COHESION ANALYSIS OF CRIME NEWS TEXTS IN NEW...

COHESION ANALYSIS OF CRIME NEWS TEXTS

IN NEW YORK DAILY NEWS AND THE VILLAGE VOICE

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One

ASRI SUKOWATI

NIM. 1110026000037

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2015

i

ABSTRACT

Asri Sukowati, Cohesion Analysis of Crime News Texts in New York Daily News

and The Village Voice. Thesis: English Letters Department of Letters and

Humanities Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015.

The objective of this research is to find out grammatical and lexical

cohesion devices in two articles taken from crime feature. Also, the purpose of

this research is to how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.

The writer takes two articles from New York Daily News and The Village Voice

edition of 24 April 2014, both are online mass media published every day.

The methodology used in this research is qualitative method. Two articles

from crime feature in New York Daily News and The Village Voice are collected,

next the articles are read and the cohesion devices that occur in the texts will be

found to know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.

There are 43 items of grammatical cohesion devices in article from New

York Daily News and 78 items in article from The Village Voice. In lexical

cohesion devices, there are 20 items in article from New York Daily News and 44

items in article from The Village Voice. The cohesion devices created the cohesive

text. It can be said if the using of cohesion devices according to their functions

and related to the context of the text. If the text is cohesive, it will be understood

well by the readers.

Keyword: Grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion, crime news texts.

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institude of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

All praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of the world, who has authority upon all

creation in the whole world. The real writer’s guide whose blessings and mercies

have brought the writer until this point. Peace and solution be upon the greatest

prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions, and adherents.

In this occasion, the writer would like to express her gratitude to her

family, especially her beloved parents, Mardianto (Alm) and Dina Marthina, who

have given their care and support. If it is not for their love and their prayers, all of

their children cannot arrive at this one phase of life achievement.

The writer also would like to convey her deepest gratitude to the following

amazing people:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag., the Dean of Letters and Humanities

Faculty.

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department, who is also

one of the writer’s advisor, for sacrificing his precious time to guide the

writer in completing her thesis.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department.

vi

4. Rima Muryantina, S.Hum., M.Ling., the writer’s advisor who always

willing spare her time to patiently guide and teach the writer in many ways

to complete her study and thesis.

5. All lecturers in English Letters Department who have taught and inspired

the writer during her study.

6. Her friends in English Letters Department of the year 2010, especially for

Elbie and Linguistics A, Inas, Ida, Cica, Dewi, Nita, Rana, Fafaw, and

everyone else, for their help and experience.

7. Her best friends, Rere, Selvi, Wiwin, Salma, Melin, Febria, Nida, Tian,

Ryan, Charles, Oghan, Rahmat, Ilham, Agung, Alfian, and all friends who

always give support during her study.

8. Iis, Ima, Istiya, Fitri, Hanim, and Qotul, for their kindness to let her stay in

their home for rest.

9. KKN PELANGI 2013, who has given experiences and happiness.

10. Her mood booster when she was down.

Finally, the writer would like to say thank you for everyone who might not

be mentioned yet here. Everyone who has helped, supported, and motivated her in

accomplishing this thesis.

Jakarta, January 2015

The Writer

vii

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1 : Personal Pronoun ................................................................................... 13

Table 2 : The Units in the Text 1 ........................................................................... 24

Table 3 : The Units in the Text 2 ........................................................................... 26

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. i

APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................. ii

LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................ iii

DECLARATION ................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... v

LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................ vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. viii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

A. Background of the Research ............................................................................... 1

B. Focus of the Research ......................................................................................... 3

C. Research Question ............................................................................................... 3

D. Significance of the Research ............................................................................... 3

E. Research Methodology ........................................................................................ 4

1. Objective of the Research ............................................................................... 4

2. Method of the Research .................................................................................. 4

3. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis .......................................... 5

4. Instrument of The Research ............................................................................ 5

5. Unit of Analysis .............................................................................................. 5

ix

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................... 7

A. Previous Research .............................................................................................. 7

B. Discourse Analysis .............................................................................................. 9

C. Cohesion ............................................................................................................ 10

D. Cohesion Devices .............................................................................................. 11

1. Grammatical Cohesion ................................................................................. 11

2. Lexical Cohesion .......................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS ..................................................................................... 24

A. Data Description ................................................................................................ 24

B. Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................................................... 61

A. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 61

B. Suggestion ......................................................................................................... 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 63

APPENDICES…….…………………………………………………………….65

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

The unity of text is influenced by cohesion. A text should not be separated

from cohesion that divided into two main parts: grammatical cohesion and lexical

cohesion. Relations of meaning, both lexical and grammatical meaning, need to be

realized in unity forming coherent text. Therefore, cohesion and text cannot be

separated in order to establish a cohesive sentence. It can be seen from this

sentence from an article published by New York Daily News, on 10 April 2014.

Example:

[1] “Carisa Gaylardo, formerly a probationary physical

education teacher at the Riverdale/Kingsbridge Academy,

charges in court papers that she was given an

unsatisfactory rating and ultimately fired after turning

down offers of a threesome with tenured gym teacher Sofia

Memos.”

In the example above, the words bolded and underlined are the elements of

grammatical cohesion device of reference. In the example, if the pronoun in the

sentence is not appropriate, then the meaning of the sentence cannot be conveyed

clearly, and therefore cohesion needed in a text.

The presence of the media used by the public needs the unity of text, so

that what is presented through a text can be understood by the reader. Therefore,

the writer argues that the unity of the text would be cohesive if there is element of

cohesion.

2

Many people argue that the unity of journalistic text on a media always

cohesive, in fact there are many people feel hard to understand what the meaning

of the text. The belief of many people makes a lot of language researchers

interested in examining the integrity of the discourse on journalistic texts. In case

this is not intended to denigrate the ability of journalists to write news, but only to

ensure that cohesion is very important in journalistic text integrity.

Through this research, cohesion device used in journalistic texts will be

analyzed. Journalism is part of social activity concerned with the dissemination of

news and views about the society. Modern journalism is divided into five

departments of mass communication: Newspaper and Periodicals, Radio,

Television, Films, and Advertising.1

In this research, the journalistic texts from two online mass media in

United States are taken. They are New York Daily News (www.nydailynews.com)

and The Village Voice (blogs.villagevoice.com). These online mass media are

published every day. These online mass media consist of several features, some of

them are Crime, Politics, Sports, Food, Entertainment, Local, Living, Health, etc.

The writer takes an article of crime feature from each online mass media.

The crime feature is chosen to analyze the phenomenon at the exact time,

that is news about Occupy live-streamer whom tackled by NYPD Chief, and the

news are published in crime feature. Besides that, text news of crime is sensitive

to read and understand because it is usually related to the law.

1 B.N. Ahuja, Theory and Practice of Journalism (India: Surjeet Publications, 1988), p. 1.

http://www.nydailynews.com/

3

As the conclusion, cohesion is important in a discourse. As said before,

cohesion in the articles will be analyzed. Based on the unit of the analysis, data

formed two articles from crime feature are used as the corpus. Article is a

discourse. So, this research is called as discourse analysis.

B. Focus of the Research

This research focuses on the grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in

the articles which are taken from crime feature at New York Daily News accessed

at www.nydailynews.com and The Village Voice which can be accessed at

blogs.villagevoice.com. Data in the form of two articles from crime feature are

taken on 24 April 2014 at New York Daily News and The Village Voice. The data

are taken based on the phenomenon at the exact time.

C. Research Question

Based on the explanation above, it is necessary to have the answer of these

following questions:

1. What kinds of cohesion devices are used in the two texts?

2. How do the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts?

D. Significance of the Research

The significance of this research is to give a new contribution in linguistic

study, especially about discourse analysis focusing on the grammatical and lexical

cohesion devices in journalistic text, especially in crime news texts. It is hoped


4

that this research could give advantages for the writer herself, the readers, and

other researchers who want to examine the similar study in the future.

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of the Research

Related to the research questions above, the objectives of this research are:

a) To find out grammatical and lexical cohesion devices appeared in the

two texts.

b) To know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.

2. Method of the Research

In this research, qualitative method is used in analyzing the data.

Qualitative method involves data collection procedures that result primarily in

numerical data which is then analyzed primarily by non-statistical methods.2

This research uses one of the qualitative methods called discourse

analysis. The discourse analysis investigates what it is that makes for well-

formed discourse.3 The writer reads the texts and tries to find cohesion devices

that appear in the texts and then analyzes how the cohesion devices show the

cohesiveness of the texts.

2 Zoltan Dornyei, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics (New York: Oxford

University Press, 2007), p. 24. 3 David Nunan, Research Methods in Language Learning (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1992), p. 160.

5

3. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis

In this research, the data are collected by using bibliography technique

(teknik pustaka). Bibliography technique is by using written sources to obtain

data.4 In analyzing the data, the steps used are:

a) Two articles are collected from crime feature of New York Daily News and

The Village Voice as the data corpus.

b) The texts are read.

c) All the cohesion devices in the articles are marked.

d) The data are analyzed.

e) The data are written down on the data card.

f) The results of the analysis are described.

g) The results of the research are summarized.

4. Instrument of the Research

Data card is used as the instrument in this research to identify the data

formed two articles which are taken from crime feature in New York Daily

News and The Village Voice.

5. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is two articles from crime feature

at New York Daily News accessed at www.nydailynews.com and The Village

Voice which can be accessed at blogs.villagevoice.com. The data are chosen

on April 2014. Those data are:

4 Edi Subroto, Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural (Surakarta: Sebelas

Maret University Press, 1992), p. 42.


6

a.) “Brooklyn man tackled by cop while live-streaming Occupy march gets

$55,000 settlement.” (New York Daily News, 24 April 2014)

b.) “City Will Pay $55,000 to Settle Case of Occupy Live-streamer Josh Boss,

Tackled By High-Ranking NYPD Chief.” (The Village Voice, 24 April

2014).

7

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

This research is not the only one that analyzes grammatical and lexical

cohesion in the journalistic text. In this section, some previous researches will be

compared with this research. The first research comes from Al-Faith journal

written by Hind Tahseen Hameed. The second previous research comes from

student of State Islamic University Jakarta made by Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin

(2011) and the third research also comes from student of State Islamic University

Jakarta which was conducted by Abdul Rohim (2010).

The first research is from Al-Faith journal written by Hind Tahseen

Hameed. The study is entitled “Cohesion in Texts: A Discourse Analysis of a

News Article in a Magazine”.5 Using Newsweek article “Ruins with a View”, the

textual aspect of meaning through cohesion analyzed. He used theory by Halliday

and Hasan for the main theory and he also used theory by Bloor and Bloor to

support this research. From the research, he found the most often occurred of

grammatical cohesion is reference. Another cohesion device which has function to

create texture is lexical cohesion. Therefore, cohesion is an important aspect for

creating meaning within text.

The second research by Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin is entitled “An

Analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on the Journalistic Text of

5 Hind Tahseen Hameed, 2008, “Cohesion in Texts: A Discourse Analysis of a News

Article in a Magazine”, Diyala-Iraq, No.37. Accessed on 6 August 2014.

8

VoANews.com”.6 This research focused on the grammatical and lexical cohesion

and its markers of the journalistic text at VoAnews.com (edition of December 27th

2010 – December 30th

2010). She used theory of Halliday and Hasan to analyze

the cohesion and to determine the degree of cohesiveness of the texts, she used

Scinto Formula by Carolyn Harnett. She found that the dominant device of

grammatical cohesion is reference, its percentage reached 56,64%. Meanwhile the

dominant device of lexical cohesion is repetition, its percentage attained 15,39%.

The cohesiveness degree each markers are different, grammatical cohesion

devices reached very high level of cohesiveness degree, the percentage average of

cohesiveness degree attained 85,77%. Contrast to grammatical cohesion, lexical

cohesion devices is low. Its percentage average only reached 50,01%.

The third research by Abdul Rohim is entitled “Cohesion Analysis on the

Jakarta Post‟s Editorial”.7 This research focused on the written text of the Jakarta

Post‟s Editorial (edition of April 2009). He analyzed how to identify how

cohesive devices in the Jakarta Post‟s Editorial and described the cohesive device

which has the highest occurrence. For the main theory, he used theory by Halliday

and Hasan. Through his research, he found the highest occurrence and the lowest

occurrence of the cohesive device either through the grammatical cohesive or

lexical cohesive in the Jakarta Post‟s Editorial. The cohesion through the

grammatical cohesive which has the highest occurrence is reference item

especially personal reference. It contrasts with other cohesion devices such as

6 Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin, “An Analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on the

Journalistic Text of VoANews.com” (Jakarta: UIN Jakarta, 2011). 7 Abdul Rohim, “Cohesion Analysis on the Jakarta Post‟s Editorial” (Jakarta: UIN

Jakarta, 2010).

9

substitution that appeared in the one text, and it is only nominal substitution. He

also found some repetition words stretches across several in every text and it is the

highest occurrence lexically.

Based on the previous researches above, there are some differences with

this research. The first is the research object, the research object of this research is

New York Daily News and The Village Voice. The second is the focus of the

research, the focus of this research is grammatical and lexical cohesion in two

articles which are taken from crime feature. Besides that, this research also has

purpose to know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.

B. Discourse Analysis

Discourse is the way of combining and integrating language, actions,

interactions, and ways of thinking, believing, and valuing by using various

symbols, tools, and objects to enact a particular sort of socially recognizable

identity.8 Generally, discourse has been defined as anything beyond sentence.

9

The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use.10

In the discourse, there are several important things to be effective to read, two of

them are cohesion and context. Context refers to the situation within discourse.

According to David Nunan, there are two types of context.11

The first is linguistic

8 James Paul Gee, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method (New

York: Routledge, 2003), p. 21. 9 Deborah Schiffrin, et.al, The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (United Kingdom:

Blackwell Publishers, 2001), p. 1. 10

Gillian Brown and George Yule, Discourse Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1989), p. 1. 11

David Nunan, Introducing Discourse Analysis (London: Penguin Group, 1993), pp. 7-

8.

10

context, the language that surrounds or accompanies the piece of discourse under

analysis. The second is non-linguistic context includes the type of communicative

event, the topic, the purpose of the event, the setting, including location, time of

day, season of year and physical aspects of the situation, the participants and the

relationships between them, and the background knowledge and assumptions

underlying the communicative event.

C. Cohesion

Cohesion is a term used in grammar to refer to a defining property of the

word.12

Cohesion is semantic relation or relation of meaning between an element

in the text and some other elements that is crucial to the interpretation of it.13

It

means that cohesive relation within a text is set up where the interpretation of

some elements in the text is independent 14

On the other hand, a number of sentences can be regarded as a unified

discourse if the sentences are connected without departing from the subject matter

under discussion. Therefore, the cohesion was required for a text that can be

regarded as a complete discourse to be understood by the reader.

According to Yayat Sudarya, cohesion emphasis on how the relations

between sentences build discourse. The relationship is realized through linguistics

markers.15

12

David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics: Sixth Edition (USA:

Blackwell Publishing, 2000), p. 85. 13

Halliday and Hasan, Cohesion in English (London: Longman Group, 1976), p. 8. 14

Gillian Brown and George Yule (1989), op.cit., p. 191. 15

Yayat Sudarya, Makna dalam Wacana: Prinsip-prinsip Semantik dan Pragmatik

(Bandung: Yrama Widya, 2008), p. 151.

11

Cohesion is the internal aspect of a text and all the internal aspects such as

grammatical aspect and lexical one that develop the unity of the text.16

It means

that the relation of meaning grammatically and lexically should be formed in unity

that forms a text.

D. Cohesion Device

The concept of cohesion refers to the relationships that exist within the

meaning of the text. Cohesion occurs when an element in the interpretation of the

text depends on other elements. Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan said that the

cohesion is divided into grammatical and lexical cohesion.17

1. Grammatical Cohesion

Grammatical cohesion is the way that grammatical features are

attached together across sentences boundaries. It consists of reference,

substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.

a. Reference

Reference can be cohesive when two or more expressions in the

text refer to the same person, thing or idea.18

Halliday and Hassan classify

reference into exophoric and endophoric. Exophoric is a reference that has

antecedent in the outside of language (extra textual), whereas endophoric

16

Untung Yuwono, “Wacana” in Kushartanti, et.al, Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal

Memahami Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p. 96. 17

Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., pp. 4-6. 18

T. Bloor and M. Bloor, The Functional Analysis of English (New York: Arnold, 1995),

p. 94.

12

is reference that its antecedent in the inside of text (intra textual).

Endhoporic reference is classified into anaphoric and cataphoric

reference.19

Anaphoric reference is a reference that refers back to something

previously mentioned in the sentence.

Example:

[2] “Bryan gave me the book which he bought in Thailand.”

The word “he” is a reference that refers back to the previous word,

“Bryan”.

Cataphoric reference is a reference that refers to the sentence afterwards.

Example No:

[3] “He who hesitates is lost.”20

Where “he” does not presuppose any referent in the preceding text but

simply refers to “who hesitates”.

According to Halliday and Hasan, reference is divided into two,

namely exophoric and endophoric reference. Exophoric reference which is

reference outside the text or also called situational reference makes

everyone understand without any explanation in the text, endophoric

reference or textual reference is the information about the reference is

contained in the text. Endophoric reference divided into two, they are

19

Ibid., p. 95 20

Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., p. 56.

13

anaphoric and cataphoric reference.21

For more detail, it can be seen in this

figure below:

Figure 1: Reference

1) Personal Reference

Personal reference is a reference by means of function in the

speech situation, through the category of person. The category of

personals includes the three classes of personal pronouns, possessive

determiners (usually called “possessive adjectives”), and possessive

pronouns. For more details, can see the table below:

Table 1: Personal Pronoun

Subject Object Possessive

Adjective

Possessive

Pronoun

Reflexive

I Me My Mine Myself

You You Your Yours Yourself

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It It Its Itself

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

They Them Their Theirs Themselves

21

Ibid., p. 33.

14

The personal pronouns change their form for person (first,

second, third), for case (subject, object, possessive), number (singular,

plural), and gender (masculine, feminine, neuter). Except for case, the

reflexive pronouns make the same kinds of changes.22

2) Demonstrative Reference

Demonstrative reference is a reference that refers to a location,

on a scale of proximity.23

It is expressed through determiners and

adverbs. The circumstantial (adverbial) demonstrative „here”, “there”,

“now”, and “then” refer to the location of process in space or time, and

they normally do so directly, not via the location of some person or

object that is participating in the process; hence they typically function

as adjuncts in the clause, not as elements within the nominal group.

They have a secondary function as qualifier, as in that man there. The

remaining (nominal) demonstratives “this”, “these”, “that”, “those”,

and “the” refer to the location of something, typically some entity,

person or object, that is participating in the process; they therefore

occur as elements within the nominal group.24

Example:

[4] “That garden seems bigger.”25

The word “that” refers to the garden that the speaker mean

3) Comparative Reference

22

Marcella Frank, Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide (New Jersey: Prentice-

Hall, 1972), p. 29. 23

Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., p. 37. 24

Ibid., pp. 57-58. 25

Ibid., p. 58.

15

Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of

identity or similarity.26

It is cohesion in the form of reference that

shows comparison between one thing and another. It is expressed by

means of adjectives and adverbs. Comparative references divided into

two, they are general comparison and particular comparison.

General comparison is a comparison of a general nature in

terms of similarities and differences between something with another

thing.

Example:

[5] a. It‟s the same cat as the one we saw yesterday.

b. It‟s a similar cat to the one we saw yesterday.

c. It‟s different cat from the one we saw yesterday.27

The words “same”, “similar”, and “different” characterize that the

sentences above are categorized as comparative reference.

Particular comparison is a comparison between two things that

function with respect to quality and quantity. Elements of quality

viewed of the quality, while elements of quantity viewed of the

number.

b. Substitution

Substitution is a relation in the wording rather in the meaning.28

The different types of substitution are defined grammatically rather than

semantically. In English, the substitution has function as a noun, as a verb,

26

Ibid., p. 37. 27

Ibid., p. 78. 28

Ibid., p. 88.

16

or as a clause. There are three types of substitution, they are nominal

substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution.29

1. Nominal Substitution

Nominal substitution is concerning substitute to nominal group.

The pronoun “one” (or its plural form “ones”) and very commonly

substitues for a previously mentioned noun.30

Example:

[6] “Have you any envelopes? I need another one.”31

The word “one” is used to replace the word “envelope”.

2. Verbal Substitution

Verbal substitution is concerning to verbal group. It is used to

replace the verb or group of words with other words or phrase. It is also

use verbal forms “do”, “doing”, “did”, “done”, and “does” to replace the

elements which are meant.

Example:

[7] “Does Granny look after you every day?” – “She

can‟t do at weekends, because she has to go to her

own house.”32

The word "do" is used to replace the words "look after".

3. Clausal Substitution

Clausal substitution is substitution to replace clauses. The words

used as substitutes are “so” and “not”.

29

Ibid., p. 91. 30

Charles F. Meyer, Introducing English Linguistic (Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 2009), p. 104. 31


Ibid., p. 114.

17

Example:

[8] “Is there going to be an earthquake? - It says so.”33

The word "so" is used to replace the previous clause, which is "going to be

an earthquake".

c. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is something that is removed or not mentioned. Ellipsis

does not cause the text to be difficult to understand. Halliday and Hasan

classified ellipsis into three categories, they are nominal ellipsis, verbal

ellipsis, and clausal ellipsis.34

1. Nominal Ellipsis

Nominal ellipsis is removal of nouns in the sentence.

Example:

[9] “After [Jane] bought the book, Jane went to her friend‟s house.”

There is removal of noun of the sentence. Without this ellipsis, the

example will be “After Jane bought the book, Jane went to her friend‟s

house.” Because of the repetition of the word makes the sentence becomes

ineffective or wasteful, so the disappearance may to do.

2. Verbal Ellipsis

Verbal ellipsis is the removal of verbs in a sentence.

Example:

[10] “Have you been eating? - Yes, I have. [been eating]”

33

Ibid., p. 130. 34


18

There is removal the element of verb in the sentence. Without this ellipsis,

the example will be “Yes, I have been eating.”

3. Clausal Ellipsis

Clausal Ellipsis is removal of verbs in a sentence.

Example:

[11] Are you happy when you‟re going to the party with

him? - Yes. [I‟m happy when I was going to the

party with him].

There is removal the element of clause in the sentence. Without this

ellipsis, it should be “Yes, I‟m happy when I was going to the party with

him.”

d. Conjunction

Conjunction is a grammatical cohesion device that serves to relate

one idea to another idea. Conjunction has function as a marker in a text so

the text can be understood. Conjunction is rather different in nature from

the other cohesive relations, from both reference, on the one hand, and

substitution and ellipsis on the other. It is not simply an anaphoric

relation.35

Halliday and Hasan divided conjunction into four kinds, namely

additive conjunction, adversative conjunction, causal conjunction, and

temporal conjunction.

1. Additive Conjunction

35

Ibid., p. 226.

19

It is a conjunction that can give additional information without

changing information in the preceding sentence. This conjunction can be

marked by the words “and” and “or”.

Example:

[12] “This hair cream may be used by men and women.”36

The word “and” can give additional information that this hair cream may

be used not only by men, but also women.

2. Adversative Conjunction

Adversative conjunction is conjunction contrasting an idea to

another idea. This conjunction can be marked by the words “but”, “yet”,

“however”, and “although”.

Example:

[13] “She is beautiful but dumb.”37

The word “but” relates contrasting information in the sentence.

3. Causal Conjunction

Causal conjunction is a conjunction that connects ideas that have

causal relation. The markers of this conjunction are “so”, “thus”, “hence”,

“therefore”, “consequently”, “accordingly”, and a number of expression

like “as a result (of that)”, “in consequence (of that)”, “because of that”.38

Example:

36

Marcella Frank (1972), op.cit., p. 207. 37

Ibid., p. 208. 38

Ibid., p. 256.

20

[14] “She felt that there was no time to be lost, as she

was shrinking rapidly; so she got to work at one to

eat some of the other bit.”39

The word “so” marks the causal relation of the sentence.

4. Temporal Conjunction

Temporal conjunction is conjunction that serves to express a

chronological relation. It can be marked by the words “then”, “next”, “and

then” and “after that”.

Example:

[15] “All this time the Grand was looking at her, first

through a telescope, then through a microscope,

and then through an opera-glass. At last he said

„You‟re travelling the wrong way,‟ and shut up the

window and went away.”

The word “then” and “and then” give chronological information in the

example above.

2. Lexical Cohesion

Lexical cohesion is lexical relationship between parts of the discourse

to get the agreement structure cohesively. It consists of reiteration and

collocation. Reiteration and collocation principles make cohesion through

continuity of lexical meaning.

39


21

a. Reiteration

Reiteration is repetition of a lexical unit in the next sentence that is

considered which is important to emphasize. Reiteration can be realized in

the form of repetition, synonymy, superordinate, and general words.40

1) Repetition

Repetition is one way to maintain cohesion between sentences.

That relationship is formed by repeating some elements of the sentence.

Repeating words can be boring, but this repetition has function to maintain

the topics or ideas which are discuss, so the repetition can be do.

Example:

[16] “There was a large mushroom growing near her,

about the same height as herself; and, when she had

looked under it, it occurred to her that she might as

well look and see what was on the top of it.

She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over

the edge of the mushroom.”41

The word “mushroom” underlined above is called repetition

because it is mentioned twice in the example above.

2) Synonymy or Near-Synonymy

Synonymy is a form of language whose meaning is similar to or

the same as other forms. Although a synonym shows similarities sense of

40

Ibid., p. 279. 41

Ibid., p. 278.

22

the word, the meaning of the words are not exactly same.42

Synonymy can

be interpreted as another name for the same object or thing or expression

whose meaning is more or less the same as others. The words which do not

have exactly same meaning are called near-synonymy.

It is not very different with example of near-synonymy. We can see

the word “say” and “tell”. Both “say” and “tell” have meaning “giving

opinion using words”. They do not exactly have some meaning, but almost

have same meaning.

Example:

[17] “Accordingly . . . I took leave, and turned to the

ascent of the peak. The climb is perfectly easy.”43

The word “climb” refers back to ascent and called synonymy

because both have meaning “going to the top”.

3) Superordinate

The more general term is called the superordinate or hypernym.44

Example:

[18] “Henry‟s bought himself a new Jaguar. He

practically lives in the car.”45

“Car” refers back to “Jaguar” and it is called superordinate because

“Jaguar” is more specific than “car”.

42

Harimurti Kridalaksana, Kamus Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2001),

p. 222. 43


John L. Saeed, Semantics: Second Edition (USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2003), p. 68. 45

Ibid., p. 278.

23

4) General Word

The general word is word that can be created to more specific. For

example, look at the example of superordinate. “Pet” is more general than

“cat” and “dog”, but they all are “animals”, so the “animal” is a general

word because “animal” can be created to be specific.

b. Collocation

Collocation is the relationship between words that relate to each

other.46

Collocation is caused by two or more words frequently occur together

in a construction of the language or context of the same discourse.47

Example:

[19] “My father is a doctor in the hospital.”

In the sentence above, the word „doctor‟ and „hospital‟ are in the same

neighborhood or area. So, it is called collocation.

46

Untung Yuwono (2005), op.cit, p. 100. 47


24

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In the previous chapter, the theory about cohesion by Halliday and Hasan

(1976) has been explicated. Here, the cohesion devices used in the text 1 and text

2 will be analyzed based on their theory. This analysis is aimed to find what kinds

of cohesion devices that used in both texts and to know how the cohesion devices

show the cohesiveness of the texts.

The unit analysis in this research is two articles from crime feature on 24

April 2014 in New York Daily News accessed at www.nydailynews.com and The

Village Voice which can be accessed at blogs.villagevoice.com. Data will be

analyzed based on the topic units. Topic unit is a set of continuous utterances

appearing to relate the same topic without being separated by introduction or

renewal of topic or of a shift in turn.48

In the data analysis, the word unit will be

abbreviated with „U‟ as a topic unit, for the example, Unit 1 (U1). Data from the

text 1 consists of 11 topic units and from the text 2 consists of 16 topic units.

The data are as follows:

Table 2: The Units in the Text 1

Unit Text Cohesion Devices

1 A Brooklyn man arrested by a top

NYPD cop while live-streaming an

Occupy Wall Street march with his

cell phone has settled with the city for

- Personal reference: he and his

- Demonstrative reference: the

city

48

Ronald L. Bloom, Discourse Analysis and Application (New Jersey: Erlboum

Associated, inc Publisher, 1994), p. 178.


25

$55,000, he told the Daily News

Thursday.

2 Josh Boss, 26, says Thomas Purtell, an

assistant chief and Patrol Borough

Manhattan South commander at the

time of the 2011 arrest, tackled him

and roughed him up while shouting,

“Don‟t resist!”

- Synonymy or near-synonymy:

say = tell in U1

- Repetition: arrest


2011 arrest

- Collocation: arrest & resist

- Personal reference: him

- Additive conjunction: and

3 Boss‟s disorderly conduct charge was

ultimately dismissed — and he sued

alleging false arrest, excessive force,

and nerve damage to his wrists from

handcuffs.

- Repetition: Boss and arrest

- Collocation: arrest &

handcuffs, handcuffs & wrist



4 “He turned around and sacked me,”

the Bushwick man said in an

exclusive interview with The News. “I

was standing in the crosswalk … I

was definitely not resisting. I had a

250-pound officer on me with his knee

on my face and neck.”

- Personal reference: he, me, I,

and my


Bushwick man



the Bushwick man = a

Brooklyn man in U1

- Repetition: resist

5 Video of the arrest at Seventh Ave.

and W. 34th St. shows Purtell

throwing Boss to the pavement. “Kick

his ass, Tom!” another cop yapped

during the collar, according to Boss.

“I‟m not resisting!” Boss hollered on

the ground.


arrest

- Personal reference: his and I

- Repetition: Boss and Purtell

6 The city‟s Law Department and the

NYPD didn‟t return requests for

comment Thursday.

“The circumstances of this arrest had

an extreme chilling effect on the First

Amendment rights of journalists in

New York generally, and particularly

on Josh, who stopped doing field

reporting after this incident,” said

Wylie Stecklow, a lawyer for Boss.


city, this arrest, and this

incident


- Temporal conjunction: after

- Collocation: Law Department

& lawyer

- Repetition: Josh Boss and

NYPD

7 'Kick his ass, Tom!' another cop

yapped during the arrest, according to

Boss. 'I‟m not resisting!' Boss hollered

back. “For a senior commanding officer of

- Personal reference: his and I


arrest


- Repetition: cop, Boss, NYPD,

26

the NYPD to... use excessive force

like this, in front of so many

subordinate officers and citizens, sets

a terrible example.”

and officer


officer = cop

- Collocation: citizen & city

8 Purtell has since been promoted to

chief and heads the department‟s

Organized Crime Control Bureau.

He ran the NYPD„s rescue and

recovery operations at Ground Zero

after the 9/11 attacks and presided

over a decline in crime as Patrol

Borough Bronx commander.

- Personal reference: he


- Repetition: Purtell and NYPD


9 The case was settled in January but

Boss, who now works for the

Huffington Post, went public for the

first time Thursday.


case

- Repetition: Boss

- Collocation: work & promote

in U8

10 “I was shocked by how aggressive the

police were with me when I done

anything,” he said.

- Personal reference: I, me, and

he

- Synonymy or near synonymy:

aggressive = excessive in U3,

police = cop

- Collocation: police &

handcuffs in U3

11 Boss says he plans to use his

settlement cash on physical therapy for

his injured right hand.


- Repetition: Boss

- Superordinate: wrist in U3 =>

hand

Table 3: The Units in the Text 2

Unit Text Cohesion Devices

1 Occupy Wall Street is still proving

expensive for the city of New York,

who keep having pay out large sums of

money to Occupy protesters who were

over-enthusiastically arrested by the

NYPD.

- There is no grammatical and

lexical cohesion device.

2 In April 2013, the city paid $365,000

to settle claims over the destruction of

the OWS library, and civil rights

attorney Wylie Stecklow of Stecklow

Cohen & Thompson says he's settled


city

- Collocation: attorney &

arrest, Occupier & Occupy in

U1

http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2013/04/city_settles_la.php


27

six or seven other Occupiers' claims

for unlawful arrests.

- Repetition: claim and arrest

- Synonymy or near-

synonymy: Occupier =

Occupy protesters in U1

3 The latest came just yesterday, when

the city agreed to pay $55,000 in the

case of Josh Boss, who was

livestreaming a December 2011 march

when he was thrown to the ground and

kneed by Chief Thomas Purtell, then

the commanding officer of the

Manhattan South Patrol Division,

which oversees all marches and

protests in the city.


latest, the case, the

commanding officer, and the

city.


- Repetition: march


4 "Purtell is the most senior officer

we've ever seen in a physical unlawful

arrest," Stecklow tells the Voice. "He

got hands on."

- Repetition: Purtell, unlawful,

arrest, and Stecklow

- Synonymy or near-

synonymy: tell = say in U2

- Superordiante: the Voice =

the Village Voice


5 Boss was filming the march on the

evening of December 17, 2011. As the

marchers crossed the street, so did

he, camera in hand. Footage of the

incident shows that he was in a

crosswalk when Purtell came running

at him, flung him to the ground, and

put his knee on Boss's chest. "Kick his

ass, Tom!" another officer can be

heard saying in the background.

- Synonymy: flung = thrown

(throw) in U3


march, the marcher, and the

incident

- Personal reference: he, him,

and his

- Verbal substitution: did

- General word: the march =>

Occupy march


- Superordinate: crosswalk =>

street

- Collocation: march &

marcher, camera & film, film

& live-streamer, camera &

live-streamer

- Repetition: Boss, march,

Purtell, and officer

6 The video shows Boss lying

motionless for the duration of the

arrest. Nontheless, Purtell tells him,

"Don't resist."

"I'm not resisting anything! I was

trying to cross the street." Boss


arrest and the street

- Personal reference: him, I,

and my

- Collocation: resist & arrest

- Repetition: Boss, Purtell,

28

replies. And then, a moment later, "Is

that knee on my face really necessary,

officer?"

"Oh, I kinda think it is," Purtell replies.

resist, and officer

7 Stecklow's firm released two video

segments showing the arrest from

various angles:

Boss was cuffed with two pairs of

plastic ziptie handcuffs. His attorneys

say his backpack, filled with video

equipment, rested heavily on the

double cuffs, cutting off his

circulation. (Audio from the video

segments shows that after he was

arrested, another officer eventually

loosened his cuffs, remarking, "His

hands are turning blue.") He was

arrested on charges of disorderly

conduct and held for five hours. The

charges were eventually dropped, and

he sued the NYPD for false arrest,

excessive force, and nerve damage to

his wrists.

- Repetition: Stecklow,

attorney, Boss, NYPD, video,

and arrest


arrest and the video

- Personal reference: his and he


- Collocation: handcuffs &

wrist, handcuffs & arrest


8 Purtell has denied making an overly

brutal arrest. The video released by

Stecklow shows a later interview with

the officer, evidently conducted by

someone with the law firm. "You don't

know what you're talking about. He

was not struck in the face," Purtell

says. "He was not injured. What's

perceived on the video is not what

happened."

- Repetition: Purtell, Stecklow,

arrest, and officer


video

- Personal reference: you and

he

- Synoymy or near-synonymy:

injured = damage in U7

9 Stecklow says that the arrest was

disturbing not just for its brutality, but

because of the presence of at least 20

younger officers around Purtell:

"This is what we've seen time and time

again. They're training the junior

officers. What are they learning?

When a guy is laying prone on the

floor, yell, 'Stop resisting!‟ so you

have reason to use force and make a

bad arrest."

- Repetition: Stecklow, arrest,

and Purtell


arrest

- Personal reference: its and

they

- Adversative conjunction: but


- Synonymy or near-

synonymy: younger = junior

10 The attorney adds that these - Demonstrative reference: the

29

settlements are "unfortunate," in that

they come out of taxpayer money. "It

falls on all of us taxpayers instead of

the individual officers. I'm not happy

about that," he says. "I believe that if

even ten percent of the payout money

came out of the police pension fund,

there'd be a sharp decline in the

number of these type of incidents."

attorney and these settlements

- Personal reference: they, it,

us, I, and he

- Repetition: attorney,

settlement, money, and

incident

11 The same would be true, he adds, if

protesters were allowed to sue the

officers who witnessed their unlawful

or brutal arrests but did not intervene.

- Comparative reference: the

same

- Personal reference: he and

their

- Adversative conjunction: but


sue = claim in U2 and

protester = Occupier in U2

- Collocation: protester &

protest in U3

- Repetition: protester, sue,

officer, unlawful, and arrest

12 "The majority of police officers are

good," Stecklow says. "They want to

help. And if we put pressure on the

majority to intervene, again, we can

start to reduce these kinds of

incidents."

- Personal reference: we and

they

- Repetition: police, officer,

Stecklow, and incident

13 Purtell was once demoted in 2003,

after he led a mistaken raid on a

woman's apartment. The woman, 57-

year-old Alberta Spruill, died after a

concussion grenade was thrown into

her home by police.

- Repetition: Purtell, thrown,

and police

- Personal reference: he and her

- Collocation: police & grenade

- General word: home =>

apartment

14 According to a New York Times report,

the Chief Medical Examiner ruled that

Spruill "died from the stress and fear

caused by the detonation of the

concussion grenade and from being

handcuffed."


- Collocation: handcuffs &

police

15 Although Purtell was reassigned to

the Housing Bureau for a time, he

worked his way up to Manhattan

South, and has received two

promotions since the Josh Boss

arrest. He's now head of the NYPD's


- Adversative conjunction:

although



- Collocation: promotion &

work

- Repetition: Purtell, Josh Boss,

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/29/nyregion/police-transfer-a-commander-in-response-to-deadly-raid.html


30

and arrest

16 A Times story from February claims

that he's being considered for yet

another promotion, to replace either the

current chief of detectives or the head

of the Internal Affairs Bureau.


- Additive conjunction: or

- Repetition: claim

B. Data Analysis

1. Text 1: “Brooklyn man tackled by cop while live-streaming Occupy

march gets $55,000 settlement.” (New York Daily News)

U1: A Brooklyn man arrested by a top NYPD cop while live-streaming an

Occupy Wall Street march with his cell phone has settled with the

city for $55,000, he told the Daily News Thursday. [1]

There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First, the

word „his‟ and „he‟ are called personal reference. The word „his‟ is called

personal reference which has functions as possessive adjective, while the

word „he‟ has function as a subject in personal pronoun. Both „his‟ and

„he‟ refer to a Brooklyn man in the preceding text. This personal reference

makes the readers to understand the text well. If the journalist does not use

„his‟ and „he‟ as the personal reference, the readers cannot understand the

text well. Second, the word „the city‟ is called demonstrative reference.

„The city‟ refers to Brooklyn, where the arrest happened.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/12/nyregion/bratton-replacing-2-leaders-at-new-york-police-dept.html?_r=0


31

U2: Josh Boss, 26, says Thomas Purtell, an assistant chief and Patrol

Borough Manhattan South commander at the time of the 2011 arrest,

tackled him and roughed him up while shouting, “Don‟t resist!”

The word „say‟ is synonymous with the word „told‟ or „tell‟ in the

preceding unit. Both words have meaning „giving an idea by using words‟.

Next, the word „arrest‟ is called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices

because it has been mentioned in the previous units. The word „arrest‟ is

also called collocation with word „resist‟ because the word „resist‟ is

usually said by a cop when was doing arrest. The case of collocation must

be appeared in the article, because collocation is a relationship between

words that are in the same neighborhood or area. Without collocation, the

article is not going to be cohesive and effective to read.

The word „him‟ is called personal reference which has function as an

object in personal pronoun. „Him‟ refers to Josh Boss in the preceding

text. Because „him‟ is an object in personal pronoun, it is right to use in

this case to make the text cohesive. Last, the word „and‟ is called additive

conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices which has function to

add information in the text that Thomas Purtell not only tackled him, but

also roughed him up while shouting, “Don‟t resist!”. Therefore, the

additive conjunction is appropriate to use in the sentence. Last, the word

„the 2011 arrest‟ is called demonstrative reference which refers to the Josh

Boss arrest.

32

U3: Boss‟s disorderly conduct charge was ultimately dismissed — and he

sued alleging false arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to his

wrists from handcuffs.

There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above.

First, the words „Boss‟ and „arrest‟ are called repetition, one of lexical

cohesion devices, because they have been mentioned in the previous units.

This type of lexical cohesion is used because the word „Boss‟ and „Purtell

are the topics in this article. The word „arrest‟ is also called collocation

with word „handcuffs‟ because handcuffs is usually used by cop when was

doing arrest. Besides that, the word „handcuffs‟ is also called collocation

with the word „wrists‟ because handcuff is used on wrists. The collocation

must be appeared in the article so that the article can be effectively to read.

The word „he‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference, one of

grammatical cohesion devices. The word „he‟ is called personal reference

which has function as a subject in personal pronoun and the word „his‟ is

personal reference which has function as possessive adjective. Both words

refer to Boss in the preceding text. Therefore, these types of reference, one

of grammatical cohesion devices, are appropriate to use in the text above.

Besides that, the word „and‟ in the text above is called additive

conjunction because it adds information that he not only sued alleging

false arrest and excessive force, but also nerve damage to his wrists. This

type of conjunction is appropriate to use so that the meaning of the text

can be cohesive.

33

U4: “He turned around and sacked me,” the Bushwick man said in an

exclusive interview with The News. “I was standing in the crosswalk

… I was definitely not resisting. I had a 250-pound officer on me

with his knee on my face and neck.”

There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above, they are

personal reference, demonstrative reference, and additive conjunction. The

personal references are the words „he‟, „me‟, „I‟, and „my‟. The words „I‟,

„me‟, and „my‟ refer to Boss in the preceding text because the context

explains about Boss whom was tackled by a cop and the word „he‟ refers

to Thomas Purtell, who was doing arrest. The demonstrative reference in

the text above is the word „the Bushwick man‟ which refers to Boss, who

was telling to The News. The additive conjunction in the text above is the

word „and‟. The words „and‟ give additional information in the text above.

Based on the function of the cohesion devices above, they must be

appeared in the text so that the text can be cohesive and effectively to read.

The word „the Bushwick man‟ is also synonymous with the word „a

Brooklyn man‟ because both words have same meaning. Both „the

Bushwick man‟ and „a Brooklyn man‟ refer to Boss. Synonymy is needed

to use in the article so that the reader do not feel bored to read but the

meaning of the article can be conveyed effectively. There is also a kind of

lexical cohesion devices, it is repetition. The word „resist‟ is called

repetition because it has been mentioned in the previous units.

34

U5: Video of the arrest at Seventh Ave. and W. 34th St. shows Purtell

throwing Boss to the pavement. “Kick his ass, Tom!” another cop

yapped during the collar, according to Boss. “I‟m not resisting!” Boss

hollered on the ground.

There are two kinds of reference in the text above. First is

demonstrative reference. The word „the arrest‟ is called demonstrative

reference which refers to the tackling of Boss by Thomas Purtell. This type

of grammatical cohesion devices is appeared because in this article

explains about Josh Boss arrest, so the readers can understand the meaning

of „the arrest‟. Second is personal reference. The word „his‟ and „I‟ are

called personal reference. Both words refer to Boss in the preceding text.

The word „I‟ is personal reference which has function as a subject in

personal pronoun and „his‟ is personal reference which has function as a

possessive adjective. So, this type of reference is appropriate to use to

make the text cohesive and effective to read.

There are is lexical cohesion device in the text above, that is

repetition. The word „Boss‟ and „Purtell‟ are called repetition because they

have been mentioned in the preceding units because Boss and Purtell are

main characters in this article.

U6: The city‟s Law Department and the NYPD didn‟t return requests for

comment Thursday.

35

“The circumstances of this arrest had an extreme chilling effect on

the First Amendment rights of journalists in New York generally, and

particularly on Josh, who stopped doing field reporting after this

incident,” said Wylie Stecklow, a lawyer for Boss.

There are demonstrative references in the text above. They are the

words „the city‟, „this arrest‟, and „this incident‟. In this context, the words

„this arrest‟ and „this incident‟ refer to the accident about tackling of Boss

by Purtell. The word ‟the city‟ refers to the city where Boss was arrested.

So, the demonstrative reference is appropriate to use in the text, because

there is one arrest in this article which is be a topic in this article. Besides

that, there are two kinds of conjunction. First is the word „and‟, it is called

additive conjunction which has function to add information. The word

„and‟ in the text above adds information that not only the city‟s Law

Department that did not return requests for comment Thursday, but also

the NYPD. Second is temporal conjunction. The word „after‟ is called

temporal conjunction which shows there is a chronological relation that

expressed in the text that Josh Boss stopped doing filed reporting after the

arrest. So, the types of conjunction are needed to use o make the text

cohesive and effective to read.

There are also two kinds of lexical cohesion devices in the text above.

First is collocation. Lawyer is „person who is trained and qualified to

36

advise people about the law‟.49

Law department is place for lawyer to

work. So, lawyer and Law Department are related. Therefore, it is called

collocation. Second is repetition. The word „Josh Boss‟ and „NYPD‟ are

called repetition because they have been mentioned in previous units.

U7: 'Kick his ass, Tom!' another cop yapped during the arrest, according

to Boss. 'I‟m not resisting!' Boss hollered back.

“For a senior commanding officer of the NYPD to... use excessive

force like this, in front of so many subordinate officers and citizens,

sets a terrible example.”

The word „his‟ and „I‟ are called personal references which refer to

Boss. It is appropriate to use to make the text cohesive because the words

„he‟ and „I‟ is related to the context. The word „and‟ in the text above is

called additive conjunction which has function to add information that not

only officers who see the incident, but also the citizens. The word „the

arrest‟ is called demonstrative reference which refers to Josh Boss arrest.

So, the additive conjunction is appropriate and needed to use in the

sentence.

There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is

repetition. The words „cop‟, „Boss‟, „NYPD‟, and „officer‟ are called

repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. Second

is synonymy. The word „officer‟ is called synonymy with the word „cop‟

49

Victoria Bull, Oxford Dictionary: Fourth Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press,

2008), p. 249.

37

in the previous units because they have same meaning, „police‟. Third is

collocation. The word „citizen‟ is collocation with the word „city‟ in the

previous units. „Citizen‟ and „city‟ are related. Citizens are people who

live in a city. There is no citizen without a city. So, both words are

collocation. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use

because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and

effective to read.

U8: Purtell has since been promoted to chief and heads the department‟s


He ran the NYPD„s rescue and recovery operations at Ground Zero

after the 9/11 attacks and presided over a decline in crime as Patrol

Borough Bronx commander.

There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is

personal reference. The word „he‟ is personal reference which has function

as a subject in personal pronoun. In this context, „he‟ refers to Purtell in

the preceding text. So, it makes the text cohesive and effective to read.

Second is additive conjunction. The word „and‟ is called additive

conjunction which has function to add information that Purtell not only ran

the NYPD„s rescue, but also recovery operations at Ground Zero. Third is

temporal conjunction. The word „after‟ is called temporal conjunction that

shows there is a chronological relation that Purtell ran the NYPD„s rescue

and recovery operations at Ground Zero after the 9/11 attacks. Based on

38

the function, both types of conjunction are appropriate to use to make the

text cohesive and effective to read.

There is also repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices, in the text

above. The words „Purtell‟ and „NYPD‟ are called repetition because they

have been mentioned in the previous units.

U9: The case was settled in January but Boss, who now works for the

Huffington Post, went public for the first time Thursday.

There is a demonstrative reference, one of grammatical cohesion

devices, in the text above. It is the word „the case‟ which refers to the

arrest of Boss. It makes the text cohesive because it has been used without

changing the meaning of the word.


repetition. The word „Boss‟ is called repetition because it has been

mentioned in the previous units. Besides that, there is also collocation in

the text above. The word „work‟ in the text above has correlation with

word „promote‟ in previous unit. „Promote‟ in this context is activity for

someone to get more high level in their jobs. So, the word „work‟ and

„promote‟ are related and called as collocation, one of lexical cohesion

devices. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because

they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to

read.

39

U10: “I was shocked by how aggressive the police were with me when I

done anything,” he said.

There are personal references, one of grammatical cohesion devices,

in the text above. The word „I‟, „me‟, and „he‟ are called personal

reference. In this context, the words refer to Boss in the preceding text.

The words are appropriate to use because they are related to the context

and make the text cohesive.

There is also synonymy, one of lexical cohesion devices, in the text

above. The word „aggressive‟ has correlation with word „excessive‟ in the

previous units. The word „excessive‟ has meaning „too much‟ and the

word „aggressive‟ has meaning „behaving in a very forceful and

determined way in order to succeed‟.50

It is called synonymy, because they

almost have some meaning, „doing something in a very forceful‟. Besides

that, the word „police‟ have correlation with word „cop‟ in the previous

units. The word „cop‟ has meaning „police officer‟, and the word „police‟

have meaning „official organization whose job is to keep public order,

prevent and solve crime, etc‟.51

This case is also called near-synonymy

because the word „cop‟ and „police‟ have almost same meaning.

Besides that, the word „police‟ also have correlation with word

„handcuff‟ in the previous units. The word „handcuffs‟ are called

collocation with „police‟ because handcuff is usually used by the police for

50

Ibid., pp. 153 & 8. 51

Ibid., pp. 96 & 340.

40

arrest. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they

related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

U11: Boss says he plans to use his settlement cash on physical therapy for

his injured right hand.

There are personal references, one of grammatical cohesion devices,

in the text above. The word „he‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference. In

this context, the words refer to Boss in the preceding text. The words are

related to the context and appropriate to use to make the text cohesive.


repetition. The word „Boss‟ is called repetition because it has been

mentioned in the previous units. „Boss‟ is often mentioned because this

article tells about him, whom was tackled by a NYPD cop. Second is

superordinate. The word „hand‟ in the text above has correlation with word

„wrist‟ in the unit 3. It is called superordinate because „wrist‟ is more

specific than „hand‟ or wrist is part of hand. The types of lexical

conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and

can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

Based on the analysis above, the writer finds there are 43 grammatical

cohesion devices consist of 25 items of personal reference, 9 items of

demonstrative reference, 7 items of additive conjunction, and 2 items of

temporal conjunction. The writer also finds 20 lexical cohesion devices

41

consist of 7 items of repetition, 5 pairs of synonymy or near-synonymy, 1

items of superordinate, and 7 items of collocation.

2. “Text 2: City Will Pay $55,000 To Settle Case of Occupy Live-

streamer Josh Boss, Tackled By High-Ranking NYPD Chief.” (The

Village Voice)

U1: Occupy Wall Street is still proving expensive for the city of New

York, who keep having pay out large sums of money to Occupy

protesters who were over-enthusiastically arrested by the NYPD.

There is no grammatical or lexical cohesion device in the text above

because there is no word related to other words in the text above and other

words in this unit.

U2: In April 2013, the city paid $365,000 to settle claims over the

destruction of the OWS library, and civil rights attorney Wylie

Stecklow of Stecklow Cohen & Thompson says he's settled six or

seven other Occupiers' claims for unlawful arrests.

The word bolded above are lexical cohesion devices. First, the word

„attorney‟ has correlation with word „arrest‟ in the text above. It is called

collocation because an attorney has a job to handle a law case, like a crime

and arrest. So, „attorney‟ and „arrest‟ are related. The word „Occupier‟ in

the text above also has correlation with word „Occupy‟ in the previous



42

unit. The word „Occupy‟ in this context is a name of a march, and the

word „Occupier‟ is a person who do the Occupy march. So, the both words

are related to each other and also called collocation. Besides that, the

word „Occupy‟ is also synonymous with the word „Occupy protester‟ in

previous unit because both have meaning „a person who does the Occupy

march‟.

Second, the words „claim‟ and „arrest‟ are called repetition because

the words have been mentioned in the previous units. The types of lexical

conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and

can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

There is also grammatical cohesion device. The word „the city‟ is

called demonstrative reference, one of grammatical cohesion device. „The

city‟ refers to the city where Josh Boss was arrested.

U3: The latest came just yesterday, when the city agreed to pay $55,000

in the case of Josh Boss, who was livestreaming a December 2011

march when he was thrown to the ground and kneed by Chief

Thomas Purtell, then the commanding officer of the Manhattan

South Patrol Division, which oversees all marches and protests in

the city.


demonstrative reference. The word „the latest‟ refers to the unlawful arrest

in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains about

43

the unlawful arrest that has been settled by Wylie Stecklow, an attorney of

Stecklow Cohen and Thompson. Besides that, the word „the case‟ is also

called demonstrative reference. „The case‟ refers to the Josh Boss arrest.

„The city‟ is also called demonstrative reference which refers to where

Josh Boss was arrested.

There is also the word „the commanding officer‟ as a demonstrative

reference in the text above. „The commanding officer‟ refers to the Thomas

Purtell in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains

about a person who oversees all marches and protests in the city, he is

Thomas Purtell. The types of demonstrative reference make the text

cohesive because they have been used without changing the meaning of the

words.

Second is personal reference. The word „he‟ is a personal reference.

„He‟ has a function as subject in personal pronoun. Based on the context, a

person who has job as a live-streamer is Josh Boss. So, the word „he‟

refers to Josh Boss in the preceding text. It makes the text cohesive

because the word „he‟ is related to the context.

Third is additive conjunction. The words „and‟ bolded above is

additive conjunctions which have function to add information. To make

the text cohesive, an additive conjunction is needed so that the meaning

can be conveyed effectively.

44

There is also a repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word

„march‟ in the text above is called repetition, one of lexical cohesion

devices, because it has been mentioned in the previous units.

U4: "Purtell is the most senior officer we've ever seen in a physical

unlawful arrest," Stecklow tells the Voice. "He got hands on."

The word „Purtell‟, „unlawful‟, „arrest‟, and „Stecklow‟ are called

repetition, one of grammatical cohesion devices. They are called repetition

because they have been mentioned in previous units. The word „tell‟

bolded above also has correlation with word „say‟ that has been done by

Stecklow. The word „say‟ has meaning „speak or tell something to

somebody, using words‟ and the word „tell‟ has meaning „make something

known to somebody in words‟.52

It is called synonymy because the word

„say‟ and „tell‟ have almost same meaning, „giving opinion using words‟.

The word „the Voice‟ is called superordinate. It is called superordinate

because „The Village Voice‟ is more specific than „the Voice‟. In this text,

the journalist writes „the Voice‟ to represent the name of media, The

Village Voice. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use

because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and

effective to read.

There is also grammatical cohesion device in the text above. The word

„he‟ is called personal reference. „He‟ in the text above refers to Purtell in

52

Ibid., pp. 391 & 456.

45

the preceding text because the context explains that Stecklow who is

explaining about Thomas Purtell, a most senior officer. It makes text

cohesive because it is related to the context and the readers can easily

understand the text.

U5: Boss was filming the march on the evening of December 17, 2011.

As the marchers crossed the street, so did he, camera in hand.

Footage of the incident shows that he was in a crosswalk when

Purtell came running at him, flung him to the ground, and put his

knee on Boss's chest. "Kick his ass, Tom!" another officer can be

heard saying in the background.

There is synonymy in the text above. The word „Boss‟ is synonymy

with word „Josh Boss‟. „Boss‟ is the last name of someone who has been

tackled by Purtell.

Then, there is general word in the text above. The word „the march‟ is

called general word, one of lexical cohesion devices. „The march‟ is the

Occupy march. It can be seen from the context which explains about the

arrest to a live-streamer who was filming an Occupy march. The word „the

march‟ has correlation with word „marcher‟. „March‟ is organized walk by

many people from one place to another, especially as a protest.53

If the

march is a verb, so a person who does the march is a marcher. Therefore,

53

Ibid., p. 269.

46

„march‟ and „marcher‟ are called collocation, one of lexical cohesion

devices.

The word „flung‟ is also called synonymy‟. „Flung‟ is synonymy with

word „thrown‟ or „throw‟. The word „thrown‟ or „throw‟ has meaning

„send something through the air with some fore, especially by moving the

arm‟ and the word „flung‟ or „fling‟ has meaning „throw somebody or

something violently somewhere‟.54

It is called synonymy because the word

„throw‟ and „fling‟ almost have same meaning, „moving somebody or

something forcefully‟.

The word „street‟ has correlation with the word „crosswalk‟. The word

„crosswalk‟ is more specific than „street‟, so it is called superordinate. The

word „camera‟ has correlation with word „film‟ and „live-streamer‟. They

are called collocation because they need each other.

The words „Boss‟, „march‟, „Purtell‟, and „officer‟ are called

repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are called repetition

because they have been mentioned in the preceding texts. The types of

lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the

context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

There are also grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is

verbal substitution. The word „did‟ is called verbal substitution. This

context explains that all marchers were crossing the street, and he (Josh

Boss) was crossing the street too. But, the journalist does not mention the

54

Ibid., pp. 463 & 169.

47

verb in the second clause. The journalist substitutes the verb with the word

„did‟. It does not change the meaning of the text and it makes text

cohesive.

Second is personal reference. The words „he‟, him‟ and „his‟ are

called personal reference. The words refer to Boss because this context

explains about Boss. Third is additive conjunction. The word „and‟ in the

text above is called additive conjunction which has function to add

information. They make text cohesive because they are related to the

context.

Third is demonstrative reference. The word „the march‟ and „the

incident‟ are called demonstrative reference. The word „the march‟ refers

to the march when Josh Boss was filming. The word „incident‟ refers to

Josh Boss arrest.

U6: The video shows Boss lying motionless for the duration of the arrest.

Nontheless, Purtell tells him, "Don't resist."

"I'm not resisting anything! I was trying to cross the street." Boss

replies. And then, a moment later, "Is that knee on my face really

necessary, officer?"

"Oh, I kinda think it is," Purtell replies.

The words „I‟, „him‟, and „my‟ are called personal reference, one of

grammatical cohesion devices. They refer to Boss because the context

explains about Boss.

48

The word „the arrest‟ and „the street‟ are called demonstrative

reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices. „The arrest‟ refers to the

incident where Boss was arrested and the street refers to where Boss was

walking to film the march. The types of grammatical cohesion devices

make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and

do not change the meaning of the text.

The word „resist‟ has collocation with word „arrest‟, it is called

collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices. It is called collocation

because „resist‟ is usually said by a cop or police when they do arrest.

Besides that, the word „Boss‟, „arrest‟, „Purtell‟, „resist‟, and „officer‟

are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are called

repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. The

types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to

the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

U7: Stecklow's firm released two video segments showing the arrest

from various angles: Boss was cuffed with two pairs of plastic ziptie

handcuffs. His attorneys say his backpack, filled with video

equipment, rested heavily on the double cuffs, cutting off his

circulation. (Audio from the video segments shows that after he was

arrested, another officer eventually loosened his cuffs, remarking,

"His hands are turning blue.") He was arrested on charges of

disorderly conduct and held for five hours. The charges were

49

eventually dropped, and he sued the NYPD for false arrest,

excessive force, and nerve damage to his wrists.

The word „Stecklow‟, „attorney‟, „Boss‟, „video‟ „NYPD, and „the

arrest‟ are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are

called repetition because it has been mentioned in the previous units.

There is also collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word

„handcuffs‟ has correlation with words „arrest‟ and „wrist‟. Handcuffs is

used on wrist and usually used by police when they do arrest. So, they are

called collocation, between „handcuffs‟ with „wrist‟ and „handcuffs‟ with

„arrest‟. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because

they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to

read.

Besides that, there are also grammatical cohesion devices in the text

above. First is demonstrative reference. The word „the arrest‟ and „the

video‟ are called demonstrative reference. „The arrest‟ refers to the

incident where Boss arrested and the street refers to where Boss was

walking to film the march. „The video‟ refer to the video which are being

told in this article.

There are also personal references. The word „his‟ and „he‟ are called

personal references. The words refer to Boss in the preceding text because

the context explains about Boss who was giving an excessive force by

Purtell.

50

There are also additive conjunction and temporal conjunction in the

text above. The additive conjunction is the word „and‟ which has function

to add information that Boss not only sued the NYPD for false arrest and

excessive force, but also nerve damage to his wrists. The temporal

conjunction is the word „after‟ which shows there is a chronological

relation in the text above that another officer eventually loosened Boss‟

cuffs after Boss was arrested. The types of grammatical cohesion devices


do not change the meaning of the text. Besides that, the type of

conjunction, such as additive conjunction, makes the meaning of the text

can be conveyed clearly.

U8: Purtell has denied making an overly brutal arrest. The video released

by Stecklow shows a later interview with the officer, evidently

conducted by someone with the law firm. "You don't know what

you're talking about. He was not struck in the face," Purtell says. "He

was not injured. What's perceived on the video is not what

happened."


First is grammatical cohesion device. There are personal reference and

demonstrative reference. The word „you‟ and „he‟ are personal references.

„You‟ refers to Stecklow in the preceding text and „he‟ refers to Boss in

the preceding text. Second is demonstrative reference. The word „the

51

video‟ is a demonstrative reference. „The video‟ refer to the video which

are being told in this article. The types of grammatical cohesion devices


do not change the meaning of the text.

The lexical cohesion devices in the text above are repetition and

synonymy. The word „Purtell‟, „arrest‟, Stecklow‟, and „officer‟ are called

repetition because they have been mentioned in the preceding texts. The

synonymy is the word „injured‟. The word „injured‟ is synonymous with

word „damage‟ in the previous units. It is called synonymy because both

words have same meaning, „hurt‟.

U9: Stecklow says that the arrest was disturbing not just for its brutality,

but because of the presence of at least 20 younger officers around

Purtell: "This is what we've seen time and time again. They're

training the junior officers. What are they learning? When a guy is

laying prone on the floor, yell, 'Stop resisting!‟ so you have reason to

use force and make a bad arrest."

There are personal and demonstrative references, kinds of

grammatical cohesion devices, in the text above. The word „the arrest‟ is a

demonstrative reference which refers to the incident where Boss arrested.

The word „its‟ and „they‟ are called personal reference. The word „its‟

refers to the arrest in the preceding text, it is supported by the context

which explains that Stecklow who was telling about the situation of the

52

arrest and the word „they‟ refers to the NYPD officers in the preceding

text.

There is also an adversative conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion

devices, in the text above. The word „but‟ is called an adversative

conjunction. The word „but‟ shows the contrasting idea that expressed that

the arrest was disturbing because of the presence of at least 20 younger

officers around Purtell, not for its brutality.

Besides that, there are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above.

First is repetition. The words „Stecklow‟, „arrest‟, and „Purtell‟ are called

repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. Second

is synonymy. The word „younger‟ is synonymous with the word „junior‟. It

is called synonymy, because they have same meaning, „a person who is

not older‟.

U10: The attorney adds that these settlements are "unfortunate," in that

they come out of taxpayer money. "It falls on all of us taxpayers

instead of the individual officers. I'm not happy about that," he says.

"I believe that if even ten percent of the payout money came out of

the police pension fund, there'd be a sharp decline in the number of

these type of incidents."


First is personal reference. The word „they‟, „it‟, „us‟, „I‟, and „he‟ are

called personal reference. The word „they‟ refers to the settlements in the

53

preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains about where

the settlements come from. The word „it‟ refers to the taxpayer money in

the preceding text. It is supported by the context which is explaining about

the taxpayer money which has been the settlement for the arrest. The word

„us‟ is called exophoric reference because it is reference outside the text,

but we can understand that the word „us‟ refers to the society where this

incident happening. The word „I‟ refers to the attorney in the preceding

text and it is called personal reference. It can be seen from the context

which explains that an attorney was telling about his opinion about the

settlement. The word „he‟ refers to the attorney in the preceding text. It can

be seen from the context which explains that an attorney was telling about

his opinion about the settlement. They make the text cohesive because

they are used suitable with they function as personal pronoun.

Second is demonstrative reference. The word „the attorney‟ and „these

settlements‟ are called demonstrative reference. „The attorney‟ refers to an

attorney who handled Boss‟ case and the word „these settlements‟ refers to

the settlements for bad arrests in the preceding text.

The lexical cohesion device in the text above is repetition. The word

„attorney‟, „settlement‟, „money‟, „incident‟ are called repetition because

they have been mentioned in the previous units.

54

U11: The same would be true, he adds, if protesters were allowed to sue

the officers who witnessed their unlawful or brutal arrests but did

not intervene.

The word „the same‟ is called comparative reference, one of

grammatical cohesion device. The word „the same‟ refers to the settlement

in the previous unit. It can be seen from the context which explains about

the bad arrest which is settled by the taxpayer money. The word „he‟ and

„their‟ are called personal reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices.

The word „he‟ refers to the attorney in the preceding text and the word

„their‟ refer to NYPD officers in the preceding text.


synonymy. The word „sue‟ is synonymy with the word „claim‟ in the

previous units. „Clime‟ has meaning „say that is true, without being able to

prove it‟ and „sue‟ has meaning „make a legal clime‟.55

From the

definition, „sue‟ and „claim‟ almost have same meaning, „taking legal

action against a person or organization‟.

Second is collocation. The word „protester‟ also has correlation with

word „protest‟ in the preceding texts. It is called collocation because

„protest‟ is a verb, and „protestor‟ is a person who does a protest. There is

no protest without protestor. So they are related to each other. The word

„protester‟ also synonymous with „Occupier‟, because they have same

meaning, „a person who does the Occupy march‟.

55

Ibid., pp. 74 & 444.

55

Third is repetition. The word „protester‟, „sue‟, „officer, „unlawful‟,

and „arrest‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the

previous units. The types of cohesion devices make the text cohesive

because they are used according to the context and do not change the

meaning of the text.

U12: "The majority of police officers are good," Stecklow says. "They

want to help. And if we put pressure on the majority to intervene,

again, we can start to reduce these kinds of incidents."


The word „they‟ and „we‟ are called personal reference, one of

grammatical cohesion devices. The word „they‟ refers to the majority of

police officers in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which

explains about Stecklow who was telling about the majority of police

officers. The word „we‟ is called as exophoric reference because it is

reference outside the text but we can understand that the word „we‟ refers

to the attorney because the context explains that Stecklow, an attorney,

was telling about his opinion.

There is also repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices in the text

above. The words „police‟, „officer‟, „Stecklow‟, and „incident‟ are called

repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units.

56

U13: Purtell was once demoted in 2003, after he led a mistaken raid on a

woman's apartment. The woman, 57-year-old Alberta Spruill, died

after a concussion grenade was thrown into her home by police.


First is personal reference. The word „he‟ and „her‟ are called personal

reference. The word „he‟ has function as a subject in personal pronoun

refers to Thomas Purtell in the preceding text. „Her‟ refers to the woman

who has apartment in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context

which explains about a mistaken raid on a woman‟s apartment. It is used

based on the function, so it makes the text cohesive.

Second is temporal conjunction. The word „after‟ is temporal

conjunction. It shows that there is a chronological relation that expressed

in the text that Purtell was once demoted after he led a mistaken raid on a

woman‟s apartment. It makes the text cohesive, because by temporal

conjunction, the chronological will be conveyed clearly.


repetition. The word „Purtell‟, „thrown‟ and „police‟ are called repetition

because they have been mentioned in the previous units.

Second is collocation. The word „police‟ have correlation with the

word „grenade‟ in the text above. It is called collocation because grenade

is usually used by police.

Third is general word. The word „home‟ has correlation with word

„apartment‟ in the previous unit. It is called superordinate because „home‟



57

is more general than „apartment‟, or apartment is a kind of home. The

types of lexical cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are

used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text.

U14: According to a New York Times report, the Chief Medical Examiner

ruled that Spruill "died from the stress and fear caused by the

detonation of the concussion grenade and from being handcuffed."

The words „and‟ bolded above are called additive conjunction, one of

grammatical cohesion devices. They add information. The first „and‟

shows that Spruill died caused not only by the stress, but also from fear.

The second „and‟ shows that the stress and fear caused not only by the

detonation of the concussion grenade, but also from being handcuffed. The

word „handcuff‟ is collocation with word „police‟ in the previous unit

because handcuff is usually used by police. The additive conjunction

makes the text cohesive because through additive conjunction, the

information of the text can be understood clearly.

U15: Although Purtell was reassigned to the Housing Bureau for a time,

he worked his way up to Manhattan South, and has received two

promotions since the Josh Boss arrest. He's now head of the

NYPD's Organized Crime Control Bureau.

The word „although‟ is an adversative conjunction, one of

grammatical cohesion devices. It shows the contrasting idea that

58

expressed, that is Josh Boss still had a job although he was reassigned

from his previous job. It makes the text cohesive because adversative

conjunction shows that the idea expressed are contrast.

The word „and‟ is grammatical cohesion device formed additive

conjunction. It adds information that Purtell not only worked his way up to

Manhattan South, but also has received two promotions. Based on the

function, that is to add information, the additive conjunction makes the

text cohesive.

The words „he‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference, kind of

grammatical cohesion devices. The words refer to Purtell in the preceding

text. It can be seen by the context which explains about Purtell‟s job after

Boss arrest. The words make the text cohesive because they are used

related to the context and based on their function as personal pronouns.


collocation. The word „promotion‟ is collocation with the word „work‟ in

the previous units. „Promotion‟ in this context is activity for someone to

get more high level in their jobs. So, the word „work‟ and „promotion‟ are

related and called as collocation.

Second is repetition. The word „Purtell‟, „Josh Boss‟, and „arrest‟ are

called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units

because the words are topics in this article. The types of lexical cohesion

devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the

context and do not change the meaning of the text.

59

U16: A Times story from February claims that he's being considered for

yet another promotion, to replace either the current chief of

detectives or the head of the Internal Affairs Bureau.


personal reference. The word „he‟ is personal reference. The word „he‟

refers to Thomas Purtell in the preceding text. It is supported by the

context which explains about Thomas Purtells‟s job after he was

reassigned to the Housing Bureau. The word makes the text cohesive

because it is used related to the context and based on their function as

personal pronouns.

There is also a repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word

„claim‟ above is called repetition because it has been mentioned in

previous units.

Based on the analysis above, the writer finds there are 78 grammatical

cohesion devices consist of 45 items of personal reference, 15 items of

demonstrative reference, 1 item of verbal substitution, 11 items of additive

conjunction, 2 items of temporal conjunction, and 3 items of adversative

conjunction. The writer also finds 44 lexical cohesion devices consist of

20 items of repetition, 7 pairs of synonymy or near-synonymy, 2 items of

superordinate, 2 items of general word, and 13 items of collocation.



60

From the analysis above, the writer summarizes some points, those are:

1. Both texts have personal reference as the dominant of cohesion devices. It

happens because based on the articles, there are many subjects, objects,

possessive adjectives, and possessive pronouns appeared in both articles.

2. Journalist in The Village Voice uses more various cohesion devices than

journalist in New York Daily News. In grammatical cohesion devices, the

journalist in New York Daily News uses personal reference, demonstrative

reference, additive conjunction, and temporal conjunction. The journalist in

The Village Voice not only uses those grammatical cohesion devices, but also

verbal substitution and adversative conjunction in the text 2. In lexical

cohesion devices, the journalist in New York Daily News uses repetition,

synonymy or near-synonymy, superordinate, and collocation. The journalist in

The Village Voice not only uses those lexical cohesion devices, but also

general word in the text 2.

61

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

The writer has analyzed the two articles from New York Daily News and

The Village Voice. There are 40 grammatical cohesion devices and 25 lexical

cohesion devices in the text 1. In the text 2, there are 93 grammatical cohesion

devices and 43 lexical cohesion devices.

Based on the result of the analysis, the cohesion through grammatical

device that has the highest occurrence is reference item, especially personal

reference. This is in contrast with other grammatical cohesion devices, such as

ellipses which do not occur in the two texts. The text uses more repetition instead

of the ellipsis. It can be seen from the result of the analysis that the repetition

often occurs in the two texts.

Besides that, according to the analysis, the cohesion devices create the

cohesive text. It can be said if the using of cohesion devices according to their

functions and related to the context of the text. If the text is cohesive, it will be

understood well by the readers.

Therefore, it means that the cohesion has correlation between clauses

within a text grammatically or lexically, and cohesion devices has function to

make a unity of text, so the reader can read and understand the text easily and as

good as possible.

62

B. Suggestion

The writer would like to suggest some points to next researchers. The

object of this research is article from crime feature in New York Daily News and

The Village Voice. For next researchers, the writer suggests the others research

objects, such as articles from non-crime features such as business and tourism and

other online media. Besides that, next researchers also can compare articles from

crime feature with other texts from different features. As a result, comprehensive

understanding on how cohesion devices work in different texts and features of

media will be known and it will provide theoretical contribution to the study of

cohesion within texts in media.

63

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Book:

Ahuja, B.N. Theory and Practice of Journalism, India: Surjeet

Publications, 1988.

Bloom, Ronald L. Discourse Analysis and Application, New Jersey:

Erlboum Associated, inc Publisher, 1994.

Bloor, T and M. Bloor. The Functional Analysis of English, New York:

Arnold, 1995.

Brown, Gillian and George Yule. Discourse Analysis, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Dornyei, Zoltan. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, New York:

Oxford University Press, 2007.

Frank, Marcella. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide, New

Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972.

Gee, James Paul. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and

Method, New York: Routledge, 2003.

Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, Cohesion in English, London: Longman

Group, 1976.

Kushartanti, et.al, Pesona Bahasa, Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama,

2005.

Meyer, Charles F. Introducing English Linguistic, Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2009.

Nunan, David. Introducing Discourse Analysis, London: Penguin Group,

1993, pp.7-8.

Nunan, David. Research Methods in Language Learning, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Saeed, John L. Semantics: Second Edition, USA: Blackwell Publishing,

2003.

64

Schiffrin, Deborah, et.al, The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, United

Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers, 2001.

Subroto, Edi. Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural,

Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press, 1992.

Sudarya, Yayat. Makna dalam Wacana: Prinsip-prinsip Semantik dan

Pragmatik, Bandung: Yrama Widya, 2008.

Dictionary:

Bull, Victoria. Oxford Dictionary: Fourth Edition, Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2008.

Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics: Sixth Edition,

USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.

Kridalaksana, Harimurti. Kamus Linguistik, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka

Utama, 2001.

Thesis and Journal:

Fadjrin, Nurul Laili Mariani. An Analysis of Grammatical and Lexical

Cohesion on the Journalistic Text of VoANews.com, Jakarta: UIN Jakarta, 2011.

Hameed, Hind Tahseen. “Cohesion in Texts: A Discourse Analysis of a

News Article in a Magazine”, Al-Faith Journal for Education, No.37, December

2008.

Rohim, Abdul. Cohesion Analysis on the Jakarta Post’s Editorial, Jakarta:

UIN Jakarta, 2010.

65

APPENDICES

66

Text 1:

“Brooklyn man tackled by cop while live-streaming Occupy

march gets $55,000 settlement”

(New York Daily News [www.nydailynews.com], 24 April 2014)

A Brooklyn man arrested by a top NYPD cop while live-streaming an Occupy

Wall Street march with his cell phone has settled with the city for $55,000, he told

the Daily News Thursday. [1]

Josh Boss, 26, says Thomas Purtell, an assistant chief and Patrol Borough

Manhattan South commander at the time of the 2011 arrest, tackled him and

roughed him up while shouting, “Don‟t resist!” [2]

Boss‟s disorderly conduct charge was ultimately dismissed — and he sued

alleging false arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to his wrists from

handcuffs. [3]

“He turned around and sacked me,” the Bushwick man said in an exclusive

interview with The News. “I was standing in the crosswalk … I was definitely not

resisting. I had a 250-pound officer on me with his knee on my face and neck.” [4]

Video of the arrest at Seventh Ave. and W. 34th St. shows Purtell throwing Boss

to the pavement. “Kick his ass, Tom!” another cop yapped during the collar,

according to Boss. “I‟m not resisting!” Boss hollered on the ground. [5]

The city‟s Law Department and the NYPD didn‟t return requests for comment

Thursday.

“The circumstances of this arrest had an extreme chilling effect on the First

Amendment rights of journalists in New York generally, and particularly on Josh,


67

who stopped doing field reporting after this incident,” said Wylie Stecklow, a

lawyer for Boss. [6]

'Kick his ass, Tom!' another cop yapped during the arrest, according to Boss. 'I‟m

not resisting!' Boss hollered back.

“For a senior commanding officer of the NYPD to... use excessive force like this,

in front of so many subordinate officers and citizens, sets a terrible example.” [7]

Purtell has since been promoted to chief and heads the department‟s Organized

Crime Control Bureau.

He ran the NYPD„s rescue and recovery operations at Ground Zero after the 9/11

attacks and presided over a decline in crime as Patrol Borough Bronx commander.

The case was settled in January but Boss, who now works for the Huffington Post,

went public for the first time Thursday. [8]

“I was shocked by how aggressive the police were with me when I done

anything,” he said. [9]

Boss says he plans to use his settlement cash on physical therapy for his injured

right hand. [10]

Text 2:

“City Will Pay $55,000 To Settle Case of Occupy Livestreamer

Josh Boss, Tackled By High-Ranking NYPD Chief”

(The Village Voice [blogs.villagevoice.com], 24 April 2014)

Occupy Wall Street is still proving expensive for the city of New York, who keep

having pay out large sums of money to Occupy protesters who were over-

68

enthusiastically arrested by the NYPD.[1] In April 2013, the city paid $365,000 to

settle claims over the destruction of the OWS library, and civil rights attorney

Wylie Stecklow of Stecklow Cohen & Thompson says he's settled six or seven

other Occupiers' claims for unlawful arrests.[2] The latest came just yesterday,

when the city agreed to pay $55,000 in the case of Josh Boss, who was

livestreaming a December 2011 march when he was thrown to the ground and

kneed by Chief Thomas Purtell, then the commanding officer of the Manhattan

South Patrol Division, which oversees all marches and protests in the city.[3]

"Purtell is the most senior officer we've ever seen in a physical unlawful arrest,"

Stecklow tells the Voice. "He got hands on."[4]

Boss was filming the march on the evening of December 17, 2011. As the

marchers crossed the street, so did he, camera in hand. Footage of the incident

shows that he was in a crosswalk when Purtell came running at him, flung him to

the ground, and put his knee on Boss's chest. "Kick his ass, Tom!" another officer

can be heard saying in the background.[5]

The video shows Boss lying motionless for the duration of the arrest. Nontheless,

Purtell tells him, "Don't resist."

"I'm not resisting anything! I was trying to cross the street." Boss replies. And

then, a moment later, "Is that knee on my face really necessary, officer?"

"Oh, I kinda think it is," Purtell replies. [6]

Stecklow's firm released two video segments showing the arrest from various

angles:



69

Boss was cuffed with two pairs of plastic ziptie handcuffs. His attorneys say his

backpack, filled with video equipment, rested heavily on the double cuffs, cutting

off his circulation. (Audio from the video segments shows that after he was

arrested, another officer eventually loosened his cuffs, remarking, "His hands are

turning blue.") He was arrested on charges of disorderly conduct and held for five

hours. The charges were eventually dropped, and he sued the NYPD for false

arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to his wrists. [7]

Purtell has denied making an overly brutal arrest. The video released by Stecklow

shows a later interview with the officer, evidently conducted by someone with the

law firm. "You don't know what you're talking about. He was not struck in the

face," Purtell says. "He was not injured. What's perceived on the video is not what

happened." [8]

Stecklow says that the arrest was disturbing not just for its brutality, but because

of the presence of at least 20 younger officers around Purtell: "This is what we've

seen time and time again. They're training the junior officers. What are they

learning? When a guy is laying prone on the floor, yell, 'Stop resisting!‟ so you

have reason to use force and make a bad arrest."[9]

The attorney adds that these settlements are "unfortunate," in that they come out

of taxpayer money. "It falls on all of us taxpayers instead of the individual

officers. I'm not happy about that," he says. "I believe that if even ten percent of

the payout money came out of the police pension fund, there'd be a sharp decline

in the number of these type of incidents."[10] The same would be true, he adds, if

70

protesters were allowed to sue the officers who witnessed their unlawful or brutal

arrests but did not intervene. [11]

"The majority of police officers are good," Stecklow says. "They want to help.

And if we put pressure on the majority to intervene, again, we can start to reduce

these kinds of incidents."[12]

Purtell was once demoted in 2003, after he led a mistaken raid on a woman's

apartment. The woman, 57-year-old Alberta Spruill, died after a concussion

grenade was thrown into her home by police.[13] According to a New York Times

report, the Chief Medical Examiner ruled that Spruill "died from the stress and

fear caused by the detonation of the concussion grenade and from being

handcuffed."[14]

Although Purtell was reassigned to the Housing Bureau for a time, he worked his

way up to Manhattan South, and has received two promotions since the Josh Boss

arrest. He's now head of the NYPD's Organized Crime Control Bureau.[15] A

Times story from February claims that he's being considered for yet another

promotion, to replace either the current chief of detectives or the head of the

Internal Affairs Bureau.[16]





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