV enetians.

i re p p . 18 5 1 0 .

i re p p . 16 – 1 6 4.

ir e p p. 1 80 1 81 M as L a t r ie I I . 1 18 1 22 .

m en o- V e ne to I I , p . I I . H a y -V e n e d p . 10 .

i re p p . 1 1 - 1 2 .

ir e p p. 1 3 – 1 4 M as L a t ri e I I I , p .7 26 .

C r e a





menia

t he r S o n a n d H o l y Gh o st A m en . L e v o n b y t he

p K ingofa lltheArmenians pow erfulandsub-

milyofR oupen sonofOshin k ingof theA r-

restingunderChrist.W ithrespecttothe petitions

atandgloriousDoge SirF rancisD ando lo andthe

throughthehonorablemediaryandfaithfulam-

appo intedtoourroya lma esty tow it Sir

egrantthesepetit ionstoa llV enetiansandthe irde-

e rightsandprivilegeswhichwehavepreviously

ntsealedwiththegolden seal inthesame

rmthesenewgrantsto themwhichtheyhave

esty .

fV eniceandthe irdescendantsbea llow ed w ith

to remainin andretire f romourcountry w hich

houtanyharmorhurt.

etiansandthe irdescendantsf romV enetianterri-

B lack Sea C oron Modon andtheirotherterritories

dshouldbetreatedinaccordancewiththe con-

rivileges.

enetiansw homanufacturegarmentsofcamelha ir

ns w ee tendtothemthefo llow ingpriv ilege

thatwhattheyortheir descendantsproducebe

ctionsconcernthe irtrades andnoonesha lldo

etiansw homanageanestablishmentforthesa leof

sha llno longerpay thatta w hichourof f icia ls

mely onetakvorinweek ly butif theysha llnotse ll

easuresand shallconstructmeasuresthatare

officialsshallhavethepowerto finethemaccording

se buttheyshallbringno greaterharmnorhurt

nsshoulddealandtransportwineorunfermented

w hasbeenrescindedw hereby theypayonenew tram

asbeengrantedfor wearemostgraciousto them.

aveunderthatlaw inthecityofTarsusforthe

oad andthetraf f icintannedhides sha llbesim ilar

forw earemostgracioustothem.

etiansofV eniceandthe irdescendantsbeabletobuy

rother merchandisewhatsoeveroutsideofour

cewithwhatwehavegrantedto themintheother

especttothatlaw whereby theygaveameasureof

llnolongerdo soforweare mostgracioustothem.

hisstatementthatthecityofTarsusatthist imehada

proper.

C r e a





ansshouldnotbeforcedbyourof f icia lsw ithrespect

ndsalt noranythinge lse norsha lltheymake

ns.

o f thegoodsof theV enetiansandthethiefbefound

ntoourcourtsandimprisoned thesto lengoods

owner butthethiefshallremainto fulfillthe

urcourt. I f anyofourpeopleorsub ectsshallbe

netians e itherthroughadebtproperorasaguar-

ldfreehimselfofhis debtandrepaywhenhewill

above-mentionedV enetiansshallbeesteemedhonored

andpropertybyour royalma estyandour

w andverily nooneshallhavethepow erf romour

theprivilegesinrespectto greatorsmallmatters

buttheyshallremainfirmand ratifiedinparticular

creedabovewithoutcontradictionorresistance

rmationof theaboveweaf f i andsealw iththe

sty . GrantedintheyearofourL ord1 3 3 , and

gof theA rmenians theyear782 tenthday

underthechancellorshipofthehonorable

g of a l l th e A rm e ni a ns

naddressedtotheV enetiansin1 41 ”

edthathehadforcedtheSaracenslivinginA rmenia

andthatthesultanofE gyptdemandedpay -

hissub ects ho ldingL evonresponsible for

ansalso.F earfulofrenewedinvasionsbythe

npaidtheEgyptiansthesumof27 oootak-

6 oootakvorinsw ereowedby theV enetians

menians.

rparto f thee istenceof theA rmenian

rancescodiB a lducciP ego lott i o f thepower-

houseofSocietasB ardorum w rotee tensive ly

esofthe Mediterraneancountriesincluding

vesa clearpictureofcommercein

urrencyused.I tisreproducedherein its

ir e p p. 1 6 1 8 .

– 6 .

C r e a





menia

istosay A yasofA rmenia isw hereagreatdeal

useit isonthesea andmerchantsfrommany

ga r c i nn a mo n i n ce n se b r a i l wo o d l a c c o tt o n a n d

copperandtin area llso ldinA yasinruoto li one

5occhia and33 ruotolistoonecatarsofA rmenia .

soldin occhia 12occhiabeingcountedas one

asthemarketocchia.

d50 pesiiscountedas onemarsofArmenia.

w hichise ua lto50pesi.

tofmarchioand40weightsare neededtogive

reso ldby thehundredcannes andtheprices

enars tentakvorinsbeingonebesant.

hairareso ldinruoto li oneruoto libe ing15occhias.

rmenia ingrossmoggio andmar apanni and

dmar apanni onemoggiobe ingI omar apanni.

chiawhichweighs11o direms.

asit is.

iscountedI osilvertakvorins thetakvorin

andthedenar 4poghs.

A D B Y TH E AR M N ANM NTF O R AMAR SO F S L V E R

I I 4 t a kv o ri n s an d I d e na r .

lo fV enice 11 tak vorinsandI denar.

o ss i I I t a kv o ri n s.

I I o tak vorinsand5denars.

at i s t o sa y B u e n m in i I I o t a kv o ri n s an d 2 d em a rs .

tak vorinsand5denars.

ea lo fGenoa I o tak vorinsand5denars.

ea lo fV enice I o tak vorinsand5denars.

y I o takvorinsand5denars.

changedP ego lott i sspe ll ingofw eightsandmeasures.

nicewassomewhatlessthan3 20grams( seeGui-

1 3 , 4 0 2 4 5 0 . O n t h i s b as i s s i nc e o ne r u ot o li w a s e u a l

enice( seebelow thew eightof ruoto liw asabout

sof Armenia21 .180kilograms.Theocchiaat

b ou t 4 0 g r am s .

ce( seeGuilhiermo p. 447 w asabout240grams. Since

enicew ase ua lto I o f f .5marcofsilvero fA rmenia the

about225grams andthepesiabout4.5grams.

. 377givesthe lengthofacanneasbeinge ua lto

saf igureof12 . 407litersforamoggio .

C r e a





asilver coinwhichiscalled takvorin( tac-

ns8f ineouncesofsilverperpound and91 tak vorins

O N SA E O F GO O D S I NAR M N A

enetiansarefreeofduty asaretheSicilians

sbroughtinortak enout w iththee ceptionof

andtheypayonepercent oftheweight.

iisfree andpaysnothingthroughouttheking-

ginnorontak ingoutgoods w ithouttroubleor

nesoranyotherpersonsof whateverlanguageor

oppositiontotheC ompagniae ceptw henthefault

portingthis there isapriv ilege w iththego lden

enians grantedinArmeniaonthetenth day

r i n t he y e ar o f o ur S a vi o r 1 3 5 .

agnia F rancescoB alduccisucceededinre-

Cyprusinthe serviceoftheCompagnia.

ntofthevalueof thegoodse portedorimported.

z iofF loren e theCatalans andtheP rovencals

ande ports.

nimportsande ports.

F W E I G H TS AN D M A SU R E S O F A R M N A

F O T H E R C O U NTR I E S AND P R I MAR I L Y W I T H V E N C

A rmenia ise changedw ith20subtlepoundsand

. 4 ruotolio f cottoninA rmeniaaree ua lto9 subtle

eocchiaofsilk orf inespicesofA rmenia isthee uiv -

and4ouncesof V enice.Grossthousandmeasure

ce is76or78ruoto li inA rmenia or20. 5catarsofA r-

ero fV enice is106.5marsofA rmenia . 315V enetian

a lI oocanneofA rmenia . I I subtlepoundsofV enice

dsofA yasinA rmenia .

terialsbroughttoArmeniafromV eniceor

a inshipsof theC ommuneofV enice areatthe

osste tilesandlinens onaba leof350peso

echarge is6silverso ldigrossio fV enice. F orf ine

hecharge is6so ldigrossiforaba lew eighing260pounds

er t in andiron—6so ldigrossiforamiglia ogrosso

percent.

orsim ilararticles—3 percentpercase. A ll

if o rasubtlemiglia o . C otton-1 so ldigrossiper

tinanarmed galleyand1.5percentin amer-

persubtlemiglia o .

C r e a





enia

rmenia ise ua lto20Genoesepounds. F ive

eweightis e ualinArmeniato 5mars.7.5ruotoli

Genoesecatar.

mparativevalueswithvariouscities

gNimes Montpe ll ie r Ma orca Sev ille in

a nd e rs L o n do n A p ul i a M e ss i na i n S ic i ly S i va s

amagusta inC yprus etc.

actedwasconsiderable.I ntheyear1 12

ysw rotethat27or28V enetianmerchants

ntingto400 000newtrams.

ltanofEgyptcapturedanddestroyedA yas. He

uction providedtheArmenianspaidan

00 oootakvorins w ithanaddit iona lI oo 000

ttheArmenianswereable topaysucha

tributeddirectlytothe revenuesderived

Crusaderprincipalities theE gyptians

rattacksagainsttheArmeniankingdom.

agedtwiceas earlyas1266and1275.I t

nddestroyedin1 22byNasirMohammedof

uingpeace theportw asrebuilt buttheSultan

structionofthe seafortwhichprotected

turedagainanddestroyedin1 3 7. This

wouldnotevenpermittherebuildingof thewalls

itto themercyof theenemy . F ina lly in1 47

theMamluksandthereafterremainedin

ter thisdate theArmeniankingdomwas

ecameland-lockedterritory.Theenormous

twocenturiesended andtheseaportsof

importanceininternationalcommerce.

p . 3 8 6 .

p . 3 9 0 .

C r e a





M SU S D F O R V A R I O U S CO I NS

penianperiodhasbeenbestcoveredin

l is h an ” B a s m a d i a n a n d Si b il i an . T h e fi r st

elengthon thenamesgiventoArmenian

ytheychosetolist thenamesgiventogold

ancienttimes therebyleadingthereader

salsoapplied toR oupeniancoins.Much

mthisandan attemptwillbemadehere

ststhenamesgivento gold silverand

s mentionedabove:

pperCoinsU ncertain

an , " Tank , * Taccolinil

eg an s bi da g K a r d e * , * B i s s an ci os

Tram1 2 3 Tenar2 3 stauratos

t ra m H a l f- tr am

P o g h l * , *

m

smentionedintheprevioussection theR oupenians

coinsforcirculationbutmerelystruck a

istributionon specialoccasions.Thenames

therefore couldnotrefertothefew gold

upenians.

e l A r m n i e au M o ye n A ge P a r is 1 8 55 p p . 9 - 1 5.

p p . 3 7 8 - 8 6 .

um . G n r al e de l A rm n ie ( i n Ar me ni an , p p . 1 4 -1 5

ionofR oupenianC oins V ienna 18 2.

C r e a





enia

v " bull/ , denarius wasthenameusuallygivento

es.Theword8mV á ptovwastranslatedfrom

hegan andnumerousinstancesof theuseof

elisted byAvkerian. O noneoccasion

d andtenarw ereusedinterchangeably .

11. 7 besant w asthenamecommonlyusedinthe

ngtheMiddleAges. When accompaniedby

tedthego ldco insof theA rabsorB y antium.

containnumerousreferencestoinstances

ypeswereusedin commercialtransactions.

ssantiosquadragintaduossarracina lesadiustum

ssantiosducentosveteresauriB abiloniebones et

ponderisadgenera lepondusterreE gypti ” “ bis-

etdimidiumsarracinalesAcconisadgene-

r“ bissantiosquadragintosquin uaginta

ov MlAbill , denarius wasameasureofweight

silverco in. Shiragat i w rit ingintheseventh

eganwasthenamegivento asilverorgold

sreferencesofearlytimes whereitdenoted

s nmorerecenttimes( A . D. 9 72 , Matthew

hat“ A rabgoldof3 0 000tahegansw astak en

40 000tahegansofA rabgo ld.

l / U ' h / ) o f c o u rs e r ef e rs t o t he c o lo r o f th e c oi n

dThus Smpad mentionsthat500garmir

t ionofMaw d d. I t isinterestingtonote

hesameevent( intheyear111 Matthew

t500tahegansw erepaid. V artan mentionsthat

aybarsI a l-B unduk d ri invadedC iliciaand

repared capturedandsackedthecity of

edtheroyaltreasuryandfounda container

rmir. Unfortunate ly V artandoesnotmak eclear

adinmind. I nanycase itrepresenteda

7 4 .

4 -5 4 .

1 8 6 , p p . 9 , 2 6 1 8 1 3 6 , 4 1 0 .

5 6 E d it io n of V e n ic e .

C r e a





Samuelo fA ni speak sof I oootahegan

thefatherofSa ladin sa idhissonw illgiveto

birthofamalechild. I nthechronicles

ofKingO shinofC il icianA rmenia " it is

1260 theTurkomanscapturedthelord

f r20 000garmir. Thiseventhasa lsobeen

e. I t isthusseenthattheterm“ garmir

oldcoinwhichthewriter hadinmind and

edabove itreferredtoa foreigngoldcoin.

beenfoundincontemporaryliterature

aR oupeniancoin.

R A T w i ll b e d is c us s ed u n de r s il v er c o in s .

R A C N AT D ' A R M N E . T h e nu me ro us n ot ar ia l ac ts

yas mak efre uentmentionof thisco in

arracinatio fA cre Tripoli Sy ria E gypt

of transactionsinvolvinghundredsand

sanciosarracinatid A rmenie itw ouldseem

thetypeissuedby theCrusadersinthe

someof thego ldco insascribedtotheC rusaders

y theV enetians asindicatedinthepriv i-

eniank ingsintheyears1201 1245 1271

enetianstherightto issuecoinsonthesame

inthe irco inageinA cre . A sreportedbySchlum-

asimilaropinion. Unfortunately ithasnotyet

ansofidentifyingthegoldbissanciosar-

nd differentiatingthemfromtheother

writingstruck bytheCrusadersinseveral

actsof Ayasindicatethatthevalueof the

ntwasin1274ten sousorhalfa Genoese

nineandahalf sous. Sincethesebesantsw ereof

andstruck by theV enetians theyarecon-

eof thiswork.

sg i po ol f ll /i h R / R L i s li st ed b yB a s ma d i an a s on e

dco ins. I t isprobablyanamegivento

H . C . D o c u me n ts A r m n i en s I , p . 4 5 .

, p . 82 v ol . I I , p . 71 .

ch i ve s d e l O r i e n t L a t i n p . 6 77 .

C r e a





enia

tunfortunate lyB asmad iandoesnotgivethe

Ns. Theseareof fargreaterimportancethanthego ld

sincetheyconstitutedthebackboneof

trade.

G AN o r T N A R ( G re ek : 8n v p to v L a ti n: d en ar iu s .

sinceanti uityforthesilvercoins currently

ve A naniaShiragat i " w rit inginthe

heganandtenarwereidentical andwere

ofweightorameasureof coinage.Although

goldcoins especiallywhenwrittenasgold

theyweremuchmoreoftenusedforsilver

sla tions theGreek 8nvoptov isa lw aystrans-

occasionallythewordtenarwas usedinter-

D uringthetimeofthe Crusadersand

ofthecoinageofCilician Armenia tahegan

s Matthew ofEdessa sa idthatthroughthe

asil theA rmenianprince there leaseof

ossiblebypaymentof thesumof I oo oootahe-

ds. ThissumisgivenasI oo ooodinarsby

as b e sa n ts b y R u n c im an ” pi c e s d o r b y Gr o us s et ”

in s o f Mi c ha e l V I D u c a s o f B y a n ti u m b y

herinstance B a ldwin sre leasew asobta inedfor

hegans. A notherw riter givesthef igureas

rtan w rotethatw henSaladdincaptured

ttedeachmantobuyhisf reedomforthesumof

oman f ivetahegans. Smpad inhisC hronicle

ntwishingtoleavewasto payoneE gyptian

wishedtoremainwere assessedonered

givesthef iguresastendinarsforaman f ivefor

p p. 3 3 – 3 6 6 10 — 61 2.

.I I , p .3 8 .

, p . 3 9 8 .

1 4 .

p. 172.

, p .2 4 .

p . 1 5 .

5 6 p p . 1 9 – 2 00 .

I I , p . 46 5.

C r e a





hld w hileGrousset q uotingE racles

e paidwastenbesantsperman fiveper

ild. I bna l-A thir givesthef iguresindinars—

men andtw oforchildren w hileanA rmenian

ansformenandfive forwomen.

orC hronicle thew ord“tahegan occursin

ntly referringtosilverco insincirculationatdif-

tleastoneinstance threedifferentdocuments

tionusingeither thetermstaheganor

arthattaheganwasthe namegivento

r thantothesilver R oupeniancoins.The

wnastrams.

AGorSB I D AG.Sbidagmeanswhite andtahegan

vertahegan asdifferentiatedfromtahegan

mesoneof thew ordsw asomitted andprices

f tahegan vosgiorsbidag( the lattero f ten

b. . I ntheyears1256—1260 tahegan tram

thesamew riterindiscrim inate ly a ll

ametypeofsilvercoin.E venearlier in

w asusedforasilverco in. I nK hachigyan s

ophons thewordsbidagismentionednoless

erallyforcoinageotherthanR oupenian.

cameintomorecommonuse inlaterperiods

ly inf if teenth si teenthandseventeenth

enotethesilverco inageof thew riter sparticular

rmenia A siaMinorortheC rimea.

uh L atindrachma wasanotherwordusedfor

rchangeablyw ithtaheganorsbidag. I t is

I , p .8 1 .

p .9 1 .

7 01 .

1 5 .

, 1 5 1 4 , 3 4 6 3 8 1 3 9 8 .

.

4 2 - 4 .

ic o s p . 8 8 .

11 .

6 , 4 76 4 7 5 28 5 70 5 77 .

C r e a





enia

ramwasusedmoreoften duringthe

anuscriptsw ritteninC il icia . How ever V artan

asumof300 000tramsintheyear1045.

ourteenthC enturyCo lophons tramismentioned

signif icantthatL evon spaymentof tribute

0 000tramsratherthanas tahegansor

mo s n ov o s a n d O L D T R A M s ( d a re mo s v et e re w e re

ccasionsbyGenoesenotariesin1274-127 .

ere usedtorefertocoins incirculation

R oupeniansilvercoinswerecalledtrams.

onI andH etoumI , beingheavierandhaving

wereworthmoreandwereknownasdaremos

romtheco inageofLevonI w hichhada

i k u M l l / w er e c oi n s ha v in g h al f t he w e ig h t an d h al f

( b / I ' l / l l/ w er e is su ed o nl y by L e v on I a nd h ad

of thetrams.

A T o r S TA U R A T S ha v eb e en d i sc u ss e d at s o me

Thew ord staurat meaningcross re ferred

thesilverco insofL evonI andHetoumI .

therefore werethesilverbesantsortrams of

/lh/m/ F ) werethedebasedsilvercoinsissued

eR oupeniandynastyandwillbediscussed

N S — TA N , T N AR o rK A R D E Z , a nd P O G H . T he se co in s

er detail.

g obolus ' N R ) inancienttimeswasa measureof

eofaco in. Shiragat i statesthatsi tanks

The wordtankoftenappearsintheArmenian

Therewerebothsilverandgold tanks.

z apparentlyreferredtothemedium-si edcopper

ghthetenarordenar wasusuallythesilver

y p . 1 0 1.

2 5 .

nd es Am so ry a L X X I I I , 1 5 , p p. 24 1- 24 .

C r e a





copperco in. Thus P ego lott i statesclearly

vorin , w asw orthtendenars. Therefore the

wasthecopper coinusedinArmeniaaround

edabout1260usethew ordk arde forthecopper

g f ol li s b / ' l w as u se d in a nc ie nt t im es a s ag en er al

ins. WhenP ego lott i statedthatonedenar

mayhavemeantthatonelarge coppercoin

r s ma l l co p pe r s of O s h i n L e v on I o r L e v o n V .

– 6 0.

p . 6 1.

C r e a





F TH E R O U P E N ANS

iliciaissuedliterally millionsofsilver

hichabouttwelvethousandcannowbefound

collections. I naddition tengo ldco insare in

onedinthecorpus. Therearealsorecordsof

eenlostor destroyed.

sstruck duringthisperiodareas follows:

i f l l/ i h . T h e te n g ol d c oi n s in e i s te n ce t o da y

silvercoins ofthisdynasty.F orwantofa

implycalledvosgi orgo ld. Certa inpecu-

mmonvariationsin weight coupledwith

urvived haveledthewriterto believethat

rc ulationbutratherasgifts whichwere

sions.

N s . Ap p ro i m at e ly t wo t h ir d s of t h e R o u pe n ia n c oi n s

silver andtheseconstitutethemostim-

rtionofthec oinageofthisperiod.

nvenientlydividedintoseveralclasses:

tr am , b / ' M l l/

e ss y e rg t ra m ' i k u b/ I ' l f l l / b

a r or t y er g tr a m R U / k m / b / I ' M l l / £ o n I

m an t ra m 0 0 l/ l l , ' M l l/

ramissuedbyH etoumI

M ll/ , alsoknownas“ besantstaurat issuedby

m I

m , t h u M l l /

u / l/ ? / l l lf i s su e d by L e v on I I

/m/ F ) silvercoinageofallkingsafter L evonI I

vonI inA ntioch(bearingL atincharacters , and

etoumI I .

mallerdenominationsconstituteadistinct

omtheusualco inageofL evonI . Thesecoins

C r e a





ans5

dwereissuedfora shorttimeonly probably

sweregivenin ordertodistinguishthem

althoughthehalfdoubletramis actually

ter aha lf -tram.

ueinits designsinceitis theonlycoin

famonarch.I tisnoteworthythatno half-

n foundasyet.

etoumI areratherrareandon oneside

n recognitionofthenominalsu erainty

onya. B il ingua lha lf- tramsarevery rare .

andH etoumI arethecommonesttypesof

dynasty.O verhalfofthesilver coinsin

sclass. A cursorye aminationof tramsw ill

nantcrossononesideof thecoin. I n

thecrossisf lankedby tw olionsrampant

ofHetoumI show thecrosshe ldby thek ing

contemporarywritersreferredtothetram

rthebesantw ithacross anda lso“daremos

thusdifferentia tingitf romthelatersilverco ins

sting commercialprivilegesgrantedtothe

in1288discloses thattheduty fore portinga

which wastranslatedinthecon-

as“ bissanciosstauratos ” adonk ey—f ivenew

enew tramsandonekarde , asheep—fourk arde .

ainsthatthedutyfor pepper gingerand

bythe weightcarriedbytheanimal.The

enasnineteennewtrams andforadonkey

ms therebyestablishingadegreeof relative

eys.O bviously fourstauratswereworth

newtrams.I twillbeseen belowthatthe

sorstauratsofLevonI andHetoumI w as

fivenewtramsaround1288.O necan

methatthe“ besantstaurat wasthetram

ou m I .

SM us eu m No te s V I I , 1 5 7 p p .2 1 – 2 0 . P l . X X X .

i re p . 1 54 .

nd es Am so ry a L X X I I I , 1 5 , p p. 24 1- 24 .

C r e a





enia

eenpu z ledandmisledby themarriage

of H e t o u m I , E u p he m ia t o J u l ia n t h e L o r d

nthiscontract itw asstipulatedthatHetoum

ty-fivethousand“ besanssarra inasau

hichthek ingwastopayseventeenthousand

lpoisd A cre ceq uenosauronsesoq uiremendra

r soea irequiq uatrebesansdenosstauratpor

H ere it ismadeclearthatonego ldbesantof

de ua lto fourof thek ing sstaurats. The

tthreegramsandcontainedabout 65per

gold. Sincetherelativevalueofgold tosilver

hosedays it isapparentthatthego ld

uttwentygramsofsilver. Thesilvertramsof

about2. 5gramsofsilver. Hence itw ouldtak e

ratstoe ua lago ldbesant. Thisirregularityhas

dA lishan tosupposethatthestauratw asa

oravery largesilverco in. I t istheopinion

kemayhavebeenmadeincopyingthe

ffortstoobtaina photostatcopyofthisdocu-

rthatHetoum hav ingpromisedadowryof

hadstipulatedthatpartof thissumw astobepa id

spergo ldofA cre. I t isobv iousthatthe

w asaverycommonsilvercoinusedinlargenumbers

uedbyH etoumwasthecommontram.

notuncommonanditis notnecessaryto

daninternationa lrateofe change. I t is

atthetramofL evonI andHetoumI is

vetere asdistinctf romthenew tram“ da-

o n I I .

r e p . 1 46 .

etypeSchlumberger P l. V , No. 24 w asgiventopublic

ty - fivepercentgo ldincontent. I t isinteresting

agewasobtainedby takingthespecificgravity

thatthemetalwasa mi tureofgoldandsilver.

8 V o l .I .

ma ti u e de l A rm n ie a um oy en ä g e p p. 1 2 1 .

p p. 3 8 2 3 8 . S ee a ls o D e si mo ni p . 52 6 L X I .

ousinstanceswherethe termsdaremosvetere daremos

ratosarementionedincommercialtransactions.

C r e a





ans5

eweightandvalueof thetramsand

type.While manytramsareofbarbaric

eyweremanufacturedcarelesslyunderpres-

eusuallyofgooddesignandworkmanship.

ein anyq uantityandfewhavesurvived.

req uitescarce.

lyacoin ofL evonI I ( 1270 128 ) since

edindocumentswrittenduringhisreign.

enceindicatingthe gradualdebasement

atchedby metrologicaldataobtainedby

, e ightnew tramswerethee uiva lento f

1 2 7 ( M ay I o i t t oo k n in e n ew t r am s t o

nt w hereasin1284theacceptedratew as

einternationalvalueof thenewtrams.

otaria lacto f1274 177new tramsw ere

to I oGenoese liv resor200sous. I nanearlier

w hentheA ssissesd A ntiochew astranslated "

derede ua lto36 sous. The latterw erepro-

saders.

ntofthenewtramsis evidencedbythe

w tramsw erew orth35V enetianso ldi the

uiva lento fone“bissanciosaracinato ” andin

t oo k t we l ve n e w tr a ms t o e u a l th i s am ou n t.

dsthrowlight onthevalueof

ri o d. I n 1 2 9 – 1 0 0 I o o n ew t r am s we r e

santsofC yprus. I n1 07 inasettlement

ramsw ere listedasbeinge uiva lentto I oo

ightandsilvercontentof variousnew

bearsoutadebasementw hichaccountedforthe

he internationalmarket.

6 X X I I I .

p . 2 8.

e n et o I I , p . 5 .

p . 3 8 ( N o s ou r ce r e fe r en c e gi v en .

i re p . 1 71 .

C r e a





enia

ghLevonI I re ignedfornineteenyears

ce.A possiblee planationmaybethat

ver contentmadetransactionsdifficult

swereeventuallymeltedtomakethemore

sors.

ranslatedas“ belongingtotheking ) were

I , O s h i n L e v on I V , a n d th e t hr e e Go s da n ti n s.

ydebased untilfinallythepercentageof

than50percent andtheweightofthe coins

grams.As aresult thetakvorinsofthe

worthconsiderablylessthanhalfof the

e t o um I .

venumerousinstanceswheretakvorins

incommercialtransactions.Asmentionedabove

rinsw eredeclaredtobew orth77new trams. I n

nse actedatributeof1 200 000takvorinsan-

k ing. AccordingtoP opeJ ohnX X I I , this

f lo ri ns . I n 1 3 3 ( J u ne 1 7 , a c om mu ni ca ti on

cestatedthat24takvorinswereto beregarded

t. I nthesameyear 12grossiso fV enicewere

w hichinturnw eree ua lto2“ bissanciosa lbos

P e g o l ot t i wr o te t h at “ I l b i sa n te d e R o m an i a si

gento i ltaccoliniva leden. X deE rminia e il

. H efurtherstatesthattheA rmenianroya l

n alloycontainingeightouncesofsilver

1tacco linisw eremadef romamarc( 226. 26gms.

wasverifiedbymetrologicaldataobtained

ospecial occasions.Thefirstbillonwas

ntioch inL atincharacters tocommemorate

ecoinisvery similarinappearancetothe

oinsofAntioch.Theothercoinwas struck

issuednosilverco ins.

p . 3 8 4 ( N o s ou r ce r e fe r en c e gi v en .

e n et o I I , p . 1 07 .

e n e to I I , p . 1 0 2 .

– 6 0.

C r e a





ans55

of thenames w eightsandtitreof the

sectionundermetrology.

Ns. A pparently threetypesofcopperco insw erestruck

gecoppercoinsstruckby L evonI andH etoumI .

U / Sk8 Medium-si edcoppercoinsof H etoumI ,

um I I , S mp ad an dL e v on I I I .

s ma l l co p pe r c oi n s of O s h i n L e v on I V , G u y G o s-

er k i ng s .

pinionthatallof thecoppercoinswere

ughtherew asagradua ldecrease inthe irsi e

hatnoha lforquarterpoghsw ere issued but

f thisstatement.I nadocumentdated

esevera linstancesw herevarioussumsaregivenin

the latterobv iouslybeinganabbrev iationof

megiventothecopperco insincirculationatthattime.

A n ti o ch e t h e w or d k ar d e ( R U P S 5 ) i s w r it t en

tisstatedthatoneso lw ase ua lto12k arde ,

ams thusmak inganew trame ualtoabout

me. Sincethe“ A ssisesd A ntioche w asw ritten

vevaluesrefertothat period.Thiswould

w asprobablyw orth12k arde andsince

smuchasak arde itw astwiceasva luable

stlik e lyworthoneo ldtram. P ego llo ti w rit ing

atonetak vorinw asw orthtendenars andone

A denarwastheL atintermfork arde ,

metank forthe largecopperco insofLevonI

unfortunatethatnodocumentshavebeenfound

hewordtankforthelarge coppercoins.

speriods tank w asanamecommonlygivento

tank swerew orthasilverco in. A snotedabove

eree ua linva luetooneo ldtramofL evonI

e it isreasonabletoassumethattheywereca lled

p p . 60 6 1 .

p . 3 7 0 . A ls o i n L a n g lo i s C a rt u la i re p p . 17 0 1 7 5.

C r e a





L E O F CO I NS

suedbytheR oupenianse hibitsomany

ablyledto speculateontheirorigin.

b ve r se o f a ll t h e si l ve r c oi n s of L e vo n I ( w i th

ronationco ins , thek ingisseatedona

onsheads.H ewearsacrownand aroyal

usuallyhasacrossin hisrighthandanda

mostof theco ins thek ing sfeetrestona

gnanimitationof thecoinsof“ carlins

b l an c s d a r ge n t de C hy p re ” b u t th e re i s l it t le

nsofL evonI andtheA n ousilverco ins

referred towereallissuedmuch later.

Garabetian po intsoutthattheroya lsealo f

1 1 7 b e ar s a m ar k ed r e se m bl a nc e t o th e o bv e rs e o f

Thereareearliersea lso fF renchk ingsw here

rone ho ldingacrossorli ly intherighthand

.Garabetianconcludeserroneouslythat

appearedpreviouslyon royalseals itwas

vonI .

etruthwhenhestatedthat thisdesign

antineandNearEasternco intypes butre-

histhesiswasdevelopedfurtherinan

pointsoutthatL evon spromotionf romprince

Germanemperor H enryV I , andspeculates

dieontheobversewasa Germandesign.

to thatofthebracteatesof Augsburg

e l A r m n i e au m o ye n ä g e p . 4 1.

m . de l O r i en t L a t in P l . V I I .

k An nu ai re 1 4 – 5 0 p . 27 2.

2 10 .

p . 2 7 .

4 27 .

C r e a





s57

ere islitt ledoubtthattheobverseofL evon s

contemporarybracteatesincirculation

ryV I . Mertens publication containsre-

atesofH enryV I ( w hose liegeLevonw as ,

theobverseof thetramsofL evonI .

sinagreementw ithrecordedevents. L evon

arbarossaforthecrownandhadobtainedhis

k sdeath thepromisew asfulf i lledbyhis

enryV I . L evonthusbecamenomina llyavassa l

hapsingratitudethatheplacedtheEm-

histrams. Thedesignw asingeneraluse in

dandevenearlier.

ew coronationcoins w ef indC hriststanding

heroya lmantle isk neelingw iththecrown

eheadofChristand thekingthereissome-

dingfromthesky orthefigureof adove

orhande tendedtow ardthek ing scrow n.

andA lishan mentionthatthisdesignw ascopied

netianD oges. How ever V enetianco insof

f irststruck byDandoloX L V I I I in128o

tyyearsaf terthecoronationofLevonI . , *The

evon scoronationcoinsmusttherefore

ll-knowntypesofB y antinecoinson

ningthestandingemperor. P ossibly the

nsideredmodificationsoftheB y antine

antypespresentsufficientdifferencesindesign

tramsofL evonI hasaveryunusual

ntwolionsrampantregardant.L anglois sug-

ppearedonMohammedanarticlessuchas

I , X I I .

4 N o. 2 0( 5 41 5 42 .

e l A r m n i e au m o ye n ä g e p . 3 8 .

tonofR oupenianC oins p. 8.

t a li co ru m V o l. V I , V I I , p . 2 7 P l . 1 2 .

enice .

l .X L V I , I o p .1 6 , P l . L , 1 1 e tc .

C r e a





enia

delsforL evon sco insmustbere ectedsince

fersaremythicalfiguresbearinglittle or

sfound onthecoins. NeitherSibilian

eorigin ofthedesignofthe twolions

thyarticle doesnotshedany lightonthis

haveappearedforthefirsttimeon

eisperhapsj ustifiedinstatingthatitw asan

mismaticart.

nousforms hasbeeninwidespreadusein

uity . I nthefamousruinsofP ersepo lis

" onef indslionsw alking standingupagainst

gandfacing etc. Onnumerouste tilesof the

esA.D . therearelionsseatedwiththe tree

ndlionsstandingandfacingthetreeof lif e etc.

ifswasadoptedbytheMoslemsand

ope. ThemantleofR ogerI I o fSicily ( 11 3 )

nsattackingcamels withthetreeof life

tandingandfacingarea lsoseeninaSel uk

ury.

hedevelopmentofdesignsonfabricsf rom

ion motifsshowninillustrationsdating

nturiesbear acloseresemblancetothe

on. I na llcasesthe lionsf lank thetreeof lif e

thecaseofL evon slions.

t thelionwasnativeto southernArmenia

lity.Neither thelionnorits useinorna-

theArmenians.I nGreaterArmenia

onbuildings cityw alls andevenchurches.

hemaincitygate ofAni thecapitalcity

ygowsk i givesanil lustrationofanA rmenian

nsfacingeach other.

I , P l . V I I I , an dp .3 9 4 .

A nn ua ir e 1 4 – 5 0 p p . 27 4 2 3 .

17 3 9 , 52 55 6 9 8 108 I I 2 3 , 128 etc.

3 9 5 4 17 .

p 40 5 4 6 8 7 0 7 7 8 0 9 0 1 05 1 10 4 1 62 e tc .

8 11 .

C r e a





s5

cribeslionsinapositionverysim ilartothatin

ankingthetreeof lif e . Hecla imsthatthisil lus-

elfthcenturyArmenianB iblewhichhe

hitaristMonastery inSt. La are V enice.

3 there isagoode ampleof rampantregardant

nsivetreatiserecentlypublishedonillustrations

erivedfromvegetableandanimallife

cesoflionsshownin variouspositions.O ne

urteenthcenturymanuscriptshowsthe

sonaL evonI co in.

t thedesignoflionsrampantregardant

NearE astbutthatthe adoptionofthe

flife wasaninnovationpeculiartothe

ans.

onanditssmallerdenominations ( alsoa

haveonthereversealion walkingor

truethatthelion appearedonsomeofthe

evon sco inshasacharacterist icdesignand

sinstance the lionisholdingacrossoris

hislion designmayagainbeconsideredan

mismaticart anditisfound onthecoins

oupenianrulers.O neisremindedofthe

coinswhereinthe lambappearsholdinga

eremostlikelyissuedhalf acenturyafter

butthesubstitutionofa lionho ldingthecross

olding thecross cannotbeoverlookedin

nofL evon sdoubletramtypes.

earsonararecopper coinattributedto

rp ol i ( 1 1 52 1 1 87 b u t th e l am b i s wa l ki n g an d i s

The“ agnusdei ” ho ldingacross a lsooccurs

fV eniceof theyearI I 9 3 .

, 6 7 p p. 52 3 .

M an us cr it s Ar m n ie ns I l lu st r s P l . X V I I I , F i g . 40 .

9 6 N o . 7 7 4 .

m. d e l O r i e n t L a t i n P l . X I X , 9 . S ee a l so G r ie r so n

, 1 6 – 1 7 6 P l . X V I I I , 1 2 .

m . de l O r i en t L a t in p . 10 , P l . I V , 8 .

M an u sc r i ts A r m n i en s I l l us t r s P l . X X I X .

C r e a





enia

N S . L e v on I i s su e d a la r ge n u mb e r of c o pp e r co i ns o f

eandw eight. Ontheobverseof theseco ins

fthe kingwithacrown andonthere-

htwostars.

theobverseofL evon scopperco insw as

fthe NormankingsofSicily. Thereseems

ipbetweenthesetwotypes however as

on shead w hereasL evon sco insshow the

w ithbeard crow n etc. I tw ouldtherefore

L evonchoseadesignofsomeoriginality .

scoppercoins havingaP atriarchalorCal-

appearstoberelatedin designtosome

butthe introductionofstarsindicatesadegreeof

thesecoins.

htheascensionofHetoumtothethrone adef inite

ypeofcoinage.Thedoubleliondesigndis-

satendencyto imitateorientaltypesof

tingaweakeningoftheinfluenceof theCru-

rengtheningofthe Mohammedanelements

s.

oinswerethe trams.Thereverseofthese

oldingacrossor accompaniedbyone.The

facingf ront sometimesho ldsthecrossasin

ndsometimesw alk swithonepaw inthea ir

thecrossbehindhim. There isnodoubtthat

ecoindesignof L evon.

s however isuni ueinthatit showsthe

eachother w earingroya lvestments andboth

Therepresentationof theq ueen simageon

cognitionof thefactthatshewas of

sHetoumw astheprinceconsort crow nedk ing.

” sucharepresentationofak ingandqueen

ti n e co i n of C on s ta n ti n e X I I D u c a s a nd Q u e e n

e l A r m n i e au m oy e n ä g e p . 4 7.

7 21 .

m .d el O r ie nt L a ti n p .9 1 P l . X L I I I , 4 5 .

e l A r m n i e au m o ye n ä g e p . 5 4.

C r e a





s6

0 67 . T h e de s ig n s h o we v er a r e by n o m ea n s

issuedbyH etoum( incomparatively

nonesidethek ingonhorseback w earinga

e. Thehorseisfacingright inallcases.

eking onhorsebackwasusedonmany

s.Coinswith ane uestriandesignwere

n ( 1 1 56 1 1 88 o f K o n y a an d b y hi s s uc c es s or s ” , *

luencedHetoum scho iceofdesignforhis

S. Thecopperco insofHetoumalsopresentnove l

ose issuedbyLevon. I ndeed unlikeL evon s

ereof thesametypeandofuniformsi e

presentsevera lvarietiesandtw odistinctsi es.

coinsofH etoum ofaboutthesame

evon s w iththek ing ontheobverse seated

throneornamentedwithlions wearinga

ceptre intherighthandandacrossororbin

parentlyavaria tionof theobverseofL evon s

these coppercoinsbearsaGreekor P otent

s w ithmany typesof f ie ldmark s. Thecrosscanbe

tineco ins asw ellasonnumerousco insstruck

ndicationof thek ing sC hristianfa ith.

allerversionof theselargecoppercoins.

ppershowsthekingona throneorna-

ntheobverseofLevon strams butthe

l.

ppercoinisalso foundingreatnumbers.

k ingisonhorseback . Thedesignisverymuch

ilverco ins butithasnotbeene ecuted

Thisisobviouslyacase wherethedesign

u e B y a nt in e P l . X X V , 1 .

, P l . L , 9 .

Mu se um N ot es V I I , p p . 21 – 2 0 P l . X X X .

0 V o l. 1 P l .V I , No .L X X X I I I .

P l . I V , N o. 1 1 2.

, P l .L I , 3 .

m. d e l O r i e n t L a t i n.

C r e a





enia

relytransferredtothecoppercoins.The

withvariousfieldmarks.

n t h e o b ve r se t h e s i lv er c o in s o f L e v o n I I a r e al l o f th e

byH etoumI , w ithvariousf ie ldmark s and

Thereverseofthese silvercoinsalsofollows

decessors.Thelioniswalkingorstanding

coins showsalionwalkingleft orinrare

na llprev iouscasesofsilvercoinsw ithasingle

esentedfacingf ront crow ned andeither

paniedbyone.Theliononthe coppercoins

otfacef ront andisquitedif ferentinsty lingf rom

coinsoftheGermanemperors.I tclosely

thewalkinglionsappearinginarchitecturalde-

andquite lik e ly the lionmotifonA rmenian

rmeniaratherthan elsewhere.Thereverse

ecrosswithvariousstarsor linesasfield

hecopperco insofH etoumI.

T h e co i na g e of H e t o u mI p r es e nt s c er t ai n p ec u -

calcircumstancesandpersonaleccen-

dnotissue silvercoinsandcontented

rcoinsand billonsbearinghisname.

ssomeofthe contemporaryCrusader

thek ing shead e ecutedinasty lesimilar

y de L u s ig n an o f J e r us a le m ( 1 1 8 6 1 1 2 .

2 12 1 22 5 a nd H e n ry I o f Cy pr us ( 1 21 8 1 25 ) .

sua lcross notunlik etheoneontheco insof

oumalsoshowtheL atininfluence.O nthe

king similarinstyleto thecoinageofthe

Thereversehasacrosswithornamental

tinctive ornamentedcrossappearedonthe

ofE dessa andonthecoinsofL atinem-

1204 1261 .

opperco ins thek ingisseatedintypical

gacrown hisrighthandathisbreastand

2 85 2 86 2 5 5 40 8 11 .

m .d el O r ie nt L a ti n P l . I V , 2 5 3 1 P l . V I , 8 9 .

8 9 , 14 15.

C r e a





s6

rcross.D esignsofthistypehave appeared

oslemrulers inAsiaMinorand Syria e.g.

s o f Ma r di n ( N s i r al - D i n U r t u A r s l n —

1 A . D . . O n t h e r e ve r se t h er e i s an o r na m en t ed o r

Smpaddonote hibitanynovelfeatures. The

rim itationsof thoseofLevonI themain

stcases theking slefthandis abovethe

acew hiche tendsoverthe le f tshoulder. Theco ins

thlittlecare . Thee uestriandesignof the

derivedfromthe bilingualcoinsofH e-

theusual crossbutinthe fieldtherearefour

dovesin flight.

isinterestingthata lthoughGosdantin srule lasted

verthe lessstruck go ld silver andcopperco ins

esigns.

ferenttypes ofgoldcoins. , * O nthe

ngisonhorseback facingright andho ldinga

isdesign althoughreminiscentofthe

v on I a n d H e t ou m I s h ow s ma r ke d d is -

nsteadofamaceorsim ilarob ectbe ingheld

r thek inghereho ldsara isedswordinhis

rike.

etypebearsapictoria lrepresentationofa fort

et.Theothertypeshowsthree turrets.The

thatofthecoins ofsomeoftheCrusader

kingsofCyprus.

ins islikethatof thegoldcoins.The

ndingandwearinga crownandroyalrobes

thandandacr ossinhisleft. Theideaof

usticebyacross andswordisnotentirely

onehisbestto representGosdantin simage

hatsimilar thoughcrudercoinsofthis

hecountsofE dessaaboutacenturyearlier.

. M . O r i en ta l Co in s V o l . I I I , N o. 4 6 ( 1 87 7 .

um . G n r al e de l A rm n ie p . 16 5.

de s Am so ry a 1 5 8 p p. 3 8 1 3 9 0 .

um d el O r i en tL a t in P l . I V , V , V I .

2 P l .X I X , 2.

C r e a





enia

I tw ouldberepetitioustoenumeratetheco inageof

e vo n I I t o t he l a st k i ng L e o V L u s ig n an

varyonlyslightlyduringthisperiod.All of

I I I , O s h i n L e vo n I V , G uy ( G o s da nt in I I ) ,

e v on t h e U s u rp e r a n d Go s da n ti n I V , s h ow o n

orseback w ithvariousmintmark s and

nwalk ingright w ithacrossinthef ie ldabove

onofthecoinsof eachsucceedingkingde-

thatthesilvercoins ofthelasttwoGosdantins

dpresenta greyishappearancebecauseof

onV L usignanshow adifferentsty ling re -

etoumI I andprobablypatternedaf terthe

gs.

ns decreasedastimewenton.Thecoins

y an d G os d an t in I I I a r e ve r y sm a ll a n d ar e m on o to -

bverse thek ingisseatedonthethrone

hisrighthandanda fleurdelysin hisleft.

earsonthereverse . In design thesecopper

onof the largecopperco insofHetoumI .

rperandGosdantinI V abandonedthestriking

poghs butusedinsteadsilvercoin( tak vorin

co inage. L evon scoppercoinshavethe

lcasessofarencountered. GosdantinI V

milar indesigntothesilver takvorins

f ie ld butsomedonothavethismark.

struck ata laterperiod.

o fL evonV , w how asaL usignanof

aria tioninsty ling. Thecopperco insarequite

obverse there isthecharacterist icl ionofCyprus

donthereverse across.

esnoco instoL evontheU surper a llcopperco ins

mark / are listedasbelongingtoLevonV . I ngeneral

periodof1 44 1 75 w hendealingwiththe

I , L e v on t h e U s u rp e r G o sd a nt i n I V a n d L e v o n V .

m .d el O r ie nt L a ti n P l .V I , 2 , 2 6 P l .V I I , 9 , 1 2 1 . 24 .

C r e a





N SO N R O U P E N A NCO I NS

thesmallnumberofbil ingua l( A rmenian-

ou m I , a n d th e r ar e b il l on s o f L e v on I ( L a t in

f theco insof theR oupeniandynastybearA rmenian

s.

meniansarefamiliarwiththeArmenian

thereadingoftheinscriptionson thecoins

ewitha littlepractice.TheArmenianal-

nd405A.D .byanArmenianclergyman and

language.E achlettercarriesa singlesound

word.

nsonthecoins ofthedifferentrulersare

ri ingafew typesof inscriptions onecan

mostof theR oupeniancoins.

nsistedofthirty-si characters( three

morerecentlyanddonot o fcourse appear

. Thetypeandformof thescriptontheco ins

r(b/ i l l / 0/ 1% h/ ) andaresim ilartotheuncia l

mporaryandearliermanuscripts.

touse combinedlettersorligatureson

c.Themostcommonligatureswerecombinationsof

( O R a s in P l l U R / T ( T A A V O R i ns te ad

nd R t o g iv e / h ( O U ) a s i n U U S / N W / 1 8 in s te a d of

U DZ O ) . O therligaturesarese ldomfoundoncoins.

T O NO F TH E AR M N ANA P H AB E T

I e ve r

T t an k

h a u re

C r e a





enia

ma n 2 : Ch m il d ch

nR r h a r d

v

ch /pR rrace

y Ts t s ia n g

r V i n l i ga t ur e s

oo r

y

k

k i c k

oupeniancoinsfollowageneralpattern.

tedformofthefullinscription appearsonthe

e amplesgivenbelow .

hemselves< ll8( H A , pronounced

or d & l l6 08 ( H A O T S m ea ni ng “ o f t he A rm en ia ns

s withnumerousabbreviations.

willfacilitatethereadingof thelegend

speriod.

C r e a





TR A T O NS I N A B O V E D I A GR A MS R E D U C D

S Z E

C r e a





T E P E R I O D O F P R I NC S

, e ightsuccessiveR oupenianprincesruledover

vonI I , the lastof theseprinces beganhisrule

edk ingin11 9 .

avesurvived althoughitisnot known

struckcoins.Thecollectionofthe B iblio-

arisconta inssomeco insw hichhavebeen

ersofAsia Minor.Thesecoinsdonotbear

hasbeenplacedin thecorpus.

eumofV enice there isaratherinteresting

nd.Alishan whowasthefirstto describe

o ei t he r G os d an t in I ( I o 5 I o 9 ) o r t o T o ro s .

ss nowintheMekhitariancollectionin

to T o ro s I ( 1 1 2 – 1 1 7 . O n o n e s i de i t h as t h e

ntheother acrossw ithvariousuninte ll igible

n obv iouslyacoin recentlycameintothe

uiredasmallcoppercoin withtheins-

chwasattributedtoTorosI I .

ssouan mentionsthatMlehhadstruck co ins

nofA leppo butaddsthathedoesnotrecall

on. I t ispossiblethathehadinminda

erningacoinstruck byaMohammadenruler

meof the laterprincesstruck co insastheyw ere

ontrollede tensiveterritories comparableto

.

ehavefromthisperiodwerestruck by

w holaterbecamethef irstk ingofC il icianA rmenia .

e istinpublic andprivatecollections

ewhichhas beenlost.

. * A li sh an S is so ua n p. 3 7 8 . * L e be au X V I , p . 3 0 5.

e l A r m n i e au m o ye n a ge p . 3 4 .

m av e b J u l y S e pt . 1 5 2 p . 1 56 . A cc o rd i ng t o t hi s a rt i cl e

r. D erGha arianofA leppohasbeenlost.

C r e a





NS

f si teenArmeniangoldcoinsofthe

oSo 1 75 hasbeenreportedatvarioustimes

ionedago ldco inofGosdantinI ( 12 8to

longedtoP eterMark arA lishan andaf terhis

ntinople w asgiventothemuseumof the

enice w here it istobefoundtoday .

r uc k b y L e v on I ( I I 9 9 – 1 2 1 ) w a s r ep o rt e d

81 w ithafulldescription.

onofPeterMarkarA lishan andamemberof

inV enice mentionedanothervarietyofa

nhismonumentaltreatiseonCilicianArmenia.

nArmenianin1885 andinF rench

ensivelistingsoftheknowngoldcoins ofthis

ian sbook . I t isindeedunfortunatethat

hwhilepublicationonthe coinageofthe

ppearedonly inA rmenian andw astherefore

matists.Sibilianwrotehismanuscriptin

tatthattimehe wasonlyfamiliarwiththe

. Whenthebook w aspublishedin18 2 the

mk iarian mademanyaddit ionstothete tin-

portedgo ldcoins. Onpages1 – 14of this

mk iarianquotede cerptsf romaletterw rittenon

goldco insduplicatesessentia lly theauthor sarticle in

p p . 11 – 1 2 0.

um is ma ti u e de l A r m n i e au m oy en ä g e ( P a r i s 1 85 5 .

r ch i ve s d e l O r i e n t la t in V o l . I , p p . 67 5 6 7 8 1 8 81

so ua n ( V e n i ce 1 88 5 ( I n A rm en ia n .

souanoul A rm no-Cil icie. D escriptiongeographi ue

arteetil lustrations. Traduitdute tearm nien.

.

ca t io n o f R o u pe n ia n C oi n s ( V i e nn a 1 8 2 ( I n A r -

C r e a





1885 bySerovpeM. A lishan F atherA lishan s

well-knownnumismatistinConstantinople.

hatit listsallthegold coinsknowntothe

the relevantpassagesfollows:

ssessionanoldletterw rittentomy fatherby

eMek hitarists w horeca llsthattheyhadagold

asdestroyedinthegreatf ireofPera in18 1.

nwhichbelongedtomyfather.

nw asfounduponthedeathofDj anigA mira .

known.

ofminesawagold pieceinthepos-

menianmonasteryinCaesarea.

I , w hichisnow inV eniceandisil lustrated

chlumbergerbroughtfromCaesarea.

soldinCaesareawhicheventuallyfound

e possibly f romC aesarea.

only. The lastfourbe ingsim ilar it ispossible

ebeenfound possiblyalongwiththesilver

chwerece ivedf romF atherSibil ian. I amin

sibilityof theoneswrittenI bhubeing

kingismissingbutpossibly theancientdie

asit is.

hergoldcoins werediscoveredandthese

vpeM.Alishan.

voninpossessionofsomeoneinC onstantinople

mbers7and9 .

von-Hetoum now intheMek hitaristMuseum

nintheB iblio th q ueNationa le inParis.

ge1 o fSibil ian sbook F atherK a lemk iarianmen-

opyof the letterw rittenbyF atherP hil ippeto

nw hichthisco inisdescribedw ithsomedeta il. I t is

atitbe longedtoLevonI I .

igA miraoccurredbetw een1850and1860.

euardent dea lersinco insandmedals endedits

C r e a





enia

dentica lw ithNo. I o .

asofferedforsa letotheB iblio th q ueNa-

sedby thelatterbecauseitwasidentical

sbook publishedin1 3 6 liststhethirteencoins

addsthreeothersknowntohim:

nI inR o ll in spossession.

nI intheco llectionofN. K a leb ian.

nI intheco llectionofH . H abeshian.

beenreportedsincethatdate with

ndgo ldco inofGosdantinI inthe I stan-

calwith No.2.I tisinterestingto note

en t ic a l a l s o 6 I I a n d 1 . B a s ma d i a n do e s

ionof histhreepieces.

n cla imedthata llthego ldco insw erefor-

eptionof theGosdantinpiece. H edoesnotgive

butpromisestoreturnto thatq uestionat

of thewriter sk now ledge nofurtherreport

issub ect.

arationof thecorpusonthecoinage ofthis

aminedmostof the importante istingco llections

overI o ooospecimens. A mongthesew ereten

offourtypesasfollows:

Type

l l/ - /l / A ll 1 1 8

, U U S A U / 18

q ueNationa le[No. 6of list

i ot h q u e N at i on a le [ N o .I I o f l is t

g hd a dl i an C an n es [ N o . 15 o f l is t

i an N um is ma ti u eg n r al ed el A rm n ie ( V e ni ce 1 3 6

a m av eb N os .7 9 , 1 5 2 p . 16 6( V e n ic e I t al y ( I n

C r e a





e

I R / l / Al l f l6

l/ S/N0/ 1

i ot h q u e N at i on a le [ N o . 7 or 9 o n l is t

Mek hitaristMuseum[No. 7or9 onlist

. a p am ad i P a r is [ N o . 7 or 9 o n l is t

ristMuseum( ? ) [ No. 5onlist

TO U M I

/ l/ 3 U B X / 1 +

R / 7 < l l / 18

ennaMekhitaristMuseum[ No. 12of list

ic e M ek h it a ri s t Mu s eu m [ N o . 1 0 o f li s t

k h , / % & l l / 18

) , A P U Q U /m

ceMekhitaristMuseum[ No. 2of list

bulA rcheologica lMuseum[ Turkey

hesi teenco inslistedabove No. I w asde-

. 2 6 7 8 9 , I o I I , 1 2 an d 15 a re k no wn t o be

dabove.No.5was apparentlyintheMekhi-

e butonarecentv isit I w asnotableto f ind

n mentionit indescribingtheco llectionof

o inV I isoneof thesi teenlisted. The

sthereforefive anditmaybe thatsome

.Thee istenceofcoinX wasdiscovered

lverandcoppercoins ofthisperiodare

e therearefew goldco insbecausethesew ere

C r e a





enia

bers andonlyonspecialoccasions.

f irstandmostpowerfulk ing mayhavestruck the

ins.O necanreasonablye pectsomeday

gularH etoum-Zabel tramvariety.The

go ldco insw ereundoubtedly struck byHetoum

e lo s s of t h e un i u e g ol d c oi n o f L e v on I i s i nd e ed

opedthatotherswillbediscoveredat some

nceofago ldco inofoneof thesonsofL evonI I

fstriking goldcoinscontinuedatleast

yoffindinggold coinsofthesucceeding

v on I I I , s h ou l d no t b e e c l ud e d.

outherethattheL evonI —H etoumI go ld

lyattributedtoHetoumI - evonI I . This

a lemkiarianandrepeatedbyB asmad ian

vonsideofthegold coinisidenticalwiththat

sstruck byL evonI . A samattero f fact

thistraminSibil ian(P l. I , No . 11 asw ell

—H etoumI co in a lthoughbecauseof thepoor

stwhopreparedthedrawingsof thisbook

ntical.

rth insupportofclaimsthat thegold

follows:

otuniforminweight.

vertrams there isa f reemovementof

easthediepositionsarerigid inthegold

tingoldcoin hasadesigndifferentfromthe

na llo thergo ldcoins thedesignissim ilar

ving adesignsimilartothat ofthegold

heforgercopiedthe dieforthegold coins

agumentsmayseemplausible butthe

rtobemorevalid.

funiformweightbecausetheywerestruck

gcertainoccasions.Theywerenotin-

de.

he diesmaybedueto thegreatercare

C r e a





llissues.As canbeseenfromthe illus-

e f irstsi a rett theseventhandeightharety

andM.

ediesusedforthego ldco insw erealsousedto

hileitis truethatthereareno silver

ngolddesign itmustberemembered

re knowntoe istfromthisking who

mostlybeingstruckfromdifferentdies.

muchtoe pectto f indatramstruck f rom

ilvertramshavingdesignsidenticalwith

rtainlybeinterpretedasevidencesup-

thegold coins.

ningthatinthepast thosew hostudied

pressednodoubtsregardingtheauthen-

anglo is Sibil ian K a lemk iarian A lishan

ad ianneverq uestionedit. Q uiterecently

khitaristCongregationinV ienna Arch-

w rotetomethathehadca lledintw oe perts

piecesinthe irco llection bothofwhom

enuine. A tarecentmeeting D r. P aulB a log

ad theopportunityofe aminingthegold

useuminV enice andthatheconsidered

n goldcoinsdescribedinthis paperwere

hew riteranda llappeartobeauthentic. I n

eyresemblethegenuinetramsofthis

bereca lledthattherecordsonsomeof these

ebeginningofthenineteenthcenturywhen

sw erek now ntoe ist. I t ismostun-

aliber wouldbemadeatatime whenvery

secoinsand fewpeoplewereparticularly

meof twokingswouldhaveimme-

fit hadbeentheworkofa forger.

tionssupporttheviewthatthe goldcoins

titutecircumstantialevidenceratherthan

C r e a





enia

rtramsofindisputableauthenticity

struck withthesamediesusedfor the

nbe concludedthatthelatterwerestruck

dwere genuine.Thepossibilitythatoriginal

ater forthegoldcoins waseliminatedbe-

eyunlike ly . Of thethousandsofdiesused

ynasty nonehascometo light andthe

several ingoodconditionsi hundredyears

ry slightindeed.

tisq uitepossiblethatasilverGosdantin

dpiece[No. 8 w il lneverbefoundbecause

f theseco ins. O f theotherthreetypes itw as

ramsf romfouroutof thesi diesusedin

n d I I I a r e al l f r om t h e sa me d i e [ C o r pu s N o. 5 . W e

mthesamedie one intheB iblio th q ueNation-

therinthemuseumof theV eniceMek hitarians( V M .

ssfulinlocating silvertramsmadefrom

, V a n d V I .

I I o f ferthestrongestsupporttotheauthenticity

evonside iso fauni uedesignandispresum-

ecially forthego ldissue( No. 6 . I t isreadily

sualtramtypesandwe wereabletofindno

histype a llf romonedie thato f thego ld

nterestingtonotethatthefifteen tramshadon

fthe usualtwolion-crossdesignusedon

evonI .

inshowsthecommontypeoflion holding

verseof theHetoum-Z abeltrams. F ortu-

cimenstruck f romthisdiew asfoundinthew riter s

.

uthentictramsstruckfromthe samedie

eyondareasonabledoubtthatthesegold

foundintheMersinhoardofL evonI tramsin

a nd es A ms or ya L X I I , 1 5 8 p p .3 8 1 — 3 9 0 ( V i e n na

en ia n .

C r e a





anumberofnew goldcoinshaveappeared

k f romthesamedie. Thesepieces o fw hich

otheauthor areobviousforgeries.Their

grams whichislessthan eventhatofthe

nandw ork manshiparepoor andunlik ethose

Thewriterwasinformedonseveralin-

aderecentlybya j ewelerinAntakya

cedonthemark et. Anil lustrationof thisforgery is

C r e a





B Y T H E K I N GS

F L E V O NI

eofLevonI , one isconfrontedw ithanumber

suchasthereasonfor theissuanceofthe

rtheoccurrenceof somanyobverseandre-

atpresentimpossibletoarrangethemany

achronologicalorder.

w iththee ceptionof thedoubletramsand

s areofthetwo-liondesign.P erhapsthe

bletramsand theirsmallerdenominations

ethe establishmentofthemintinSis. The

ngeinthedietothetwo- liondesigncoins and

bletrams( single liontypes isnotk now n.

havingtwicetheusualvalueand weight

incirculationinthe Mediterraneanarea

aveoriginatedw ithL evon. I tdidnotbecome

usethepeoplewereusedto theregular

silverco ins andfoundthe largeco intoomuch

worthy how ever thatLevonissuedthistype

alf andq uarterdenominationshaving

. 8 and1. gramw eightrespective ly. Sincethe

onlyon thesecoinsandafew rarecoro-

greatma orityof theremainingcoronation

sign itisreasonabletoassumethat the

rst coinsissuedbytheking. I tappears

omeanscertain thatLevonw ascrowned

t it w a s no t u nt i l I I 9 9 t h at h e w as a n oi n te d i n th e

Armenianchurch theCatholicosAbirad

te C onradtheA rchbishopofMain . P ossibly the

between11 6and11 9 , fo llow edby the

The corpusofthisbooklists only

er1 0ha lf -doubletrams andonly threeof the

C r e a





ings77

essthantenofthese bearthefullinscriptionof

/ l/ U l / b ul l6 & l l / 18

f u I I I I S / NA T /8

theabbreviatedinscriptionof

l / b ul l t A ll f l

f u l l. S / R ø / 1 8

gintermediateinscriptions.I tisnote-

alf-doubletramsbeartheabbreviatedin-

-doubletrams becauseof insuf f icientspace

.

1 8

oubletramsin e istence allofwhichare

heyhavebeene aminedbythewriterand

arentlyasmall numberofthesecoinswere

reare how ever nocopperco insof thehalf

esago ldsea lo fL evonI , a ttachedtoaroyal

1207 whichissomewhatsimilarindesign

houghdifferingintheinscription.

donthesecoins aremostlikelymarksof

marksindicatingperiodsofissue sincethe

ppear oncoinshavingdifferentinscriptions.

heinscription arenotconsideredin-

ofissue theyserveadmirablyasamethod

orpusthe mostcompleteobverseinscriptions

t givingalltheavailablevariationsofthe

s followedbythene tmostcomplete

reversevariations etc.

ni ueinthatthey werestruckonlyby

ly tocommemoratethebeginningofanA rmenian

onationitself.Thesecoinsshowtheanoint-

ua r y I I 9 9 , a n d we r e mo s t li k el y a ll s t ru c k

eis seentheletter8which maybeanab-

theA rmenianforJ esus ormaysimplybea

coinshavingasingle liononthereverse

l a ng e d A r ch o l og i u e B y a n ti n e p . 1 64 :

C r e a





enia

mthesinglelion tothedoubleliontram

d. I t isinterestingthatthedesignof thecross

sis differentinstylingfromthecross designs

evon andonemightconsiderthisa forma-

crosstypesbecameestablished.

ationtypeareknowntoe ist.

evonwerestruckduringhisentire reign

earsafterhis deathuntilthecoronationof

uringthisentireperiod therewasanevolution

tsincenoneof thetramsbearsadate it is

eperiodsof issue.

scriptionon thecoinsappearstobe

emakertoproducedies havingauniform

someofthecoinshave inscriptionswhichlack

oteworthy how ever thatmostof theco ins

onwithfewmissingletters andtheseare

carethantheonesmissingmore letters. I n

thema orityofcoinsissuedby therulersof

uenceof issue itw asnecessary tocreatean

ation.Sibilian inhisclassictreatisepoints

fLevon stramsbasedontheobverse in-

onstyling.H eobservesthatina hoardof

a lmostf if teenmainvarieties eache hibiting

orvariationsindesignand inscription.

tsomeofLevon sco insareartist icin

ist ic andsome barbaric. Heconcludesthat

orationinthe artisticworkmanshipof

latteryearsofhisre ign.

n adoptedanew systemofclassif icationbased

coins.H eproposesthatanewcross design

dthateachdiemakeradopteda definitein-

e varyingtheinscriptionon thereverse

r.I tshouldthereforebepossibleto establish

ueofagivenco in asw ellasthediemaster

Suchasystem however wouldhavedemand-


m av eb 1 5 2 p . 16 0.

C r e a





ings7

deunknowninthosedays.Themainthesis

aschoseneachyearforall thecoinsseems

ons.W efindanumberof crossdesignson

etitisnot likelythattherewasanyoccasion

earafter yearanditis logicaltoassume

amintmarkusedby thedie-master.

co ins suchastheonesw iththe inscription

/ l / Al l l l 8 h a ve a u n i u e c ha r ac t er i st i c de s ig n n ot

inscription—obviouslytheworkof one

cperiod.Althoughther eversepresentsa

rossdesigns itisimprobablethatcoins

periodoftime cansocloselyresemble

tseemsmorereasonabletoassumethat

nscriptions designandworkmanship

edperiodof time perhapsayear inspite

n agiventype.

o f thetramsofLevonandcomparative

dpermutationsofdifferentvarietiessug-

edonthe obverseinscription.I nthecorpus

achtype islistedunderthe inscriptionof theob-

fthetype bytheinscriptiononthe

criptiononthe obversebuthaving

kmanshiparenotconsideredasbelonging

stedseparatelysincetheywereundoubtedly

otacommonoccurrence.

hibitsauniformitywhichservesadmi-

on butthee istenceofsomanyvariations

nthereverse isdif f iculttoe pla in. I tmaybe

designsaretheworkofdifferentdie-

neaccountfor themanifoldinscriptionsac-

sign Garabetian ssuggestionthateach

nthoftheyear cannotbereadilyaccepted

twelvevarietiesofreverseinscriptions.I t

the obversewasindicativeofaspecific

signsonthe reversedifferentiatedthedie-

attentiontothe completenessofthein-

C r e a





menia

hree-thousandtramsofL evonI , one isstruck

esignand legend.Thereappeartobe

s eachwiththeirnumerousvariations.I t

eseareassociatedwiththeartistic types

nvariablyfoundinthesemi-artisticor

factssuggestthat periodicallytherewas

theco ins andquite lik e ly bothsty lingand

dtowardstheendoftheking sreign.

onI co ins thesingle lionco insappearf irst.

alftrams.This wasdoneinorderto

onof thesesmallco ins. A ctua lly theha lf

hetramsand thereareanumberof types

oritybeingtheartist ictype. I t iscuriousthat

dtramsarelistedinthe corpus thehalf

enty-five.

oinsissuedafterthe coronationserieswere

criptionI bh/ T P ll M ll l / b 4ll608. These

gthew ordll l/ bu reminiscentof thedouble

thestyleofthe crossonthereverseis somewhat

ecutionfromthecommoncrossesofthe

uesofthespecial types thecorpuslists

alloftheartistic type.Thereseemstobeno

thespell ingof thek ing sname andthe

b hu I b /T o rP l l N R / T P l l U R / l / an d< l l / 18

verysim ilarinsty lingande ecution indicatingthat

eacceptableatleastfor coinagepurposes.

ingisplacedinadifferentsectioninorderto

icationadopted.Arelativelysmallnumber

versionsof thew ord&ll / 18 suchas< ll / 7

andtheseareplacedinadif ferentsectioninorderto

ionsystem.Similarly variousspellings

l l / 1 8/ 1 & l l l l /1 8 a re a l l pl a ce d i n di f fe r en t s ec t io n s

variousobverseinscriptionsis tobefound

ornatekingseatedonthethrone.These

edfromothersand itisinterestingthat

alwaysofthebarbarictype.Similarly the

C r e a





ings8

ofacrossin theinscriptioncircle con-

andallhaveacross ofthebarbarictype.

lassofbadlye ecutedcoinswhichdefi-

ypeandbelongtothe laterissues.

ypes thecorpuslistserrors rarit ies co ins

gthefleur-de-lysintheright hand andthe

dofv ice-versa . Hereaga in someseemtobeof

thereareindividualpieces whichbelongto

elsewhereinthecorpus inwhichthedie-

dplacedthecross inthewronghand.These

genddisclosesacertain evolutionofstyling

earliertypeslisted the lettersareclearcutand

e ceptionofa few co ins thesemi-barbaric

esscarefullye ecutedletters andina ll

ertedto9 . I nthe laterissues onenotices

ettersindicativeofthecarelessnessofthe

deteriorationinthesty lingande ecution

dof theking sre ign thew eightandf ineness

ohavesufferedlittle ifatall.

on( tanks aregenerallylargeandfairly

hecaseof thesilverco ins ithasbeenfound

maccordingtothe obverseinscription.The

hablebythenumberof dotsontheking s

omerelationshipbetweenthecrown design

he coins.Afurtherdifferentiationofclasses

edesignof themonarch sha ir. Wethushave

thecrownofthe king anotherwithfive

eha ir a thirdw ithf ivedotsandtw ocurls

sificationrepeatsitselfwith thecrownhaving

ots.

againthatinthe absenceofsomedefinite

ppercoinsin chronologicalorder wehave

sofclassificationin ordertomakeitpos-

neasily.

onof boththesilverandcoppercoins

hronologicalorderofissue mustawaitthe

C r e a





enia

sunfortunatethatalthoughseveralhoardsof

beenreportedinthepast there isnoaccurate

maketheirstudypossible.

ityo fcoinsstruck byL evonI consistso f the

ntionedabove therearetwootherseries

maticinterest.

Antiochin1216and appointedhisgreat-

penastherulero f thecity hestruck co ins

sion.Thesecoins resemblingtheregular

ery rare . Theyare inLatincharactersand

O D E I G R AT A R E X A R M N O R , o ri ts

oinsare listedinthecorpus.

, alongwithothergoldcoins ofthis

atsomelengthin theprevioussection.

F H E TO U MI

issuedduringthelongreign ofH etoum

mberofvarietiesof typesfoundinL evon s

wconsiderableoriginalityin designand

ntdifferencesoccurinthe designofH etoum s

mitedissuesofbil ingua lco ins andthetwode-

ns withtheirseveraldistincttypes.

oupenianrulers theobverseshow sthe

e. I nH etoum sco inage ontheobverseH etoum

withthe inscriptionil l/ 0 10R / hk u U8 k in

hereversethereis alioneitherholdinga

thecrossabovethe lion andthe inscription

/ 18. Thesidebearingthe imageof thek ing

eobversesimplybecausethe inscriptionlent

mof classification.

ingandq ueenopenlyacknowledgedthe

ofroyallineageandthat H etoumwasher

hy thata lthoughZ abeldiedin1252 a llo f

sbearthe imageofboththek ingandqueen

dtostrike coinsofthisdesign untilthe

ofthehoardsofL evon stramshasmade

numeroustypesinchronologicalorder.

C r e a





ings8

e theac uisitionin1 58ofasubstantialhoard

ticSocietyandthe rubbingsac uiredof

gingtoA . P o ladianinB eirut L ebanon

ementofH etoum stramsinthe orderof

y comparingthetwohoards oneofw hich

ddleofHetoum sre ign andtheothershortly

itw aspossibletoarriveatthefo llowingorder

O I N S

thstar

ss 8 I 2

sw ithdot

ss I 2 9

eddiesI 2

ro s s wi t h do t

I 2

i n c r os s

I O 8

cross

6-

i n c r os s

l a in c r os s

I w i th n a me L e v on 2 -

caseofL evon strams agradua ldeterioration

pisapparent andthecoinsstrucktoward

e ignare indeedbarbaricinsty leandpoorin

aredwiththebeautifulandcarefullystruck

Mu se um N ot es V I I I , p p . 14 5 1 80 P l . X X X I X .

C r e a





enia

esilvercontentofall thecoins however

of theorderof9 0percent andthew eightis

ms.

tothetramsandfall intovariousgroups

uckin greatnumbers.O nlyaboutfiftyof

a instnearly tw othousandtrams. Thema ority

artistictype andarelistedin onegroup

study.

ordingto thecompletenessoftheob-

oup withvariationsoftheinscriptionof

nscriptiontypesarelisted intheinde .

eroftrams withthenameL E V O Ninstead

y.Mostlikely thesewerestruckshortlyafter

eforethediemakershadtimetopreparenew

thenew k ing L evonI I .

toumformaseparateanddistinctclass.

sononeside Arabicontheother and

ignof theSultansofKonya—K aik obadand

1245 asatok enofH etoum snomina lacceptance

Thesmallnumberof thesecoinsandtheobv ious

utionattesttothefact thattheywerestruck

plywithcertainagreements.

dcoinswereprobablyissuedfrom1228 12 6

lle ecuted theyare lessartist icthanthe

h us r aw ( 1 2 7 1 2 45 . T h e H e t ou m - a i ko b ad

restruckinSis.The earlyissuesofH etoum-

notdatedandresemblesomewhatinstyling

co ins. A mark edchangeinsty linginthe

ace intheyearH. 6 7andthereaf terthe

ongwiththesultan snameandthe in-

kin Sis.

H etoum- aikobadcoinsinchronological

uenceswasunsuccessfulbecauseofin-

e . One aminationof theseco ins especia lly

k husraw co ins itbecameapparentthatthe

withsucceedingyears indicatingthat

e-makers marksratherthanissues.I nall

Mu se um No te s V I I , p p. 21 – 2 0 P l . X X X .

C r e a





ings85

co ins theA rmenianinscriptionisconsistently

A ll& / 18andthiscontinuesw iththeearly issuesof

Subse uently thistypeasw ellas<b/ / 7/ U"

18appearedeachyear. In onlyafew instances possibly

partofthe die-maker isthefull legend

q uiterare.L essthanado enarelisted

st225ofthe bilingualtrams.Theyareall

ee amination.

oumhaveawiderrangeoftypesthan those

s sim ilarinsi eandw eighttothetank sof

bversethek ingseatedonathroneadornedw ith

rcrossinthe le f thandandastaf f shapedlik e

edesignwaslater simplifiedandbecame

edlions thenmere ly two legsofathrone and

ach side.Thefourtypesarereadily distin-

.

beingabouthalftheweightofthe tanks

b e en c a ll e d ka r de ( R U P S h ) , b y c on t em p or a ry w r it e rs .

e uestrian whichshowsthekingonhorse-

similarindesignto thebilingualcoinsbut

andtw oothertypesw hicharemere ly smaller

coppercoinageofH etoum Sibil iancomes

onclusions.H enotesthatin thecaseof

e ismoreorlessuniform w hereasthereverse

esof whichhelistssomefourteenvarieties

ona lones . Sibil ianfurthernotesthatthe

denticalwiththebilingualcoinsof H etoum-

wo r d /l / N R / l / i s n ev e r sp e ll e d /l / N R / T o n t h e

ronthebil ingua lco insofHetoum- a ik obad.

rshape oftheletters8 and/onthese

king andtheindicationisunmistakable

onedie-maker.Sibilianalsopointsoutthe

dmarksbetweenthe e uestriancopper

aikobadsilvertrams.Againtheword

ire pp. 154-161.

p . 6 1.

C r e a





enia

writtenP ll U R / l/ . I tmay thusbeconcluded

hee uestriank arde co insw erethef irst

heperiodofHetoum- a ik obad.

ngisseatedon abench-likethrone—and

bearsastrikingdegreeof similaritytothe

oins.Thestylingoftheletters isidenticaland

ll% ll/ / 7 . Thesim ilarityandpeculiarities

, / 7onthetw oclassesarestrik ing.

largetankswerefirststruckalong with

oppers.Thesewerefollowedbythesmall

gis seatedonabench-likethrone and

which bearadesignreminiscentofthe

pper coinsisarrangedinthis order.

F L E V O NI I

showauniformityinstyleboth inthesilver

eobverserepresentsthekingonhorseback

nga sceptre crossormacein hisrighthand.

ight eithergallopingorwalking.The

edfromthee uestriancoinsofH etoum.

alionwalkingorstandingin eitherdirection

there isacrosswith varyingdesigns.

representaperiodoftransitionfromthat of

—H etoumI , w iththe irveryhighsilvercontent

w eighingabout3 grams tothetakvorintype

andhavingasilver contentoflessthan

withinashortperiodof eighteenyears

olitical andeconomicconditionsofthe

ey few tramsofL evonI I w eighingabout

vercontentofabout9 0percent w eremost

t yearortwoofhis reign.Shortlythere-

ravagedbyB aibarsandit isprobablethat

setheco inagetoabout2. 8gramsw eight and

Thene tgroupofcoins w eighingaround

rcontentof60 70percent be longedtothe

C r e a





ings87

rtheMongol-ArmeniandefeatatH omsand

eavyannualtributestoQ al ‘ ü n.

enyearsandmusthaveissued averylarge

hise tensivenationalandinternational

etribute demandedbytheE gyptians.I t

thatre lative ly few ofhisco insare ine istence

on it ispossiblethattheconstantdebasement

de itdif f iculttousethemincommercia ltrans-

ifferentperiodsvariedconsiderablyinreal

entuallyhavebeenmeltedtostriketak-

ormweight.

on s s u cc e ss o r H e t o u m I I , d i d no t i ss u e si l ve r

eof the irf ratricida lstruggles H etoum s

osdantinI issuedonlyaverysmallnumberof

earenoco insf romToros. C onse uently f rom

e v o n I I u n ti l t he a c ce s si o n of L e v on I I t o

periodof tw elveyears thesilvercurrency inuse

vonI I . Thesecircumstancesprobablyde-

sissuedbyLevonI I .

ed accordingtotheirinscriptionand

at inmostofthe heavierandhighsilver

onthereverse isfacingle f t andw ithfew

riptionreads “ L evonKingofa lltheA rmenians ”

R / l / U U ' b ul l , A ll / . M os t of t he p oo re r co in s ha ve t he

the inscription initsvariousabbrev iatedforms

of t h e Ar m en i an s ” “ l b h / T P l l U R / l / Al l / 1 8.

twherethe inscriptioncontainstheword

h e ki n g s n a me i s s pe l le d L e o n I b / Tu w he r ea s i t is

n(1bR f f ontheotherco ins. Thismayof

tohavemorespacefor thelongerinscription.

ntentcoinse hibitconsiderableartistic

ecution.Thelowsilvercontentcoinsare

indicatingthenecessityofissuinglarge

sarearrangedintheusua lorder basedon

scriptiononthe obverse withthereverse

withthe longerinscriptionandthelion

C r e a





enia

ighersilvercontent theyarelistedfirst

nsitionalperiod andfinallybythecoins

ntand thelionturnedright.As inthecase

chs thereisagainagradualdeterioration

p andalsoadebasementinthe weightand

e.

ospecimensofhalftramshave survived.

is struckwithahalftram dieontheob-

nthereverse.The remainder numbering

mblanksstruckwith tramdies.Theonly

in thecorpuswasbyrelatingthem to

tonsthee istenceofnumeroushalf trams 8mm.

tothismonarch.Thesecoinsare notknownto

mentionedinSibil ian sbook .

onareaboutthesamesi e orslightly

ppersofHetoumI . The lioniswalk ingle f t

ecaseof thesilverco ins. On theobverse the

e itherlb/ 7 orlbh/ 7 asonthesilverco ins. O n

n sc r ip t io n i s 6 u b li l / R U Q U A R , h U h l b u t on

hew ord& llS ll l isusedinsteadof theusua l

morevulgartermandmeansmorenearly

theformeristhecorrecttermfor“struck . I t is

ssometimesontheobverseandsometimes

struck andmanyofthemhadto be

ssimplybecauseit wasimpossibletodecipher

pointedout thecoppercoinswerestruck

notre uirethesamedegreeofcare ine e-

whichwereusedininternationaltrade and

es. The latter therefore hadtobeofaccept-

ecoppercoins ofL evonI I haveonetype

whereasthecoppercoinsofhis twoprede-

typesofcrossdesigns onthereverse.Nolarge

werestruckbythismonarchor byanyofhis

recases the lionisw alk ingrightinsteadof le ft.


C r e a





ings8

F H E TO U MI I

ntermittentre ign H etoumdidnotissuesilver

umberofbillonsfromhim resemblingthe

andw ork manship. Hedid how ever strikea

ns.As mentionedpreviously H etoumpre-

asteryanddidnotwishtobe consecrated

s ane planationofthelackofsilver coins

m.indiameter weighinglessthanone

cientspace foracompleteinscription the

A ll i l hm / U U ' b u l , A l l m i s b ro ke n i nt o

l/ s /l / o n th e o bv er s e a n d ll l / b u ll # & l l / 1 8 on t h e re -

isusua lly incomplete. O ntheobverse the

w earingacrown andonthereverse a

rks.

omaintypes andwereprobablystruck

iewofthefact thatthecoppercoinsgradually

ucceedingkings itislikelythat theslightly

rissue.

the obversetheking shead crowned

poorlye ecuted w ithconsiderablevaria tions

Onthereverse there isadecoratedcross

en onthecoinsof theL atinkingsofCon-

in showsonthereversethekingseated

ringacrownandholdinga staffintheright

theGreek cross w ithslightvaria tionsindesign.

oumI I arepossiblythemostcarelessly

oupeniandynasty.Theletteringisseldom

hediehas beenstruckoffcenter.Thein-

/ l/ Q U R / l / A l l m a n d C h ub u l h R U Q U A R , h U h l /

f thesecoins w iththee ceptionofa few

/ 011% ll/ -/ 1/ & ll / 78onbothsides andsomew hich

ll / 78.

rother Toros w asentrustedw ithmanaging

vertwoyears Toroswasnotcrownedking

ng srepresentative . I t isforthisreasonthat

C r e a





menia

gthe nameofToros.O fthethreeinstances

entioned theletteringofthecoin mentioned

rnthatitbearsnoresemblancetothew ord Toros.

resentationofaTorosco inisa lsoofveryuncertain

sthethirdspecimen w hichL anglois says

oughCilicianArmenia withtheinscription

0 U P l l M / A ll / 1 8 an d o n th e r ev e rs e ó p u bl l

. I nv iew of thefactthatnoco insofToroshavebeen

mustbeassumedthatL angloismayhavebeen

the inscriptionontheso-ca lled“P / 1/ 0U”

F SM AD

whileH etoumandToroswereawayvisiting

essR itaofB y antium Smpadtook advantage

edhimselfK ing.I nordertoconsolidate

eKhanandobta inedhisconsent. Atthesame

dcopper coinsbearinghisname.

re rare andthisledSibilianto speculate

laterdateinorder toerasethememoryof

ins arereminiscentoftheonesissued by

psinanobv iousef forttodeclarethe legit imacyof

ek ingisseatedonathronedecoratedw ithlions

htherighthand amacew iththe le f t. O n

evonI designoftwolionsrampantregardant

em. Theinscriptionisa lsosim ilartoL evon s

euseof thenameSmpad.

are commonandconsiderablysmaller

previousmonarchs.Theyareallofone

ofvaria tionsinthe inscription. O ntheob-

backwalkingrightandholdingamacein

versethereis theusualGreekcrosswith

tinthefour corners.

1 77 , I I I , p .1 47 T ab le I I I , N o. 11 .

ro is ad e p . 17 4 P l . X I X , 7 .

de l A rm n ie a um oy en à g e p . 6 , P l . I I , N o. 1 2.

C r e a





ings9I

F GO SD ANT NI

ss thanayear itisnot surprisingthat

umberofco ins andthesearee tremely

ismaticinterestbecauseof thebeautyand

andthe unusualinscriptionsattestingto

snowthe king.I tisalsoi nterestingthat

esofgold coins.Thesearediscussedinthe

nare alsoe tremelyrare therebeing

. Ontheobverse thek ingisonhorseback

th e i ns c ri p ti o n ' i m u S U ' , ' k h ly m u / ' } / m 2/ 8

reverse thekingisstandingand holding

nd thesw ordw iththeright andthe in-

1 0 R / f U . 8 k / l /M T ( B y t h e wi l l of G o d he i s

declaringthatw iththeswordandcrosshehasbecome

ty ofSis.

nsarea lsovery rare . On theobversethe

holdingthe crossinhisleft hand the

nthesilverco ins w ithasimilarinscription.

e isaga intheusua lGreek crossw iththe in-

T ' , U h l y 5.

F L E V O NI I I

fL evonI I I accountsforthecompara-

sleft byhim althoughtheyarebyno

type representingthekingonhorseback

ho ldingastaf f inhisrighthand. V arious

stingofletters distinguishthedifferentissues.

heusuall ionw alk ingrightbutnotfacing w ith

merousvariationsoftheinscriptionsl bh/Tu

8 a nd h l l l h R U Q U I R , h U h l a re l is te d in t he c or pu s.

nI I I e hibitmarkeddeterioration bothin

t— coinsweighing2. gramsandhaving

rareq uitecommon.Thestylingisalso

rlierkingsbuttheworkmanshipisfair and

flater kings.

C r e a





menia

a definitereductioninsi e andalthough

ecarein thepreparationofthedies most

truckthatonlyrarely doesonefinda

kandin agoodstateofpreservation.

isseatedorientalfashion crownedand

thand acrossinthe lef thand sim ilarto

oumII . O nthereverse isaGreek crossw ith

esign.

co insofH etoumII , insomecasesthe

s I b h /1 P l l U R / l / Al l & n , a l th o ug h i t is

nothers thereverse inscriptionis6 ubllP

hl .

evonI I I a retakvorins andslightvaria-

tributedto thegradualdebasementofthe

ooccuruntil thefallofthe kingdom.

i on s h al f t ra ms o f L e v o n I I I . N e ve r th e le s s n o

sking havecometoourattentionand it

d ianmayhavehadinmindsomeof the

F O SH I N

over12years it isnotsurprisingto f ind

hisperiod.A raretypeofcoinshowson

don athronealmostidenticalindesign to

e ceptthatithasaf ie ldmark w hichappearsto

ng andanotherf ieldmark lik eanE found

fLevonI I I . O nthereverse isacrossf lank ed

co insofL evonI . E x ceptforthenameof

isa lsosimilartothecoinsofL evonI . A s

secoinsshow greatartist iccare inthe ire e-

every few ine istence theyw ereprobably

oas coronationcoins andpossiblythe

essuponthe peoplethathewasthesuc-

L evon.

tudeofsilver coinsofO shinaresmaller

andinappearanceresemblethoseofhisprede-


C r e a





ings93

. O ntheobverse thek ingisonhorseback facingand

rksaremostlyletters orcombinationsof

sobviouslyindicatedifferentissues.O nthe

he usuallionwalkingrightwitha crossinthe

ntssomenovelfeaturesin thatforthe

hew ordsČ hubll Ghulllo rö hlbl. w ecome

namelyGhullo.Thisvariationappearsonly

sothatit ispossibletoascribeanysilverco in

w ordGhull eventhoughtheresto f the in-

ek ing sname isnotlegible .

sthattherewasa furtherdecreaseinthe

shin sco insascomparedwiththoseof

tro logica lstudiesshow thatingenera l theco inageof

ortothat ofhispredecessor bothinweight

mayhavebeentheresultof morestable

untryduring hisreign.

n I I I n o h al f t ra ms o f O s h i n ar e k no wn t o

ad ianmentionsareport onaw ell-preserved

ndj udgingf romthedescription thisw asa

type.I tisunfortunatethatthis single

dno othershavebeendiscovered.

kvorinsofO shinwithanArabic surcharge.

v ingasurchargebelongtoL evonI V , it is

eofOshin sco insfell intothehandsof the

coinsofL evonI V , andw eresurchargedfor

s.

naredefinitelyofa differenttypefrom

skings.They areverysmall weighingonly

ndarethuseasilydistinguishable f romthecopper

rs. WhilethecoppersofLevonI andthe

m I a r e d e si g na t ed a s ' N ' u ( t a nk , a n d th e

rsasf ll/ Sk 8( k arde ) , thecopperco insbe-

esentathirdclassk now nasp " ( pogh .

ecoppercoins thek ingisseatedona

ehandandacrossinthe le f thand very

sofL evonI . The inscriptionU R ö ht

bid. p. 171. R eferencetoanarticlebyH. H abeshianin

p e r A a d am a rd 1 1 1 N o .3 4 p . 5 44 .

C r e a





menia

sua lly incomplete . Onthereverse there isalw ays

thvariousfieldmarks.Asin thecaseofthe

ehavethe inscriptions& P ubll C h ubl

e irsmallsi e few of thecopperpoghsof

andtheseusuallyinverypoor condition.

F L E V O NI V

nI V showconsiderablesimilaritytothose

Thesty ling poorw ork manship andtypeof

thecoinsofO shinthatwereit notforthe

name itw ouldbedif f iculttodistinguishone

a in ontheobversetherearevariouscom-

robablyindicatedifferentissues.Although

aresomew hatsim ilartotheearlierL evonI I I ,

gscanbereadilydistinguishedas theformer

lsobearletters asfieldmarksonthe

tethattherewasabouta ten-per-cent

thecoinsf romOshintoL evonI V , w ith

e silvercontent.

wereusedforaslong aspossiblesince

whichthefullwritingis legible.O nmost

f the lettersarev isible butso longasthe

spossibleto classifythem.Theinscriptions

e o bv e rs e I b h / / l /Q U R / l / A l l& m o r

/ Al l& n a nd o nt he r ev er se C h u bl l h R l l l l R u h U h l ,

ringin anabbreviatedform.

longre ign L evonI V issueda large

imatelyone-thirdof theco inse aminedby

oorconditionthattheycouldnot beplaced

ablenumberofco insofL evonI bearan

dnot beincludedbecauseoftheobliter-

esewere probablypartofthetributepaid

onI V , calledb/ ' l( pogh areaboutthe

thoseofOshin w eighingaround1. to I . 5grams.

k ingisseatedonathroneoradivan ho ldinga

C r e a





ings95

ndamacew iththeright. Withthee -

ersofonetype allofthesecoppercoins are

mm. indiameter. O nthereversethere is

sua llypla in butattimes decorated.

complete islbf/7 foll U R /l/All n on

e r ev e rs e ó p u bl ( o r C hu b ul h R U Q U A R ) , h U h u .

F Gl Y L U S GNAN

f tw oyears Guyhadlitt le timeto issue

nse uently hissilverco insareq uiterare

pperco insine istence.

tothoseofO shinorL evonI V .O nthe

horseback facingandw alkingright and

thand. I nthef ie ldthere isusua llyacircle

enera lly reads' ihP ll UR / l/ A ll&/ 18. Onthe

ngright andaboveinthefieldthere isthe

on i s a s us u al & P u b ll h R U Q U A R ) , h U h l w h ic h

realmostidenticalwiththoseof L evonI V

to distinguishthemfromeachotherwere

me. Ontheobverse thek ingisseatedona

onehand andf leursde ly sintheother.

e isacross usuallyornamented. The inscription

silvercoins.

F GO SD ANT NI I I

itw asnotpossibletodistinguishbetw eenthe

andhissuccessor GosdantinI V , sinceboth

earanceofthe coinsofthesetwokings

inhisclassictreatise isvery indef initeandun-

tionofthe coinsofthesetwokingsand

ofconsiderablerarity toGosdantinI I w ho

andthebalancetoGosdantinI w horuled

coinsof thesetwokingsshowedthat

twodistinctclasses ” thosehavingspecific

Mu se um N ot es V I , p p . 1 3 – 1 9 P l . X X .

C r e a





menia

ndthosehavingspecif icgrav it iesunder9. 0.

ofthesetwoclassesofcoins indicatedclearly

ecific gravity beingmoredebasedcoins

ataobtainedfromahoardand certain

ethismethodofidentificationbasedon

tions.

I I areratherpoorlymade andtheirlow

hema greyishappearance.Theusualdesign

ingon horseback facingandwalkingright

ghthand. Onthereverse a lionisw alk ing

dabovethe lion.Thefieldmarksserveto

osdantinI I I f romthoseofGosdantinI V .

eobversetherearecircles dots le ttersoranL

reverseusuallyhasdots att imesletters and

caseofGosdantinI V , boththeobverseand

orSshapedsigns. Theco insofGosdantinI I I

heobverseandanL orSonthe

heobverseof thecoinsofGosdantinI I I

SUL T. hu / / 1% ll/ s/l/ & ll 3 / 78andthereverse

o f & p u b ll h R U Q U A R , h U h l ( o r S U / U / T u ,

GosdantinI ismuchmoreuniform be ing

& p u bl h R U Q U A R , h U h l , a lm os t al wa ys c om pl et e

uted.

someofthe GosdantinI I I coinstothe

ck inTarsus( A rmenianDarson iso f in-

aminte istedinthatcity . Onlyonthese

scription “ Struck inthecityofTarsus.

sof thiskingdomcarrytheinscription

. Thequestionthereforearisesastowhether

previouslyandwhethersomeofthecoins of

kthere eventhoughtheydonotso state.

silvercoins Gosdantinstrucksome

unfortunate ly very few of theseare ine ist-

pearance thesecoppercoinsareverysim ilar

d L e v on I V .

inI I I struck inTarsusisfoundin


C r e a





ings97

.Thisspecimenindicatesthatbothsilverand

ntheTarsusmint. R ecently asecond

ecameinto theauthor spossession.

F L E V O NTH E U SU R P E R

n " andlaterbyGarabetian " theco ins

evontheU surper becauseof theirsty ling

egroupedunderoneperiod.

fone type withtheusualinscription

/- /7 < l l 8/ 18 o n th e ob ve rs e an d Ch u bl il / R . ' l l R u h U h l ,

customaryvariationsandabbreviations.O n

on horsebackfacingandwalkingright

thand. O nthereverse there isa lion

allyhashairy legsorahairy mane a

e lionsofGuyandofGosdantinI I I , but

evontheU surperhasthe inscription

< l l 6 / 78 o n b ot h s id e s.

atw hiletheco insofL evonI w eigh

ms thoseofL evontheU surperw eigh2.0to

fcantthattheco insofGuyandGosdantinI I I

2. 2grams. Onemightcommentthatperhaps

sinthe e ecutionoftheircoinsthan did

gs.

rdof120 coinsfoundin1874between

nsistingof:

ionlb l/ ,

I

o insw iththe inscriptionlb l/ Muhavea

aminationandcomparisonwiththecoinsof

tbecomesapparentthattheyarethew ork of the

renceinappearanceandstylingof the

vonI isdiscussed. Sibil ianconcludesthat

be contemporaryoftheGosdantins.These

m av eb 1 5 2 p . 16 7.

C r e a





menia

bservationsandindicatethekeennessof

s how ever impossible forSibil iantoacceptthe

gby thenameofL evonbetw een1 6 -1 65

ficienthistoricalevidenceinhistime.

lthecoinsw iththe inscriptionlb l/ T to

tantiatedbymetrologicaldataobtained

stobe littledoubtthatthesecoins canbe

reignedforappro imatelytwoyears.

fGosdantinI I I continuethesi eand

decessors L evontheU surperdidnotissue

nstead heappearstohaveemployeddies

thesilvercoinage.This isthefirsttime

wereusedtostrikecoppercoins andthis

thereignofhissuccessor GosdantinI V .

istinguishedfromthesilvercoinsnotonly

t alsobythefieldmarks.All ofthecopper

ethe letterP asaf ie ldmark .

ecopperco instoL evonV L usignan. Since

tothe coppercoinsofthislast king and

ndstyling tothecoinsof L evonthe

ccessor there isnoreasontoascribethemto

pperc oinsasbeingsilver.W hileitis

e agreyishappearancepossiblyduetothe

alsw ithcopper scratchingthemw ithak nife

avityestablishedthe factthattheyare

F GO SD ANT NI V

thecoinsofthis kingbearconsiderable

GosdantinI I I . I t isnow possibletodefinitely

eir inscriptionsandfieldmarks.

ataconsiderablenumberofthe coinsof

rvived.Thekingdomwaslimitedtoavery

tlyfairlylargenumbersofcoins werestruck

constantlydemandedbytheenemy.The

C r e a





ings99

elyinpossessionof considerablewealth ”

etemporarilybypaymentoftributein

o ins thek ingisasusua lonhorseback

nhisrighthandheho ldsamace. Onthe

lionw alk ingrightandacrossabovethe lioninthe

obverseshowsconsiderablevariationin

V R P , A l l A R / l / A l l& m b u t on t h e ob v er s e it i s

i ng C h u b li l ( o r C h u b l C h u ll h R U Q U A R , h

teform. Suchcomplete inscriptionsarese ldomtobe

dantinI I I .

yofdistinguishingthecoins ofthetwo

f ie ldmark s. ThoseofGosdantinI haveanL

erseandreverseofthe coins.O ntheob-

nder theking shorseandon thereverse

hipofthecoinsare q uitepoor.B ecause

lessthanhalfsilver— thecoinsareusually

dthepracticeofL evontheU surperin

ies similartothetypeused forsilvercoins

ostofthecopper coinsarepoorspecimens

becauseoftheir appearancefewhavebeen

hefield mark/resemblethesilver

gnand stylingthatthereislittle doubt

memonarch.

F L E V O NV L U S GNAN

dC iliciaatGorigosonA pril2 1 74 reached

4 w a s cr o wn e d ki n g on S e pt e mb e r 14 1 7 4 a n d

onA pril16 1 75.

thathistota lstay inSiswaslessthannine

mentionsthatw henLevonV surrendered theroya l

usstonesandtwocrownsvaluedat halfamillion

t possiblye aggerated indicatesthattheroya l

C r e a





cianA rmenia

k ingforonly sevenmonths. I t isinterestingthat

nsthatL evonruledforsevenmonths tw o

atethathereignedfor elevenmonths—pos-

e lawfulrulerfromthedayof hisentry

tedthatinthisbrie fperiodof timeLevonhad

nandstrikecoins. H eundoubtedlydid

ncommercialtransactionsashehad topay

he coinsremainingintheroyal treasury.

insofLevonV arek now n andof these

tencalledbillons.Thebillonsweighless

copperco insaboutonegram mak ingthemthe

gtheentire historyofthekingdom.

ndicatethatavarietyof typeswere

the irsmallsi ehascontributedtothe irdis-

ebil lonsw enotonlyhavetheusua lin-

— l l R / l/ A ll & m , b ut a ls o lb f/ T P l l U R / l/ —

h /T / / 1% l l R / l/ — l l / b ul l& i < l l . T he t it le

a lltheA rmenians ” seemshardlyappropriatefor

nanditsenvironsforsuch ashortperiod.

e Armenians appearsonlyonthecoinsof

I I .

of thebillonsrepresentstheking shead

Hetoum sbillons andonthereversethere

ithitsvariations.

he obversealion whichasSibilian has

thelionofCyprusrather thantheArmenian

obversehastheusualinscriptionI bh/ ,

/ t he re ve rs eC h u b ll h R l l l l R u U h l o rl ll / b u ll t

someof thediesusedforthebil lonco inswerea lso

verseofthe coppercoins.

o c u m en t s Ar m n i en s V o l . 1 p . 6 85 . S ee a l so B a s -

u si gn an p . 52 .


C r e a





offorgeriesofR oupeniancoinshave

The lackofinformationaboutthesecoins

and probablymadeforgeriesfinancially

w nforgeriesisaco inofL evonI w hichbears

he reverseindicatingadate.Although

coinsshoweddates thepossibilitythatthese

wasthesub ectofconsiderablespeculation

earethreespecimensofthisforgery

a lthoughduetodif f icult iesincasting they

ntonfirstglance.Sibilianpointedoutthat

notstruck andwereinappearanceobvious

onI isacopperco inw hichtheeditoro f

ntsasadif ferenttypeofco in. Thisco in o f

mensin theMehkitarianMuseumsof

issodif ferentf romalltheothercopperco insthat

ruckwithaverycrudelymadedie. There

riouscoin.

dinterestin Armeniancoins alargenumber

tramshaverecentlyappearedonthemarket.

enstruckwithadie andthenflattened

coin averyflatsurface.Theirgeneral

ohe ightinthe letters etc. mak ethe identi-

simple matter.

to thepublicareforgeriesof goldcoins

orsalein thepastfewyears.Aj ewellerin

sapparentlymadeadieofaL evonI typeof

.

d e l A r m n ie a um oy en ä g e p . 4 .

nofR oupenianco ins p. I I .

C r e a





nA rmenia

nggoldcoins andsomesilvercoinswithit.

coinsstruckwiththisdie havecometothe

nowhas oneofeachin hispossession.The

ood buttothetrainedeye thestylingis

niancoins.Theobverseiswelldone although

erandtothe right.Thereverseismuch

enaturalnessofthegenuinecoins andthe

ntfromthecommontypes.I naddition

evonI w eighbetw een5. 5and6. 5grams the

around2.5grams thusbeinglessthanthat

e aminationofsomeofthesecoinsrevealed

ointsofthe lettersinthelegend.

o f theseforgeriesareofLevonI co ins. The

efact thatmoreisknownaboutthecoins

boutthoseofthesucceedingrulers.

sratherdif ficulttopassforgeriesofR ou-

iffornootherr easonthanthefactthatthe

nsfromthesamedies wouldimmediately

o llectionnotformingparto fahoard the

sfrom thesamediesareverysmall indeed.

ctionofsevera lhundredHetoum-Z abeltrams

oftwocoinsstruckfromthe samedies.

C r e a





R E P O R T D

SO F R O U P E N AN CO I NS

reastofcollectionsnotin publicinstitutions

ot wellreportedandareveryoftendis-

ntrecord.

e B rosset studiedaboutsi tyco insin

llections.H especificallymentionedthe

A c ad m i e et l I n s ti t ut a s ia t i u e d u de p ar t e-

g res aSt. Pé tersbourg.

P aris

acas Paris

einSt. P etersbourg

spublicationwerefromtheR ussiancol-

a f t publishedavery interestingaccountof

a.Theseincluded:

n d An t ik e n K a b in e tt e V i e nn a

atherT imoni

taristMuseuminV ienna

n1850 L anglois gaveamoree tensive list

e laB iblioth q ueNationa le

agoy A i

annesofC astelSarra in

enice

ienna

aphiedesMonnaiesA rm niennes p. 45.

sco llectionisnow intheV iennaMek hitarianco llection.

.

e A rc h o lo gi u e 1 85 0 p . 26 8.

C r e a





A rmenia

ienna

erlin

St. Petersbourg

. Petersbourg

cioninC onstantinople

nSmyrna( I z mir

ttheR ussiancollectionsareveryrich.

an statedthathehade aminedthefo llow ing

ienna( 700pieces

enice

na

n

urg

B lacas

nstantinople

mberofR oupeniancoinsw hichhee -

usand thegreaterportionofwhichap-

ekhitaristMuseuminV iennaandthe

antinople.

w hoeditedSibil ian sbook andmade

mentionedthefollowingcollectionse -

ienna

enice

na

n

laB iblio th q ueNationa le inParis

Gotha

io n o f R o u pe n ia n C oi n s p . X V I .

throughoutSibilian sbook the“ notednumismatist is

hisname.Thepersonreferredtowas SerovpeM.

henotedauthorof themonumentalwork Sissouan

sapparentlyaw ell-k now nco llector andj udging

Sibilian musthavehadacollectionnumbering

f icationofR oupenianC oins p. 6.

C r e a





nC oinsI O 5

etersbourg

nArmenia

MonasteryinJ erusalem

annumismatist

wereapparentlythemostimportant

nswasmentionedbyB asmad ian in1 3 6

ntinople

eninak en(A rmenia

ianinP aris

sianinP aris

nB rothersinParis

d e l a B i b li o th q u e N at i on a le i n P a r i s

A rmenia

MonasteryinJ erusalem

18

nArmenia

ninCairo

e rs c o ll e ct i on i n P a r i s

eK ingofI taly

ngrad

eningrad

smad ianinP aris

e(I stanbul

scow

shianinParis17

umbergerco llectionisnow intheMus edesM dailles

Nationa le.

um . G n r al e de l A rm n ie p . 24 .

1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 , 2 0 As f ar a s ca n be a sc er ta in ed n on e of t he se c ol -

ence.

C r e a





nA rmenia

aninA leppo Sy ria

aris1

arianinA leppo Sy ria

osSahagofSis now inLebanon

ienna

enice

aris

ehasbeenlitt lechangeintheco llectionsofpublic

berofveryimportantprivatecollectionshave

usofthis bookisbasedonthe followingcol-

orderofspecimenslisted.

ienna

nNew Y ork

ninB eirut L ebanon

irut L ebanon

enice

laB iblio th q ueNationa le inParis

minI stanbul

nB eirut L ebanon

nWichita K ansas

cSociety scollectioninNewY ork

o n in N e wY o r k

nP aris

sco llectioninParis

t ioninC annes F rance

eningrad

ngrad

teMuseumcollectioninA rmenia

ninNew York

A.E beyan B eirut L ebanon

ntheStateMuseumofA rmenia( E rivan . See

av eb 1 5 2 p . 15 6.

y importantco llectionof thefamousanti uedea ler

sgiventothew riterforanomina lsumbyhisson

ishtotak ethisopportunity tothank Mr. Ke lek ian

agingmystudy ofthecoinageofthis period.

C r e a





nC oinsI O 7

mentionedcollections thewriterhashad

miningthecollectionsorrubbingsofthe

x ford E ngland

ollection L osA ngeles C a lifo rnia

toninHollyw ood C a lif o rnia

nionC ity New J ersey

co llectioninJ erusalem

ioninNew York

oninNew York

oston Mass.

reknowntoe istbutwerenot available

rethereforenotincludedinthe corpus.

ectioninDamascus Sy ria

StateMuseumofErivan A rmenia

uminV ienna

ncollectioninB eirut L ebanon

C r e a





startedwithanambitioussystemof

silver thelatterbeingofthree denomina-

5 g ms . t r am s ( 2 . g ms . a n d ha l f tr a ms

mapparentlyprovedimpractical.Thedouble

andeventually asthecoinagedeteriorated

andoned.

emainsilver currencyofthisdynasty

mentisgraphica llypresentedinGraphI . I t

co inagee istedduringtheperiodofLevonI

hiletheserulerswereonlytwo ofthefourteen

s theirreigncoveredaperiodofseventy-

1270 , asaga instatota lo fonehundredandseventy-

7 5 t h e du r at i on o f t he R o u p e ni a n dy n as t y as a

twasthe mostprosperousperiodofthe

ot onlyofuniformweightbutalsohave a

nt.O fthe7886silvercoins mentionedin

5belongtothesetworulers.

eco insofLevonI andHetoum-Z abelw ere

ghtandconta ined9 0percentsilver. During

, therewasadeclinetoabout2.6gramsand

belk ings SmpadandGosdantinI appar-

appreciably butsincetheystruckonly a

thisconstitutedbuta feebleattemptto

ards.Thereafter thecoinsgraduallyde-

gramsto 2.0grams andthesilvercontent

ss than40percent duringthereignof

one istsinthecopper coinage.The

andHetoumI ( 7. 2grams soongavew ay to

e t o um I , L e v on I I ( 4 . 5 gr a ms , f o ll o we d b y

3 . 5grams duringtheperiodofH etoumII .

oinagewasfurtherreducedin si etopoghs

C r e a





andcontinueddeclininguntiltow ardstheendof

tw asI gramorless.

lvercontentof thetramsbytaking

bestappro imateandadmittedly sub ect

easatisfactoryovera llpicture . I nmak ingthese

iouslycorrodedspecimensorthosesub ected

otused andit isprobablethatagraphbasedon

ouldresultina similarcurve.Theerroris

latercoins because j udgingfromtheir

a inmeta lsotherthansilverandcopper. It is

mindsincethemethodusedin assigning

theassumptionthatthecoinsweremade

silverandcopper.

theco insusedinmetro logica lstudiesw ere

ollection.Asthis collectionisarather large

es gatheredoveraperiodofyears itrepresents

ecoinageof theperiodunderconsideration.

H TNO . O F S L V E R C O NT N T

NS E C -H I GH L O W AV E R .S E C -H I GH L O W AV E R .

65. 4659 8849 5

8 8 2. 4 5 2. 6 9 9 3 8 8

. 06 I . 25 2 9 8 8 6 9 2

8o49 88 8

. 1 2 .5 4 2. 84 3 9 4 8 1 8

20 2 .5 2 2. 8 5 9 4 7 8 7

02 .5 2 .8 I 8 8– 8 5

. 0 2 .8 52. 6 4 9 68 9 0

3 . 04 2 .4 6 2. 76 3 9 5 8 29 0

2 5 3 . 7 2 .4 2 2. 82 I o 9 6 7 5 8 7

. 05 2. 7 2 . 1 I 8 8– 8 8

3 2 . 78 2 . 85 3 9 0 8 2 8 7

d 5 3 . 0 2 2. 8 7 2. 6 2 8 7 8 1 84

o 3 . 1 5 2. 56 2 . 9 3 9 6 8 49 0

. I O 2 .5 52 .8 6I o 9 3 8 8 8

2 3 . 0 2 .5 6 2. 0 9 9 2 8 1 87

O 2 .6 2 .8 9 8 8 8 5

h em i st r y 1 5 2 p . 6 76 .

C r e a





cianA rmenia

H TNO . O F S L V E R C O NT N T

NS E C -H I GH L O W AV E R .S E C -H I GH L O W AV E R .

8 . 8 6. 7 7 .4

7 .5 6 . 7 .0

. 66. 67.6

L ”

7 4 2. 8 4 3 9 4 9 0 Q I

40 I . 46 2 9 3 8 7 9 0

4 6 3 . o 2 .8 2 . 6 2 O 9 5 9 0 9 2

4 3 . 1 5 2 . 82 2 . 5 3 9 2 8 8 9 0

67 3 . 0 2 . 82 2 . 6 1 7 9 8 8 9 2

. 2 0 2 . 80 2 . 4 2 9 4 8 6 9 1

0 2. 1 3 8 4 8 2 8

2 . 4 I 9 0 – 9 0

8829 08688

48.65.27.2

. 0 7. 0

07. 6

5.76.5

. 4 4 .6

64.5

4.

45 I . 4 I . 4 2 8 48 8 4

. 3 I . 2 I . 0 2 6 5 05 7

essive lyw ornspecimensw ereomittedandonly those

erwerelisted.

C r e a





N

/ 7

H T

L O W AV E R .

R C O NT NT

L O W AV E R .

C r e a





a

N

L O W AV E R .

S U R P E R

R C O NT NT

L O W AV E R .

ecif ic

2.25gramsorover weretaken.

2.25gramsorover weretaken.

C r e a





erCoins

C r e a





ntofTrams

C r e a





owerlimits.

C r e a





S

s work theauthordependedforthemostpart onactualrubbingsmadeofthe coins

aterialwhich unfortunately isoftenunreliable.

tabulatedanalysesaregivenofthecoinageof eachrulerandthespecimensfound in

mari edversionofthesetablesis alsogivenfortheentire corpus.

M B N P H H K A N K K A A B M N K B M S8 I S

I 4

3 1 2 1 2 3 6 2 I 3 I 9 8

12 I I 2 3 4 I 2 I 3 2 I I 3 4

I 3

I I I 2

5 6 4 1 1 6 I 3 3 7 I 6 7 6 8 I 3 3

4 .20 I I 5 26 I I 3 I 4 I I 3 4 4 I I 2

1 61 2 I 9 7 2 2 5 3 3 2 5 1 83 4 4 6 1

3 22 4I 2 I I I I I I 5 5

5 4 I I I I 2 I 2 24 74

7 2 2 2 6 2 22 7 I 2 2 I 4 68

I 3 3 8 8

7 2 3 2 I 3 6 6

erspecimens. " I ncludesonecopperspecimen. ” I ncludestramsw ithonelion.

M H E , E B a nd J G c ol le ct io ns . * I n cl ud es I S a nd I S -H ( H o a rd o f1 60 0 L e vo n I t ra ms .

C r e a





M B N P H H K A N K K A A B MN K B MS

e tc . 8

n ed 3 5

2 4

c 6 4

ig n 2 1

r Ta n ks

C r e a





0

4

810

5810

bbingsofV MandK tramswereaccidentallymi edandconse uentelya llplacedunderV M.

K A N

L

9 40

C r e a





N

L

op pe r

MS

C r e a





6

) 2

I

S il ve r

pe r

B i l lo n

C r e a





M B N

C op pe r

S i lv er

per

A B M N K B M S

C r e a





— Si lve r

op pe r

C r e a





M B N

S il ve r

mostof theco insinthisco lumnareL evonI V . Some undoubtedlybe longtoO shin.

C r e a





pe r

— S il ve r

– C op pe r

C r e a





A NK K

S U R P E R — S i lv er

R P E R — C op pe r

S il ve r

C op pe r

i ll on

er

C r e a





L

C r e a





M B N P H H K A N K K A A B MN K B MS I S

.

I I 5 I 7 7 8I 3 2 2 7

I 2

S U R P E R

2 5 I I 2 5 4 9 3

4

1 82 6 I 3 I O I O 2 7 4

5

on 73 2 I I I 4

I 9

6 4 6 2 3 1 7 3 5 7 1 5 4 2 22 I I I 8 8 0 8 7 3 6 4 1 o 1 8 8 7 88 6

7 1 6 1 2 8 2 0 2 1 7 5 4 0 4 1 3 8 4 7 1 7 54 9 5 2 1 2 56 7

2 8226 75 05183 5 3 2 262I 52I 27I 27I O 49 o505200 I O 45

C r e a





e clusiveofcountingerrors containsthefol-

E R . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. I

S . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .3

A NT N ( ? ) . . .. . .. . .. . .. . I

O N I I . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . O

S . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. I O

. . . . . S i lv e r . .. . . . . . . . 4 08

L . . . . Si lv er . . . .. . . .. . 18 6

. . .. . . . Si lv er . . . .. . . . .. 3 2 4

. . . .. . . B i ll on . . . .. . . . .1 7

Si l ve r . . . . . . . . . .4

. . . . Si l ve r . . . . . . . . . . I O

. . . . .. . . . Si lv er . . . .. . . .. . 22 2

. . Si l ve r . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

. . .. . . . Si lv er . . . .. . . . .. 3 9 9

Si l ve r . . . . . . . . . .4 6

. . . . . S il v er . . . . . . . . . . 27 7

S U R P E R S il ve r. . .. . .. . .. 9 3

. . . . . S i lv e r . .. . . . . . . . 2 74

.. . . .. B i l lo n .. . . . .. . . I 4

. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . - -- - - I 2

N A N( ? ) . . . . .. . .. . • - - -- - I 3

C r e a




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F T H E C O R P U S

achronologicalorderofrulers.

egivenintheorder ofcompletenessofthe

ndereachobverseinscription there-

dbeginningwiththe mostcompletelegend

ompleteone.V arioustypesofcoinsissued

ingthesameobverseinscriptionarelisted

Aninde oflegendsappearsattheend of

ew eight( ingrams andthepercentagesilver

en alongwiththelocationofthat specimen.

citationindicatesthenumberof coinsof

ol l ec t io n . Th u s 2 . ( 8 8 % ) , P B ; W M ( 9 ) ,

coininq uestionw eighs2. grams hasa

andisinPB co llection a lso that9 specimens

M co llection. Thecitationsaree pla ined

.

atthespecimenis illustrated.Thelocation

icatedby* markprecedingthecitation.

nsecutively eachtypevariationbeing

Thoseofthesame variety thoughnot

die aregivenasinglenumber.

ddieposit ioninstrik ingtheco insof this

shavebeenomitted.

hasalso beenomittedsincetherewere

onsineachtypeandthe specimenswere

ar.Asufficientnumberof coinsareillus-

ndicatethesi eandshapeofmosttypes.

tographsweretakenfromaluminumpaper

etheyappearto lackcontrast buton

nifyingglasswillshowmuchof thedetailof

C r e a





( 1 14 5 1 16 ) .

) / m/ mu

R I N C .

N C . A t tr i bu t ed t o a n ea r ly R o u p e ni a n pr i nc e

I o 5 I o 9 ) o rT or os I ( I o 9 — 1 1 2 ) .

R R / / /

I o 9 – I I 2 ) or TO R O SI I ( I I 4 5 1 16 ) .

ndcharacters.

( 1 ( L e ge nd cl oc kw is e

oN I I . ( 1 187 11 9 )

nI ]

U l l / l l 11 8

kh

f theA rmenianPeople p. 1 3 . A lthoughthiscoinis

ianco insintheC abinetdesM dailles it isim-

telytothisperiod.

p. 3 78. Thisappearstobeagenuineco inandbears

ngtothe earlyCrusadercoins.Theconditionof

readingoftheinscription.

ininvariousnumismaticbooks thisisarather

ttleresemblanceto thecoinsofthis period.I t

n acoinstruckfor circulation.Asecondspecimen

srecently seenbyP rof . A . DonabedianinB eirut.

f somanyspecimensindicatesclearly thatL evonhad

C r e a





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tarianMuseum

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1 ; N ( 1 ; V M 1 ( ? ) .

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edw erequitew ornbutacarefule amination

ruckwithmorethan onedie.

m a ve b J u l y- S ep t . 1 5 2 p . 1 56 .

thego ldco ins seep. 68.

C r e a





truckinAntioch

I G R AT A 1

N O R

D E I GR A T A

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D E I / // // /

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( 1 ; B N 1 .

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lu ff U U S / R W I 1 8 R e v. L i o n fa ci ng r ig ht

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thecoindescribedasasecondvariety inB asmad ian

stlikelyanerroronthe partofthedie-maker

lionfacingrightis alsofoundinthehalf double

ted:Nos.66and67.

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C r e a





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7 – 680.

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( S u ( ) - -- -.

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C r e a





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m ri t ( - - - . O b v .A s i n 9 0 .

m an ( – : .

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1 .

C r e a





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U S ml ( - -- . O b v. A si n 9 0 .

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.

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- - -- . O b v . A s in 9 0 .

s ( + + - : O b v .A s in 9 0 .

S ( - - O b v . A s i n 10 4 .

; I S 1 ; W M-H ( 2 ; J G 2 .

C r e a





k/ ft U U S ( - - :

2 .66 ( 8 % ) ; 2.72 P B ; 2 . 5 K K ( 1 ;

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/ T& l l / 18

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.

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I I U | - - - -: O b v .A s in 1 14 .

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t U U S ( - -- -.

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C r e a





A rmenia

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mi ( - - - . Obv . Sim ilarto88.

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C r e a





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C r e a





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2 ; B M 1 ; P H ( 4 ; H K ( 8 ; * W M 17 ;

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S m h 0 8 ( + + - O b v . T h re e d ot s t o

m h 0 8 ( + + -

on( ++ -—

? .

U U S mR 8 ( + + - :

( 2 .

/ S/ 1 ( + + -

2.7 ; 2. 7 P B ; W M 6 ; V M 2 ; P H ( I ) ;

U S /1 ( + + - :

C r e a





nA rmenia

U S /1 ( + + - :

, U U S /1 ( + + - :

18

stic

g ne ( + + - — :

( 3 ) .

ag n e ( + + -

S mh 0 8 ( + + -

+ + -

( I ) .

mn e n ( + + -

4 .

m n an ( + + - :

0 / R W , U U S O R 8 ( + + - --

( 1 .

m ns ( + + -

n g ( + + -

S /1 ( + + -

B .

U U S /1 ( + + - —

( 3 ) .

C r e a





U S /1 ( + + -

U U S S/ ( + + -

& I I / 6

le

mR ø m s ( + -

I I I / S/ R £ / 1

( I ) .

S mR w n * ( H -

U S / N A S/

( I ) .

fu I I U S mh * ( + + -

1 .

Al l 88

g#-

I I D S / R V / 3 #+ —

P B ( 1 ; W M 2 ; AA 1 ; P H ( I ) ; H K ( 1 ;

G 1 .

I I / S/ TR ö m # +

—

1 ; H K ( 1 ; W M 4 ; V M 1 ; K B ( 1 ; MM 1 ;

3 ) .

C r e a





A rmenia

n # H –

; I S-H ( 2 .

w n # H

1 .

an# -H -

1 ; M M 1 ; B N 3 ) ; I S 1 ; I S-H ( 2 .

m un + + -

B ; W M 1 .

n# -H-

2 .

Al l f l

ome4-H -

2 % ) ; 2 . 6 ( 9 6% ) P B , P B ( 1 ; " W M 4 ,

I ) ; H K ( 1 ; P H ( I ) ; A A 1 ; K K ( 1 ; H E ( 1 :

1 ; I S -H ( 6 .

d4-H.

; I S -H ( I ) .

S m R o m + + -

P B .

d4-H.

C r e a





f t U U S /h t/ 1 + + -

4 ; V M 3 ) ; B N 1 ; I S 2 ; I S-H ( 2 .

4-H -R ev . Dotto le f to fcross.

U S / Th r/ # + –

.0 , P B , P B ( 1 ; W M 2 ; A D ( 1 ; I S-H ( 3 ) .

4 H –

I ) .

H –

B , P B ( 1 ; W M 2 ; AA 1 ; B N 2 ; I S 1 ;

S / r m

1 ; AD ( 1 ; I S 1 ; I S -H ( 3 ) .

18

f I D S / R ( + + -

0 # I U S / ( + —

P B , P H ( I ) .

+ + -

C r e a





A rmenia

/ T& l l / 18 /n

S mR ø . #+ — :

( I ) .

S mi r + + -

P B ; W M 5 ; MM 1 .

u & # m + 1

a gn e ( + + -

a gm s ( + + -

S m R 8 0 ( + + -

; I S -H ( 1 .

( + + -

n ( + + -

0 8 ( + + -

S m ( + + -

S $n ( + + - —

1 ; I S-H ( 4 .

U S m #- -

on-Hetoumareof thistype.

C r e a





U U S ( + + - --

U S ( + + -

n

S mR ø ( - - -

U U S mR

( I ) .

I I / Sm ir

4 .

f U U S mi r{ - - -

U S n# H

3 ) .

U U S + + —

1 ; I S-H ( 9 ) .

A ll & n

ne( ++ - :

1 .

h 0 ( + + - O b v . O r n a t e de s ig n .

/g m ( + + -

C r e a





anA rmenia

n ( + + -

S / 0 ( + + - :

S m h ( + + - - O b v . Th r ee d o ts u n de r

s mR 8 ( + + - O b v . T h re e d ot s u nd e r

( 1 .

I R /l/ 3 U B /

m n on ( + + - :

( + + - :

1 ; I S -H ( 3 ) .

sm i t ( + + -

U S T U ( + + - :

& n

tw ard

U S n ty ( + + - :

( + + - :

C r e a





sh ? ) ( + + - :

/ 7& l l / .

S m h t r

1 .

l l/ Sn k #+ —

U S U / # + —

U U S / * — H -

, U U S /# -

( 3 ) .

U U S

( 7 .

/ 7

l

/f t U U S m R ø .

P B .

" - H

U U S mR w #+ .

U S mR * — H .

P B ; W M 2 ; V M 1 ; I S -H ( 9 ) .

C r e a





rmenia

S n k * — H -

3 ) .

U S m R s

2 ; I S-H ( I ) .

I I I / Sm ir #+ -

l l /S / 10 . # + — :

( 9 ) .

l l l / S/ + + -

( I ) .

4l m

tool

8 0 8 ( + + - :

0( ++ - - .

an(+ + - :

n

ate—rev.non-artistic—no footstool

U S m h m / ( + + - O b v . Th r ee d o ts u n de r

1 .

a gn i ( + + -

C r e a





n an t ( + + -

mh 0 ( + + -

( I ) .

an(+ + -

am(+ + -—

S O R S ( + + - —

1 .

( + + -

/ l/ A ll :

turnedoutw ard

4 3 — :

/ , U U S O R ( + + - :

( 1 .

T T ( + + - :

.

m ir ( 4 -# — :

B ; W M 1 .

) ( + + - :

C r e a





rmenia

&

w ard

8 0 8 ( + + - :

mh ( + + - :

U U S / ( + + - :

& l l

rt ist ic

n # H

1 .

U U S R + + -

U U S /# + —

; I S -H ( 6 .

U U S * — H

( 3 ) .

l 6 1

ns( ++ -

am( ++ -—

1 ; V M 2 ; I S 1 ; I S-H ( 7 .

iso f tenverysmallandsimplif iedintoa line .

C r e a





m h ( + + -

D S / R : ( + —

u l /S m/ ( — # — >

- - -

1 .

I l l/ S/ ( + —

1 ; I S 1 .

/ ( + —

1 ; P H ( 5 .

U S ( + —

B ; M M 1 .

/

ccrossincircle

+ + - :

( 4 .

m ( + + -

2 .

( 4 - H . :

; I S-H ( 6 .

mt ( + + -

- ( 2 .

+ - :

C r e a





rmenia

/ A ll

rtistic

sm i sm s k ( + + - O b v . Th r ee d o ts u n de r

U U S m/ ( + + - O b v. T hr ee d ot s un de r

n40 81

( # --

2 ; V M 1 ; P H ( I ) ; M M 1 ; I S -H ( 1 ) .

S m/ + + -

. 8 P B ; W M 5 ; P H ( 2 ; V M 1 .

U S m / + + -

; I S-H ( 6 .

us n { - H -

U U S mi r# -

2.84 P B ; * W M 10 ; V M 4 ; P H ( I ) ;

; I S-H ( 2 ) .

, U U S mi r + + -

( - - -

U S / #- —

, H K ( 2 ; P H ( 2 ; N ( 1 ; I S 1 ; I S -H ( 5 .

78.

C r e a





U U S / #+ —

I I /

f t U U S mR 8 ( + + - O b v. T hr ee d ot s un de r

e ly s.

R / m& l l/

+ + - :

ft U U S /1 ( + + -

U U S /1 ( + + - :

-H ( I ) .

R / n 4l l/

rt ist iccross

U U S /+ + —

l l /

on-artist iccross

+ + -

( 2 .

/ l / Al l

t U U S mR 9 ( + + - ? )

S / ( + + -

C r e a





menia

R /T & I I

rt ist ic

U S / #- -

( 3 ) .

U S #- -

1 ; 1 S-H ( 5 .

/ T & l l

ccross

S n #+

( 6 .

U U S # + —

1 ; H K ( 3 ) ; I S-H ( 6 .

/T Al l

-art ist iccross

U S /1 0 ( + + -

B , I S 1 ; I S -H ( I ) .

/ T & l l

sticcross

mi 8 08 ( + + -

n R 8 0 ( + + -

1 ; I S-H ( 4 .

S mh ( + + -

( 5 .

C r e a





S / 1 ( + + -

; I S -H ( 3 ) .

R / m2 /

ccross

S / #+ -

- ( 6 .

# - -

2 .

B / 18

S / R # +

S / ( + —

l l 5/ 7 8

istic

an( ++ -

g ( + + -

m

n4- —

3 ) ; * W M 2 ; H K ( 1 ; M M 1 ; I S -H ( 2 .

6 F –

S 1 .

C r e a





anA rmenia

m R ö m + + — R e v . D o t t o l ef t O f

( I ) .

l l #

U S mi r# H

-H ( I ) .

U U S m / #-

S-H ( 2 .

/ 18

m( ++ -O bv . Threedotsunder

1 .

mns( + + -O bv . Threedotsunder

2.85 ( 88% ) , * P B , P B ( 1 ; V M 1 .

l# 08

rnedoutw ard—nofootstoo l

sm a gn e ( + + - :

( 1 ; I S-H ( I ) .

8 0 8 ( + + -

.

C r e a





a gn ( + + -

2 .

an( ++ - :

1 .

an( ++ -

4 - # ?

R / l/ Al l3 / 1 8

rnedoutw ard—w ithfootstoo l

( 1 + :

l l / 1 8

rnedoutw ard—w ithfootstoo l

us mn ( 4 H – :

/ Al l& / 1 8

gne( + + -

on( ++ - :

1 .

sn R 8 0 × ( - — .

+ +- :

0 ( 9 0% ) , * P B ; P H ( 1 ; I S-H ( 2 .

C r e a





A rmenia

o4+

, I I / SR U . ' + + -

l& I )

rnedoutw ard—nofootstoo l

S m i r ( + + - :

8/ N S R ( + + - :

l / 1

u l/ Sn R 8 08 ( + - ? )

S mh 0 8 ( + + -

( # -

U U S U R , + + —

M 2 ; I S-H ( I ) .

u : 8. 6%

( 4 -H .

u t ( + + - :

; A D ( 2 ; I S-H ( 2 .

C r e a





+ + - :

R /T & l l& / 1.

l m uw ( + + - :

- / R / 2 & l l -

mu ( + + - :

M 2 ; I S -H ( 1 .

t c .

N Q U R / l / 3 U 8 / 1 8H R e v. I n sc ri pt io n

D S / T h 0 8 : — H ) u p si d e do w n.

/ N Q U R / l / A l l& n d 5 R e v . I n s c r ip t io n

U S / T h / 1 8 — - #4 u p si d e do wn .

N R / l / A l l / 1 8 H R e v . I n s cr i pt i on

f u I I U S / Th / 18 — + + ) u ps id e do wn .

' l l R / l / Al l / 1 8 R e v . I n s c r ip t io n

u u sm k un g k -- - ) u p si d e do w n.

U Q U R / l / 4 1 1 / 1 8 R e v .I n s cr i pt i on

lh / f u l ll / S/ T h / — - # 4 u p s id e d ow n .

0 . 1% l l R / l / A l l& / 1 8 R e v . I n s cr i pt i on

I l l /S / R G / 7 — - H ) u p si d e do w n.

C r e a





A rmenia

l l M R / T & l l m R e v . I n s cr ip ti on

fu I I I / S/ R £ / / -- H ) u ps id e do wn .

P l l U j i m Al l 0 8 O b v. T wo w it h th re e do ts

/ fu l l .U S / R T — £ 4 u n de r fl e ur d e ly s .

de

M 2 ; I S -H ( 4 .

" I ' l l h/ l / Al l /1 8 R e v . I n s cr i pt i on

I I / S / R G / 18 - - H ) u p si d e do wn .

1 ; I S-H ( 9 ) .

P U Q U R / T & l l /1 8 R e v. I n sc ri pt io n

F , U U S O R ø / 1 - H ) " u p si de do wn .

l l U h m / A l l n R e v . I n s cr i pt i on

/ 2 f t U U S O R 8 - H ) * u ps id e do wn .

l l N M T Al l& n : R e v .I n sc ri pt io n

U S O R T / - H ) u p s i de d o wn .

U I R / l / Al l / 18 R e v .I n sc ri pt io n

, U . . Sm h / - H ) * u ps id ed ow n.

I ) .

l l U R / T & l l / 18 R e v .I n sc ri pt io n

h/ f u ll .U S / lh / — H ) * u ps id e do wn .

C r e a





/ N Q U I R / l / Al l / 18

/ f t U U S / R // 18 ( + + - :

M 2 ; I S-H ( 2 .

l l h /m & l l #/ ( + + - :

/ / # I l l/ S/ /

1 .

/ N Q U I R / l/ Al l / 1 8

mek ( + + -

- ( 2 .

U I R / l / 3 U B / m

8R , U I U S /A ff /1 ( + + -

N Q U I R / l / Al l/ 18

o m e 5 ( + + -

l l h/ l / 3 U B / 1 8

U S / R T / ( + + -

/ N Q U R / l/ A ll

I R I I / mh 0 8| | ( + + -

N L ' l l/ /m & I I / 18

/ R / /# I l l/S /R & ( + + -

P u u km / Al l& n g 4

f u ll l/ S/ Th / 18 ( + + - --

- ( 2 .

C r e a





A rmenia

l l U R / l/ A ll & n d

0 / f ul l. S / R 8 /1 8H ( + + - - .

( I ) .

l l U R / l/ A ll m

0/ # I U S / 1

l l h/ l / Al l & / 1 8

/ R I I , U S A /

l l U R / l/ A ll & n d

/ N F L l l l /S m/

P l l N R / T & l l6 08

f t l l l/ S /1 9 / 1 8

P U Q U R / l/ A ll & n d (

I , I I U S / R I , H -

l l U R / l /A ll & m U

/ t l U R L I I & #+ -

u nn r z u n iv i K - H

I U S m / R e v . C ro wn s o n bo t h li o ns

U Q U R / l/ 3 U 8 l l6

h/ . .. . + + -

/ l/ N R / l / Al l/ 18

I U S M .8 8/ 18 ( + + -

C r e a





A I ' l l R /T & I I 6 /1 8

I I / S/ ( + + -

N S– T AN S

/ 78

b ut u + + +

h/ 18

us u pu pu + + +

p up u + + +

B ( 1 .

% , h U h ly + + +

l lf u l up + + +

u b u p+ + +

Al l & R / 1 8

andsinglecurl

U A U h U h l / + H : -

.

U R U h U h + + +

.

C r e a





A rmenia

/ Al l& R / 18

andtw ocurls

u pu pu + + + | |

( 1 ; W M 5 ; * V M 1 ; K B ( 1 ; H K ( 2 ;

; H E ( 1 .

h l / + + + | |

h U h + + # |

1 .

R / l/ Al l h / 18

p U P U + + +

5 ; A D( 2 ; B N 1 .

, p up u + + +

( 1 .

u pu + + +

1 .

, p up u+ + +

; B M 1 ; K B ( 1 ; * AD ( 2 ; MM 1 ; H E ( 1 .

b up + + +

1 ; B M 1 ; AA 1 ; J G 1 .

p+ + : -

T I I ' ' , p U U + + +

1 .

C r e a





T I I ' ' , h U U + + +

I ' ' , h U + + +

ll h / 18

ndsinglecurl

pu+ + : -

1 .

U h U h l + + +

4 ; H K ( 2 ; B M 1 ; A N 1 .

E R U P U + + +

p + + +

, P B ( 2 ; K K ; W M 9 ) ; A N 2 ; V M 2 ;

( 2 ; A A 1 ; A D ( 1 ; B M 1 ; MM 2 ; * B N 5 ;

+ +

1 .

/ l / Al l h /1 8

pu p u + + +

) ; J G 1 .

p u p u + + +

1 .

C r e a





Armenia

U B R / 18

ndsinglecurl

pu++ +

l l R U h U h + + +

h /l / Al l h /1 8

l l ? " , h U hl + + +

M 1 .

pu+ + +

1 .

R / l/ Al l m

, pu p u + + +

/ 1 6

andtw ocurls

u+ + +

; H K ( 2 ; A A 2 ; AD ( 2 .

+ +

.

h + + +

3 ) ; H K ( 1 ; A A 1 .

C r e a





3 / 7 8

ndsinglecurl

fu Tu fu ( ? ) + + +

M 1 .

/

u pu + + : -

5 ; A D ( i ; MM 1 ; B N 1 .

M T U 9 - U h U h ly + + +

. P B ; W M 8 ; K B ( 2 ; A A 2 ; A N 2 ;

1 ; B N 1 .

T U R U h U h + + +

; M M 1 ; I S 1 ; E B ( 1 .

T Q U h U h + + +

M 3 ) ; V M 3 ) ; A D ( 1 ; M M 1 ; B N 4 ;

I : R U h U + + +

T Q - U h U + + +

2 ; A N 1 .

B R / 7

U I /U h .h U h + + +

1 ; M M 1 .

C r e a





menia

/ i / -U 8 R / l

pu p u + H :

pu+ H

p u pu + + # |

N ( 1 .

+ + +

/ l/ 3 U B R 0

andsinglecurl

+ +

p ? ) + + : -

/ l /A ll & R /

h l + + +

1 .

+ + +

H K ( 1 ; W M 1 ; B M I ) ; V M 1 ; N ( 1 .

b u tu + + +

1 .

C r e a





+ +

; B N 1 .

u b u p+ + : -

V M 3 ) , W M 3 ) ; K B ( 1 ; B N 4 .

l/ A ll & R /

y pu b u H + | |

u pu H + | |

#

Al l & R /

ndsinglecurl

+ : -

1 ; W M 3 ) ; AD ( 1 .

T U R U h U h + + +

2 .

R /

ndsinglecurl

h + + + |

C r e a





menia

/ l /A ll & M

ndtwocurls

+ #

l /A ll & R / l

u pu p u + + +

M 1 ; B N 1 .

R U P U p + + +

1 .

h /l

ndtwocurls

uHll

& R U

u l U h u + + +

M 1 .

& R U

ndtwocurls

+ + ll

C r e a





Al l h

T U -R U h U h l + + +

( 1 .

u p up u + + +

/ Al l h

andsinglecurl

' l l R U hU h + + +

; I S 1 .

Al l h

pu++ +

1 .

l /A ll h

ndsinglecurl

+ : -

3 ) ; K B ( 1 ; A D ( 1 ; B N 1 ; H E ( 1 .

R U h U h l / +

1 .

U A R U h U h + + +

3 ) ; K K ; W M 4 ; A D ( 3 ) ; V M 3 ) ; K B ( 2 ;

1 ; B N 2 ; E B ( 1 .

C r e a





menia

: -

1 .

h U + + +

1 .

h

ndsinglecurl

+ : -

P u u km & l l l ub

/ 1 % z i l I

3 ) .

P u u km /

l l R u U h l /

3 ) .

m P u % mu rb z u n

I l l /S / MU / 1 8

1 ; H K ( ? ) .

u % mu rb z u n

/ 2 f t U U S /T W / 18

1 . [ Gold ; * P B ( 1 ; W M 1 ; A A 3 ) ; A N I ) ;

C r e a





T R AMS

O B A D

R / l / Al l 80 8

J . M > e c k- i l ou t -i l O b v . F i e l d m ar k . * >

2 .76 K K ; A N 3 ) ; A A 3 ) ; N ( 2 ;

3 ) ; MM 2 ; V M 8 ; * W M 18 ; B N 5 ;

O I ) ; J G 1 .

| & M y e c h- l o a l -l l O b v . F i e l d ma r k. . #S .

, P B ; * W M 3 ) ; B M 1 ; N ( 1 .

M S e r b -l o ut - ll O b v . F i e ld m ar k . ~ ~

1 .

l ou d o n F i e ld m a rk 4 -

2 . *

. . .a l lo w- o n F i e l d ma r k 4 -

0 8

/ l / Al l m

& 2 1 : .. . ll d u l- S c ro l l O b v . F i e l d ma r k. >

1 ; * W M 1 .

llow -Scro llow F ie ldmark 4×

o u -l S cr o ll o w F i e l dm a rk 4 s

* . d ou - Ms c ro l lo w F i e l dm a rk 4 -

C r e a





menia

K H U S R E W

Q U I R / l /A ll 5/ 18

Ka ik obadcoins

l = | c ke s d ul - i O b v . F i el d ma rk .

; * W M 1 ; B N 1 .

M & l = | c k e y Cu l -i O b v . F i e ld m a rk .

M 1 ; A N I ) ; B N 1 .

. l = | c ke s o ut J . O b v .F i e l dm ar k.

1 ; AD ( 1 .

l = | c ke S d ua l- O b v . F i el d ma rk .

. M & l = | c ke S i Su ll i O b v. F i e ld m ar k.

A ll c l | c ke S c ul - O b v. F i el dm ar k.

. M& l = | c ke y du l- O b v . F i el d ma rk .

K H U S R E W

R / l / Al l / .

U . M. & l = | c ke y ou l - O b v. F i e ld m ar k.

C r e a





C .: : - J - - ~ ~ : - O b v. F i e ld m ar k. - ->

T & l l f l

a l U . M& l = | c ke Si J u - l

. M in t m ar k . 4-

P B ; 2 . 0 K K ; AN 1 ; * W M 5 ; V M . 3 ) ;

C- * - U - - ~ ~ O b v . F i el d ma rk . ~

( 9 0 % ) ; 2 .8 ; 2 . 4 ( 9 4% ) , * P B ; 2 .8 0

M M 1 ; V M 2 ; AN 1 ; AA 1 ; B M 1 .

& 4 - - - ~ ~ O b v. F i el dm ar k. * >

- * - J - - ~ ~ O b v . F i el d ma rk . -- >

1 .

C- - U - : * . O b v . Mi nt m ar k. - ->

1 ; * A N 1 .

4 - U - - 5 . O b v . F i e l d ma r k. * S

C r e a





A rmenia

K H U S R E W

I R / 7 & l l / 7 8

mediatebetweenK aikobad

C - < -- U - - ~ ~ O b v . F i el d ma rk .

1 ; W M 1 .

4 - - - ~ ~ O b v. F i e ld m ar k.

1 ; J G 1 .

- L - - ~ ~ O b v . F i el d ma rk .

C- < - - U - - ~ ~ O b v . F i el d ma rk .

- J - - ~ ~ O b v. F i e l dm ar k.

/ A l l& / 1 8

C - * - U - - ~ ~ O b v. F i e ld m ar k.

C r e a





l l / 1 8

- - - ~ ~ O b v . F i el d ma rk . - -

: < - - U - - ~ ~ O b v . F i e l d m ar k . 4-

1 .

C -: * - U - - ~ ~ O b v . F i el d ma rk . -- >

C .J - - ~ ~ O b v . F i e ld m ar k. - >

- J - - ~ ~ O b v .F i e l d ma rk . . - -

nepigraphysim ilarO bv . F ie ldmark . - ->

*

U - - " - > O b v . F i e ld m a rk . --

P B .

c : -J - - ~ ~ O b v. F i e ld m ar k. - ->

C r e a





A rmenia

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TO R O SI I ( 3 ) ; P R I NC L E V O NI I ( 4 ; L E V O N I

5 6 ; L E V O N I – H E T O U M I GO L D C O I N

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S U R P E R ( 2 1 0 -21 68

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Coinage of Cilician Armenia / by Paul Z. Bedoukian

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Transcript of Coinage of Cilician Armenia / by Paul Z. Bedoukian