COGNITION

PsychologyOswayo Valley High School

an exercise for and about the brain

Cognitive Psychology

One DefinitionThe study of higher mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, and thinking.Three ConceptsLearningThinkingRemembering

Introduction

Step #3 - RememberingThe process of obtaining information that has been stored.

Cognitive Processes

It is the “output” stage

It is the storage and retrieval of what has been learned. Think of it as the three concepts of cognition all wrapped into one: encoding, processing, and retrieving.

THE PROCESSES OF MEMORYEncoding

Remembering

Storing. Maintenance Rehearsal: a system

of remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning to it

Elaborative Rehearsal: a system of remembering that involves making information meaningful or relating it to information already learned

THE PROCESSES OF MEMORY, cont’dRemembering

Organizational Systems: arranging, or “filing”, information for later use; an organized map of existing memory sequences for easy retrieval

Consolidation: process by which a memory solidifies over time, eventually becoming permanent

Central Processing: storing in memory and sorting by thought

THE PROCESSES OF MEMORY, cont’dRemembering

Retrieving. Context-Dependent Memory:

information is more easily retrieved in the context in which it was encoded or stored

THE PROCESSES OF MEMORY, cont’dRemembering

State-Dependent Memory: information is more easily retrieved when one is in the same physiological or emotional state as when the memory was originally encoded or learned

THE PROCESSES OF MEMORY, cont’dRemembering

Recognition: retrieval of information simply by determining whether or not something is familiar

Recall: retrieval of information from memory which involves reconstructing the memory

Who earned fame as the “Father of History?

Who earned fame as the “Father of History?

A. AristotleB. HerodutusC. HippocratesD. Plato

THE STAGES OF MEMORYSensory Memory is the immediate, initial recording of information that enters through our senses

1. It is short-lived >> sensed, processed, replaced

2. The sensory register >> storage bin

a. Iconic: brief mental pictures of visual stimuli

Remembering

THE STAGES OF MEMORYb. Haptic: sensations our body feelsc. Echoic: mental traces of sounds

3. Importance of >>

a. Prevents you from being overwhelmed

b. Gives you some decision making time

c. Allows for continuity and stability

4. Capacity >> virtually everything you see or hear at one instant

5. Duration >> fraction of a second

Remembering

THE STAGES OF MEMORYShort Term Memory is the working memory; it allows for the brief retention of newly acquired information

1. Primacy-Recency Effect: the tendency to recall the first and last items in a series of items

2. Chunking: the organization of items into familiar or manageable units

Remembering

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THE STAGES OF MEMORYLong Term Memory

1. Explicit: clearly stated or explained information; knowledge that can be “called forth” consciously as needed

a. Episodic memory – memory of a specific event

i. Memories of one’s life, like a diary

ii. Flashbulb memories – distinctive or emotional event that stands out from others

Remembering

THE STAGES OF MEMORYLong Term Memory, cont’d

b. Semantic Memory – general knowledge people remember; retaining facts; not “imprinted” on the brain

2. Implicit: skills and procedures learned

a. Knowledge that becomes automatic

b. Muscle memory: relying on muscles tom perform complex motor skills

3. Retrospective: past experiences or events and previously acquired information

Remembering

THE STAGES OF MEMORYLong Term Memory, cont’d

b. Semantic Memory – general knowledge people remember; retaining facts; not “imprinted” on the brain

2. Implicit: skills and procedures learned

a. Knowledge that becomes automatic

b. Muscle memory: relying on muscles tom perform complex motor skills

3. Retrospective: past experiences or events and previously acquired information

Remembering

THE STAGES OF MEMORYLong Term Memory, cont’d

4. Prospective: things you need to do or know for the future

5. Schema: conceptual frameworks that a person uses to make sense of the world

a. Learned generalities about objects, events, and people

b. Sets of expectations that influence both the way we perceive things and the way sour memories store input

Remembering

Practical Tips for Students

Pay attention and intend to rememberAnalyze how to remember each fact and

concept as you encounter itInterpret/understand the materialOrganize the materialRecite what you’ve learnedReview soon and in small, frequent

“doses”

FORGETTING Forgetting refers to the increase in

errors in bringing material back from memory

Decay is the fading away of memory over time

Repression deliberately pushes painful or unpleasant memories out of our consciousness

Amnesia: memory loss that occurs after traumatic injury Retrograde: prevents retrieval of old Anterograde: prevents storage of

new

Remembering

Picture Credits

Exam desks.http://novanews19.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/exams2.jpg

Flipped classroomhttp://researchnetwork.pearson.com/wp-content/uploads/flippedclassroom.png

Raftinghttp://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/wp-content/blogs.dir/262/files/2012/04/i-9ec96d02dd10ac4930e7fd82e80cc364-dijkstra1.jpg

Sparklerhttp://buildyourbridges.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Sparkler_child-bw.jpg

Chore Chunkshttp://www.brainathlete.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/chunking.jpg

References.

Context- and State-Dependent Memories.http://scienceofeducation2013.wordpress.com/2013/03/11/context-and-state-dependent-memory-blog-6-week-7-11th-march/

Sensory Memoryhttp://www.brainathlete.com/tag/iconic-memory/