Cognitive factors that affects reading and writting
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Cognitive Factors that affects Reading and
Writing Prepared by Dianna Waite-Wilson and
Nickesha Plummer
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ReadingCognitive factors tthat affects reading
comprehen-sion
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Definition of Reading ComprehensionReading comprehension refers to the ability of
a reader to construct meaning from text.Expected levels of of reading comprehension
vary throughout a reader’s lifespan.When children first learn to read, the
emphasis is on understanding the meaning of words and how they form sentences to communicate simple ideas.
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Factors that affects reading Reading Facts Roughly 85% of children diagnosed with
learning difficulties have a primary problem with reading and related language skills.
Reading difficulties are neurodevelopmental in nature.
Neurodevelopmental problems don't go away, but they do not mean that a student (or an adult) cannot learn or progress in school and life.
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•Most children with reading difficulties can be taught reading and strategies for success in school.
•When children's reading problems are identified early, they are more likely to learn strategies that will raise their reading to grade level.
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Decoding Difficulties
Decoding refers to the reader’s ability to make sense of letter-sound relationship, in order to quickly recognize familiar words.
Readers who experience difficulty with decoding and recognizing words read at a much slower pace and find it more difficult to comprehend the meaning of reading passages than their peers without decoding difficulties.
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signs of decoding difficultiestrouble sounding out words and recognizing
words out of contextconfusion between letters and the sounds
they representslow oral reading rate (reading word-by-word) reading without expressionignoring punctuation while reading
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Comprehension DifficultiesComprehension relies on mastery of decoding;
children who struggle to decode find it difficult to understand and remember what has been read. Because their efforts to grasp individual words are so exhausting, they have no resources left for understanding.
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Signs of comprehension difficulty: confusion about the meaning of words and
sentencesinability to connect ideas in a passageomission of detailsdifficulty distinguishing significant information
from minor detailslack of concentration during reading
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Retention Difficulties
Retention requires both decoding and comprehending what is written. This task relies on high level cognitive skills, including memory and the ability to group and retrieve related ideas.
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Signs of retention difficultytrouble remembering or summarizing what is
readdifficulty connecting what is read to prior
knowledgedifficulty applying content of a text to
personal experiences
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Writing
Cognitive factors that affects writing
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Writing difficulitiesLike all learning problems, difficulties in writing
can be devastating to a child's education and self-esteem. As children progress through school, they are increasingly expected demands what they know about many different subjects through writing. If a child fails to develop certain basic skills, he will be unable to write with the speed and fluency required to excel as these demands increase.
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Writing continute;sWriting problems rarely occur in isolation, and
improvements in writing go hand in hand with the development of other non-writing-specific skills. Thus, a problem with the development in one of thes
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Attention Problem
Children who struggle with attention may be inattentive and impulsive. An attention problem may manifest itself as:
difficulty getting started on writing assignments
easy distractibility during writing tasksmental fatigue or tiredness while writing
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Continuesinconsistent legibility in writinguneven writing tempomany careless errorspoorly planned papers and reports
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Spatial Ordering Problem
Children who struggle with spatial ordering have decreased awareness regarding the spatial arrangement of letters, words, or sentences on a page. A spatial ordering problem may manifest itself in a child's writing as:
poor use of lines on the paperorganizational problemsuneven spacing between letters
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Sequential Ordering Problem
Children who struggle with sequential ordering have difficulty putting or maintaining letters, processes, or ideas in order. A sequential ordering problem may manifest itself in a child's writing as:
poor letter formationtransposed letters and spelling omissionspoor narrative sequencinglack of transitions
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Memory Problem
Because so many writing processes need to be automatic, active working memory is critical. Children may have difficulty recalling spelling, grammar, and punctuation rules, accessing prior knowledge while writing, or organizing ideas. A memory problem may manifest itself in a child's writing as:
poor vocabulary
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Cont;many misspelled words
frequent capitalization, punctuation, and grammar errors
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Language Problem
Good writing relies on a child's language abilities improving steadily over time. A language problem may manifest itself in a child's writing as:
poor vocabularyawkward phrasing and unconventional grammarinappropriate use of colloquial languagedifficulty with sentence structure and word ordertrouble reading back what is writtendifficulty with word sounds, spelling, and meanings
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Higher-Order Cognition Problem
Children who have difficulty with higher-order cognition are often unable to use writing to present a sound argument or convey sophisticated or abstract ideas. A higher-order cognition problem might manifest itself in a child's:
trouble generating ideas or elaborating on them
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Cont;difficulty developing and organizing ideas
lack of opinion or sense of audience
difficulty with writing tasks that require creativity and/or critical thinking