Cognitive Behavior Modification Chapter 27. Cognitive Behavior Modification Cognition –Belief,...
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Transcript of Cognitive Behavior Modification Chapter 27. Cognitive Behavior Modification Cognition –Belief,...
Cognitive Behavior Modification
Chapter 27
Cognitive Behavior Modification
• Cognition– Belief, thought, expectancy, attitude, or
perception
• Cognitive Behavior Modification – Cognitive Behavior Therapy– Helping clients through behavioral
modification methods and through focusing on debilitating thoughts and beliefs
Cognitive Restructuring Methods
• Assumptions:– Individuals interpret and react to events
in terms of their perceived significance– Cognitive deficiencies can cause
emotional disorders• Focus of therapy: Cognitive
restructuring– Changing faulty thinking patterns
• Approaches include behavior modification components
Cognitive Restructuring Methods
• Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)– Developed to help individuals change
irrational thought– Utilizes in vivo behavioral homework
assignments– Procedure:
• Identify irrational thoughts• Challenge thoughts• Teaching client (through modeling and homework)
to replace the irrational self-statements with statements based on “rational” beliefs
Effectiveness of REBT
• More effective than no treatment• More effective than various other
treatments in decreasing client’s irrational self-talk (46%)
• More effective than other treatments in reducing emotional distress (27%)
• No effect on behavioral measures (approaching feared object)
Cognitive Restructuring Methods
• Beck’s Cognitive Therapy– Faulty and negativistic though patterns lead
to behavioral and emotional problems• Procedure:
– Identification of dysfunctional thoughts– Use various methods to counteract the
dysfuctional thoughts• Ex: Hypothesis testing
– Use of homework assignments that utilize behavior modification procedures to develop desirable daily activities
• Gentler, less confrontational approach than REBT
Beck’s Distorted Thought Patterns
• Dichotomous thinking – all or none evaluations
• Overgeneralization – rule or belief applied too broadly
• Arbitrary Inference – drawing inaccurate conclusions based on insufficient, ambiguous, or contrary evidence
• Magnification – exaggeration of the meaning or impact of an event
Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy
• Effective in treating depression• Most research has focused on
treatment of depression• More research needed to evaluate
this treatment for other disorders
Self-Directed Coping Methods
• Self-Instructional Training– Five steps:
• Adult demonstration of self-instructing• Child performs while adult verbalizes• Child performs the task and verbalizes out
loud• Fading of overt self-instructions• Task performance with covert self-
instructions
Self-Directed Coping Methods
• Meichenbaum’s Stress Inoculation Training– Teaches cognitive skills that allow clients to
deal with stressful events• Three Phases:
– Reinterpretation phase• It is not the stressor that is the cause of stress
reaction but it is the way the client views the event
– Coping training phase• Clients learn coping strategies
– Relaxation, self-instruction, and self-reinforcement
– Application phase• Clients practice skills in stressful situations
Effectiveness of Stress Inoculation
• Many of the components (relaxation, modeling, desensitization) have been validated when applied independently
• Evidence suggests that this method is as effective as its component procedures
Self-Directed Coping Methods
• Problem Solving Training– Teaches people how to proceed through logical
reasoning to satisfactory solutions to personal problems
– Steps in personal problem solving:• General orientation• Problem definition• Generation of alternatives• Decision making• Implementation• Verification
• Evaluation of problem solving methods– Adults and children can rapidly learn skills, but
do not often apply them appropriately
Mindfulness and Acceptance
• Mindfulness– Awareness, observation, and description
of one’s overt and covers behaviors, as they occur, in a nonjudgmental way
• Acceptance– Set of behaviors in reaction to
mindfulness• Refraining from judging one’s sensations,
feelings, and behaviors• Thoughts are viewed as just responses, just
passing events
Mindfulness and Acceptance
• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)– Three phases:
• Learning that past attempts to control troublesome thoughts and emotions have not only been unsuccessful, but increased the frequency of these thoughts
• Learning to experience thoughts and emotions in a nonjudgmental way
– Done through use of mindfulness training and acceptance exercises
• Identifying values in various life domains and then translating these values into goals and actions
– Evaluation• Early studies find positive results
– Equivalent to systematic desensitization for treatment of math anxiety
– Effective in reducing stress in the workplace• Relatively new approach and more research needed